List of earthquakes in Turkey - Wikipedia

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Map of earthquakes in Turkey, 1900–2020

Map of plate boundaries affecting Turkey

Turkey has had many earthquakes. This list includes any notable historical earthquakes that have epicenters within the current boundaries of Turkey, or which caused significant effects in this area. Overall, the population in major cities like Istanbul resides in structures that are a mix of vulnerable and earthquake resistant construction. The predominant vulnerable building types are adobe block and stone block masonry construction.[1] This list is incomplete.

Location of major earthquakes in Turkey with year of occurrence

Tectonic setting [ edit ]

Turkey is a seismically active area within the complex zone of collision between the Eurasian Plate and both the African and Arabian Plates. Much of the country lies on the Anatolian Plate, a small plate bounded by two major strike-slip fault zones, the North Anatolian Fault and East Anatolian Fault. The western part of the country is also affected by the zone of extensional tectonics in the Aegean Sea caused by the southward migration of the Hellenic arc. The easternmost part of Turkey lies on the western end of the Zagros fold and thrust belt, which is dominated by thrust tectonics.

Seismic hazard [ edit ]

Seismic hazard in Turkey is highest along the plate boundaries, but there is a significant risk of damaging earthquakes almost anywhere in the country. Seismic maps that show risk have changed through time.[2]

Buildings [ edit ]

New building codes to protect against

earthquakes in Turkey

came into force in 2007 and 2019.

[3]

Improvements in 2019 included design supervision and site specific hazard definitions.

[4]

List of notable earthquakes [ edit ]

Historical earthquakes In Turkey (before 1900) [ edit ]

Date Time‡ Place Lat Long Deaths Mag. Comments Sources
17 CE n/a Philadelphia (Alaşehir) 38.21 28.31 n/a n/a see AD 17 Lydia earthquake [5]
13 December 115 Antioch 36.1 36.1 ~260,000 7.5 Ms see 115 Antioch earthquake [6]
141 (or 142) Lycia, Caria, Dodecanese 36.7 28.0 n/a VIII Triggered a severe tsunami that caused inundation at Rhodes; see 141 Lycia earthquake [7]
262 South and west coasts of Anatolia 36.5 27.8 n/a IX Damaged many buildings at Ephesus and triggered a tsunami that hit coastal cities; see 262 Southwest Anatolia earthquake [8]
26 January 447 Night Bithynia, Thrace, Byzantine Empire 41.008 28.978 Unknown IX Date uncertain, severely damaged the Theodosian walls in Constantinople see 447 Constantinople earthquake [9]
19 May 526 Antioch 250,000 VIII The city of Antioch was greatly damaged, and some decades later the city's population was just 300,000. see 526 Antioch earthquake [10]
August 15, 554 Anatolia The earthquake severely damaged the city of Tralles (modern Aydın) and the island of Kos; See 554 Anatolia earthquake [11]
14 December 557 just before midnight Constantinople 40.9 28.7 n/a X (Intense) Constantinople was "almost completely razed to the ground" by the earthquake. see 557 Constantinople earthquake [12]
1268 Cilicia, Anatolia 37.5 35.5 60,000 ~7 see 1268 Cilicia earthquake –
10 September 1509 Constantinople 40.9 28.7 10,000 7.2 Mw see 1509 Constantinople earthquake –
23 February 1653 Smyrna 38.2 28.2 2,500 7.5 see 1653 East Smyrna earthquake [13]
17 August 1668 Anatolia 40 36 8,000 8 see 1668 North Anatolia earthquake [14]
10 July 1688 11:45 Smyrna 38.4 26.9 16,000 7.0 Ms see 1688 Smyrna earthquake [15]
22 May 1766 05:10 Istanbul 40.8 29.0 4,000 7.1 Ms  see 1766 Istanbul earthquake [16]
23 July 1784 Erzincan 39.5 40.2 5,000–>10,000 7.6 Ms  see 1784 Erzincan earthquake [17]
2 July 1840 Ağrı 39.6 44.1 10,000 7.4 Ms  May have triggered the last eruption of Mount Ararat. Casualties associated with a large landslide on the volcano.
see 1840 Ahora earthquake 		[18]
28 February 1855 01:00 Bursa 40.2 29.1 1,900 6.7 see 1855 Bursa earthquake [19]
2 June 1859 10:30 Erzurum 39.9 41.3 15,000 6.1 Ms see 1859 Erzurum earthquake [20]
3 April 1872 – Hatay 36.4 36.4 1,800 7.2 Ms see 1872 Amik earthquake
3 April 1881 11:30 Chios, Çeşme, Alaçatı 38.25 26.25 7,866 7.3 Mw see 1881 Chios earthquake [21]
10 October 1883 13:30 Çeşme, Izmir, Ayvalık 38.3 26.2 53–120 7.3 Ms see 1883 Çeşme earthquake [22]
10 July 1894 12:24 Gulf of İzmit 40.73 29.25 1,300 7.0 see 1894 Istanbul earthquake [23]
20 September 1899 04:00 Büyük Menderes Graben 37.9 28.1 1,470 7.1 see 1899 Aydın–Denizli earthquake [24]

1900–1999 [ edit ]

Date Time‡ Place Lat Long Deaths Mag. Comments Sources
29 April 1903 01:46 local time Malazgirt 39.14 42.65 600 6.7 Ms see 1903 Manzikert earthquake [25][26]
9 August 1912 03:29 local time Mürefte 40.75 27.2 216 7.3 MS see 1912 Mürefte earthquake [25][26]
4 October 1914 00:07 local time Burdur 37.82 30.27 2,344 6.9 MS see 1914 Burdur earthquake [25][26]
13 September 1924 16:34 local time Horasan 40.0 42.1 60 6.8 see 1924 Pasinler earthquake [25][26]
22 October 1926 21:59 local time Kars 40.7 43.7 360 6.0 Ms see 1926 Kars earthquake [27]
31 March 1928 02:29 local time Smyrna 38.5 28.0 50 6.5 MS Possible M=6.2 foreshock previous day [25][26]
18 May 1929 08:37 local time Suşehri 40.2 37.9 64 6.1 Ms [25][26]
7 May 1930 00:34 local time Hakkâri 38.1 44.7 2,514 7.2–7.5 Ms see 1930 Salmas earthquake [28]
4 January 1935 16:41 local time Erdek 40.4 27.5 5 6.4 Ms [25][26]
19 April 1938 12:59 local time Kırşehir 39.1 34.0 160 6.6 MS see 1938 Kırşehir earthquake [25][26]
22 September 1939 02:36 local time Dikili 39.1 26.8 60 6.6 MS [25][26]
26 December 1939 23:57 Erzincan 39.77 39.53 32,700 7.8 Mw see 1939 Erzincan earthquake [14]
15 November 1942 19:01 local time Bigadiç 39.2 28.2 16 6.1 MS [25][26]
20 December 1942 14:03 Erbaa 40.87 36.47 3,000 7.0 Ms see 1942 Niksar–Erbaa earthquake [29]
20 June 1943 17:32 local time Hendek 40.6 30.5 336 6.6 MS see 1943 Adapazarı–Hendek earthquake [25][26]
26 November 1943 22:20 Ladik 40.87 33.65 2,824–5,000 7.5 Mw see 1943 Tosya–Ladik earthquake
1 February 1944 03:25 Gerede 40.8 32.2 3,959 7.5 see 1944 Bolu–Gerede earthquake [29]
6 October 1944 04:34 local time Ayvalık 39.37 26.53 30 6.8 MS see 1944 Gulf of Edremit–Ayvacik earthquake
17 August 1949 Karlıova 39.54 40.57 450 6.8 see 1949 Karlıova earthquake [29]
13 August 1951 18:36 Kurşunlu 40.88 32.87 50 6.9 see 1951 Kurşunlu earthquake [29]
3 January 1952 08:03 local time Hasankale 39.9 41.7 41 5.8 see 1952 Hasankale earthquake
18 March 1953 21:06 local time Yenice 40.02 27.53 265 7.2 MS see 1953 Yenice–Gönen earthquake [25][26]
16 July 1955 09:07 local time Söke 37.55 27.05 23 6.8 MS [25][26]
22 February 1956 22:31 local time Eskişehir 39.89 30.49 1 6.4 Ms  [25]
25 April 1957 04:25 local time Fethiye 36.5 28.6 67 7.1 MS see 1957 Fethiye earthquakes [25][26]
26 May 1957 6:36 Abant 40.67 31.00 52 7.1 see 1957 Abant earthquake [29]
6 October 1964 16:31 local time Manyas 40.1 27.93 23 7.0 MS see 1964 Manyas earthquake [25][26]
19 August 1966 12:23 Varto 39.17 41.56 2,394 6.8 Mw see 1966 Varto earthquake [29]
22 July 1967 16:56 Mudurnu 40.67 30.69 89 7.2 see North Anatolian Fault [29]
3 September 1968 10:19 local time Bartın 41.79 32.31 29 6.5 MS [25][26]
28 March 1969 03:48 local time Alaşehir 38.5 28.4 53 6.5 MS see 1969 Alaşehir earthquake [25][26]
28 March 1970 23:02 local time Gediz 39.2 29.5 1,086 7.2 MS see 1970 Gediz earthquake [25][26]
22 May 1971 16:44 Bingöl 38.83 40.52 755 6.9 Mw see 1971 Bingöl earthquake [30]
6 September 1975 12:20 local time Lice 38.5 40.7 2,311 6.6 MS see 1975 Lice earthquake [25][26]
24 November 1976 14:22 local time Muradiye 39.12 44.03 4,000 7.5 MS see 1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake [25][26]
30 October 1983 07:12 local time Erzurum 40.33 42.19 1,342 6.9 MS see 1983 Erzurum earthquake [25][26]
13 March 1992 17.18 Erzincan 39.70 39.69 498 6.7 Mw see 1992 Erzincan earthquake [31]
1 October 1995 17:57 local time Dinar 38.06 30.13 90 6.1 MS see 1995 Dinar earthquake [25][26]
27 June 1998 16:55 local time Ceyhan 36.88 35.31 146 6.3 Mw see 1998 Adana–Ceyhan earthquake [25][26]
17 August 1999 03:02 local time İzmit 40.77 30 17,127 7.6 Mw see 1999 İzmit earthquake USGS
12 November 1999 18:57 local time Düzce 40.75 31.16 894 7.2 Mw (PDE Monthly Listing); see 1999 Düzce earthquake USGS

2000–present [ edit ]

See also [ edit ]

References [ edit ]

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  3. ^ "Turkey: New building code for earthquake resilience". www.preventionweb.net . Retrieved 6 February 2023 .
  4. ^ Sucuoğlu, Haluk. "New Improvements in the 2019 Building Earthquake Code of Turkey".
  5. ^ The Internet Classics Archive. "Tacitus Annales Book 2, 47" . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . [permanent dead link ]
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  10. ^ Procopius, II.14.6; sources based on John of Ephesus
  11. ^ Antonopoulos, J. (1980). "Data from investigation on seismic Sea waves events in the Eastern Mediterranean from 500 to 1000 A.D. Part 2". Annals of Geophysics. 33 (1): 164–178. doi:10.4401/ag-4702 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2020 . Retrieved 5 November 2020 .
  12. ^ Agathias; Frendo, Joseph D. (1975), The histories, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-003357-1, archived from the original on 6 February 2023 , retrieved 25 October 2016
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  21. ^ NGDC. "Comments for the 1881 Earthquake". Archived from the original on 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 2 February 2011 .
  22. ^ NCEI. "Comments for the 1883 earthquake". Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 .
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  24. ^ Kumsar, Halil; Aydan, Ömer; Şimşek, Celal; D’Andria, Francesco (2016). "Historical earthquakes that damaged Hierapolis and Laodikeia antique cities and their implications for earthquake potential of Denizli basin in western Turkey" (PDF) . Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 75: 519–536. doi:10.1007/s10064-015-0791-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2022 . Retrieved 22 July 2022 .
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Further reading [ edit ]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey