18 U.S. Code § 1512 - Tampering with a witness, victim, or an informant | U.S. Code | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute

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• U.S. Code
• Notes

prevent the attendance or testimony of any person in an official proceeding;

prevent the production of a record, document, or other object, in an official proceeding; or

prevent the communication by any person to a law enforcement officer or judge of the United States of information relating to the commission or possible commission of a Federal offense or a violation of conditions of probation, parole, or release pending judicial proceedings;

shall be punished as provided in paragraph (3).

influence, delay, or prevent the testimony of any person in an official proceeding;

withhold testimony, or withhold a record, document, or other object, from an official proceeding;

alter, destroy, mutilate, or conceal an object with intent to impair the integrity or availability of the object for use in an official proceeding;

evade legal process summoning that person to appear as a witness, or to produce a record, document, or other object, in an official proceeding; or

be absent from an official proceeding to which that person has been summoned by legal process; or

hinder, delay, or prevent the communication to a law enforcement officer or judge of the United States of information relating to the commission or possible commission of a Federal offense or a violation of conditions of probation, supervised release, parole, or release pending judicial proceedings;

shall be punished as provided in paragraph (3).

in the case of a killing, the punishment provided in sections 1111 and 1112;

an attempt to murder; or

the use or attempted use of physical force against any person;

imprisonment for not more than 30 years; and

in the case of the threat of use of physical force against any person, imprisonment for not more than 20 years.

influence, delay, or prevent the testimony of any person in an official proceeding;

withhold testimony, or withhold a record, document, or other object, from an official proceeding;

alter, destroy, mutilate, or conceal an object with intent to impair the object’s integrity or availability for use in an official proceeding;

evade legal process summoning that person to appear as a witness, or to produce a record, document, or other object, in an official proceeding; or

be absent from an official proceeding to which such person has been summoned by legal process; or

hinder, delay, or prevent the communication to a law enforcement officer or judge of the United States of information relating to the commission or possible commission of a Federal offense or a violation of conditions of probation 

supervised release,,

parole, or release pending judicial proceedings;

shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.

alters, destroys, mutilates, or conceals a record, document, or other object, or attempts to do so, with the intent to impair the object’s integrity or availability for use in an official proceeding; or

otherwise obstructs, influences, or impedes any official proceeding, or attempts to do so,

shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.

attending or testifying in an official proceeding;

reporting to a law enforcement officer or judge of the United States the commission or possible commission of a Federal offense or a violation of conditions of probation 1 supervised release,,1 parole, or release pending judicial proceedings;

arresting or seeking the arrest of another person in connection with a Federal offense; or

causing a criminal prosecution, or a parole or probation revocation proceeding, to be sought or instituted, or assisting in such prosecution or proceeding;

or attempts to do so, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 3 years, or both.

In a prosecution for an offense under this section, it is an affirmative defense, as to which the defendant has the burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence, that the conduct consisted solely of lawful conduct and that the defendant’s sole intention was to encourage, induce, or cause the other person to testify truthfully.

an official proceeding need not be pending or about to be instituted at the time of the offense; and

the testimony, or the record, document, or other object need not be admissible in evidence or free of a claim of privilege.

that the official proceeding before a judge, court, magistrate judge, grand jury, or government agency is before a judge or court of the United States, a United States magistrate judge, a bankruptcy judge, a Federal grand jury, or a Federal Government agency; or

that the judge is a judge of the United States or that the law enforcement officer is an officer or employee of the Federal Government or a person authorized to act for or on behalf of the Federal Government or serving the Federal Government as an adviser or consultant.

There is extraterritorial Federal jurisdiction over an offense under this section.

A prosecution under this section or

may be brought in the district in which the official proceeding (whether or not pending or about to be instituted) was intended to be affected or in the district in which the conduct constituting the alleged offense occurred.

If the offense under this section occurs in connection with a trial of a criminal case, the maximum term of imprisonment which may be imposed for the offense shall be the higher of that otherwise provided by law or the maximum term that could have been imposed for any offense charged in such case.

Whoever conspires to commit any offense under this section shall be subject to the same penalties as those prescribed for the offense the commission of which was the object of the conspiracy.

(Added

,

Oct. 12, 1982

,

; amended

,

Nov. 10, 1986

,

;

, (c),

Nov. 18, 1988

,

, 4398;

,

Dec. 1, 1990

,

;

, title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(O), (U),

Sept. 13, 1994

,

, 2148;

,

Oct. 1, 1996

,

;

,

Oct. 11, 1996

,

;

,

July 30, 2002

,

;

, (c)(1),

Nov. 2, 2002

,

, 1804;

,

Jan. 7, 2008

,

.)

Editorial Notes

2008—Subsec. (a)(3)(A). Pub. L. 110–177, § 205(1)(A), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: “in the case of murder (as defined in section 1111), the death penalty or imprisonment for life, and in the case of any other killing, the punishment provided in section 1112;”.

Subsec. (a)(3)(B). Pub. L. 110–177, § 205(1)(B), substituted “30 years” for “20 years” in concluding provisions.

Subsec. (a)(3)(C). Pub. L. 110–177, § 205(1)(C), substituted “20 years” for “10 years”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–177, § 205(2), substituted “20 years” for “ten years” in concluding provisions.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–177, § 205(3), substituted “3 years” for “one year” in concluding provisions.

2002—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 107–273, § 3001(a)(1)(A), substituted “as provided in paragraph (3)” for “as provided in paragraph (2)” in concluding provisions.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 107–273, § 3001(a)(1)(C), added par. (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (3).

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 107–273, § 3001(a)(1)(B), (D), redesignated par. (2) as (3), added subpars. (B) and (C), and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: “(B) in the case of an attempt, imprisonment for not more than twenty years.”

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–273, § 3001(a)(2), struck out “or physical force” after “intimidation” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 107–273, § 3001(c)(1), inserted “supervised release,” after “probation”.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–204 added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–204 redesignated former subsec. (c) as (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (e).

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 107–273, § 3001(c)(1), inserted “supervised release,” after “probation”.

Subsecs. (e) to (j). Pub. L. 107–204 redesignated former subsecs. (d) to (i) as (e) to (j), respectively.

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 107–273, § 3001(a)(3), added subsec. (k).

1996—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 104–294 inserted “and” after semicolon at end.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 104–214 added subsec. (i).

1994—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 103–322, § 60018, amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: “(A) in the case of a killing, the punishment provided in sections 1111 and 1112 of this title; and”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–322, § 330016(1)(U), substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $250,000” in concluding provisions.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–322, § 330016(1)(O), substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $25,000” in concluding provisions.

1988—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–690, § 7029(c), substituted “threatens, or corruptly persuades” for “or threatens”.

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 100–690, § 7029(a), added subsec. (h).

1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–646, § 61(2), (3), added subsec. (a) and redesignated former subsec. (a) as (b).

Subsecs. (b) to (g). Pub. L. 99–646, § 61(1), (3), redesignated former subsec. (a) as (b), inserted “, delay, or prevent”, and redesignated former subsecs. (b) to (f) as (c) to (g), respectively.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Words “magistrate judge” and “United States magistrate judge” substituted for “magistrate” and “United States magistrate”, respectively, in subsec. (f)(1) pursuant to section 321 of Pub. L. 101–650, set out as a note under section 631 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

Pub. L. 97–291, § 9, Oct. 12, 1982 , 96 Stat. 1258, provided that:

Except as provided in subsection (b), this Act and the amendments made by this Act [enacting this section and sections

to

,

, and

of this title, amending sections

,

,

, and

of this title and Rule 32 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections

and

of this title] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [

Oct. 12, 1982

].

The amendment made by section 2 of this Act [enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] shall apply to presentence reports ordered to be made on or after March 1, 1983 .

The amendments made by section 5 of this Act [enacting sections

and

of this title] shall apply with respect to offenses occurring on or after

January 1, 1983

.”

Pub. L. 97–291, § 2, Oct. 12, 1982 , 96 Stat. 1248, provided that:

Without the cooperation of victims and witnesses, the criminal justice system would cease to function; yet with few exceptions these individuals are either ignored by the criminal justice system or simply used as tools to identify and punish offenders.

All too often the victim of a serious crime is forced to suffer physical, psychological, or financial hardship first as a result of the criminal act and then as a result of contact with a criminal justice system unresponsive to the real needs of such victim.

Although the majority of serious crimes falls under the jurisdiction of State and local law enforcement agencies, the Federal Government, and in particular the Attorney General, has an important leadership role to assume in ensuring that victims of crime, whether at the Federal, State, or local level, are given proper treatment by agencies administering the criminal justice system.

Under current law, law enforcement agencies must have cooperation from a victim of crime and yet neither the agencies nor the legal system can offer adequate protection or assistance when the victim, as a result of such cooperation, is threatened or intimidated.

While the defendant is provided with counsel who can explain both the criminal justice process and the rights of the defendant, the victim or witness has no counterpart and is usually not even notified when the defendant is released on bail, the case is dismissed, a plea to a lesser charge is accepted, or a court date is changed.

The victim and witness who cooperate with the prosecutor often find that the transportation, parking facilities, and child care services at the court are unsatisfactory and they must often share the pretrial waiting room with the defendant or his family and friends.

The victim may lose valuable property to a criminal only to lose it again for long periods of time to Federal law enforcement officials, until the trial and sometimes and [sic] appeals are over; many times that property is damaged or lost, which is particularly stressful for the elderly or poor.

to enhance and protect the necessary role of crime victims and witnesses in the criminal justice process;

to ensure that the Federal Government does all that is possible within limits of available resources to assist victims and witnesses of crime without infringing on the constitutional rights of the defendant; and

to provide a model for legislation for State and local governments.”

Pub. L. 97–291, § 6, Oct. 12, 1982 , 96 Stat. 1256, as amended by Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 1408(b), Oct. 12, 1984 , 98 Stat. 2177, provided that:

availability of crime victim compensation (where applicable);

community-based victim treatment programs;

the role of the victim in the criminal justice process, including what they can expect from the system as well as what the system expects from them; and

stages in the criminal justice process of significance to a crime victim, and the manner in which information about such stages can be obtained.

A victim or witness should routinely receive information on steps that law enforcement officers and attorneys for the Government can take to protect victims and witnesses from intimidation.

All victims and witnesses who have been scheduled to attend criminal justice proceedings should either be notified as soon as possible of any scheduling changes which will affect their appearances or have available a system for alerting witnesses promptly by telephone or otherwise.

the arrest of an accused;

the initial appearance of an accused before a judicial officer;

the release of the accused pending judicial proceedings; and

proceedings in the prosecution and punishment of the accused (including entry of a plea of guilty, trial, sentencing, and, where a term of imprisonment is imposed, a hearing to determine a parole release date and the release of the accused from such imprisonment).

release of the accused pending judicial proceedings;

plea negotiations; and

pretrial diversion program.

Victims and other prosecution witnesses should be provided prior to court appearance a waiting area that is separate from all other witnesses.

Law enforcement agencies and prosecutor should promptly return victim’s property held for evidentiary purposes unless there is a compelling law enforcement reason for retaining it.

A victim or witness who so requests should be assisted by law enforcement agencies and attorneys for the Government in informing employers that the need for victim and witness cooperation in the prosecution of the case may necessitate absence of that victim or witness from work. A victim or witness who, as a direct result of a crime or of cooperation with law enforcement agencies or attorneys for the Government, is subjected to serious financial strain, should be assisted by such agencies and attorneys in explaining to creditors the reason for such serious financial strain.

Victim assistance education and training should be offered to persons taking courses at Federal law enforcement training facilities and attorneys for the Government so that victims may be promptly, properly, and completely assisted.

The guidelines should also ensure that any other important assistance to victims and witnesses, such as the adoption of transportation, parking, and translator services for victims in court be provided.

Nothing in this title shall be construed as creating a cause of action against the United States.

The Attorney General shall assure that all Federal law enforcement agencies outside of the Department of Justice adopt guidelines consistent with subsection (a) of this section.”

[Amendment of section 6 of Pub. L. 97–291 by Pub. L. 98–473, set out above, effective 30 days after Oct. 12, 1984 , see section 1409(a) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as an Effective Date note under section 20101 of Title 34, Crime Control and Law Enforcement.]