Can Jews still feel safe in Germany? The large influx of refugees from Arab countries has many Jewish communities concerned about increasing anti-Semitism.
Anti-Semitism is "unfortunately too often" evident in society, Chancellor Angela Merkel has said in her weekly video podcast. Germany still has a "big task", she says, to resist hate speech and uphold its constitution.
A string of anti-Semitic attacks in Marseille has raised questions over whether Jewish men and boys should wear their skullcaps. The city's Jewish leader Zvi Ammar has urged Jews not to wear a kippa "until better days."
France's Jewish community has been hotly debating whether boys and men should wear skullcaps in public in the wake of an anti-Semitic attack. Some say it's simply too dangerous. Elizabeth Bryant reports from Paris.