Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance of anti- and pro-oxidative reactions in favor of the pro-oxidant, which leads to a condition where the production of ROS exceeds the capacity of a biological system to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.37,38
From: Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease, 2014
François Gagné, in Biochemical Ecotoxicology , 2014
Oxidative stress occurs when excess oxygen radicals are produced in cells, which could overwhelm the normal antioxidant capacity. When the concentration of reactive species is not controlled by internal defense mechanisms such as antioxidants (tocopherols, ascorbic acid, and glutathione) or enzymes involved in oxygen radical scavenging (catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, SOD), oxidative damage occurs to proteins, lipids, and DNA, which could lead to cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and even carcinogenesis when damaged (mutated) cells can proliferate. Oxidative stress could results from the following: (1) the presence of xenobiotics, (2) the activation of the immune system in response to invading microorganisms (inflammation), and (3) radiation, which makes oxidative stress a common denominator of toxicity or stress. In this chapter, the reader will find a variety of assays to measure oxidative stress and damage.
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Helmut Sies, in Stress: Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pathology , 2019
Cardiovascular research includes oxidative stress in many different aspects, 104–106 for example, in research on atherothrombosis 107 or atrial fibrillation. 108 The role of reductive stress 56 was mentioned previously.
Cancer research includes oxidative stress in basic research, diagnosis, and therapy, with increasing recognition of the significance for pathogenesis and treatment. 109–112
Noise stress, 113 work stress, 114 psychological stress, 115,116 and exercise 117–119 are currently active fields in which the molecular basis of the involvement of oxidative stress is being examined. 120 An incisive review on exercise redox biochemistry provides conceptual, methodological, and technical recommendations. 121
Oxidative stress plays a role in many other conditions, such as bacterial and viral infection 122,123 and even in the graying of hair and some cutaneous disorders. 124,125
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Milam A. Brantley Jr , Paul Sternberg Jr , in Retina (Fifth Edition) , 2013
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the development and progression of retinal diseases. This chapter will focus on three forms of retinal pathology that are related to oxidative stress: age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, and inherited retinal degenerations. We will discuss specific mechanisms of oxidative stress that affect the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), retinal vasculature, photoreceptors, and mitochondria. We will also consider the evidence linking oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathogenesis of retinal disease. Finally, we will explore potential therapies targeting oxidative stress in the retina.
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Manuel T. Velasquez, ... Dominic S. Raj, in Chronic Renal Disease (Second Edition) , 2020
Oxidative stress can induce the NFκβ pathway, increasing levels of inflammation. 8 The opposite can also occur, where chronic inflammation causes oxidative stress. Both oxidative stress and inflammation can activate pathways contributing to muscle protein degradation and PEW. Oxidative stress modifies proteins, making them resistant to ubiquitination. 100 In addition, heavily oxidized proteins form covalent bonds with each other to severely inhibit proteolysis, in turn leading to buildup of protein aggregates in the cell. 101 A study in patients with CKD stages 1–4 showed oxidative stress increased with worsening kidney function, and oxidative stress significantly inversely correlated with GFR. 102 Studies in dialysis patients also show that overall secretion of malonaldehyde and carbonyl protein from the muscle acts as a marker of increased generation of reactive oxygen species. 103
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Amitava Dasgupta PhD, DABCC, Kimberly Klein MD, in Antioxidants in Food, Vitamins and Supplements , 2014
Oxidative stress plays an important role in many disease states. In this chapter, diseases for which the role of oxidative stress is firmly established have been discussed. Certainly, this list may grow in the future. In addition, there are also many diseases for which an indirect association with oxidative stress has been suggested, but further research is needed to establish a firm correlation between these diseases and the role of oxidative stress in their pathophysiology. These diseases have not been addressed in this chapter. Currently, healthy lifestyle and intake of generous amounts of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables are strongly recommended to combat oxidative stress. Antioxidant supplements may be helpful in certain diseases in which oxidative stress plays an important role, but antioxidant supplements must be taken only if recommended by a physician.
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Amitava Dasgupta PhD, DABCC, Kimberly Klein MD, in Antioxidants in Food, Vitamins and Supplements , 2014
Oxidative stress has been implicated in numerous disease processes. Because the burden of disease in individuals increases with age, many investigators have postulated that oxidative stress may be involved in the process of aging as well as certain diseases related to advanced age, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Numerous studies have directly linked aging to oxidative stress. This chapter discusses the role of oxidative stress in aging and the link between oxidative stress and various neurodegenerative diseases that are more common in advanced age. As discussed throughout the book, the best defense against oxidative stress is a balanced diet with generous servings of fruits and vegetables each day, regular exercise, and a healthy lifestyle. Antioxidant vitamins and supplements do not have any added benefit for healthy individuals. In fact, such supplements may cause more harm than good. Antioxidant vitamins and supplements must be taken only under medical advice. Various age-related diseases linked to oxidative stress are listed in Box 10.1 .
Box 10.1Various Age-Related Diseases Linked to Oxidative Stress
Alzheimer’s disease
▪Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
▪Huntington disease
▪Parkinson’s disease
Glaucoma
▪Cataract formation
▪Macular degeneration
Presbycusis
Osteoarthritis
▪Sarcopenia
Common skin lesions (dry skin, freckling, senile purpura, lentigines, atrophicus, etc.)
▪Benign tumor
▪Premalignant tumor
▪Malignant tumor (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, etc.)
▪Infectious disease (e.g., dermatophytosis)
▪Autoimmune disease (e.g., contact dermatitis)
▪Pressure ulcers, lower extremity ulcer
▪Pruritus
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Manuel T. Velasquez, in Chronic Renal Disease , 2015
Oxidative stress is a state of imbalance between free radical production and their degradation by antioxidant systems with increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the tissues and organs. Oxidative stress is an important phenomenon that contributes to hypertension and links hypertension with CKD and its complications. 49–51 Oxidative stress has also been increasingly linked to the high incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with CKD. 52,53
Markers of oxidative stress, such as advanced oxidation protein products 54 and F2 isoprostanes, 55,56 are increased in CKD and inversely correlated with GFR, suggesting that oxidative stress may have an important effect on the decline in renal function or vice versa. Mechanisms for the increased oxidative stress in CKD have been described in detail in several reviews and include a combination of increased ROS production and reduced activities (or clearance) of several antioxidant pathways.
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Peter J. Barnes, in Asthma and COPD (Second Edition) , 2009
Oxidative stress is important in severe asthma and COPD, particularly during exacerbations [26] . Oxidative stress activates the proinflammatory transcription factors NF-κB and activator protein-1 (AP-1), resulting in enhanced inflammation. Oxidative stress is increased in patients with COPD, particularly during exacerbations, and reactive oxygen species contribute to its pathophysiology. Oxidative stress reduces steroid responsiveness via a reduction in histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2) activity and expression [27] . This suggests that antioxidants may reverse corticosteroid resistance and also reduce inflammation. Unfortunately currently available antioxidants based on glutathione are relatively weak and are inactivated by oxidative stress, so new more potent and stable antioxidants are needed, such as superoxide dismutase mimics and NADPH oxidase inhibitors [28] .
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Jipeng Ma, ... Jian Yang, in Autophagy and Cardiometabolic Diseases , 2018
Oxidative stress and autophagy pathway are considered to be vital in pathologies of diverse cardiac diseases. Oxidative stress and cellular ROS generation can regulate autophagy at multiple levels and autophagy in turn attenuates oxidative stress to maintain cell homeostasis as a prosurvival response via a negative feedback regulation. Consistent with this, genetic models with disruptions of autophagy display increased ROS generation and accumulation of damaged components which are involved in the pathology of diverse diseases. However, it is possible that ROS-induced autophagy can lead to cell death under severe oxidative stress in particular pathologic conditions. It is still missing to identify the key regulators and precise mechanisms on how autophagy is regulating cell death and survival in response to oxidative stress. Although several mechanisms underlying the interplay of oxidative stress and autophagy are postulated, the translation of such mechanism into the treatments of diseases is still a challenge. Considering the complexity of the network and the dual nature of autophagy, manipulation of autophagy in a quantitative manner may be an area of focus for treatment of cardiometabolic diseases.
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