Outer Space Treaty - Wikipedia

The Outer Space Treaty, formally the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, is a treaty that forms the basis of international space law. The treaty was opened for signature in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on 27 January 1967, and entered into force on 10 October 1967. As of April 2018, 107 countries are parties to the treaty, while another 23 have signed the treaty but have not completed ratification.[1] In addition, the Republic of China (Taiwan), which is currently only recognized by 17 UN member states, ratified the treaty prior to the United Nations General Assembly's vote to transfer China's seat to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1971.[5]

The Outer Space Treaty represents the basic legal framework of international space law. Among its principles, it bars states party to the treaty from placing weapons of mass destruction in Earth orbit, installing them on the Moon or any other celestial body, or otherwise stationing them in outer space. It exclusively limits the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes and expressly prohibits their use for testing weapons of any kind, conducting military maneuvers, or establishing military bases, installations, and fortifications (Article IV). However, the Treaty does not prohibit the placement of conventional weapons in orbit and thus some highly destructive attack strategies such as kinetic bombardment are still potentially allowable.[6] The treaty also states that the exploration of outer space shall be done to benefit all countries and that space shall be free for exploration and use by all the States.

The treaty explicitly forbids any government to claim a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet.[7] Article II of the Treaty states that "outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means". However, the State that launches a space object retains jurisdiction and control over that object.[8] The State is also liable for damages caused by their space object.[9]

Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty deals with international responsibility, stating that "the activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty" and that States Parties shall bear international responsibility for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities.

As a result of discussions arising from Project West Ford in 1963, a consultation clause was included in Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty: "A State Party to the Treaty which has reason to believe that an activity or experiment planned by another State Party in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, would cause potentially harmful interference with activities in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, may request consultation concerning the activity or experiment."[10][11]

The Outer Space Treaty was opened for signature in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on 27 January 1967, and entered into force on 10 October 1967. As of July 2017, 107 countries are parties to the treaty, while another 23 have signed the treaty but have not completed ratification.[1]

Multiple dates indicate the different days in which states submitted their signature or deposition, which varied by location. This location is noted by: (L) for London, (M) for Moscow, and (W) for Washington, DC. Also indicated is whether the state became a party by way of signing the treaty and subsequent ratification, or by accession to the treaty after it had closed for signature.

State[1][2][3][4] Signed Deposited Method   Afghanistan 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)
000000001967-01-30-0000 Jan 30, 1967 (M) 000000001988-03-17-0000 Mar 17, 1988 (L, M)
000000001988-03-21-0000 Mar 21, 1988 (W) Ratification   Algeria 000000001992-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1992 (W) Accession   Antigua and Barbuda 000000001988-11-16-0000 Nov 16, 1988 (W)
000000001988-12-26-0000 Dec 26, 1988 (M)
000000001989-01-26-0000 Jan 26, 1989 (L) Succession from   United Kingdom   Argentina 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)
000000001967-04-18-0000 Apr 18, 1967 (M) 000000001969-03-26-0000 Mar 26, 1969 (M, W) Ratification   Australia 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W) 000000001967-10-10-0000 Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W) Ratification   Austria 000000001967-02-20-0000 Feb 20, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001968-02-26-0000 Feb 26, 1968 (L, M, W) Ratification   Azerbaijan 000000002015-09-09-0000 Sep 9, 2015 (L) Accession   Bahamas 000000001976-08-11-0000 Aug 11, 1976 (L)
000000001976-08-13-0000 Aug 13, 1976 (W)
000000001976-08-30-0000 Aug 30, 1976 (M) Succession from   United Kingdom   Bangladesh 000000001986-01-14-0000 Jan 14, 1986 (L)
000000001986-01-17-0000 Jan 17, 1986 (W)
000000001986-01-24-0000 Jan 24, 1986 (M) Accession   Barbados 000000001968-09-12-0000 Sep 12, 1968 (W) Accession   Belarus 000000001967-02-10-0000 Feb 10, 1967 (M) 000000001967-10-31-0000 Oct 31, 1967 (M) Ratification   Belgium 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M)
000000001967-02-02-0000 Feb 2, 1967 (W) 000000001973-03-30-0000 Mar 30, 1973 (W)
000000001973-03-31-0000 Mar 31, 1973 (L, M) Ratification   Benin 000000001986-06-19-0000 Jun 19, 1986 (M)
000000001986-07-02-0000 Jul 2, 1986 (L)
000000001986-07-07-0000 Jul 7, 1986 (W) Accession   Brazil 000000001967-01-30-0000 Jan 30, 1967 (M)
000000001967-02-02-0000 Feb 2, 1967 (L, W) 000000001969-03-05-0000 Mar 5, 1969 (L, M, W) Ratification   Bulgaria 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001967-03-28-0000 Mar 28, 1967 (M)
000000001967-04-11-0000 Apr 11, 1967 (W)
000000001967-04-19-0000 Apr 19, 1967 (L) Ratification   Burkina Faso 000000001967-03-03-0000 Mar 3, 1967 (W) 000000001968-06-18-0000 Jun 18, 1968 (W) Ratification   Canada 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001967-10-10-0000 Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W) Ratification   Chile 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)
000000001967-02-03-0000 Feb 3, 1967 (L)
000000001967-02-20-0000 Feb 20, 1967 (M) 000000001981-10-08-0000 Oct 8, 1981 (W) Ratification   China 000000001983-12-30-0000 Dec 30, 1983 (W)
000000001984-01-06-0000 Jan 6, 1984 (M)
000000001984-01-12-0000 Jan 12, 1984 (L) Accession   Cuba 000000001977-06-03-0000 Jun 3, 1977 (M) Accession   Cyprus 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)
000000001967-02-15-0000 Feb 15, 1967 (M)
000000001967-02-16-0000 Feb 16, 1967 (L) 000000001972-07-05-0000 Jul 5, 1972 (L, W)
000000001972-09-20-0000 Sep 20, 1972 (M) Ratification   Czech Republic 000000001993-01-01-0000 Jan 1, 1993 (M, W)
000000001993-09-29-0000 Sep 29, 1993 (L) Succession from   Czechoslovakia   Denmark 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001967-10-10-0000 Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W) Ratification   Dominican Republic 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W) 000000001968-11-21-0000 Nov 21, 1968 (W) Ratification   Ecuador 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)
000000001967-05-16-0000 May 16, 1967 (L)
000000001967-06-07-0000 Jun 7, 1967 (M) 000000001969-03-07-0000 Mar 7, 1969 (W) Ratification   Egypt 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (M, W) 000000001967-10-10-0000 Oct 10, 1967 (W)
000000001968-01-23-0000 Jan 23, 1968 (M) Ratification   El Salvador 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W) 000000001969-01-15-0000 Jan 15, 1969 (W) Ratification   Equatorial Guinea 000000001989-01-16-0000 Jan 16, 1989 (M) Accession   Estonia 000000002010-04-19-0000 Apr 19, 2010 (M) Accession   Fiji 000000001972-07-18-0000 Jul 18, 1972 (W)
000000001972-08-14-0000 Aug 14, 1972 (L)
000000001972-08-29-0000 Aug 29, 1972 (M) Succession from   United Kingdom   Finland 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001967-07-12-0000 Jul 12, 1967 (L, M, W) Ratification   France 000000001967-09-25-0000 Sep 25, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001970-08-05-0000 Aug 5, 1970 (L, M, W) Ratification   Germany 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001971-02-10-0000 Feb 10, 1971 (L, W) Ratification   Greece 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W) 000000001971-01-19-0000 Jan 19, 1971 (L) Ratification   Guinea-Bissau 000000001976-08-20-0000 Aug 20, 1976 (M) Accession   Hungary 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001967-06-26-0000 Jun 26, 1967 (L, M, W) Ratification   Iceland 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001968-02-05-0000 Feb 5, 1968 (L, M, W) Ratification   India 000000001967-03-03-0000 Mar 3, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001982-01-18-0000 Jan 18, 1982 (L, M, W) Ratification   Indonesia 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)
000000001967-01-30-0000 Jan 30, 1967 (M)
000000001967-02-14-0000 Feb 14, 1967 (L) 000000002002-06-25-0000 Jun 25, 2002 (L) Ratification   Iraq 000000001967-02-27-0000 Feb 27, 1967 (L, W)
000000001967-03-09-0000 Mar 9, 1967 (M) 000000001968-12-04-0000 Dec 4, 1968 (M)
000000001969-09-23-0000 Sep 23, 1969 (L) Ratification   Ireland 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, W) 000000001968-07-17-0000 Jul 17, 1968 (W)
000000001968-07-19-0000 Jul 19, 1968 (L) Ratification   Israel 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001977-02-18-0000 Feb 18, 1977 (W)
000000001977-03-01-0000 Mar 1, 1977 (L)
000000001977-04-04-0000 Apr 4, 1977 (M) Ratification   Italy 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001972-05-04-0000 May 4, 1972 (L, M, W) Ratification   Jamaica 000000001967-06-29-0000 Jun 29, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001970-08-06-0000 Aug 6, 1970 (W)
000000001970-08-10-0000 Aug 10, 1970 (L)
000000001970-08-21-0000 Aug 21, 1970 (M) Ratification   Japan 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001967-10-10-0000 Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W) Ratification   Kazakhstan 000000001998-06-11-0000 Jun 11, 1998 (M) Accession   Kenya 000000001984-01-19-0000 Jan 19, 1984 (L) Accession   North Korea 000000002009-03-05-0000 Mar 5, 2009 (M) Accession   South Korea 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W) 000000001967-10-13-0000 Oct 13, 1967 (W) Ratification   Kuwait 000000001972-06-07-0000 Jun 7, 1972 (W)
000000001972-06-20-0000 Jun 20, 1972 (L)
000000001972-07-04-0000 Jul 4, 1972 (M) Accession   Laos 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)
000000001967-01-30-0000 Jan 30, 1967 (L)
000000001967-02-02-0000 Feb 2, 1967 (M) 000000001972-11-27-0000 Nov 27, 1972 (M)
000000001972-11-29-0000 Nov 29, 1972 (W)
000000001973-01-15-0000 Jan 15, 1973 (L) Ratification   Lebanon 000000001967-02-23-0000 Feb 23, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001969-03-31-0000 Mar 31, 1969 (L, M)
000000001969-06-30-0000 Jun 30, 1969 (W) Ratification   Libya 000000001968-07-03-0000 Jul 3, 1968 (W) Accession   Lithuania 000000002013-03-25-0000 Mar 25, 2013 (W) Accession   Luxembourg 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (M, W)
000000001967-01-31-0000 Jan 31, 1967 (L) 000000002006-01-17-0000 Jan 17, 2006 (L, M, W) Ratification   Madagascar 000000001968-08-22-0000 Aug 22, 1968 (W) Accession   Mali 000000001968-06-11-0000 Jun 11, 1968 (M) Accession   Malta 000000002017-05-22-0000 May 22, 2017 (L) Accession   Mauritius 000000001969-04-07-0000 Apr 7, 1969 (W)
000000001969-04-21-0000 Apr 21, 1969 (L)
000000001969-05-13-0000 May 13, 1969 (M) Succession from   United Kingdom   Mexico 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001968-01-31-0000 Jan 31, 1968 (L, M, W) Ratification   Mongolia 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (M) 000000001967-10-10-0000 Oct 10, 1967 (M) Ratification   Morocco 000000001967-12-21-0000 Dec 21, 1967 (L, M)
000000001967-12-22-0000 Dec 22, 1967 (W) Accession   Myanmar 000000001967-05-22-0000 May 22, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001970-03-18-0000 Mar 18, 1970 (L, M, W) Ratification     Nepal 000000001967-02-03-0000 Feb 3, 1967 (M, W)
000000001967-02-06-0000 Feb 6, 1967 (L) 000000001967-10-10-0000 Oct 10, 1967 (L)
000000001967-10-16-0000 Oct 16, 1967 (M)
000000001967-11-22-0000 Nov 22, 1967 (W) Ratification   Netherlands 000000001967-02-10-0000 Feb 10, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001969-10-10-0000 Oct 10, 1969 (L, M, W) Ratification   New Zealand 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001968-05-31-0000 May 31, 1968 (L, M, W) Ratification   Nicaragua 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)
000000001967-02-13-0000 Feb 13, 1967 (L) 000000002017-06-30-0000 Jun 30, 2017 (W)
000000002017-08-14-0000 Aug 14, 2017 (L) Ratification   Niger 000000001967-02-01-0000 Feb 1, 1967 (W) 000000001967-04-17-0000 Apr 17, 1967 (L)
000000001967-05-03-0000 May 3, 1967 (W) Ratification   Nigeria 000000001967-11-14-0000 Nov 14, 1967 (L) Accession   Norway 000000001967-02-03-0000 Feb 3, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001969-07-01-0000 Jul 1, 1969 (L, M, W) Ratification   Pakistan 000000001967-09-12-0000 Sep 12, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001968-04-08-0000 Apr 8, 1968 (L, M, W) Ratification   Papua New Guinea 000000001980-10-27-0000 Oct 27, 1980 (L)
000000001980-11-13-0000 Nov 13, 1980 (M)
000000001981-03-16-0000 Mar 16, 1981 (W) Succession from   Australia   Paraguay 000000002016-12-22-0000 Dec 22, 2016 (L) Accession   Peru 000000001967-06-30-0000 Jun 30, 1967 (W) 000000001979-02-28-0000 Feb 28, 1979 (M)
000000001979-03-01-0000 Mar 1, 1979 (L)
000000001979-03-21-0000 Mar 21, 1979 (W) Ratification   Poland 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001968-01-30-0000 Jan 30, 1968 (L, M, W) Ratification   Portugal 000000001996-05-29-0000 May 29, 1996 (L) Accession   Qatar 000000002012-03-13-0000 Mar 13, 2012 (W) Accession   Romania 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001968-04-09-0000 Apr 9, 1968 (L, M, W) Ratification   Russia 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001967-10-10-0000 Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W) Ratification   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 000000001999-05-13-0000 May 13, 1999 (L) Succession from   United Kingdom   San Marino 000000001967-04-21-0000 Apr 21, 1967 (W)
000000001967-04-24-0000 Apr 24, 1967 (L)
000000001967-06-06-0000 Jun 6, 1967 (M) 000000001968-10-29-0000 Oct 29, 1968 (W)
000000001968-11-21-0000 Nov 21, 1968 (M)
000000001969-02-03-0000 Feb 3, 1969 (L) Ratification   Saudi Arabia 000000001976-12-17-0000 Dec 17, 1976 (W) Accession   Seychelles 000000001978-01-05-0000 Jan 5, 1978 (L) Accession   Sierra Leone 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M)
000000001967-05-16-0000 May 16, 1967 (W) 000000001967-07-13-0000 Jul 13, 1967 (M)
000000001967-07-14-0000 Jul 14, 1967 (W)
000000001967-10-25-0000 Oct 25, 1967 (L) Ratification   Singapore 000000001976-09-10-0000 Sep 10, 1976 (L, M, W) Accession   Slovakia 000000001993-01-01-0000 Jan 1, 1993 (M, W)
000000001993-05-17-0000 May 17, 1993 (L) Succession from   Czechoslovakia   South Africa 000000001967-03-01-0000 Mar 1, 1967 (W) 000000001968-09-30-0000 Sep 30, 1968 (W)
000000001968-10-08-0000 Oct 8, 1968 (L)
000000001968-11-14-0000 Nov 14, 1968 (M) Ratification   Spain 000000001968-11-27-0000 Nov 27, 1968 (L)
000000001968-12-07-0000 Dec 7, 1968 (W) Accession   Sri Lanka 000000001967-03-10-0000 Mar 10, 1967 (L) 000000001986-11-18-0000 Nov 18, 1986 (L, M, W) Ratification   Sweden 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001967-10-11-0000 Oct 11, 1967 (L, M, W) Ratification    Switzerland 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, W)
000000001967-01-30-0000 Jan 30, 1967 (M) 000000001969-12-18-0000 Dec 18, 1969 (L, M, W) Ratification   Syria 000000001968-11-19-0000 Nov 19, 1968 (M) Accession   Thailand 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001968-09-05-0000 Sep 5, 1968 (L)
000000001968-09-09-0000 Sep 9, 1968 (M)
000000001968-09-10-0000 Sep 10, 1968 (W) Ratification   Togo 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W) 000000001989-06-26-0000 Jun 26, 1989 (W) Ratification   Tonga 000000001971-06-22-0000 Jun 22, 1971 (M)
000000001971-07-07-0000 Jul 7, 1971 (L, W) Succession from   United Kingdom   Tunisia 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, W)
000000001967-02-15-0000 Feb 15, 1967 (M) 000000001968-03-28-0000 Mar 28, 1968 (L)
000000001968-04-04-0000 Apr 4, 1968 (M)
000000001968-04-17-0000 Apr 17, 1968 (W) Ratification   Turkey 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001968-03-27-0000 Mar 27, 1968 (L, M, W) Ratification   Uganda 000000001968-04-24-0000 Apr 24, 1968 (W) Accession   Ukraine 000000001967-02-10-0000 Feb 10, 1967 (M) 000000001967-10-31-0000 Oct 31, 1967 (M) Ratification   United Arab Emirates 000000002000-10-04-0000 Oct 4, 2000 (W) Accession   United Kingdom 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001967-10-10-0000 Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W) Ratification   United States 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, M, W) 000000001967-10-10-0000 Oct 10, 1967 (L, M, W) Ratification   Uruguay 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)
000000001967-01-30-0000 Jan 30, 1967 (M) 000000001970-08-31-0000 Aug 31, 1970 (W) Ratification   Venezuela 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W) 000000001970-03-03-0000 Mar 3, 1970 (W) Ratification   Vietnam 000000001980-06-20-0000 Jun 20, 1980 (M) Accession   Yemen 000000001979-06-01-0000 Jun 1, 1979 (M) Accession   Zambia 000000001973-08-20-0000 Aug 20, 1973 (W)
000000001973-08-21-0000 Aug 21, 1973 (M)
000000001973-08-28-0000 Aug 28, 1973 (L) Accession

The Republic of China (Taiwan), which is currently only recognized by 17 UN member states, ratified the treaty prior to the United Nations General Assembly's vote to transfer China's seat to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1971. When the PRC subsequently ratified the treaty, they described the Republic of China's (ROC) ratification as "illegal." The ROC has committed itself to continue to adhere to the requirements of the treaty, and the United States has declared that they still consider them to be "bound by its obligations".[5]

23 states have signed but not ratified the treaty.

State Signed   Bolivia 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)   Botswana 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)   Burundi 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)   Cameroon 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)   Central African Republic 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)   Colombia 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)   Democratic Republic of the Congo 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)
000000001967-04-29-0000 Apr 29, 1967 (M)
000000001967-05-04-0000 May 4, 1967 (L)   Ethiopia 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, W)
000000001967-02-10-0000 Feb 10, 1967 (M)   Gambia 000000001967-06-02-0000 Jun 2, 1967 (L)   Ghana 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)
000000001967-02-15-0000 Feb 15, 1967 (M)
000000001967-03-03-0000 Mar 3, 1967 (L)   Guyana 000000001967-02-03-0000 Feb 3, 1967 (W)   Haiti 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)   Holy See 000000001967-04-05-0000 Apr 5, 1967 (L)   Honduras 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)   Iran 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L)   Jordan 000000001967-02-02-0000 Feb 2, 1967 (W)   Lesotho 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)   Malaysia 000000001967-02-20-0000 Feb 20, 1967 (W)
000000001967-02-21-0000 Feb 21, 1967 (L)
000000001967-05-03-0000 May 3, 1967 (M)   Panama 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)   Philippines 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (L, W)
000000001967-04-29-0000 Apr 29, 1967 (M)   Rwanda 000000001967-01-27-0000 Jan 27, 1967 (W)   Somalia 000000001967-02-02-0000 Feb 2, 1967 (W)   Trinidad and Tobago 000000001967-07-24-0000 Jul 24, 1967 (L)
000000001967-08-17-0000 Aug 17, 1967 (M)
000000001967-09-28-0000 Sep 28, 1967 (W)