1957–1958 influenza pandemic - Wikipedia

The 1957–1958 Asian flu pandemic was a global pandemic of influenza A virus subtype H2N2 that originated in Guizhou in southern China.[1][2][3] The number of deaths caused by the 1957–1958 pandemic is estimated between one and four million worldwide, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in history.[3][4] A decade later, a reassorted viral strain H3N2 further caused the Hong Kong flu pandemic (1968–1969).[5]

History Edit

Origin and outbreak in China Edit

The first cases were reported in Guizhou of southern China, in 1956[6][7] or in early 1957.[1][2][8][9] They were soon reported in the neighbouring province of Yunnan in late February or early March 1957.[9][10] By the middle of March, the flu had spread all over China.[9][11]

The People's Republic of China was not a member of the World Health Organization at the time (not until 1981[12]), and did not inform other countries about the outbreak.[11] The United States CDC, however, states that the flu was "first reported in Singapore in February 1957".[13]

In late 1957, a second wave of the flu took place in Northern China, especially in rural areas.[11] In the same year, as response to the epidemic, the Chinese government established the Chinese National Influenza Center (CNIC), which soon published a manual on influenza in 1958.[11][14]

Outbreak in other areas Edit

 

168 sick patients with Asian flu in a sport arena in

Luleå, Sweden

(1957).

On 17 April 1957, The Times reported that "an influenza epidemic has affected thousands of Hong Kong residents".[15] By the end of the month (or as early as February[13][16]), Singapore also experienced an outbreak of the new flu, which peaked in mid-May with 680 deaths, and Singapore was the first country to notify the World Health Organization about an extensive outbreak of the flu which "appeared to have been introduced from Hong Kong".[9][17] In Taiwan, 100,000 were affected by mid-May, and India suffered a million cases by June.[18] In late June, the pandemic reached the United Kingdom.[15]

By June 1957, it reached the United States, where it initially caused few infections.[19] Some of the first people affected were US Navy personnel at destroyers docked at Newport Naval Station and new military recruits elsewhere.[20] The first wave peaked in October and affected mainly children who recently returned to school after summer break. The second wave, in January and February 1958, was more pronounced among elderly people and so was more fatal.[19][21]

Vaccine and aftermath Edit

The microbiologist Maurice Hilleman was alarmed by pictures of those affected by the virus in Hong Kong that were published in The New York Times. He obtained samples of the virus from a US Navy doctor in Japan. The Public Health Service released the virus cultures to vaccine manufacturers on 12 May 1957, and a vaccine entered trials at Fort Ord on 26 July and Lowry Air Force Base on 29 July.[20]

The number of deaths peaked the week ending 17 October, with 600 reported in England and Wales.[18] The vaccine was available in the same month in the United Kingdom.[15] Although it was initially available only in limited quantities,[21][15] its rapid deployment helped contain the pandemic.[19] Hilleman's vaccine is believed to have saved hundreds of thousands of lives.[22] Some predicted that the U.S. death toll would have reached 1 million without the vaccine that Hilleman called for.[23]

H2N2 influenza virus continued to be transmitted until 1968, when it transformed via antigenic shift into influenza A virus subtype H3N2, the cause of the 1968 influenza pandemic.[19][24]

Virology Edit

The strain of virus that caused the Asian flu pandemic, influenza A virus subtype H2N2, was a recombination of avian influenza (probably from geese) and human influenza viruses.[6][19] As it was a novel strain of the virus, the population had minimal immunity.[6][15] The reproduction number for the virus was around 1.8 and approximately two-thirds of infected individuals were estimated to have experienced clinical symptoms.[25]

Mortality estimates Edit

  Excess mortality

in Chile, 1953–1959. Flu seasons highlighted in gray. Note black spikes in the mortality rate.

The World Health Organization estimated the case fatality rate (CFR) of Asian flu to be lower than 0.2%.[3] However, one study found that the CFR was approximately 0.67%.[26] It could cause pneumonia by itself without the presence of secondary bacterial infection. It may have infected as many as or more people than the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, but the vaccine, improved health care, and the invention of antibiotics to manage opportunistic bacterial infections contributed to a lower mortality rate.[6] It caused many infections in children, spread in schools, and led to many school closures. However, the virus was rarely fatal in children and was most deadly in pregnant women, the elderly, and those with pre-existing heart and lung disease.[6] Estimates of the number of deaths worldwide vary:

By country Edit

Economic effects Edit

The Dow Jones Industrial Average lost 15% of its value in the second half of 1957, and the U.S. experienced a recession.[31] In the United Kingdom, the government paid out £10,000,000 in sickness benefit, and some factories and mines had to close.[15] Many schools had to close in Ireland, including seventeen in Dublin.[33]

References Edit

  1. ^ a b Pennington, T H (2006). "A slippery disease: a microbiologist's view". BMJ. 332 (7544): 789–790. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7544.789. PMC 1420718 . PMID 16575087.
  2. ^ a b Tsui, Stephen KW (2012). "Some observations on the evolution and new improvement of Chinese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of influenza". Journal of Thoracic Disease. 4 (1): 7–9. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2011.11.03. ISSN 2072-1439. PMC 3256544 . PMID 22295158.
  3. ^ a b c d "Pandemic Influenza Risk Management: WHO Interim Guidance" (PDF) . World Health Organization. 2013. p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2021.
  4. ^ "History's deadliest pandemics, from ancient Rome to modern America". Washington Post . Retrieved 2 January 2021 .
  5. ^ "1968 Pandemic (H3N2 virus) | Pandemic Influenza (Flu) | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 22 January 2019 . Retrieved 2 January 2021 .
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Clark, William R. (2008). Bracing for Armageddon?: The Science and Politics of Bioterrorism in America. Oxford University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-19-045062-5.
  7. ^ Perret, Robert. "LibGuides: Pandemics: Asian Flu (1956-1958)". University of Idaho . Retrieved 2 January 2021 .
  8. ^ Peckham, Robert (2016). Epidemics in Modern Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 276. ISBN 978-1-107-08468-1.
  9. ^ a b c d "SYMPOSIUM ON THE ASIAN INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC, 1957". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 51. 16 May 1958.
  10. ^ Strahan, Lachlan M. (October 1994). "An oriental scourge: Australia and the Asian flu epidemic of 1956". Australian Historical Studies. 26 (103): 182–201. doi:10.1080/10314619408595959.
  11. ^ a b c d Qin, Ying; et al. (2018). "History of influenza pandemics in China during the past century". Chinese Journal of Epidemiology (in Chinese). 39 (8): 1028–1031. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021.
  12. ^ "About WHO in China". World Health Organization . Retrieved 9 January 2021 .
  13. ^ a b c d "1957-1958 Pandemic (H2N2 virus)". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 22 January 2019 . Retrieved 2 January 2021 .
  14. ^ "国家流感中心发展历史 (History of CNIC)". CNIC (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 21 July 2018 . Retrieved 9 January 2021 .
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Jackson, Claire (1 August 2009). "History lessons: the Asian Flu pandemic". British Journal of General Practice. 59 (565): 622–623. doi:10.3399/bjgp09X453882. PMC 2714797 . PMID 22751248.
  16. ^ "Asian Flu (1957 Influenza Pandemic)". Sino Biological . Retrieved 2 January 2021 .
  17. ^ Ho, Olivia (19 April 2020). "Three times that the world coughed, and Singapore caught the bug". Straits Times . Retrieved 2 May 2020 .
  18. ^ a b Honigsbaum, Mark (13 June 2020). "Revisiting the 1957 and 1968 influenza pandemics". The Lancet. 395 (10240): 1824–1826. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31201-0 . ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 32464113.
  19. ^ a b c d e f "1957 flu pandemic". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 4 April 2020 .
  20. ^ a b Zeldovich, Lina (7 April 2020). "How America Brought the 1957 Influenza Pandemic to a Halt". JSTOR Daily . Retrieved 8 April 2020 .
  21. ^ a b "Definition of Asian flu". MedicineNet . Retrieved 4 April 2020 .
  22. ^ "Confronting a Pandemic, 1957". The Scientist Magazine® . Retrieved 4 January 2021 .
  23. ^ "Asian Influenza Pandemic | History of Vaccines". www.historyofvaccines.org . Retrieved 7 February 2021 .
  24. ^ a b "Pandemic flu virus from 1957 mistakenly sent to labs". CIDRAP . Retrieved 4 April 2020 .
  25. ^ Vynnycky, E; Edmunds, WJ (February 2008). "Analyses of the 1957 (Asian) influenza pandemic in the United Kingdom and the impact of school closures". Epidemiology and Infection. 136 (2): 166–179. doi:10.1017/S0950268807008369. ISSN 0950-2688. PMC 2870798 . PMID 17445311.
  26. ^ Nickol, Michaela E.; Kindrachuk, Jason (6 February 2019). "A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919". BMC Infectious Diseases. 19 (1): 117. doi:10.1186/s12879-019-3750-8. ISSN 1471-2334. PMC 6364422 . PMID 30727970.
  27. ^ a b "Coronavirus: action plan. A guide to what you can expect across the UK" (PDF) . gov.uk. 3 March 2020 . Retrieved 25 March 2020 .
  28. ^ "Overarching Government Strategy to Respond to Pandemic Influenza. Analysis of the Scientific Evidence Base" (PDF) . gov.uk. November 2007 . Retrieved 25 March 2020 .
  29. ^ a b Viboud, Cécile; Simonsen, Lone; Fuentes, Rodrigo; Flores, Jose; Miller, Mark A.; Chowell, Gerardo (1 March 2016). "Global Mortality Impact of the 1957–1959 Influenza Pandemic". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. Oxford University Press. 213 (5): 738–745. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiv534. PMC 4747626 . PMID 26908781.
  30. ^ "1957 Flu Pandemic | Pandemic Influenza Storybook | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 18 September 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2021 .
  31. ^ a b Pinsker, Joe (28 February 2020). "How to Think About the Plummeting Stock Market". The Atlantic . Retrieved 4 April 2020 . Perhaps a better parallel is the flu pandemic of 1957 and ’58, which originated in East Asia and killed at least 1 million people, including an estimated 116,000 in the U.S. In the second half of 1957, the Dow fell about 15 percent. "Other things happened over that time period" too, Wald notes, but "at least there was no world war."
  32. ^ Kutzner, Maximilian (19 May 2020). "Debatte zur Herkunft der Asiatischen Grippe 1957" [Debate on the origin of the Asian flu of 1957]. Deutschland Archiv  [de] (in German). Federal Agency for Civic Education . Retrieved 7 August 2020 .
  33. ^ Mullally, Una. "An 'Asian flu' pandemic closed 17 Dublin schools in 1957". The Irish Times . Retrieved 8 April 2020 .

Further reading Edit

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%931958_influenza_pandemic