Yulia Tymoshenko - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Yulia Volodymyrivna Tymoshenko (Ukrainian: Ю́лія Володи́мирівна Тимоше́нко, pronounced [ˈjulijɑ ʋɔlɔˈdɪmɪriʋnɑ tɪmɔˈʃɛnkɔ], née Hrihyan, Грігян,[4] born 27 November 1960) is a Ukrainian politician. She was the Prime Minister of Ukraine from 24 January to 8 September 2005, and again from 18 December 2007 to 4 March 2010.[5][6] Tymoshenko is the leader of the All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland", which was the largest opposition political party in Ukraine.[7] Tymoshenko strives for Ukraine’s integration into the European Union, strongly opposes the membership of Ukraine in the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia, and supports eradication of post-Soviet corrupt clans in Ukraine.[8]

Early life and career[edit]

Yulia Tymoshenko (born Hrihyan[4][9][10]) was born 27 November 1960, in Dnipropetrovsk, Soviet Ukraine (then part of the Soviet Union).[11] Her mother, Lyudmila Telehina (née Nelepova), was born 11 August 1937, in Dnipropetrovsk.[12] Her father, Volodymyr Abramovych Hrihyan— who abandoned Lyudmila Telehina and his daughter when Yulia was three years old[13]—was born December 3, 1937, in Dnipropetrovsk and was according to his Soviet passportLatvian.[12] His mother was Maria Yosypivna Hrihyan, born in 1909.[12] His father was Abram Kelmanovych Kapitelman (Ukrainian: Абрам Кельманович Капітельман, born in 1914); after graduating from Dnipropetrovsk State University in 1940 Kapitalman was sent to work in Western Ukraine, where he worked "one academic quarter" as the director of a public Jewish school in the city Sniatyn.[12] In the autumn of 1940 Kapitalman was mobilized into the army, he was killed while taking part in World War II on November 8, 1944, with the rank of "lieutenant communications".[12]

Volodymyr left the family when Yulia was a year old, and Yulia was raised by her mother alone.[13] Tymoshenko took the surname of her mother, "Telehina", before graduating from high school in 1977.[13][14] In 1979, Yulia married Oleksandr Tymoshenko, son of a mid-level Soviet official.[15] In 1980 their daughter Yevhenia (Eugenia) was born.[16]

Education[edit]

In 1977 Tymoshenko graduated from high school with distinction (school № 37 in Dnipropetrovsk).[13][14]

In 1978 Tymoshenko was enrolled in the Automatization and Telemechanics department of the Dnipropetrovsk Mining Institute.[17] In 1979 she transferred to the Economic Department of the Dnipropetrovsk State University and majored in cybernetic engineering. In 1984 Tymoshenko graduated from the Dnipropetrovsk State University with first degree honors as an engineer-economist.[18]

In 1999, she defended a PhD dissertation, entitled State Regulation of the tax system, at the Kiev National Economic University.[19]

Business career[edit]

Tymoshenko has been a practicing economist and academic. Prior to her political career, she was a successful but controversial businesswoman in the gas industry, becoming by some estimates one of the richest people in the country. Before becoming Ukraine's first female Prime Minister in 2005,[20] Tymoshenko co-led the Orange Revolution.[21] She placed third in Forbes Magazine's List of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women 2005.[22]

After graduating from the Dnipropetrovsk State University in 1984, Tymoshenko worked as an engineer-economist in a "Dnipro Machine-Building Plant" in Dnipropetrovsk until 1988 (the factory produced missiles).[23]

In 1988, as part of the perestroika initiatives, Yulia and Oleksandr Tymoshenko borrowed 5000 Soviet rubles and opened a video rental cooperative, perhaps with the help of Oleksander's father Gennadi Tymoshenko, who presided over a regional film distribution network in the provincial council.[24]

In 1989–1991, Yulia and Oleksandr Tymoshenko founded and headed a commercial video rental company, "Terminal", in Dnipropetrovsk,[16][24] which grew to be quite successful.

In 1991, Tymoshenko established (jointly with her husband Oleksandr, Gennadi Tymoshenko and Olexandr Gravets)[24] "The Ukrainian Petrol Corporation", a company that provided the agriculture industry of Dnipropetrovsk with fuel from 1991 to 1995.[23] Tymoshenko worked as a General Director. In 1995, this company was reorganized into United Energy Systems of Ukraine.[25] Tymoshenko was the president of United Energy Systems of Ukraine, a privately owned middleman company that became the main importer of Russian natural gas to Ukraine, from 1995 to January 1, 1997.[11][26][27] During that time she was nicknamed the "gas princess".[28][29] She was also accused of "having given Pavlo Lazarenko kickbacks in exchange for her company's stranglehold on the country's gas supplies",[30] although Judge Martin Jenkins of the US District Court for the Northern District of California, on May 7, 2004, dismissed the allegations of money laundering and conspiracy regarding UESU, Somoli Ent. et al. (companies affiliated with Yulia Tymoshenko) in connection with Lazarenko’s activities.[31] During this period, Tymoshenko was involved in business relations (either co-operative or hostile) with many important figures of Ukraine.[32][33][34] Tymoshenko also had to deal with the management of the Russian corporation, Gazprom.[35] Yulia Tymoshenko claims that, under her management, UESU successfully solved significant economic problems: in 1995–1997, Ukraine’s multi-billion debt for Russian natural gas was paid; Ukraine resumed international cooperation in machine building, the pipe industry and construction; and Ukraine’s export of goods to Russia doubled.[36] In the period 1995–1997, Tymoshenko was considered one of the richest business people in Ukraine.[30] When Tymoshenko made her initial foray into national politics, her company became an instrument of political pressure on her and her family. As she said in one of her interviews, she refused to cooperate with Ukraine’s corrupt officials, thus her company was destroyed upon request from president Leonid Kuchma[citation needed]. UESU top management faced prosecution.[37] Since 1998, Tymoshenko has been one of the most important politicians in Ukraine. She was removed from the list of "100 richest Ukrainians" in 2006.[38][39]

Political career[edit]

Early career[edit]

Yulia Tymoshenko entered politics in 1996, when she was elected to the Verkhovna Rada (the Ukrainian parliament) in constituency #229, Bobrynets, Kirovohrad Oblast, winning a record 92.3% of the vote.[40] In Parliament, Tymoshenko joined the Constitutional Centre faction.[40] In February 1997 this centrists faction was 56 lawmakers strong[41] and, according to Ukrayinska Pravda, it supported the policies of Ukrainian PresidentLeonid Kuchma.[40] In late November 1997, the General Prosecutor of Ukraine asked the Verkhovna Rada to lift Tymoshenko's parliamentary immunity, but the deputies voted against it.[42] In late 1997, Tymoshenko called for the next Ukrainian Presidential elections to be held not in 1999, but in the fall of 1998.[42]

Tymoshenko was re-elected in 1998, winning a constituency in the Kirovohrad Oblast, and was also number six on the party list of Hromada.[40][43][44] She became an influential person in the parliament,[45] and was appointed the Chair of the Budget Committee of the Verkhovna Rada.[23][46][47][48] After Hromada's party leader Pavlo Lazarenko fled to the United States in February 1999 to avoid investigations for embezzlement,[47] various faction members left Hromada to join other parliamentary factions,[49][50] among them Tymoshenko, who set up the All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland" faction in March 1999 in protest against the methods of Lazarenko.[47][51] "Fatherland" was officially registered as a political party in September 1999,[51] and began to attract the voters who had voted for Yevhen Marchuk in the October 1999 presidential election.[50] In 2000, "Fatherland" went in opposition to President Kuchma.[50]

Deputy Prime Minister for fuel and energy[edit]

From late December 1999 to January 2001, Tymoshenko was the Deputy Prime Minister for the fuel and energy sector in the cabinet of Viktor Yushchenko.[52] She officially left parliament on 2 March 2000.[44] Under her guidance, Ukraine's revenue collections from the electricity industry grew by several thousand percent. She scrapped the practice of barter in the electricity market, requiring industrial customers to pay for their electricity in cash.[53] She also terminated exemptions for many organizations[54] which excluded them from having their power disconnected. Her reforms meant that the government had sufficient funds to pay civil servants and increase salaries.[55] In 2000, Tymoshenko’s government provided an additional 18 billion Hryvna for social payments. Half of this amount was collected due to withdrawal of funds from shadow schemes, the ban on barter payments and the introduction of competition rules to the energy market.[56]

On August 18, 2000, Oleksandr Tymoshenko, CEO of United Energy Systems of Ukraine (UESU) and Yulia Tymoshenko’s husband, was detained and arrested. Tymoshenko herself stated that her husband’s arrest was the result of political pressure on her.[57] On January 19, 2001, president Leonid Kuchma ordered Yulia Tymoshenko to be dismissed. Then prime minister Viktor Yushchenko silently accepted her dismissal, despite her achievements in the energy sector. Ukrainian media called it "the first betrayal of Viktor Yushchenko".[58] Soon after her dismissal, Tymoshenko took leadership of the National Salvation Committee and became active in the Ukraine without Kuchma protests.[59] The movement embraced a number of opposition parties, such as Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc, “Fatherland”, Ukrainian Republican Party, Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party, “Sobor”, Ukrainian Social-Democratic Party, Ukrainian Christian-Democratic Party and Patriotic Party.

Campaigns against Kuchma and 2002 election[edit]

On 9 February 2001, Tymoshenko founded the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc (the National Salvation Committee merged into it),[59] a political bloc that received 7.2% of the vote in the 2002 parliamentary election. She has been head of the Batkivshchina (Fatherland) political party since the party was organised in 1999.[60]

On February 13, 2001, Tymoshenko was arrested and charged with forging customs documents and smuggling gas in 1997 (while president of United Energy Systems of Ukraine).[23][59][61] Her political supporters organized numerous protest rallies near the Lukyanivska Prison where she was held in custody.[62] In March 2001, Pechersk District Court (Kiev) found the charges groundless and cancelled the arrest sanction. According to Tymoshenko, the charges were fabricated by Kuchma's regime at the behest of oligarchs threatened by her efforts to eradicate corruption and institute market-based reforms. On April 9, 2003, the Kiev Court of Appeal issued a ruling that invalidated and cancelled proceedings on the criminal cases against Yulia and Oleksandr Tymoshenko. Despite Tymoshenko being cleared of the charges, Moscow maintained an arrest warrant for her should she enter Russia. In 2005, all charges were declared groundless and lifted.[63][64]

The criminal case was closed in Ukraine in January 2005 due to lack of evidence, and in Russia in December 2005 by reason of lapse of time.[65]The case was reopened in Ukraine on 24 October 2011,[66] after Yanukovych came to power.

Tymoshenko's husband, Oleksandr, spent two years (2002–2004) in hiding in order to avoid incarceration on charges the couple said were unfounded and politically motivated by the former Kuchma administration.[67][68][69]

Once the charges were dropped, Tymoshenko reassumed her place among the leaders of the grassroots campaign against President Kuchma for his alleged role in the murder of the journalist Georgiy Gongadze. In this campaign, Tymoshenko first became known as a passionate, revolutionist leader, an example of this being a TV broadcast of her smashing prison windows during one of the rallies. At the time Tymoshenko wanted to organise a national referendum to impeach President Kuchma.[70]

Our government was doing almost an underground work under the rigorous pressure of president Kuchma and criminal-oligarchic groups. All anti-shadow and anti-corruption initiatives of the Cabinet of Ministers were being blocked, while the Government was being an object of blackmailing and different provocations. People were arrested only because their relatives were working for the Cabinet of Ministers and were carrying out real reforms that were murderous for the corrupted system of power.

On 11 August 2001, civilian and military prosecutors in Russia opened a new criminal case against Tymoshenko accusing her of bribery.[72] On 27 December 2005, Russian prosecutors dropped these charges. Russian prosecutors had suspended an arrest warrant when she was appointed Prime Minister, but reinstated it after she was fired in September 2005. The prosecutors suspended it again when she came to Moscow for questioning[73] on 25 September 2005.[74] Tymoshenko didn't travel to Russia during her first seven months as Prime Minister (the first Tymoshenko Government).[74]

In January 2002, Tymoshenko was involved in a mysterious car accident that she survived with minor injuries – an episode some believe to have been a government assassination attempt.[75] Her Mercedes, part of a four-vehicle convoy, collided with a Lada in Kiev. The driver of the other car suffered head injuries and police said initial investigations suggested that Tymoshenko's chauffeur had been at fault.[76]

Tymoshenko's Role in the Orange Revolution[edit]

In the Autumn of 2001, both Tymoshenko and Viktor Yushchenko attempted to create a broad opposition bloc against the incumbent President, Leonid Kuchma, in order to win the Ukrainian presidential election of 2004.[47]

In late 2002, Tymoshenko, Oleksandr Moroz (Socialist Party of Ukraine), Petro Symonenko (Communist Party of Ukraine) and Viktor Yushchenko (Our Ukraine) issued a joint statement concerning "the beginning of a state revolution in Ukraine". In the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election, the communist party stepped out of the alliance, but the other parties remained allied and Symonenko was against a single candidate from the alliance[77] (until July 2006).[78]

In March 2004, Yulia Tymoshenko announced that leaders of “Our Ukraine”, BYuT and Socialist Party of Ukraine were working on a coalition agreement concerning joint participation in the presidential campaign. Tymoshenko decided not to run for president and give way to Viktor Yushchenko. On 2 July 2004, Our Ukraine and the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc established the Force of the people, a coalition which aimed to stop "the destructive process that has, as a result of the incumbent authorities, become a characteristic for Ukraine." The pact included a promise by Viktor Yushchenko to nominate Tymoshenko as Prime Minister if Yushchenko should win the October 2004 presidential election. Tymoshenko was actively campaigning for Yushchenko, touring and taking part in rallies all over Ukraine. After Viktor Yushchenko had dropped out of the campaign due to his mysterious poisoning, Tymoshenko continued campaigning on his behalf.[79]

After the initial vote on October 31, two candidates – Viktor Yanukovych and Viktor Yushchenko – proceeded to a runoff. As Tymoshenko earlier envisaged, Yushchenko received endorsement from former competitors who didn’t make it to the runoff, such as Oleksandr Moroz (Socialist Party), Anatoliy Kinakh (Party of Industrials and Entrepreneurs), former Kyiv city mayor Oleksanrd Omelchenko and others.

On November 6, 2004, Tymoshenko asked people to spread the orange symbols (orange was the color of Yushchenko’s campaign). “Grab a piece of the cheapest orange cloth, make ribbons and put them everywhere” she said. “Don’t wait untill the campaign managers give those to you”.

When allegations of fraud began to spread, the “orange team” decided to conduct a parallel vote tabulation during the November 21, 2004 runoff and announce the results immediately to people on Independence Square (Maidan Nezalezhnosti) in Kyiv. Tymoshenko called Kyiv residents to gather on the square and asked people from other cities and towns to come and stand for their choice. “Bring warm clothes, lard and bread, garlic and onions and come to Kyiv” she said. On 22 November 2004, massive protests broke out in cities across Ukraine: The largest, in Kiev's Maidan Nezalezhnosti, attracted an estimated 500,000 participants.[80] These protests became known as the Orange Revolution. On November 23, 2004, Tymoshenko led the participants of the protest to the President’s Administration. On Bankova Street, special riot police prevented the procession from go any further, so people lifted Tymoshenko up and she walked on the police’ shields to the Administration building.

On December 3, 2004, the Supreme Court of Ukraine invalidated the results of the runoff and scheduled the re-run for December 26, 2004. After the cancellation of Viktor Yanukovych's official victory and the second round of the election, Viktor Yushchenko was elected President with 51.99% of votes (Yanukovych received 44.2% support).[81]

During the protests, Tymoshenko's speeches on Maidan kept the momentum of the street protests going.[82] Her popularity grew significantly, and she was unofficially called the “Ukrainian Joan of Arc” and the “orange princess”.

After the Orange Revolution. First Term as Prime Minister[edit]

On 24 January 2005, Tymoshenko was appointed acting Prime Minister of Ukraine under Yushchenko's presidency. On 4 February, Tymoshenko's premiership appointment was ratified by the parliament with an overwhelming majority of 373 votes (226 were required for approval).[16][83] The Tymoshenko cabinet did not have any other members of Tymoshenko’s party besides Tymoshenko herself and Oleksandr Turchynov, who was appointed the chief of Security Service of Ukraine.[84][85] The ministers who were working with her took her side in the later confrontation with Viktor Yushchenko.[citation needed][clarification needed]

Highlights of Tymoshenko’s first term as Prime Minister

In 2005, as Prime Minister of Ukraine, Tymoshenko held an open tender for the privatization of Kryvorizhstal, as a result of which the enterprise was sold for 24.2 billion hryvnias (the starting price was 10 billion hryvnias). At the same time, special economic zones, which were “black holes” for stealing money, were eliminated, and support payments following the birth of a child increased tenfold. There is currently a marked increase in the birth rate in Ukraine.

On 28 July, Forbes named Tymoshenko the third most powerful woman in the world, behind only Condoleezza Rice and Wu Yi.[22] However, in the magazine's list published on 1 September 2006, Tymoshenko's name was not among the top 100.[87]

Several months into her government[nb 1] , internal conflicts within the post‐Revolution coalition began to damage Tymoshenko's administration.[88][89][90] On August 24, 2005, Viktor Yushchenko gave an Independence Day speech during which he called Tymoshenko’s government “the best”.

Yet on 8 September, after the resignation of several senior officials, including the Head of the Security and Defense CouncilPetro Poroshenko[91] and Deputy Prime Minister Mykola Tomenko,[92] Yulia Tymoshenko's government was dismissed by President Viktor Yushchenko[92][93] during a live television address to the nation.[94] Yushchenko went on to criticize her work as head of the Cabinet, suggesting it had led to an economic slowdown and political conflicts within the ruling coalition.[95] He said that Tymoshenko was serving interests of some businesses, and the government’s decision to re-privatize the Nikopol Ferroalloy Plant (previously owned by Leonid Kuchma’s son in law Viktor Pinchuk) “was the last drop” that made him dismiss the government.[96] On September 13, 2005, Yushchenko accused Tymoshenko of betrayal of “Orange Revolution” ideas. In his interview for the Associated Press, he said that during the time of her presidency at UESU, Tymoshenko accumulated an 8 million Hryvna debt, and that she had used her authority as prime minister to write off that debt. Tymoshenko has repeatedly stated that the mentioned amount was not a debt, but fines imposed by the Tax Inspection in 1997–1998, and that all the cases regarding UESU had been closed before she became prime minister.[97]

Tymoshenko blamed Yushchenko’s closest circle for scheming against her and undermining the activities of her Cabinet. She also criticised Yushchenko, telling the BBC that he had “practically ruined our unity, our future, the future of the country," and that the president’s action was absolutely illogical.[98]

At the time, Tymoshenko saw a rapid growth of approval ratings, while president Yushchenko’s approval ratings went down.[99] This tendency was later proved by the results of parliamentary elections in 2006, when for the first time ever BYuT outran “Our Ukraine” party, winning 129 seats vs. 81, respectively. During the previous parliamentary elections of 2002, BYuT had only 22 members of parliament, while “Our Ukraine” had 112.

The work of Yulia Tymoshenko as prime minister in 2005 was complicated due to internal conflicts in the “orange” team.[100] According to Tymoshenko, President Yushchenko and Petro Poroshenko were trying to turn the National Security and Defense Council into the “second Cabinet of Ministers”.[100]

Tymoshenko was succeeded as Prime Minister by Yuriy Yehanurov.[93]

Opposition (2005–2007) and 2006 parliamentary election[edit]

Soon after Tymoshenko’s discharge in September 2005, the General Prosecutor Office of the Russian Federation dismissed all charges against her. On November 18, 2005, the Supreme Court of Ukraine issued a ruling which invalidated all criminal cases against Yulia Tymoshenko and her family.

After her dismissal, Tymoshenko started to tour the country in a bid to win the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election as the leader of her Bloc.[nb 2] Tymoshenko soon announced that she wanted to return to the post of Prime Minister.[101] She managed to form a strong team that started a political fight on two fronts – with Viktor Yanukovych’s and Viktor Yushchenko’s camps.

With the Bloc coming second in the election, and winning 129 seats, many speculated that she might form a coalition with Yushchenko's Our Ukraine party and the Socialist Party of Ukraine (SPU) to prevent the Party of Regions from gaining power.[102] Tymoshenko again reiterated her stance in regard to becoming Prime Minister.[102] However, negotiations with Our Ukraine and SPU faced many difficulties as the various blocs fought over posts and engaged in counter-negotiations with other groups.[103]

On Wednesday, 21 June 2006, the Ukrainian media reported that the parties had finally reached a coalition agreement, which appeared to have ended nearly three months of political uncertainty.[104][105]

Tymoshenko's nomination and confirmation as the new Prime Minister was expected to be straightforward. However, the political intrigue that took place broke the plan. BYuT partners “Our Ukraine” and Socialist Party of Ukraine (SPU) could not come to agreement regarding distribution of powers, thus creation of the Coalition of Democratic Force was put on hold. Yushchenko and oligarchs from his narrow circle were trying to impede Tymoshenko from returning to the office of prime minister. Her nomination was preconditioned on the election of her long-time rival Petro Poroshenko from Our Ukraine to the position of speaker of the parliament. Oleksandr Moroz, the chairman of the Socialist Party of Ukraine, also expressed his interest in becoming speaker. Tymoshenko stated that she would vote for any speaker from the coalition.[106] Within a few days of the signing of the coalition agreement, it became clear that the coalition members mistrusted each other,[106] since they considered it a deviation from parliamentary procedures to hold a simultaneous vote on Poroshenko as the speaker and Tymoshenko as Prime Minister.[107][108]

The Party of Regions announced an ultimatum to the coalition demanding that parliamentary procedures be observed, asking that membership in parliamentary committees be allocated in proportion to seats held by each fraction, and demanding chairmanship in certain Parliamentary committees as well as Governorships in the administrative subdivisions won by the Party of Regions.[109][110] The Party of Regions complained that the coalition agreement deprived the Party of Regions and the communists of any representation in the executive and leadership in parliamentary committees, while in the local regional councils won by the Party of Regions the coalition parties were locked out of all committees as well.[109]

Members from the Party of Regions blocked the parliament from Thursday, 29 June[111] through Thursday, 6 July.[112]

After lengthy negotiations, SPU suddenly pulled out of the Coalition and joined the alliance with the Party of Regions and the Communist Party of Ukraine. Oleksandr Moroz assured that the team of Viktor Yushchenko was conducting secret negotiations with the Party of Regions. According to that deal, Viktor Yanukovych was supposed to become the speaker, while Yuriy Yekhanurov kept the prime minister portfolio. These negotiations were conducted by Yekhanurov himself upon Yushchenko’s request. Later, Yekhanurov admitted this fact in his interview with the “Ukrainska Pravda” website.

Unfortunately, a different coalition has now been created. But it won't last long – for a number of reasons. First, to unite incompatible things – Communism and doubled-dyed clans – into one team. A coalition of Communists, Socialists and mobsters won't last long because this country will sense the insincerity and the total absence of any strategic thing. I know for sure that our team won't allow Ukraine to be raped so easily.

Following the surprise nomination of Oleksandr Moroz from the Socialist Party of Ukraine as the Rada speaker and his subsequent election late on 6 July with the support of the Party of Regions, the "Orange coalition" collapsed. (Poroshenko had withdrawn his candidacy and had urged Moroz to do the same on 7 July.[106])[114][115] After the creation of a large coalition of majority, led by the former prime minister Viktor Yanukovych and composed of the Party of Regions, the Socialist Party of Ukraine and the Communist Party of Ukraine, Yanukovych became Prime Minister, and the other two parties were left in the wilderness.[116][117] On August 3, 2006, Tymoshenko refused to sign the “Universal of National Unity” declaration initiated by president Yushchenko. The document, signed by Yushchenko, Yanukovych and leaders of Socialist and Communist parties, sealed Yanukovych’s appointment as prime minister. Tymoshenko called it “the act of betrayal”. In September 2006, Tymoshenko announced that her political force would be in opposition to the new government.[113] Our Ukraine stalled until 4 October 2006, when it too joined the opposition.[118] On January 12, 2007, a BYuT vote in the parliament overrode the president’s veto of the “On the Cabinet of Ministers” law that was advantageous for the president. (In exchange, BYuT voted for the “On Imperative Mandate” and “On Opposition” laws). This vote was one of many steps undertaken by BYuT to ruin a fragile alliance between president Yushchenko and prime minister Yanukovych.[nb 3][119]

In March 2007, Yulia Tymoshenko traveled to the United States, where she held high-level meetings with Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Stephen Hadley, the National Security Advisor under President George W. Bush. [nb 4]. On March 31, 2007, Tymoshenko initiated a "100 thousand people Maidan" aimed to urge the president to call an early parliamentary election. [nb 5]

On April 4, 2007, president Yushchenko issued an edict “On early termination of duties of the Verkhovna Rada” as a reaction to violation of the Constitution by the Party of Regions, which had started dragging individual deputies into the “ruling coalition” (this being illegal, as coalitions should be formed by factions and not by individual deputies). In doing so, the Party of Regions was trying to achieve a constitutional majority of 300 votes which would enable prime minister Yanukovych to override the president’s veto and control the legislative process. Party of Regions didn’t obey this edict. In order to dismiss the Verkhovna Rada, Yulia Tymoshenko and her supporters in the parliament (168 deputies from BYuT and “Our Ukraine” factions) quit their parliamentary factions on June 2, 2007. That step invalidated the convocation of the Verkhovna Rada and cleared the path to an early election.

An early parliamentary election was held on September 30, 2007.

2007 parliamentary election[edit]

Following balloting in the 2007 parliamentary elections held on 30 September 2007, Orange Revolution parties said they had won enough votes to form a governing coalition. On 3 October 2007, an almost final tally gave the alliance of Tymoshenko and President Yushchenko a slim lead over the rival party of Prime Minister Yanukovych. Although Yanukovych, whose party won the single biggest share of the vote, also claimed victory,[124] one of his coalition allies, the Socialist Party of Ukraine, failed to gain enough votes to retain seats in Parliament.

On 15 October 2007, the Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc and the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc agreed to form a majority coalition in the new parliament of the 6th convocation.[125] On 29 November, a coalition was signed between the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc and Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc, which was associated with President Yushchenko. Both parties are affiliated with the Orange Revolution. On December 11, 2007, the Coalition failed in its attempt to appoint Tymoshenko prime minister, falling one vote short (225 members of parliament supported her nomination). On December 12, 2007, the media reported on the possible attempted assassination of Yulia Tymoshenko. BYuT and Tymoshenko herself said it was an intimidation. On 18 December, Tymoshenko was once again elected as Prime Minister (supported by 226 deputies, the minimal number needed for passage), heading the second Tymoshenko Government.[126]

Prime Minister 2007–2010, and 2008 political crisis[edit]

On July 11, 2008, Party of Regions tried to vote no-confidence to Tymoshenko’s government in the parliament, but could not collect enough votes.[127]

The coalition of Tymoshenko's Bloc (BYuT) and Yushchenko's Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc (OU-PSD) was put at risk due to differing opinions concerning the ongoing 2008 South Ossetia War between Georgia and Russia. Yulia Tymoshenko disagreed with Yushchenko's condemnation of Russia and preferred to stay neutral on the issue. Yushchenko's office accused her of taking a softer position in order to gain support from Russia in the upcoming 2010 election. Andriy Kyslynskyi, the president's deputy chief of staff, went as far as to accuse her of 'high treason'.[128] The accusations from the president’s camp were highly exaggerated and distorted. Tymoshenko has publicly announced her support for Georgia.

Tymoshenko on Russia-Georgia war

"We stand in solidarity with the democratically-elected leadership of Georgia. Georgia's sovereignty and territorial integrity must be respected

According to BYuT, Viktor Baloha (Chief of Staff of the Presidential Secretariat) criticized the premier at every turn, accusing her of everything from not being religious enough to damaging the economy and plotting to kill him, and the accusation of 'betrayal' over Georgia was simply one of the latest and most pernicious attacks directed at the premier.[130][131][132][133][134]

After Tymoshenko's BYuT voted alongside the Communist Party of Ukraine and the Party of Regions to pass legislation that would facilitate the procedure of impeachment for future Presidents[135] and limit the President's power while increasing the Prime Minister's powers, President Yushchenko's OU-PSD bloc pulled out of the coalition and Yushchenko promised to veto the legislation[136][137] and threatened to hold an election if a new coalition was not formed soon. This resulted in the 2008 Ukrainian political crisis, which culminated in Yushchenko calling an early parliamentary election on 8 October 2008.[138][139]

Tymoshenko was fiercely opposed to the snap election, stating "No politician would throw Ukraine into snap elections at this important time. But, if Yushchenko and Yanukovych – who are ideologists of snap elections – throw the country into snap elections, then they will bear responsibility for all the consequences of the global financial crisis on Ukraine".[140] Initially, the election was to be held on 7 December 2008,[141][142] but was later postponed to an unknown date.[143][144][145] Tymoshenko had no intention of resigning[146] until a new coalition was formed.[147]

In early December 2008, there were negotiations between BYuT and Party of Regions to form a coalition,[148] but after Volodymyr Lytvyn was elected Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (parliament of Ukraine) on 9 December 2008, he announced the creation of a coalition between his Lytvyn Bloc, BYuT and OU-PSD.[149] After negotiations,[150][151] the three parties officially signed the coalition agreement on 16 December.[152] It was not known whether this coalition would stop the snap election,[153][154][155] although Speaker Volodymyr Lytvyn predicted the Verkhovna Rada would work until 2012.[156]

On February 5, 2009, Tymoshenko’s opponents in the parliament were trying to dismiss her government again, but again the vote failed.[157] The following day, president Yushchenko strongly criticized Tymoshenko and the economic policies of her government.[158] Tymoshenko accused him of spreading "a mix of untruths, panic and hysteria.".[158]

A large part of Tymoshenko’s second term as prime minister coincided in time with the global financial crisis of 2008, which required her government to respond to numerous challenges that could have led the country’s economic collapse.[nb 6]

Tymoshenko’s government launched an anti corruption campaign and identified it as one of its priorities. [nb 7]

Gas dispute between Russia and Ukraine (2009)[edit]

The conditions leading to the 2009 gas dispute were created back in 2006, under the Viktor Yanukovych government, when Ukraine started buying Russian gas through an intermediary, Swiss-registered RosUkrEnergo. (Fifty percent of RosUkrEnergo shares were owned by the Russian “Gazprom”, with 45 percent and 5 percent owned by Ukrainian businessmen Dmytro Firtash and Ivan Fursin, respectively). Some sources indicate that notorious criminal boss Sergiy Shnaider (nick Semen Mogylevych, associated with Dmytro Firtash) also owned shares in the company.[159][160]

When Tymoshenko resumed her prime minister duties in 2007, she initiated direct relations between Ukraine and Russia with regard to gas trading. An October 2, 2008 Memorandum signed by Tymoshenko and Vladimir Putin stipulated liquidation of intermediaries in gas deals between the two countries and outlined detailed conditions for future gas contracts. The gas conflict of 2009 broke out because of two factors, the lack of a gas contract for 2009 and a $2.4 billion debt that Ukraine had yet to pay for gas received in 2008.[161] Prime Minister Tymoshenko stated that it was the “RosUkrEnergo” company that was responsible for the debt, rather than the state of Ukraine. She called for an end to corruption in the gas trade area and the establishment of direct contracts with the Russian Federation.[162]

“RosUkrEnergo”, with the aid of its ties to Yushchenko’s administration, managed to disrupt the signing of a gas contract scheduled for December 31, 2008. Oleksiy Miller, head of “Gazprom”, stated that trader “RosUkrEnergo” broke down talks between “Gazprom” and “Naftogaz Ukrainy”: “Yes indeed, in late December 2008, the prime ministers of Russia and Ukraine came to agreement, and our companies were ready to seal the deal for $235 per 1000 cubic meters of natural gas with the condition that all the export operations from Ukraine will be done bilaterally. RosUkrEnergo then suggested to buy gas at $285 price.” On December 31, 2008, president Viktor Yushchenko gave Oleg Dubyna, head of “Naftogaz Ukrainy”, a direct order to stop talks, not sign the agreement and recall the delegation from Moscow. The decision made by the president of Ukraine brought on the crisis.[163][164]

On January 14, 2009, prime minister Tymoshenko said, “The negotiations on $235 gas price and $1.7–1.8 transit price, that started on October 2 and successfully have been moving forward since, have been broken up because, unfortunately, Ukrainian politicians were trying to keep “RosUkrEnergo” in business as a shadow intermediary…The negotiations between the two prime ministers and later between 'Gazprom' and 'Naftogaz Ukrainy' were ruined by those Ukrainian political groups, who have gotten and are planning to get corrupt benefits from 'RosUkrEnergo'.” On January 17, 2009, president of Russia Dmitriy Medvedev said, “I think that our Ukrainian partners and us can trade gas without any intermediaries, especially without intermediaries with questionable reputation. The problem is that some participants of negotiations insisted on keeping the intermediary referring to the instructions from the top.”[165]

On January 1, 2009, at 10 AM, “Gazprom” completely stopped pumping gas to Ukraine.[166] On January 4, the Russian monopolist offered to sell Ukraine gas for $450 per 1000 cubic meter (minus a fee for gas transit through Ukraine), which was defined as a standard price for Eastern European countries. On January 8, 2009, the prime minister of Russia, Vladimir Putin, said that Ukraine would have to pay $470 for 1000 cubic meters of natural gas.

Between January 1 and 18, Central and Eastern European countries received significantly less gas. Ukrainian heat-and-power stations were working to utmost capacity. Due to sub-zero temperatures, the entire housing and public utilities sectors were on the verge of collapse. On January 14, the European Commission and the Czech presidency in the European Union demanded the immediate renewal of gas deliveries in full capacity lest the reputations of Russia and Ukraine as reliable EU partners be seriously damaged. On January 18, 2009, after five day-long talks, prime ministers Putin and Tymoshenko came to agreement on the renewal of gas delivery to Ukraine and other EU countries. The parties agreed upon the following: A return to direct contract deals between “Gazprom” and “Naftogaz Ukrainy”; the removal of non-transparent intermediaries; the introduction of formula-based pricing for Ukraine (which also works for other Eastern European countries); and a switch to a $2.7 transit fee, which is close to the average price in Europe. According to the new gas contract, in 2009 Ukraine paid an average price of $232.98 per 1000 cubic meters,[167] while other European consumers were paying above $500 per 1000 cubic meters.[168]

2010 Presidential election[edit]

Tymoshenko was a candidate in the Ukrainian presidential elections of 2010,[169] but lost that election to Viktor Yanukovych (Tymoshenko received 45.47% of the votes in the second and final round[170] of the election, 3% less than her rival[171][172]).

In 2009, the relations between Tymoshenko and President Yushchenko,[173][174][175][176] the Secretariat of the President of Ukraine[177] and the oppositionalParty of Regions remained hostile.[178] According to Tymoshenko, her conflict with the President was a political competition and not ideological antagonism, and she emphasized early in February 2009 that the "election struggle for the next presidential elections has virtually begun."[179][180][181]

“This is a competition during economic crisis; [some people] prefer to collect political benefits from these problems instead of solving them together”, Tymoshenko said in an interview with German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in February 2009. Later, in an interview with the French paper Le Monde, the prime minister said that “the president treats her as a rival striving for president’s office.” She also added that the previously mentioned political instability fuels economic crisis. Tymoshenko then called for an early presidential election.

Having long being considered a possible candidate for President of Ukraine in the 2010 election,[182][183] Tymoshenko announced that she would indeed compete in the upcoming presidential election in a statement broadcast live on national TV on 7 June 2009.[169][184] Tymoshenko also stated that if she lost the presidential election she would not challenge the results.[185][186] On 12 September 2009, a tour in support of Tymoshenko's candidacy, called "With Ukraine in Heart", began on Kiev's Maidan Nezalezhnosti. Popular Ukrainian singers and bands took part in the tour.[187][188][189]

On October 24, 2009, the delegates of all-Ukrainian union “Batkivshchyna” formally and unanimously endorsed Yulia Tymoshenko as their candidate for the next Presidential election.[190][191] The 200 thousand congress took place on Kyiv’s Independence Square. On October 31, 2009, the Central Election Commission registered Tymoshenko as a candidate for presidential election in 2010.

The Tymoshenko candidacy was also endorsed by prominent Ukrainian politicians such as Borys Tarasyuk, Yuriy Lutsenko, former President Leonid Kravchuk,[192] the Christian Democratic Union,[193] the European Party of Ukraine[194] and others.[195] Analysts suggested that Tymoshenko was the Russian Government's preferred candidate in the election. On 3 December 2009, Russian Prime MinisterVladimir Putin denied this. Putin stated that he was cooperating with Tymoshenko as Prime Minister of Ukraine, but that he was not supporting her in the election.[196]

Tymoshenko's campaign was expected to have cost $100 to $150 million.[198]

Tymoshenko expected early parliamentary elections after the 2010 presidential election if Yanukovych won the vote, but she was against this.[199]

On 1 December 2009, Tymoshenko urged "national democratic forces" to unite around the candidate who garnered the largest number of votes after the first round of the presidential elections. "If we are not able to strengthen our efforts and unite the whole national-patriotic and democratic camp of Ukraine... we will be much weaker than those who want revenge."[200] On 5 December 2009, she declared she would go into opposition if she lost the presidential election. She also complained of flaws in the election legislation, and expressed her certainty that attempts were being made by her opponents to carry out vote rigging.[201]

In the first round of the presidential election on 17 January 2010, Tymoshenko took second place with 25.05% of the vote, and Yanukovych took first place with 35.32%. The two proceeded to a runoff.

On February 3, 2010, two days before the run-off, the deputies from Party of Regions, Communist Party of Ukraine, “Our Ukraine – People’s Self-Defense” bloc and independent MPs amended the Law on Election of President, which changed the mode of composition and functioning of election commissions. BYuT warned that these amendments would create opportunities for the massive rigging of elections. Yulia Tymoshenko called on president Yushchenko to veto the law. Hanne Severinsen, former rapporteur of PACE Monitoring Committee on Ukraine, also called on the president to veto the law. Severinsen’s statement read: “"Unfortunately, the Party of Regions, as in 2004, is trying to create conditions for vote fraud.”[202]

Despite these requests, president Yushchenko signed the amended Law. This action generated vast international criticism from the Council of Europe and from members of the US congress' Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe.[203][204] The Committee of Voters of Ukraine stated that the amendments to the Law on Election of President “contained the biggest threats for democratic mode of the run-off.”[205]

Tymoshenko did not receive endorsement from other candidates who had not survived the first round of voting.[206] In the run-off held on 7 February 2010,[170][171] Yanukovych was elected President of Ukraine. According to the Central Election Commission, he received 48.95% of the votes; Tymoshenko received 45.47% of the votes.[172] Yulia Tymoshenko won 17 of 27 constituencies in the western, central and north regions of Ukraine and in Kyiv.

Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc members immediately claimed that there was systematic and large-scale vote rigging in the run-off election.[207][208][209] However, Tymoshenko herself did not issue a statement about the election[210][211] until a live televised broadcast on 13 February 2010, in which she said that she would challenge the election result in court. Tymoshenko alleged widespread fraud[212] (according to Tymoshenko, a million votes were invalid) and said Yanukovych was not legitimately elected. "Whatever happens in future, he will never become the legitimately elected President of Ukraine." Tymoshenko did not call people into the streets to protest, and stated that she "won't tolerate civil confrontation."[213][214][215]

On 10 February 2010, Yanukovych called on Tymoshenko to abandon her protests and resign as Prime Minister.[211] Yanukovych stated he wanted to form a new coalition, and may try to call snap parliamentary elections.[215] On 12 February, Yanukovych stated he would not rule out talks with Tymoshenko if she would publicly apologize to him for accusations she made during her election campaign.[216]Tymoshenko's government did not want to resign voluntarily.[217]

On 17 February 2010, the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine suspended the results of the election on Tymoshenko's appeal.[218] The court suspended the Central Election Commission of Ukraine ruling that announced that Viktor Yanukovych won the election.[219][220] Tymoshenko withdrew her appeal on 20 February 2010, after the Higher Administrative Court in Kiev rejected her petition to scrutinize documents from election districts in Crimea and to question election and law-enforcement officials.[221] According to Tymoshenko, "It became clear that the court is not out to establish the truth, and, unfortunately, the court is as biased as the Central Election Commission, which includes a political majority from Yanukovych."[222] Tymoshenko also stated, "At the very least there was rigging of votes using the main methods of falsification, and I think that for history this lawsuit with all the documentation will remain in the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine, and sooner or later, an honest prosecutor's office and an honest court will assess that Yanukovych wasn't elected President of Ukraine, and that the will of the people had been rigged."[222][223]

On February 22, 2010, Tymoshenko announced in a televised speech that she believed the presidential election to have been rigged and did not recognize its results. “As well as millions of Ukrainians, I state: Yanukovych is not our president,” she said. She called on the democratic parliamentary factions to not seek “political employment” at the Party of Regions (meaning to avoid negotiations with the Party of Regions regarding the new coalition) and to “quit arguing and create a united team that would not let an anti-Ukrainian dictatorship usurp the power.”

In opposition after 2010 presidential election[edit]

The falsifications decided the elections, not you. Like millions of Ukrainians, I assert that Yanukovych is not our president.

During a nationally televised address on 22 February, Tymoshenko said of President-elect of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych and "Yanukovych's team" (she referred to them in the speech as "The oligarchy"): "They need cheap labour, poor and disenfranchised people who can be forced to work at their factories for peanuts, they also need Ukraine's riches, which they have been stealing for the last 18 years." During the speech she also accused outgoing President Viktor Yushchenko of "opening the door to massive and flagrant election rigging" days before the 7 February runoff of the January 2010 presidential election by amending the election law.[224][225] During a Cabinet of Ministers meeting on 24 February, Tymoshenko stated, "The moment of truth has arrived: The decision whether or not to side with Yanukovych will show who values the preservation of Ukraine's independence and self-identity and who does not."[225] Tymoshenko and her party, Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko, boycotted the inauguration ceremony of President Yanukovych on 25 February 2010.[226]

If the Second Tymoshenko Government could not be preserved, Tymoshenko stated on 22 February 2010, she would go into Parliamentary opposition.[224] On 3 March 2010, the Ukrainian Parliament passed a motion of no confidence in the second Tymoshenko Government in which the cabinet was dismissed with 243 lawmakers voting in favour out of 450[5] (including seven lawmakers of Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko[227]). (Prime Minister Tymoshenko had demanded this vote herself on 1 March 2010.)[228] On 2 March 2010, the coalition had already lost the parliamentary majority.[229] Before the vote on 3 March, Prime Minister Tymoshenko again stated, "If the dismissal of the government is passed today, at that very same moment our government will leave the cabinet. Our political force will cross into the opposition."[230][231] Tymoshenko blamed the Lytvyn Bloc and "Our Ukraine, including the leader of Our Ukraine, who announced the position of the faction" for the fall of the cabinet.[229] Tymoshenko resigned from the Prime Minister post on 4 March 2010.[6] Fellow BYuT member Oleksandr Turchynov was empowered to fulfill the Prime Minister's duties until a new government was formed on 4 March 2010.[232] On 9[233] and 15 March,[234] 2010, Tymoshenko called on "all of the national patriotic forces" to unite against Yanukovych. On 10 March 2010, Viktor Yushchenko warned that her leadership of that opposition would end in disaster, saying, "Every political force that united with Tymoshenko ended badly."[235] On 16 March, a shadow government including BYuT was established.[236] On 10 May 2010, the People's Committee to Protect Ukraine was established, of which Tymoshenko is one of the representatives.[237][238] Tymoshenko was against the 2010 Ukrainian-Russian Naval Base for Natural Gas treaty, as she believes the agreement harms Ukraine's national interests.[239]

On 12 May 2010, Ukraine's prosecutor's office re-opened a 2004 criminal case against Tymoshenko regarding accusations that she had tried to bribe Supreme Court judges. The prosecutor's main investigation section said Tymoshenko had been called in on 12 May 2010, and formally told that the case, which had been prematurely closed by the Supreme Court of Ukraine in January 2005 without a proper investigation, had been re-opened. As she left the prosecutor's office on 12 May, Tymoshenko told journalists she had been summoned to see investigators again on 17 May, and she linked the move to Russian PresidentMedvedev's visit to Ukraine on 17–18 May 2010.[240][241] Tymoshenko also claimed that she was told by "all the offices of the Prosecutor General's Office" that President Yanukovych had personally instructed the Prosecutor General's Office to find any grounds to prosecute her.[242] In a press conference on 12 May, President Yanukovych's representative in the Verkhovna Rada, Yury Miroshnychenko, dismissed Tymoshenko's statement about Yanukovych's personal interest in prosecuting her. "Yanukovych is against political repression for criticism of the regime," Miroshnychenko stated.[243]

On 15 December 2010, the General Prosecutor's Office instituted a criminal case against Tymoshenko, alleging that she misused funds received by Ukraine within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol. She was officially charged on 20 December 2010.[244][245][246][247] Tymoshenko denied the money had been spent on pensions, insisting it was still at the disposal of the environment ministry. She called the investigation against her a witch-hunt.[245] Tymoshenko was not arrested, but ordered not to leave Kiev while the inquiry was under way.[248][249] In the same case, the environment minister in the second Tymoshenko Government, Georgiy Filipchuk, was detained.[250] Filipchuk was the third minister from this government to face criminal charges since its fall in March 2010 (prosecutors charged former Interior Minister Yuriy Lutsenko with abuse of office in early December, 2010, and former economy minister Bohdan Danylyshyn was detained in the Czech Republic in October 2010 on similar charges).[250] Lawmakers of BYuT blocked the rostrum and presidium of the Verkhovna Rada the next day in protest against this.[251] That same day, the European People's Party issued a statement in which it "condemns the growth of aggressive, politically motivated pressure by the Ukrainian authorities on the opposition and its leader Yulia Tymoshenko."[252] Tymoshenko dismissed the probe as "terror against the opposition by President Yanukovych."[253] Earlier that month, Ukraine's Prosecutor General Viktor Pshonka had stated that there were no political reasons for the interrogations of the opposition leaders Tymoshenko, Lutsenko and Oleksandr Turchynov.[254] According to government officials, the criminal case against Tymoshenko was a legitimate attempt to uncover corruption by the previous administration.[245] New corruption charges against Tymoshenko where filed on 27 January 2011.[255][256] She was accused of using 1,000 medical vehicles for campaigning in the presidential elections of 2010.[255][256] According to Tymoshenko, the charges were false and part of "Yanukovych's campaign to silence the opposition."[255][256] A third criminal case against Tymoshenko in connection with alleged abuse of power during the 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute was opened on 10 April 2011.[257][258] This case was labelled "absurd" by Tymoshenko.[258] On 24 May 2011, prosecutors charged her in connection with this (third criminal) case.[259] She was not arrested.[259][260]

On 26 April 2011, Tymoshenko sued businessman Dmytro Firtash and Swiss-based RosUkrEnergo in a US District Court in Manhattan, accusing them of "defrauding Ukraine's citizenry by manipulating an arbitration court ruling" and "undermining the rule of law in Ukraine" in connection with a 2010 international arbitration court ruling in Stockholm that ordered Ukraine's state energy company Naftogaz to pay RosUkrEnergo 11 billion cubic meters (bcm) of natural gas to compensate for fuel it had "expropriated" plus 1.1 billion bcm as a penalty.[261][262]

Throughout Yanukovych's presidency, Tymoshenko stayed very critical of his and the Azarov Government's performances and intentions which, among others, she accused of selling out to Russia and of being a "funeral of democracy."[263][264][265][266] Tymoshenko has accused "many of Ukraine's neighbours" of turning a blind eye to "Yanukovych's strangulation of Ukraine's democracy, some openly celebrate the supposed 'stability' that his regime has imposed."[267] She believes "Ukraine can return to a democratic path of development only with an active civil society and support from the international community."[268]

2011 trial and imprisonment and other criminal cases against Tymoshenko[edit]

Since May 2010 a number of criminal cases were brought against Tymoshenko.[271][272] On June 24, 2011, a trial started in the “gas case”, concerning a contract with Russian gas company Gazprom to supply natural gas to Ukraine, which had been signed in 2009. Tymoshenko was charged with abuse of power and embezzlement, as the allegedly biased court found the deal anti-economic for the country and abusive.

Tymoshenko's trial (she was charged in May 2011) for abuse of office concerning a natural gas imports contract signed with Russia in January 2009 started on 24 June 2011, in Kiev.[273][274] A number of criminal cases were also opened against former officials from the second Tymoshenko Government.[275][276][nb 8] According to Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych, those cases were indiscriminately made to fight corruption in Ukraine.[277][278][279] Former President Viktor Yushchenko testified against Tymoshenko during the trial, which he called "a normal judicial process."[280] The trial against Tymoshenko has been referred to as "selective justice" and "political persecution" in statements by the U.S.A, Russia, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Spain and other European countries; in statements by the European Union, NATO, the European People's Party; and in statements by human rights organizations such as Transparency International, Freedom House, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch.[281] Currently Tymoshenko is under criminal investigation for ten criminal acts;[271]Ukrainian prosecutors have claimed Tymoshenko committed even more criminal acts.[282]

Early in July 2011, the Ukrainian security service (USB) opened a new criminal investigation into alleged non-delivery by United Energy Systems of Ukraine (in 1996) of goods to Russia for $405.5 million, the USB maintains that Russia may claim this sum to the State budget of Ukraine (this criminal case was closed in Russia in December 2005 years by reason of lapse of time).[65]

On 11 October 2011, the court found Tymoshenko guilty of abuse of power and sentenced her to seven years in prison, banned her from seeking elected office for her period of imprisonment, and ordered her to pay the state $188 million.[283][284][285] She was convicted for exceeding her powers as Prime Minister by ordering Naftogaz to sign the gas deal with Russia in 2009.[285][285] Tymoshenko did appeal the sentence, which she compared to Stalin's Great Terror,[283][285] on 24 October 2011.[286]

A 2001 criminal case on state funds embezzlement and tax evasion charges against Tymoshenko was reopened in Ukraine on 24 October 2011.[66]

On 4 November 2011, the Ukrainian tax police resumed four criminal cases against Tymoshenko.[287] She was charged for these cases on 10 November 2011.[288][289][290]

Tymoshenko was re-arrested (while in prison) on 8 December 2011, after a Ukrainian court ordered her indefinite arrest as part of the investigation of alleged tax evasion and theft of government funds (between 1996 and 2000) by United Energy Systems of Ukraine. Again the European Union showed concern over this.[291][292][293][294][295]

On 23 December 2011, Tymoshenko lost her appeal against her sentence of abuse of power.[296][297] She and her lawyers had boycotted the appeal proceedings,[296] claiming that the "Judicial system and justice are totally non-existent in Ukraine today."[298] Tymoshenko has lodged a complaint against the verdict at the European Court of Human Rights, which was given priority treatment by the court.[299]

On 30 December 2011, Tymoshenko was transferred to the Kachanivska penal colony in Kharkiv.[300][301]

In early January, 2012, Tymoshenko's husband Oleksandr Tymoshenko was granted asylum in the Czech Republic, which he had requested at the end of the previous year.[15][302]

In early April, 2012, the General Prosecutor's Office began examining the possible involvement of Tymoshenko and former Prime Minister Pavlo Lazarenko in the murder of Donetsk businessman Olexandr Momot in 1996.[303]

A trial concerning the criminal investigation into alleged misappropriating public funds of United Energy Systems of Ukraine started on 19 April 2012, in Kharkiv.[65][304] Tymoshenko refused to attend the trial, citing problems with her health.[304] Tymoshenko was then moved against her will from Kachanivska prison to a hospital where she began a hunger strike on 20 April to protest – according to her lawyer Serhiy Vlasenko – "what is happening in the country and what is happening to her in prison."[305] She ended the hunger strike on 9 May 2012.[306] Since 9 May 2012, she has been receiving treatment at the hospital after being diagnosed with a spinal disc herniation.[307][308]

The Supreme Court of Ukraine upheld the verdict against Tymoshenko on 29 August 2012.[309]

From 29 October 2012, to 16 November 2012, Tymoshenko was again on hunger strike to protest vote rigging in the October 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election.[310][311]

Fatherland United Opposition nominated Tymoshenko as its candidate for the Ukrainian presidential elections of 2015 on 7 December 2012.[272] On 14 June 2013, the congress of her party approved the decision to nominate her as its candidate in the 2015 Ukrainian presidential election.[312][nb 9]

On 18 January 2013, Tymoshenko was notified that she is a suspect in the murder of businessman and lawmaker Yevhen Shcherban, his wife and two other people in 1996.[314] In May 2013, the Shcherban murder case was suspended.[315]

From 25 November to 6 December 2013 (during the Euromaidan protests), Tymoshenko was again on hunger strike in protest of "President Yanukovych's reluctance to sign the DCFTA" on 6 December.[316][317][318][319]

Appeal[edit]

On October 24, 2011, Yulia Tymoshenko filed an appeal to the decision of Pechersk district court of Kyiv regarding the “gas case”. On December 1, the Kyiv Court of Appeal started hearing the case. Tymoshenko herself was not present in the courtroom because of her health condition. After the hearing, the judge, Olena Sitaylo, had to call an ambulance and was hospitalized. On December 13, 2011, the Kyiv Court of Appeal resumed the hearing. All subsequent court sessions took place without Tymoshenko's presence. Immediately prior to the hearing of the appeal, the board of judges was altered: Sitaylo, the chief justice, was appointed the day before the first hearing; other justices were appointed several days prior to the court session. Thus, the judges did not have time to study the 84-page case log. The manner of the process proved that the decision to alter the board of judges was made beforehand.[citation needed] At the very end, Tymoshenko’s defense boycotted the court session.

On December 23, 2011, the Kyiv Court of Appeal issued a ruling which fully supported the verdict of the Pechersk court. The judges didn’t find any violations during the pre-trial investigation or trial on the “gas case”, overruling the claims of Tymoshenko’s defense.[320][321]

Cassation[edit]

On January 26, 2012, Yulia Tymoshenko’s defense submitted a cassation appeal to the High Specialized Court for Civil and Criminal Cases regarding the “gas case” verdict.[322] On August 16, 2012, after a 7 month delay that impeded filing the case to the European Court of Human Rights, the panel of judges of the aforementioned court began hearing the case. The panel finished hearing the case on August 21 and went to the jury room to make decision. The ruling of the Court, issued on August 29, 2012, stated that the appeal of ex prime minister Yulia Tymoshenko’s defense on the “gas case” should not be satisfied.[323]

Media, diplomats, members of parliament and members of an EU special monitoring mission, Pet Cox and Aleksander Kwasniewski, attended the court sessions. The ruling was announced on the day following public hearing of “Tymoshenko vs Ukraine” (regarding unlawful arrest of ex-prime minister and holding her in custody) case at the European Court of Human Rights.

The European Union, PACE, and governments of the United States, Great Britain and Canada expressed frustration with the cassation ruling.[324] “We are deeply disappointed with the consequences of the current situation, when two important opposition leaders cannot stand in the upcoming parliamentary elections, [and] when the court disrespects international standards for fair and transparent processes,” a representative of the European Commission, Michael Mann, said in Brussels on August 29, 2012.

International reactions[edit]

The “gas case” trial was viewed by many international organizations, such as the Danish Helsinki Committee, as a politically-charged persecution that violates the law.[325][326] The European Union and other international organizations see the conviction as "justice being applied selectively under political motivation."[327] The European Union has shelved the European Union Association Agreement and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement with Ukraine over the issue.[328][310][329] The EU has repeatedly called for release of Yulia Tymoshenko as a primary condition for signing the EU Association Agreement. [nb 10][330] The European Court on Human Rights stated in April 2013 that Tymoshenko’s arrest in the case had been politically motivated and her rights had been violated.[331]

The head of EU diplomacy, Catherine Ashton, said in a statement that the verdict would affect bilateral EU-Ukraine relations, including the Association Agreement. At the same time, the Commissioner for Enlargement Štefan Füle indicated that he was counting on Tymoshenko’s rapid release through changes to Ukraine’s Criminal Code. Some MEPs have made much more categorical statements. The head of the European People's Party, Wilfried Martens, has called for talks with Ukraine on the Association Agreement to be suspended. These responses correspond to the Union’s current position: That for the Association Agreement to be signed, Tymoshenko must be released and permitted to participate in the next elections. The Russian Foreign Ministry also commented on the former prime minister’s sentence, stating that the court's decision had anti-Russian overtones and was politically motivated, but deemed the signed gas contracts to have been lawful. The gas contracts were also defended by Prime Minister Vladimir Putin.

The European Union and other international organizations see the conviction as "justice being applied selectively under political motivation."[327] Many world leaders, such as former Czech president Vaclav Havel, the Tibetan spiritual leader the Dalai Lama and Czech foreign minister Karel Schwarzenberg, published an open letter condemning the violation of democratic principles by Ukraine’s authorities and expressing support for Yulia Tymoshenko.[332] United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon also has expressed concern over Tymoshenko's conviction. In a press statement, he said he hoped that all the judicial proceedings in the case would be "conducted in a fair and impartial manner and follow due process."[333] German chancellor Angela Merkel repeatedly urged Ukrainian authorities to release Tymoshenko. In 2012, Merkel campaigned for a boycott of the Euro 2012 football tournament being held in Ukraine unless Tymoshenko was freed. She also stated that Germany was ready to provide the former prime minister with relevant medical treatment, and called for her immediate release.[334] Former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton also called for Tymoshenko’s release following reports that she had been severely beaten by prison guards.[335]

In June 2012, the European Parliament established a special monitoring mission to Ukraine, conducted by former European Parliament President Pat Cox and former Polish President Aleksander Kwasniewski. Both politicians have observed trials, repeatedly visited Tymoshenko in custody and conducted meetings with Ukraine's authorities regarding her release.

The European Union has shelved the European Union Association Agreement and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement with Ukraine over the issue.[310][329] In March 2012, the foreign ministers of Sweden, Britain, the Czech Republic, Poland and Germany (Carl Bildt, William Hague, Karel Schwarzenberg, Radoslaw Sikorski and Guido Westerwelle) condemned Ukraine’s government for selective justice and politically motivated prosecution of opposition leaders, in particular those of Yulia Tymoshenko and Yuriy Lutsenko.[336]

President Yanukovych recognized that the Tymoshenko case impedes Ukraine's integration into European structures.[337]

On April 30, 2013, the European Court of Human Rights issued a judgment[338] asserting that “Ms. Tymoshenko’s pre-trial detention had been arbitrary; that the lawfulness of her detention had not been properly reviewed; and, that she had no possibility to seek compensation for her unlawful deprivation of liberty.”

On May 28, 2013, the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe issued a report by rapporteur Pieter Omtzigt. The report said that the Committee was deeply troubled by the manner in which the country’s criminal justice system is abused for the persecution of political opponents by Ukrainian authorities.[339] Omtzigt also suggested the status of former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko be recognized as that of a ‘political prisoner’ within the meaning of the definition adopted by the Parliamentary Assembly.[340]

The United States Senate has passed two resolutions calling for the release from prison of former prime minister Tymoshenko. The most recent, presented in the Senate in June 2013, called for Tymoshenko’s release in light of the recent European Court of Human Rights ruling, and was adopted on November 18, 2013.[341][342][343] An earlier resolution, passed in 2012, condemned the politically motivated prosecution and imprisonment of former Prime Minister of Ukraine Yulia Tymoshenko.[344]

On September 5, 2013, the Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT) published a report based on their December 2012 visit to Ukraine. The report claimed that physical force had been used against Yulia Tymoshenko during her transportation from Kachanivka penal colony to Kharkiv hospital on April 20, 2012.[345] The CPT investigation concluded that Tymoshenko’s rights had been violated based on several Articles of the European Convention of Human Rights, in particular Articles 3 (Prohibition of torture) and 8 (Right to respect for private and family life).

On October 2, 2013, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) adopted a resolution calling for the immediate release of Yulia Tymoshenko and, two days later, Pat Cox and Aleksander Kwasniewski, representatives of the European Parliament mission, handed president Yanukovych a petition to pardon Tymoshenko.[346][347]

In December 2012 the united opposition nominated her and later in June 2013 confirmed her as its candidate in the 2015 Ukrainian presidential election.[312]

2014 Release from prison[edit]

Following the February 2014 Euromaidan riots, on 21 February 2014, Parliament voted for her release in a 310-54 veto-proof vote.[348] On Saturday 22 February 2014 she was released. After her release Tymoshenko is now able to run for office, since she has no criminal record.[349] Tymoshenko had been held since May 2012 in the Kharkiv-based Central Clinical Hospital No. 5 under police surveillance, where she had been receiving treatment after being diagnosed with a spinal disc herniation.[307][308] Tymoshenko has been on three hunger strikes since her imprisonment.[316][310][305][306][350][311]

The authorities released Tymoshenko on February 22, 2014 following a revision of the Ukrainian criminal code, which effectively decriminalized the action for which she was imprisoned. She gained her freedom as a result of as-of-then on-going Euromaidan protests in Ukraine, the participants in which had made her release one of their top objectives.

Political views[edit]

Tymoshenko wants her country to become a member of the EU, while also expressing concern about antagonizing Russia.[351][352] "I try to defend our interests so that we can find a balance in our relations both with the EU and Russia".[351]

Tymoshenko supports Ukraine joining NATO, stating it would be "uncomfortable" for Ukraine to remain "in a void, outside all existing security systems".[351] But, according to Tymoshenko, the question of Ukraine joining any system of collective security would "be resolved only by referendum."[353] Tymoshenko favours close relations with the EU, including the creation of a free trade area between Ukraine and the EU[354] and later a full membership.[355] According to Tymoshenko, "The European project has not been completed as yet. It has not been completed because there is no full-fledged participation of Ukraine."[356] She opposes foreign intervention in internal Ukrainian affairs: "Ukraine's realization of its sovereign rights, forming a modern political nation, cannot be considered as a policy aimed against anyone."[357] Tymoshenko does not want to expand the lease contract of the Russian Black Sea fleet in Ukraine because, "The Constitution of Ukraine quite clearly stipulates that foreign military bases cannot be deployed in Ukraine, and this constitutional clause is the fundamental basis of the state's security."[358] She also believes in "building a genuine civil society" as the best way to help democracy.[267][268]

Tymoshenko regards Ukraine as a "unitary and indivisible state." Tymoshenko considers separatist attitudes in Ukraine unacceptable: "Love one another, from Donetsk, Crimea, Luhansk, Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv, Lviv, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kyiv and all the other corners of our native land."[359] According to Tymoshenko, citizens in Russian-speaking Dnipropetrovsk already understood Ukrainian in Soviet times and that problems surrounding the Russian language in Ukraine were being[by whom?] "exaggerated and don't exist."[184][360]

Tymoshenko opposes the introduction of Russian as a second official state language.[184][361][362] About her own attitude toward the Ukrainian language, Tymoshenko has stated that "today I am thinking in Ukrainian... and the fact that I know Russian very well, I think it is not a secret for you... you all know that I was brought up in the Russian speaking region in Dnipropetrovsk, to my mind, I spared no effort to speak Ukrainian as soon as possible as I came in the Government."[184][360][361]

Tymoshenko wrote an article called "Containing Russia" that was published in the May–June 2007 edition of the journal Foreign Affairs.[363][364] In the article she criticized Russian expansionism. Consequently, the article irked Russia and more than a week after the article was published, Russia responded by calling it an "anti-Russian manifesto" and "an attempt to once again draw dividing lines in Europe."[365][nb 11]

The first Tymoshenko Government was in favor of transparent and honest re-privatization of 3,000 enterprises,[369] as with the case of the Kyvorizhstal steel mill.[370] Tymoshenko believes that Ukraine's economy is excessively monopolized.[95][371] Tymoshenko is against privatization of the gas transportation system in Ukraine.[372] Tymoshenko lists the salvation of the economy of Ukraine during the 2008–09 Ukrainian financial crisis as one of her achievements.[373] The second Tymoshenko Government has spent 1.6 billion hryvnya on modernizing the coal mining industry.[374]

Tymoshenko wants to raise the general level of social standards by equalizing salaries in the industrial and social spheres,[375] and pledged in November 2009 to revamp Ukraine's hospitals and health system within two years.[376] She also pledged tax breaks for farmers.[377] Other economic policies included compensation for depositors who lost Soviet-era savings, price controls on food and medicines to bring inflation down, and calls for a review of murky privatisations and high social spending.[378] Tymoshenko wants to cut the number of taxes by a third to simplify the system, and wants to cut the Value Added Tax (VAT) and offer tax breaks to importers of new technologies to poor regions to boost investment there.[379] In December 2009, the second Tymoshenko Government proposed creating independent anti-corruption bureaus in Ukraine.[380]

Tymoshenko believes Ukraine can gain energy security and independence, and she wants to speed up exploration and extraction of oil and natural gas from the Black Sea shelf.[379] Considering Nuclear power provides almost 50% of the electricity supply in Ukraine, Tymoshenko’s government agreed to cooperate with the company Westin to establish factory production of nuclear fuel in Ukraine, independent of Russia. She also suggested a 10-year tax break for enterprises that would develop alternative energy sources in Ukraine.

Tymoshenko is for the cancellation of Verkhovna Rada deputies' immunity from prosecution.[381] For Ukraine, Tymoshenko prefers the proportional representationvoting system with open lists.[382] Tymoshenko wants to reform the forming of state executive bodies,[383] and favours giving parliamentary opposition "real instruments of influence on the authorities." She also wants Ukrainian court system reforms[384] and wants devolution of executive power to local authorities.[384][385][386] Together with representatives of regional governments, Tymoshenko expanded a Law that aimed to empower local authorities. In the summer of 2009, she claimed she tried to bring together different political parties in order to amend the constitution and switch to a parliamentary form of government.[387] In February 2011, Tymoshenko stated "Viktor Yanukovych’s naked attempt to hijack the election that precipitated the Orange Revolution should have resulted in him being banned from running in future elections."[267]

In November 2009, Tymoshenko called Ukraine "an absolutely ungovernable country" due to the changes to the Constitution of Ukraine as a part of a political compromise between the acting authorities (former-President Kuchma) and opposition during the Orange Revolution.[388] (Tymoshenko has characterised those reforms as "incomplete",[389] and the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc voted against them in December 2004).[390] In January of 2010, Tymoshenko called for urgent amendments to the Constitution via the majority of the Verkhovna Rada after a survey or plebiscite is conducted.[391] In April 2011, she still believed the constitution "didn't work".[387]

Genealogy, family and personal life[edit]

Yulia Tymoshenko (born Hrihyan, also transliterated "Grigyan");[4][9][10] was born on 27 November 1960, in Dnipropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR, USSR. Her mother, Lyudmila Mykolayivna Telehina (born Nelepova), was born on 11 August 1937 in Dnipropetrovsk.[12] Her father, Volodymyr Abramovych Hrihyan, was born on 3 December 1937, also in Dnipropetrovsk. According to his Soviet passport, he was Latvian.[12] His mother was Maria Yosypivna Hrihyan, born in 1909.[12]

In the Ukrainian media, there has been a lot of speculation regarding the genealogy of Tymoshenko. Some of the hypotheses have no scientific evidence (for example, the hypothesis of the Armenian origin of the surname "Grigyan"); [392] some of the hypotheses (concerning her Jewish roots) have been labelled as provocative,[393][394][395][396] or could be designed to create negative PR.[397][398]

About her ethnicity, Yulia Tymoshenko herself has said, "On my father’s side – everyone is Latvian for ten generations, and on my mother's side – everyone is Ukrainian for ten generations."[399] Tymoshenko's parents were both born in Ukraine and are, therefore, Ukrainian as defined by the Law on Citizenship of Ukraine and by the Ukrainian Constitution.[400][401][402]

Family[edit]

Personal life[edit]

Tymoshenko and her husband rent a house in Kiev (the house belongs to relatives) and own a house in Dnipropetrovsk.[406][407][408] Tymoshenko has declared she never used and will never use or move into a state-owned summer house,[407][408] in contrast with all former-Presidents of Ukraine, who are all living in state-owned dachas in Koncha-Zaspa.[409] According to Ukrainian media Tymoshenko lives in an estate in Koncha-Zaspa (estimated worth: $5 million), "rented from a friend for free".[410]

Tymoshenko has publicly stated that, like most Soviet citizens, she spoke only Russian in her childhood (although Tymoshenko had been studying the Ukrainian language and Ukrainian literature at the school for 10 years, as all schoolchildren in Soviet Ukraine).[184][360] In January 2010 Tymoshenko stated that in Dnipropetrovsk she did not have to speak Ukrainian until she was 36 (i.e. before 1996).[411] According to Tymoshenko her braids are a family tradition.[360]

In her spare time, before she was imprisoned, Tymoshenko ran on a treadmill for exercise and listened to the music of Andrea Bocelli, Sarah Brightman, Anna Netrebko and Alessandro Safina.[412]Ukrayinska Pravda is her favourite news source.[412] Tymoshenko has stated she has watched the Tunisian Revolution and Egyptian Revolution of 2011 "with joy and admiration".[267]

Cultural and political image[edit]

Tymoshenko is a voluble public performer.[413] Her fiery rhetoric made her an icon of the Orange Revolution.[21]

Tymoshenko's critics have suggested that, as an oligarch, she gained her fortune improperly. Some have speculated that her familiarity with the illegal conduct of business common in Ukraine uniquely qualifies her to combat corruption—if she is willing to do so. Her former business partner, former Ukrainian Prime Minister Pavlo Lazarenko, was convicted in the United States on charges of money laundering, corruption and fraud, the magnitude of which was in the billions of dollars.[414] However, Judge Martin Jenkins of the US District Court for the Northern District of California on May 7, 2004 dismissed the allegations of Tymoshenko's involvement in Lazarenko's murky business.[415]

Her transition from oligarch to reformer was believed by many voters to be both genuine and effective.[50][95][416] Discrepancies between her declared income and her seemingly luxurious lifestyle (mostly because of her designer outfits) have been pointed out in the Ukrainian tabloids.[410][417][418]

When Tymoshenko joined the Yushchenko government she did not speak Ukrainian.[360] According to fellow Ukrainian politician Borys Tarasyuk in 2002 Tymoshenko "only spoke Russian even when I spoke to her in Ukrainian", but since then she has made the transition to speaking only Ukrainian.[360][419][420]

During her second stint as Prime-Minister her ratings in opinion polls fell. In early 2008 in opinion polls for the Ukrainian presidential election, 2009 she stood at 30% but by late-April 2009 that had shrunk to 15%[421] According to a poll carried out between 29 January and 5 February 2009 by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology just over 43% of the Ukrainian voters believed Tymoshenko should leave her post, whereas just over 45% believed she should stay.[422] According to an opinion poll carried out between 3 and 12 February 2009 by the "Sofia" Center for Social Studies some 59.1% of those polled believed that the activities of (then) Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko where aimed at the defense of her own interests and that of her entourage, some 4.2% said her activities were aimed at the defense of interests of foreign states and some 23.9% believed that Tymoshenko worked for the sake of national interests. 77.7% of the respondents where unsatisfied with the economic policy of the second Tymoshenko Government. Some 71.8% believed that this government was not able to lead the Ukrainian economy out of the 2008–09 Ukrainian financial crisis or even change the situation in Ukraine to better; 18.1% of respondents did think that the government could do that.[423][424] 1. Despite the neck-to-neck 2010 presidential race, many experts believed that Tymoshenko would win the vote due to her ability to “hike her popularity just before the voting day”. JP Morgan Securities Inc. experts said that Yulia Tymoshenko’s victory in presidential election would “bring stability in 2010, with budget consolidation, better terms of crediting and higher influx of capital. As a result, the economy will have better prospects of growing in the second half of 2010 and 2011”.[425]

Tymoshenko has been ranked three times by Forbes magazine among the most powerful women in the world. During her first term, in 2005 she was ranked third (behind Condoleezza Rice and Wu Yi),[22] in 2008 she was number 17[426] and in 2009 at number 47.[427] According to the Ukrainian magazine Focus Lady Yu was placed first in annual ranking of the most influential women in Ukraine in 2006–2010 (five years).[428][429] During the Orange Revolution some Western media publications dubbed her the "Joan of Arc of the Revolution".[430] Tymoshenko was also dubbed one of the most beautiful women ever to enter politics by the Daily Mail and 20 Minutos in 2009.[431][432] In December 2011 Tymoshenko's party BYuT-Batkivschyna nominated her for the Nobel Peace Prize.[433]

Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has stated (in November 2009) he found it comfortable to work with his (then) Ukrainian counterpart Yulia Tymoshenko and also praised her for strengthening Ukrainian sovereignty and building stable ties with Moscow[122] and called the second Tymoshenko Government "efficient and a force for stability".[123] It has been suggested by Reuters that the Russian government, after seeing her opposition to Viktor Yushchenko, supported her since late 2008, although Putin denied it.[378]

Former ally and President of Ukraine Victor Yushchenko stated in November 2009 "I am sure that every week spent by Yulia Tymoshenko in the post of Prime Minister leads the country to a catastrophe. Because of Yulia Tymoshenko, it is a crisis, a crisis in everything".[434] Yushchenko has repeatedly accused his former ally turned rival Tymoshenko of acting in the interests of Russia, she firmly denied the allegations.[21] On 31 May 2010 Yushchenko stated that Tymoshenko was his "worst mistake", "The most serious mistake was to give the power to her twice".[435] Expert in Ukrainian politics Dr. Taras Kuzio believes that he has always prioritized personal revenge against Tymoshenko over Ukraine’s national interests.[436] In her turn, Tymoshenko has blamed President Viktor Yuschenko for obstructing the government-proposed anti-crisis measures and efforts to form a broad coalition to battle the crisis. "The president is using flashy words today to deprive the nation, first of all its government, of the opportunity to counter the crisis, and to leave the nation without a government it logically needs” she said. "Viktor Yushchenko has no right to any criticism. He is the incumbent president. He only has the right to work and to serve Ukraine. He will have the right to criticize when he joins the opposition. Now he must work and answer for his moves”.[437]

Yushchenko is being dishonest—which shouldn’t surprise us—but he is also being self-serving when he says that Yanukovych and Tymoshenko “are cut from the same cloth.” For one thing, even Tymoshenko’s most ardent detractors realize that, if she were president, Ukraine would not be sliding toward a 20-year dictatorship. For another, if anyone is cut from the same cloth as Yanukovych, it’s Viktor Yushchenko, who’s shown a remarkable willingness to seek rapprochement with him and the Regionnaires since 2005. Yushchenko should be ashamed. Worse, Yushchenko should be on meds. A perfectly reasonable argument for EU engagement with Ukraine became, in the manner of all of Yushchenko’s speeches in the last years of his presidency, a rant against Tymoshenko and thereby self-destructed. I had once suggested that Yushchenko probably couldn’t forgive himself for being too weak to stand up to the powerful Tymoshenko. His feelings of impotence are obviously still going strong.

Yulia Yanukovych’s Galleon and Yushchenko’s Obsession, Alexander Motyl, The World Affairs Journal

Former Ukrainian Minister of Finance of Ukraine Viktor Pynzenyk has called Tymoshenko's decisions "normally guided by ‘adventurous populism,’" which she saw as a tool to "consolidate power in her own hands" and believed Tymoshenko should have "taken advantage of the opportunity presented by the 2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis to reform".[438]

Party of Regions Deputy Head Borys Kolesnykov stated on 11 February 2010 "Tymoshenko was the most effective politician during the entire period of Ukraine's recent history".[439] Former European High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy Javier Solana has called Tymoshenko "a patriot regardless of the position in which you have found yourself".[440] President Viktor Yanukovych stated about Tymoshenko on 13 May 2010 "She likes to create a sensation. We have grown used to this extravagant woman".[441]

Vitaly Chepinoha has closely collaborated with Tymoshenko during various elections for more than a decade.[198]

In some press-media Tymoshenko is sometimes referred to as Lady Yu (Ледi Ю, Леди Ю).[442]

Opinion polls since early 2011 show that the percentage of votes that Tymoshenko would gain in a future presidential election stands about 15%.[443] Yet recent opinion polls show increase of Tymoshenko’s rating. Thus, according to the survey conducted by “Rating” sociology think tank in September 2013, 21% of respondents would vote for Tymoshenko.[444]

Opinions about her[edit]

Vaclav Havel, former President of Czech Republic: “I admire Ms. Tymoshenko and respect her as fearless, energetic and honest politician. You can’t see lots of those today”. (2010)[36]

Aleksander Kwasniewski: “She is an extremely gifted politician. I have met and worked with many world politicians and Tymoshenko belongs to the most gifted ones”. (2010)[36]

Wilfried Martens, former President of the European People's Party: “Yulia Tymoshenko is a shining example of Ukraine’s democratic spirit.” (2012)[445]

Former EU High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security PolicyJavier Solana called Tymoshenko “a patriot, regardless of which post she holds” (2010)[nb 12][446]

Leonid Kravchuk, first President of Ukraine: “When she works, she shines. She is on fire, she is burning. And most of our politicians are barely smoldering, emitting smoke. That’s why her energy, strengths and beliefs attract people”. (2010)[36]

Leonid Kuchma, second president of Ukraine: “She is the only man in the Ukrainian politics”.[447]

Viktor Yushchenko, third president of Ukraine: "The most serious [sic] mistake was to give the power to her twice". (2010)[448]

Viktor Yanukovych, fourth president of Ukraine: "She is as prime minister as a cow on the ice". (2007)[449]

Paolo Coelho, writer: “She is very charismatic. I was so impressed. She is a strong personality. I think there are not so many charismatic leaders like her in the world. I think there are efficient people who govern their countries pretty well, but charisma is a unique feature. If you ask me to name the brightest ones I would name Luiz Lula, President of Brazil, Yulia Tymoshenko, Barack Obama, Nicolas Sarkozy is also an extraordinary person”. (2010)[36]

Yuriy Lutsenko, former Minister for Internal Affairs of Ukraine: “Tymoshenko is ready for presidency more than anyone else. She is some sort of matrix of a leader”. (2013)[450]

Jakov Sedlar, Croatian filmmaker: “To my mind, she is a very unusual politician as for these days. I think we live in time, when there are a lot of good governors, good people who want to serve their country. But there are only few who can be called leaders, heroes. I think that Yulia Tymoshenko is one of them. In this world that is lacking great people, she is an exception”. (2013)[451]

Awards and International Recognition[edit]

Yulia Tymoshenko's positions in national ratings[edit]

2004 Korrespondent magazine names Yulia Tymoshenko “Revolutionary of the Year”

2005 Korrespondent magazine, TOP 100 the most influential politics of Ukraine, 2nd place (Women with nimbus), Person of the year

2007 Yulia Tymoshenko, Focus magazine, the most influential women of Ukraine, 1st place. Yulia Tymoshenko, Korrespondent magazine, TOP 100 the most influential politics of Ukraine, 4th place (Woman-brand), Person of the year. Yulia Tymoshenko, Focus magazine, 200 the most influential Ukrainians, 2nd place.

2009 Yulia Tymoshenko, Korrespondent magazine, TOP 100 the most influential Ukrainians, 1st place (Dream women). Yulia Tymoshenko, Focus magazine, the most influential women of Ukraine, 1st place. Yulia Tymoshenko, Focus magazine, TOP 200 the most influential politicians of Ukraine, 1st place.

2012 The national rating (December 28, 2012) by the Razumkov Center and the "Foundation for Democratic Initiatives" : Yulia Tymoshenko is recognized as the best Prime Minister of Ukraine — 19.5%, Viktor Yanukovych — 11.4%, Mykola Azarov – 8.6%, Leonid Kuchma – 5.6%, Viktor Yushchenko – 3.9%, Pavel Lazarenko – 2.2%.[458]

2007–2013 In Ukraine, Yulia Tymoshenko is the most popular politician on the Internet ,[459] in blogs[460][461] and social networks.[462] Yulia Tymoshenko is the most popular foreign politician in the Russian media.[463]

Multimedia[edit]

• 2004 (29 November) — (Russian language) Tymoshenko's speech in Donetsk on Akhmetov's Channel "Ukraine" – during the Orange Revolution on YouTube (Tymoshenko in the orange shirt of FC Shakhtar Donetsk).
• 2007 – (Ukrainian language) campaign videos about "Ivan, Galia, and the Vampire-Yanukovich" on YouTube in support of BYuT; the parliamentary elections-2007.
• 2009 – concert at the "Independence Square"-Maydan (Kiev) in honor of Yulia Tymoshenko's nomination as a candidate for the presidency; the song "Yulia, Yulia, Ukraine" (Nastya Kamenskih and "Potap") on YouTube; 29 October 2009.
• 2009 – "The Red Heart", a clip of Yulia Timoshenko's presidential election-2010; 2 December 2009. on YouTube
• 2011 — Yulia Tymoshenko on Euronews (English Version). Tymoshenko in Brussels. March 31, 2011. on YouTube
• 2011 – a documentary film (25 minutes), which was shown at the NATO Parliamentary Assembly, 8 October 2011 – "The trial of Yulia Tymoshenko. The true story". on YouTube
• 2011 – Tymoshenko rendered a verdict. Kiev, 11 October 2011. on YouTube
• 2011 — Eugenia Tymoshenko, the daughter of Ukrainian political prisoner and former PM Yulia Tymoshenko, gave an interview to MyEPP TV during the EPP Congress in Marseille. December 16, 2011. on YouTube
• 2012 — BBC World News: Ukraine facing Europe boycott calls over Yulia Tymoshenko 1 May 2012. on YouTube
• 2012 — Ukrainian opposition parties on Saturday held a rally in central Kiev in support of jailed former prime minister Yulia Tymoshenko. — (German language) Ukraine opposition rallies for Tymoshenko. Euronews. May 12, 2012. on YouTube
• 2012 — "Witness : Ukraine, State of Chaos". Al Jazeera English. November 22, 2012 (film lasting 47 minutes) on YouTube. The film concludes that as of 2012 the leader of democracy in Ukraine is Tymoshenko.
• 2012 — Ruslana, "Euphoria", 2012 (English version) on YouTube, (Ukrainian version). on YouTubeRuslana was an active member of the Orange Revolution. Since the jail Tymoshenko, the theme of the prison became a daily in the Ukrainian media reports.
• 2013 — (WASHINGTON, DC) Assistant Senate Majority Leader and member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Dick Durbin, called for the release of Ukraine's former Prime Minister, Yulia Tymoshenko in light of the European Court of Human Rights recent decision on her case. Washington, July 18, 2013. on YouTube

1. ^Key economic achievements of Tymoshenko’s government[edit] Increased salaries, pensions, scholarships; Fulfilled one of the paragraphs of social program from Yushchenko’s election agenda on support for new families: in 2005 a social aid for a newborn child was increased 12 times; “Contraband stop” campaign was launched. The campaign was accompanied by eradication of shadow schemes in business; Call for nationalization and re-privatization of more than 3000 enterprises. Eventually the government nationalized and then re-privatized country’s biggest metallurgical plant “Kryvorizhstal”. In October 2005 it was sold for $4 billion to a new owner, which was an impressive amount compared to $8.5 billion received by the government from privatization between 1991 and 2004; On June 16, 2005 president Viktor Yushchenko, speaker of the Verkhovna Rada Volodymyr Lytvyn and Yulia Tymoshenko signed a memorandum on guarantees of ownership rights and ensuring lawfulness for their implementation. According to Yushchenko, “Ukrainian government brought murky privatization practice to the end”; Reaction to crises on internal market[edit] In April–May 2005 Ukraine faced so called “meat, sugar and petrol crises” when prices for the abovementioned products went up by 30–50% over a couple of weeks. These crises allegedly resulted from a cartel conspiracy and it took Tymoshenko’s government about 1,5 month to get the prices down to the initial level with the help of “goods intervention” mechanism; The meat crisis was caused by increased demand for meat as a result of increased salaries. Tymoshenko’s government lifted duties on imported meat, which dropped the speculative prices Tymoshenko’s political opponents (Yushchenko and Yanukovych) kept criticizing her for importing “low quality meet”. At that time Tymoshenko’s government made a decision to increase production of poultry, which eventually made Ukraine a poultry exporter. The sugar and petrol crises were caused by a “cartel conspiracy” which increased prices for the abovementioned goods by 30–50%. Tymoshenko’s government organized import of cane sugar and dropped duties on oil products import. In a couple of months the prices stabilized. In 2006 Anti Monopoly Committee, who investigated the “sugar crisis” issued a conclusion which said that it was a cartel monopoly with a participation of Petro Poroshenko, then-head of the National Council of Security and Defense. In May 2005, at the height of the petrol crisis, Viktor Yushchenko publicly sharply criticized Tymoshenko for “pressure on oil traders”.
2. ^On December 7, 2005, Bloc of Yulia Tymoshenko held a convention in Kiev. At this convention Yulia Tymoshenko presented a new ideology of the Bloc (“solidarism”) and announced the first top 10 of the party list for the upcoming parliamentary election of 2006. Unlike the other parties that ran for election, BYuT did not disclose the rest of the names on the list. On March 26, 2006, BYuT won 22.27% of votes (5,648,345 votes) and came first in 14 regions of Ukraine.
3. ^See more at 2007 Ukrainian political crisis.
4. ^The key purpose of her visit was to explain to the US administration “the biggest problem of Ukrainian politics”: Yanukovych’s actions toward unconstitutional enlargement of the “ruling coalition” that could potentially remove Viktor Yushchenko from power. The only possible solution envisaged by Tymoshenko was dismissal of the Verkhovna Rada (according to the Constitution) and an early parliamentary election. In addition to meeting with top officials of the Bush administration, Tymoshenko gave speeches at the Kennedy Center for Strategic and International Studies and the National Press Club. She also received an award for her contribution to the development of democracy in Ukraine from the influential NGO Conservative Political Action Conference.
5. ^On March 31, 2007, Tymoshenko and her political party initiated and conducted the “100 thousand people Maidan”. Other Orange Revolution leaders such as Viacheslav Kyrylenko and Yuriy Lutsenko attended the meeting. The participants urged president Yushchenko (who was not there) to dismiss the Verkhovna Rada and call early election.[120] During this trip she received an award for contribution into democracy development from Conservative Political Action Conference.[121]
6. ^Tymoshenko herself outlines the biggest achievements of her government[86] introducing anti crisis program for the key industries (mining and metallurgical sector, agrarian sector, chemical production, construction and development), strengthening Ukraine’s energy independence through direct gas deals with Russian Federation, restoring Ukraine’s fame as the world’s bread basket due to unprecedentedly rich crops of grain (53.3 million tons in 2008, and 46 million tons in 2009), preventing drop in the agricultural production, revitalization of high-tech industries such as space engineering and aircraft construction, resuming of series construction of Antonov aircraft, getting final UEFA’s confirmation for conduct Euro-2012 tournament in Ukraine, introducing independent high school graduate testing, obtaining WTO membership, and commencing negotiations on EU association.
7. ^Tymoshenko introduced an apparatus of the Cabinet of Ministers’ Commissioner for anti corruption issues and made sure that a number of anti corruption laws and government regulations (acts) were adopted. Tymoshenko herself was personally in charge of fight with “gas” and “land” mafia, which, in the first case, ended up with removal of corruption intermediary from gas trade between Russia and Ukraine; in the second case it ended up with introduction of free of charge registration and issuing land ownership documents for citizens. According to Tymoshenko, the efficient anti corruption campaign [167] and significant financial discipline armed the government with additional resources for dealing with burning social problems during the crisis period. Due to that the following goals were achieved: pensions, stipends and salaries to the state-run organizations’ employees were paid on time; gas and electricity prices for households were not raised; people received their deposits from the bankrupt banks; additional payments for teachers, healthcare workers and librarians were provided; financial aid to families with a newborn child was increased in several times; those who qualify, received more than 5500 state subsidized apartments; about 6 million of clients of former Soviet Oshchadbank received compensations for their lost savings; people could register their land plots free of charge.
8. ^These criminal cases were opened against officials from the second Tymoshenko Government (prosecutors have not accused them of corruption, or assignment of funds, but rather have accused them of abuse of power):
   1. Prime Minister – Tymoshenko
   2. Minister of Police – Yuriy Lutsenko
   3. Minister of Defence – Ivashchenko
   4. Minister of Finance – Danylyshyn
   5. Minister of Natural Resources – Filipchuk
   6. Deputy Minister of Justice – Korneichuk
   7. Head of Customs of Ukraine – Makarenko
   8. Head of the regional customs – Shepitko
   9. Head of the State Treasury of Ukraine – Slyuz; Deputy head – Gritsoun
   10. Deputy head of "Naftogaz" (state monopoly on trade in gas and oil) – Didenko
   11. Governor of Dnipropetrovsk region (former Minister of Transport) – Bondar
   12. Minister and former mayor of Lviv – Kuybida. Source: Minister and former mayor of Lviv – Kuybida
   13. First Deputy Prime Minister Oleksandr Turchynov – repeatedly summoned for questioning
9. ^In December of 2010, Tymoshenko had stated she might run for President in 2015, but that this also depended on her family.[313]
10. ^European politicians deemed the court's decision to be politically motivated and a violation of democratic standards. The head of EU diplomacy, Catherine Ashton, said in a statement that the verdict would affect bilateral EU-Ukraine relations, including the Association Agreement. Commissioner for Enlargement Stefan Fule indicated that he was counting on Tymoshenko’s rapid release through changes to Ukraine’s Criminal Code. The head of the European People's Party, Wilfried Martens, has called for talks with Ukraine on the Association Agreement to be suspended. These responses correspond to the Union’s current position; for the Association Agreement to be signed, Tymoshenko must be released and permitted to participate in the next elections.
11. ^It was subsequently revealed that significant portions of the article were paraphrased from an article written by former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Tymoshenko's staff denied allegations of plagiarism on the grounds that the Foreign Affairs format does not usually include attributions.[366] Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov wrote an article called "Containing Russia: Back To The Future?"[367] for the same journal which was apparently meant to be a response to Tymoshenko. He withdrew the article before publication, accusing the editors of changing his text and said his article was subjected to "censorship".[368]
12. ^"You know what a sincerely friendly attitude I have to Ukraine. In Europe, you have not only many friends of Ukraine, but also a lot of your own friends. I see how wisely you treat the circumstances that you currently have, and you remain, of course, a patriot regardless of the position in which you have found yourself”
13. ^Tymshenko's daughter Yevhenia Tymoshenko received a Medal for her contribution to the defense of democracy and human rights of the same organization in October 2012.[454]

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114. ^Lawmakers loyal to Yushchenko call for new elections in Ukraine after pro-Russian parties announce coalition, Kyiv Post (11 July 2006)
115. ^Ukraine's Orange coalition falls apart after Socialists break ranks, Kyiv Post (7 July 2006)
116. ^Ukraine's political fate shifts amid Rada chaos, Kyiv Post (13 July 2006)
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147. ^"Tymoshenko won't resign until a new coalition is formed". UNIAN. 10 October 2008. 
148. ^Experts Admit Party Of Regions-Tymoshenko Bloc Coalition If Pliusch Nominated For Speaker's Position, Ukrainian News Agency (3 December 2008)
149. ^Ukraine coalition set to reform, BBC News (9 December 2008)
150. ^New parliamentary majority receives name, UNIAN (11 December 2008)
151. '^Lavrynovych Speaking About Majority Between BYuT, OU PSD, Lytvyn Bloc And Communist Party Faction At Rada, Ukrainian News Agency (13 December 2008) "Lytvyn announced about creating a coalition between BYuT, the Our Ukraine –Peoples Self-Defense Bloc faction and the Lytvyn Bloc. However, the coalition agreement has not been signed so far."
152. ^Tymoshenko Bloc, OU-PSD, And Lytvyn Bloc Sign Rada Coalition Agreement, Ukrainian News Agency (16 December 2008)
153. ^President calls on VR to focus on overcoming economic crisis, UNIAN (11 December 2008)
154. ^Yushchenko categorically opposed to "coalition of three" – Hrytsenko, UNIAN (15 December 2008)
155. ^Presidential Secretariat urges parliament to include early election funds in 2009 budget, Interfax-Ukraine (15 December 2008)
156. ^Lytvyn Predicts Rada's Work Until 2012, Ukrainian News Agency (13 December 2008) "I can reassure everyone that snap elections will not be held... If the Rada is working adequately and the public sees its efficiency, the Parliament will work next four-year," he said.
157. ^"Ukraine Parliament fails to pass non-confidence bill against cabinet". En.ce.cn. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
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170. ^ abBecause no candidate in the first round ballot had 50% or more votes, the two highest polling candidates faced off in a second round of the elections (Source: Presidential election gets under way in Ukraine, Kyiv Post (17 January 2010))
171. ^ abUkrainian PM to face old rival in runoff election, Reuters (18 January 2010)
172. ^ ab(Ukrainian)Regular elections of the President of Ukraine 17 January 2010, Central Election Commission of Ukraine
173. ^Tymoshenko accuses Yuschenko of obstructing executive authorities' teamwork, Interfax-Ukraine (6 February 2009)
174. ^Yuschenko demands immediate amendments to 2009 budget to save Ukraine's economy – televised address to nation, Interfax-Ukraine (30 January 2009)
175. ^Yushchenko, Tymoshenko criticize each other (photo-report), UNIAN (11 February 2009)
176. ^Agreement with Russia threatens Ukraine's security – President, UNIAN (10 February 2009)
177. ^Presidential secretariat considers PM's report "theatrical performance", Interfax-Ukraine (5 February 2009)
178. ^Premier says Regions Party wanted to destabilize government work, Interfax-Ukraine (5 February 2009)
179. ^Tymoshenko: Political Competition Accounts For Conflict With Yuschenko, Ukrainian News Agency (11 February 2009)
180. ^Rada Denies Support To No Confidence In Cabinet, Ukrainian News Agency (5 February 2009)
181. ^Ukrainian parliament rejects no-confidence vote in government, Interfax-Ukraine (5 February 2009)
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184. ^ abcdeYulia Tymoshenko Won't Be President, Kommersant (17 April 2008)
185. ^Tymoshenko not to challenge election results if defeated, Interfax-Ukraine (24 September 2009)
186. ^Tymoshenko promised not to dispute results of election of President, UNIAN (24 September 2009)
187. ^Artists included Ruslana, Oleksandr Ponomaryov, Ani Lorak, Potap and Nastia Kamenskikh, Tina Karol, Natalia Mogilevska, Iryna Bilyk, TIK, TNMK, "Druha Rika", Mad Heads XL. See the concert here [1]
188. ^Events by themes: Allukrainian round "With Ukraine in a heart!". UNIAN
189. ^Mogilevska went to Tymoshenko, UNIAN (11 September 2008)
190. ^"Tymoshenko enters presidential race". 25 October 2009. 
191. ^"Ukraine PM enters tight presidential race". 24 October 2009. [dead link]
192. ^(Ukrainian)Тимошенко розповіла, як розвантажувала шини, а Скрипка за неї співав, Табло ID (26 October 2009)
193. ^Christian-Democratic Union party to support Tymoshenko at presidential election, Kyiv Post (28 November 2009)
194. ^European Party gives its support to Tymoshenko in presidential race, Interfax-Ukraine (4 December 2009)
195. ^Interior Minister takes short leave, urges voters to support Tymoshenko, Kyiv Post (11 December 2009)
196. ^Russia's Putin says not backing Ukraine's Tymoshenko, Reuters (3 December 2009)
197. ^About football and luck, Yulia Tymoshenko official personal blog (7 December 2009)
198. ^ abPaid advisers descend on candidates, nation, Kyiv Post (19 November 2009)
199. ^Tymoshenko: Early parliamentary elections may follow presidential ballot in Ukraine, Kyiv Post (26 November 2009)
200. ^Tymoshenko urges national democratic forces to unite around candidate in second round, Interfax-Ukraine (1 December 2009)
201. ^Tymoshenko to go into opposition if not elected president, Kyiv Post (5 December 2009)
202. ^"Hanne Severinsen: Party of Regions trying to repeat 2004". Tymoshenko.ua. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
203. ^15:21. "PACE statement". Ukrinform.ua. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
204. ^"Statement of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe". Csce.gov. 2010-01-19. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
205. ^"Новий закон – найбільша загроза виборам, Українська правда". Pravda.com.ua. 2010-02-05. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
206. ^Tymoshenko’s Looming Defeat: How Did She Make It Inevitable?, Serhiy Kudelia (January 29, 2010)
207. ^Turchynov: vote rigging in favor ofYanukovych was systematic, large-scale, Kyiv Post (10 February 2010)
208. ^Nataliya Korolevska: victory will be ours, Yulia Tymoshenko official website (8 February 2010)
209. ^Andriy Shevchenko: whole gamut of fraud in Donbas, Yulia Tymoshenko official website (8 February 2010)
210. ^Ukraine's Tymoshenko Slams Rival, No Comment On Election Result, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (11 February 2010)
211. ^ abUkraine election: Yanukovych urges Tymoshenko to quit, BBC News (10 February 2010)
212. ^"Tymoshenko calls Ukraine vote rigged". Associated Press.  (14 February 2010)
213. ^Yulia Tymoshenko's appeal to the people, Official website of Yulia Tymoshenko (13 February 2010)
214. ^Update: Tymoshenko says Ukraine vote was rigged, Kyiv Post (14 February 2010)
215. ^ abUkraine: Tymoshenko vows to contest election result, BBC News (15 February 2010)
216. ^Yanukovych: Talks with Tymoshenko possible only if she apologizes, Kyiv Post (12 February 2010)
217. ^Update: Ukraine turmoil as defiant Tymoshenko clings on as Prime Minister, Kyiv Post (11 February 2010)
218. ^High Court in Ukraine Weighs Appeal on Election, The New York Times (17 February 2010)
219. ^Ukrainian election results suspended on appeal[dead link], Associated Press (17 February 2010)
220. ^Ukrainian election result suspended after PM's appeal, BBC News (17 February 2010)
221. ^Levy, Clifford J. (21 February 2010). "Ukraine Leader Drops Vote Challenge". The New York Times. p. A8. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2013. 
222. ^ abYulia Tymoshenko: sooner or later an honest court will assess the fraudulent 2010 elections, Official website of Yulia Tymoshenko (20 February 2010)
223. ^Yulia Tymoshenko will not challenge election results in Supreme Court, Official website of Yulia Tymoshenko (20 February 2010)
224. ^ abcYulia Tymoshenko's address to the people of Ukraine, Yulia Tymoshenko official website (22 February 2010)
225. ^ abTymoshenko fights on, refuses to recognize Yanukovych win, Kyiv Post (25 February 2010)
226. ^Half-empty chamber greets Ukraine's new president, Kyiv Post (25 February 2010)
227. ^MPs desert defeated Ukraine candidate Yulia Tymoshenko, BBC News (21 September 2010)
228. ^Tymoshenko demands parliament should consider her government's dismissal on 2 March, Kyiv Post (1 March 2010)
229. ^ abTymoshenko: Dissolution of parliamentary coalition illegal, Kyiv Post (2 March 2010)
230. ^Tymoshenko says cabinet won't stay on as caretaker, Kyiv Post (3 March 2010)
231. ^Tymoshenko: Government members will immediately leave offices after Rada's decision on cabinet dismissal, Kyiv Post (3 March 2010)
232. ^Cabinet: Turchynov will fulfill premier's duties until new government is formed, Kyiv Post (4 March 2010)
233. ^Ex-premier Tymoshenko calls for Ukrainians to join opposition, RIA Novosti (9 March 2010)
234. ^Tymoshenko calls on opposition to unite, Kyiv Post (15 March 2010)
235. ^Yushchenko jumps back into political fray, visiting relatively friendly territory in Lviv, Kyiv Post (11 March 2010)
236. ^Eight parties sign agreement on creation of united opposition, Kyiv Post (16 March 2010)
237. ^(Ukrainian)Ющенко і Яценюк проігнорували Комітет захисту України, Ukrayinska Pravda (10 May 2010)
238. ^Police move to dampen protest turnout, Kyiv Post (11 May 2010)
239. ^Yulia Tymoshenko: Yanukovych-Medvedev agreement will be terminated, Official website of Yulia Tymoshenko (23 April 2010)
240. ^Old bribe case re-opened against Tymoshenko, Kyiv Post (12 May 2010)
241. ^Day in pictures (12 May 2010), BBC News (12 May 2010)
242. ^Tymoshenko claims president ordered prosecutors to put her in jail, Kyiv Post (12 May 2010)
243. ^Yanukovych bears no grudges against Tymoshenko, Z I K (12 May 2010)
244. ^General Prosecutor's Office instituted criminal case against Tymoshenko, UNIAN (15 December 2010)
245. ^ abcUkraine ex-PM Tymoshenko charged with misusing funds, BBC News (20 December 2010)
246. ^Tymoshenko says she is charged with misuse of 'green money', Interfax-Ukraine (20 December 2010)
247. ^Former Ukrainian prime minister charged with abuse of power – document, Interfax-Ukraine (21 December 2010)
248. ^Levy, Clifford J. (15 December 2010). "Ukraine: Investigation of Ex-Premier". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 
249. ^Criminal proceedings keep Tymoshenko from European People's Party summit, Kyiv Post (16 December 2010)
250. ^ abProsecutors launch probe of Tymoshenko, arrest her environment minister, Kyiv Post (16 December 2010)
251. ^BYUT lawmakers blocked rostrum and presidium of VRU, UNIAN (16 December 2010)
252. ^European People's Party condemns 'politically motivated' government pressure on Ukrainian opposition, Kyiv Post (16 December 2010)
253. ^Tymoshenko probed for abuse of office, Kyiv Post (16 December 2010)
254. ^Prosecutor general says there were no politics in questioning Tymoshenko and Turchynov, Kyiv Post (10 December 2010)
255. ^ abcNew charges against Ukraine's ex-premier, Kyiv Post (27 January 2011)
256. ^ abcTymoshenko: authorities have fabricated another charge against me, UNIAN (28 January 2011)
257. ^Ukraine investigates Tymoshenko over Russia gas deal (updated), Kyiv Post (11 April 2011)
258. ^ abGas charges 'absurd,' says Tymoshenko, United Press International (12 April 2011)
259. ^ abUkraine ex-premier Tymoshenko charged over gas deals, BBC News (24 May 2011)
260. ^Investigation into Tymoshenko's case completed, no need to arrest her, says PGO, Interfax-Ukraine (24 May 2011)
261. ^Ukrainian ex-PM sues gas company, businessman in US court, Reuters (27 April 2011)
262. ^Prisoner of independence, Novaya Gazeta (12 October 2011)
263. ^Yulia Tymoshenko urges West to stop ignoring Russian takeover of Ukraine, The Daily Telegraph (19 October 2010)
264. ^New media freedom battle grips Ukraine, BBC News (30 July 2010)
265. ^Thousands protest Russia-Ukraine deal, CNN (24 April 2010)
266. ^Ukraine's Tymoshenko questioned over corruption, CNN (15 December 2010)
267. ^ abcdThe Orange Revolution Betrayed, The Moscow Times (7 February 2011)
268. ^ abTymoshenko: active civil society will help return democracy to Ukraine, UNIAN (8 February 2011)
269. ^Statement by Senator John McCain & EPP President Wilfried Martens on Ukraine, European People's Party (7 March 2011)
270. ^Tymoshenko to present a picture of Ukrainian events in Brussels, forUM (17 March 2011)
271. ^ abPiling cases on Tymoshenko, Kyiv Post (3 November 2011)
272. ^ abUnited Opposition nominates Tymoshenko as single presidential candidate, Kyiv Post (7 December 2012)Yatseniuk:Tymoshenko will be able to run for presidency in 2015, Kyiv Post (7 December 2012)
273. ^Boiko: Naftogaz will not withdraw civil suit against Tymoshenko, Kyiv Post (7 October 2011)
274. ^"Protesters gather as Tymoshenko trial resumes in Kiev". BBC News. 8 August 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011. 
275. ^Jailhouse Watch: Many former top officials remain in jail for months, Kyiv Post, 11 March 2011.
276. ^Yanukovych: Over 400 officials of current government stand trialKyiv Post (Augustus 25, 2011)
277. ^Yanukovych vows to put an end to corruptionKyiv Post (15 September 2011)
278. ^Yanukovych: 'Some misinform international community about Ukraine'Kyiv Post (7 February 2011)
279. ^Ukraine's parliament passes president's anti-corruption lawRIA Novosti (7 April 2011)
280. ^Ukraine Retreats to a Dark Past, Der Spiegel (18 October 2011)
281. ^"Amnesty International believes that "the verdict Tymoshenko" is politically motivated". Infosud.ru. 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
282. ^Getting Yulia, Kyiv Post (3 November 2011)
283. ^ abUkraine ex-PM Yulia Tymoshenko jailed over gas deal, BBC News (11 October 2011)
284. ^The Tymoshenko verdict. Full text of the sentence, "Law & Business" (13 October 2011)
285. ^ abcdTymoshenko convicted, sentenced to 7 years in prison, ordered to pay state $188 million (update), Kyiv Post (11 October 2011)
286. ^Tymoshenko files appeal against court ruling in gas case, Kyiv Post (24 October 2011)
287. ^Tax police resumes four criminal cases against Tymoshenko, Kyiv Post (7 November 2011)
288. ^Ukraine heaps more charges on Tymoshenko (updated), Kyiv Post (11 November 2011)
289. ^Vlasenko: investigators illegally presented Yulia Tymoshenko with new charges, UNIAN (11 November 2011)
290. ^Ukraine tax authorities file charges against Tymoshenko, Interfax Ukraine (11 November 2011)
291. ^Ukraine 're-arrests' Tymoshenko, EU sends envoy, Kyiv Post (9 December 2011)
292. ^Teixeira: EU concerned about new arrest Tymoshenko, Kyiv Post (9 December 2011)
293. ^Tymoshenko faces indefinite arrest, Kyiv Post (9 December 2011)
294. ^Lawyer: Tymoshenko arrested 'for life', Kyiv Post (9 December 2011)
295. ^Jailed Tymoshenko seen by EU Commissioner Stefan Fuele, BBC News (13 December 2011)
296. ^ abUkraine's Tymoshenko loses appeal against jail term, BBC News (23 December 2011)
297. ^Tymoshenko sentence in gas supply case takes legal force, Kyiv Post (23 December 2011)
298. ^Official statement by Yulia Tymoshenko, Kyiv Post (22 December 2011)
299. ^Press release, ECtHR (20 December 2011)
300. ^Tymoshenko moved to prison in Kharkiv (updated), Kyiv Post (30 December 2011)
301. ^Tymoshenko moved to Kachanivska penal colony in Kharkiv (updated), Kyiv Post (30 December 2011)
302. ^"Husband of Ukraine's Tymoshenko wins Czech asylum". BBC. 6 January 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012. 
303. ^(Ukrainian)Генпрокуратура перевіряє Тимошенко на причетність до ще одного вбивства, BBC Ukrainian (7 April 2012)
304. ^ abUkraine's Tymoshenko refuses to attend new tax trial, BBC News (19 April 2012)
305. ^ abUkraine's jailed ex-PM Tymoshenko 'on hunger strik, BBC News (24 April 2012)
306. ^ abUkraine's Tymoshenko moved from prison to hospital; ends hunger strike, The Globe and Mail (9 May 2012)
307. ^ abOpposition leaders visit Tymoshenko's hospital, Kyiv Post (13 November 2012)German doctors arrive at Kharkiv-based clinic to see Tymoshenko, Kyiv Post (15 November 2012)Rome mayor's office puts up Tymoshenko portrait on facade, Kyiv Post (26 November 2012)Ukraine opposition leader demands closure of protesters' cases, Tymoshenko release, Interfax-Ukraine (21 February 2014)
308. ^ abFrance disappointed by Tymoshenko appeal rejection, Russian Legal Information Agency (31 August 2012)
309. ^"Ukraine's Highest Court Upholds Tymoshenko Verdict". The Wall Street Journal. Associated Press. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2012. Ukraine's highest court upholds Tymoshenko verdict, Arkansas Online (29 August 2012 )
310. ^ abcdUkraine's jailed Tymoshenko calls off hunger strike, Kyiv Post (16 November 2012)Chief doctor:Tymoshenko to have recovered from hunger strike by end of this week, Kyiv Post (28 November 2012)
311. ^ abTymoshenko to decide whether to continue hunger strike, Kyiv Post (13 November 2012)
312. ^ abBatkivschyna to nominate Tymoshenko for presidency, Yatseniuk heads party’s political council, Interfax-Ukraine (14 June 2013)
313. ^Tymoshenko still ready to run for president, Kyiv Post (10 December 2010)
314. ^"UKRAINIAN EX-PM SUSPECTED IN MURDER CASE". Associated Press. Retrieved 19 January 2013. Tymoshenko accused of murder, Euronews (19 January 2013)Jailed Ukraine ex-PM Tymoshenko suspected in long-dormant murder case, Montreal Gazette (19 January 2013)Ukraine Prosecutors Say Tymoshenko May Face Murder Charge, Bloomberg L.P. (18 January 2013)Ukraine prosecutor accuses Tymoshenko of murder, Reuters (18 January 2013)
315. ^"Defender: Shcherban murder case suspended. No evidence against Yulia Tymoshenko (video)". Tymoshenko.ua. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
316. ^ abTymoshenko stops hunger strike, Interfax-Ukraine (6 December 2013)
317. ^Jailed Tymoshenko on hunger strike over EU U-turn by Ukraine, Euronews (25 November 2013)
318. ^Ukraine opposition leader Tymoshenko ends prison hunger strike, Euronews (6 December 2013)
319. ^Russia and Ukraine leaders seek partnership treaty, BBC News (6 December 2013)
320. ^"Court of Appeals leaves Yulia Tymoshenko in custody". En.for-ua.com. 2011-12-14. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
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323. ^"Tymoshenko's cassation in gas case read out in court". Kyivpost.com. 2012-08-17. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
324. ^"A staunch court". Day.kiev.ua. 2012-09-04. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
325. ^[2], Danish Helsinki Committee Report
326. ^"Danish Helsinki Committee: Legal Monitoring in Ukraine II, Full Text". Khpg.org. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
327. ^ abEU feels let down by Ukraine over Tymoshenko, Euronews (11 October 2011)
328. ^Spillius, Alex. "EU to Kiev: free Yulia Tymoshenko, or no pact". Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
329. ^ abEU leaders:Ratification of Association Agreement and DCFTA depends on settlement of Tymoshenko-Lutsenko issue, Kyiv Post (20 July 2012)
330. ^ abYulia Tymoshenko sentenced (2011-10-12). "Yulia Tymoshenko sentenced". OSW. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
331. ^"fulltext":["Tymoshenko"]}
332. ^"Vaclav Havel and the Dalai Lama Stood Up for Tymoshenko". News-su.1gb.ru. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
333. ^"UN Sec.-Gen. Ban Ki-moon criticizes conviction of Ukraine's ex-PM". En.ria.ru. 2011-10-12. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
334. ^"Merkel Campaigning for EU Wide Boycott of Euro 2012". Spiegel.de. 2012-05-07. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
335. ^"Clinton Calls for Tymoshenko's Release". En.ria.ru. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
336. ^Ukraine's Slide, The New York Times, March 4, 2012
337. ^Фото: president.gov.ua (2011-10-11). "Янукович про вирок Тимошенко: Це прикрий випадок, що перешкоджає євроінтеграції. Сайт "Кореспондент"". Korrespondent.net. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
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339. ^"PA Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights report by Pieter OMTZIGT". Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
340. ^"PACE rapporteur says status of Tymoshenko and Lutsenko should be tested against definition of 'political prisoner' adopted by PACE". Assembly.coe.int. 2012-02-21. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
341. ^"United States Senate Resolution On Ukraine. Full Text". Beta.congress.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
342. ^"U.S. Senate Adopts Resolution Demanding Ukraine Release Tymoshenko Under European Court Of Human Rights' Ruling On Her Illegal Detention And Arrest". Un.ua. 2013-11-20. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
343. ^Committee on Foreign Relations. "US Congress Resolution 165". Govtrack.us. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
344. ^"US Congress Resolution 466". Opencongress.org. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
345. ^"News Flash: Council of Europe anti-torture Committee publishes report on Ukraine". Cpt.coe.int. 2013-09-05. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
346. ^"PACE calls for Tymoshenko release". Kyivpost.com. 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
347. ^16:36 (2013-10-04). "Cox, Kwasniewski asking Yanukovych to pardon Tymoshenko". Ukrinform.ua. Retrieved 2013-12-28. FEB. 21, 2014Parliament voted to allow the release of former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko, who has been imprisoned for more than two years
348. ^Andrew Higgins; Andrew Cramer (21 February 2014). "Embattled Ukraine President Signs Compromise Deal as Parliament Votes to Free His Imprisoned Rival". New York Times. Retrieved 21 February 2014. 
349. ^President Yanukovych and Ukraine opposition sign early poll deal, The Sun (Malaysia) (21 February 2014)
350. ^Yulia Tymoshenko ends hunger strike after hospital move, BBC News (9 May 2012)
351. ^ abcUkraine's Dangerous Game by Federico Fubini, Foreign Policy.
352. ^Tymoshenko: Ukraine will become a member of the European Union, UNIAN (3 March 2008)
353. ^Tymoshenko sure Ukraine will join European Union, Kyiv Post (31 October 2009)
354. ^Yulia Tymoshenko hopes today's sitting of Ukraine-EU Cooperation Council to give powerful impetus for Ukraine's accedence to the EU[dead link], Personal web site of Yulia Tymoshenko (16 June 2009)
355. ^UPDATED: Tymoshenko wants to take country into EU in 5 years, Kyiv Post (14 January 2010)
356. ^Tymoshenko: European project not finished because Ukraine is not there, UNIAN (4 June 2009)
357. ^Ukraine will independently decide on its domestic, foreign policies, says Tymoshenko, Interfax-Ukraine (14 August 2009)
358. ^Tymoshenko: Constitution is the main priority regarding deployment of Russian fleet in Ukraine, Kyiv Post (14 January 2010)
359. ^Yulia Tymoshenko: we must realize that Ukraine is an indivisible state, Official website of Yulia Tymoshenko (Augustus 24, 2010)
360. ^ abcdefTea with the Financial Times: Yulia Tymoshenko, UNIAN (18 August 2008)
361. ^ abYulia Tymoshenko: In Ukraine there will be "mova" (Ukrainian language), not "yazyk" (Russian language)!, Web portal of the Ukrainian Government (25 September 2008)
362. ^Ukrainian premier against granting national status to Russian language, Kyiv Post (20 August 2009)
363. ^Y. TYMOSHENKO, "Containing Russia" in Foreign Affairs, May–June 2007, pp. 69–83.
364. ^I. KHRESTIN, "The Kremlin's Issue with Foreign Affairs" in The Weekly Standard, 17 April 2007.
365. ^Russian Embassy to South Africa, Russian MFA Information and Press Department Commentary Regarding a Question from RIA Novosti Concerning Yulia Tymoshenko's Article 'Containing Russia' in the Journal Foreign Afffairs.[dead link]
366. ^Editor's note, Foreign Affairs Vol 86 Issue 5 (September–October 2007) p. 195
367. ^"The Article by Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov "Containing Russia: Back to the Future?"" (in (Russian)). Mid.ru. 19 July 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2011. 
368. ^RFERL.
369. ^Ukraine revisits state sell-offs, BBC News (16 February 2005)
370. ^Myers, Steven Lee (9 September 2005). "Ukraine Leader Fires Cabinet as Reform Coalition Splits". The New York Times International. Retrieved 8 October 2013. 
371. ^Tymoshenko: Ukraine's economy excessively monopolized, Kyiv Post (7 October 2009)
372. ^Tymoshenko promises not to allow privatization of Ukraine's gas transportation system, Kyiv Post (16 November 2009)
373. ^Achievements, Official website of Yulia Tymoshenko
374. ^Yulia Tymoshenko: Effective development of coal industry is the future of Ukraine, Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (25 August 2009)
375. ^Government plans raise general level of social standards, says Tymoshenko, Interfax-Ukraine (1 October 2009)
376. ^Tymoshenko pledges to revamp ailing hospitals by 2012, Kyiv Post (1 November 2009)
377. ^Tymoshenko promises tax breaks for farmers, Interfax-Ukraine (25 November 2009)
378. ^ abUkraine's election: portraits of main players, Kyiv Post (1 January 2010)
379. ^ abEconomic policies of Ukraine's election front-runners[dead link], Kyiv Post (18 January 2010)
380. ^Tymoshenko proposes creating independent anti-corruption bureaus in Ukraine, Kyiv Post (8 December 2009)
381. ^Tymoshenko denies seeking deputy immunity from prosecution, Kyiv Post (8 May 2010)
382. ^Tymoshenko: Proportional voting system is the best for Ukraine, Kyiv Post (26 May 2010)
383. ^Tymoshenko proposes to change staff policy in country cardinally, UNIAN (22 October 2009)
384. ^ abTymoshenko promises to establish 'dictatorship of law' if she wins at presidential elections, Kyiv Post (5 October 2009)
385. ^Tymoshenko speaks in support of decentralization of power, Kyiv Post (5 October 2009)
386. ^Tymoshenko approves of Poroshenko as foreign minister, Kyiv Post (9 October 2009)
387. ^ abTymoshenko: idea of united opposition is great deception by Yanukovych, UNIAN (15 April 2010)
388. ^Tymoshenko calls Ukraine 'absolutely ungovernable', Kyiv Post (26 November 2009)
389. ^The Report: Emerging Ukraine 2007, Oxford Business Group, 2007, ISBN 978-1-902339-68-9, p. 20
390. ^Ukraine's constitutional crisis drags on by Taras Kuzio, Kyiv Post (10 January 2007)
391. ^Tymoshenko: Constitution must be amended after survey conducted on form of government, Kyiv Post (20 January 2010)
392. ^(Russian)Between Ukraine, Armenia and Latvia: Yulia Tymoshenko hides its identity, REGNUM News Agency (20 April 2008)
393. ^Ukraine 2007, Stephen Roth Institute (2007)
394. ^(Ukrainian)Tymoshenko is Ukraine-Latvian nationality, but he loves the Jews, Ukrayinska Pravda (2 September 2005)
395. ^Debate rages over whether Ukraine presidential hopeful is Jewish, Haaretz (10 November 2009)
396. ^Campaign gets dirty: Leaflets smear Tymoshenko as ‘Jew’, Kyiv Post (5 February 2010)
397. ^Michael Dubinyansky. "Information war, holy war", Ukrayinska Pravda Thursday 16 October 2008
398. ^In Sniatyn install a plaque Abram Kapitelmanu – grandfather Tymoshenko. Site "http://ru.tsn.ua", 2 September 2009. – Provocative initiative "Party of Regions" (the author is a former member of "the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc" Zinovy Boychuk) – under the advocacy company of "Tymoshenko is Jewish woman".
399. ^"# b2_2 The reply of the Prime Minister of Ukraine Yulia Tymoshenko to blame the Minister of Transport "Chervonenko, Eugene Alfredovich", autumn 2005". Farysei.narod.ru. Retrieved 11 October 2011. 
400. ^"Citizenship". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Retrieved 18 April 2008. 
401. ^"Law on Citizenship of Ukraine". Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Retrieved 18 April 2008. 
402. ^Gender bias, anti-Semitism contributed to Yanukovych's victory, Kyiv Post (18 March 2010)
403. ^"Dossier: Yulia Tymoshenko". File.liga.net. 27 November 1960. Retrieved 11 October 2011. 
404. ^Yulia Tymoshenko's daughter: 'My mother's trial was a trial of revenge', The Guardian (16 October 2011)Eugenia Tymoshenko: the fight to save my mother Yulia, The Guardian (23 September 2012)
405. ^(Ukrainian)Донька Тимошенко взяла мамине прізвище. Для політики?, Ukrayinska Pravda (16 December 2011)
406. ^Tymoshenko declares her incomes, UNIAN (7 April 2008)
407. ^ abAs President, Yulia Tymoshenko will not use state dachas, Official website of Yulia Tymoshenko (4 January 2010)
408. ^ abYulia Tymoshenko has never used a government summer house, Official website of Yulia Tymoshenko (19 December 2009)
409. ^Ukrayinska Pravda exposes president's Mezhygirya deal, Kyiv Post (6 May 2009)
410. ^ abWhile leading lavish lifestyles, politicians declare almost pauper-like incomes, assets, Kyiv Post (17 June 2010)
411. ^(Russian)Тимошенко сказала, что по-украински стала говорить с 36 лет, RIA Novosti (3 January 2010); Quote: "Я начала говорить на украинском, когда мне было где-то 36 лет, а до этого у меня мама и вся семья – мы все разговаривали на русском. У меня до сих пор мама обычно не разговаривает на украинском." ("I beginning to speak in Ukrainian when I was around 36. Before that, my mother and the rest of my family, we all conversed in Russian. My mother still usually doesn't talk in Ukrainian.")
412. ^ abТимошенко у домогосподарки не піде, а у Facebook – обіцяє, Tablo ID (3 February 2011)
413. ^Ukraine's Yanukovich shuns TV face-off with rival, Kyiv Post (1 February 2010)
414. ^"Former Ukraine PM is jailed in US". BBC News. 25 August 2006. Retrieved 26 August 2006. 
415. ^Kupchinsky, Roman (2004-05-10). "Many Charges Dropped Against Ukraine's Ex-Premier". Rferl.org. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
416. ^Levy, Clifford J. (7 October 2007). "'The braid' is crowning glory for the Ukrainian politician Yulia Tymoshenko". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 
417. ^(Ukrainian)Тимошенко і "Віттон" – Люксембурзький "мове тон", Tablo ID (17 June 2009)
418. ^(Ukrainian)Юлія Тимошенко і Катерина Ющенко вдарили по Chanel, Tablo ID (19 November 2008)
419. ^Contested Tongues: Language Politics and Cultural Correction in Ukraine by Laada Bilaniuk, Cornell University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8014-7279-4 pp. 68–69
420. ^Orange Leaders Face Shutout in Ukraine Election, ABC News (13 January 2010)
421. ^See Ukrainian presidential election, 2010#Opinion polls for references and more information
422. ^Poll says Ukraine's president should step down now, UNIAN (17 February 2009)
423. ^Majority of Ukrainians believe Tymoshenko defends her own interests, UNIAN (17 February 2009)
424. ^Ukrainians have lost confidence in government's handling of crisis, says poll, Interfax-Ukraine (17 February 2009)
425. ^"What’s in store for Ukraine if Tymoshenko wins presidential election". Zik.ua. 2009-10-31. Retrieved 2013-12-28. 
426. ^"The 100 Most Powerful Women". Forbes. 27 August 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2008. 
427. ^"The 100 Most Powerful Women – No.47 Yulia Tymoshenko". Forbes. 20 August 2009. 
428. ^"ТОП-100 найвпливовіших жінок". Tabloid.pravda.com.ua. 18 November 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2013. 
429. ^"100 самых влиятельных женщин Украины. Рейтинг Фокуса". Focus.ua. Retrieved 18 February 2011. 
430. ^Westcott, Kathryn (4 October 2007). "The queen of Ukraine's image machine". BBC News. Retrieved 5 October 2007. 
431. ^Oh Yes, Minister! Meet the women voted the world's most stunning politicians (what WOULD Sir Humphrey say...), Daily Mail (26 March 2009)
432. ^(Spanish)¿Quién es la política más linda del mundo?, 20 Minutos (26 March 2009)
433. ^Korolevska: BYT nominating Tymoshenko for Nobel Peace Prize, Kyiv Post (15 December 2011)
434. ^Tymoshenko's activity at post of Prime Minister is reason of crises in Ukraine – Yushchenko, UNIAN (24 November 2009)
435. ^Yushchenko told about his 'worst mistake', Kyiv Post (31 May 2010)
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