From the river to the sea - Wikipedia

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Palestinian political slogan

Map showing Israel and the Palestinian Territories as outlined by the Oslo Accords. The Jordan river is on the right, and the Mediterranean Sea is on the left.

"From the river to the sea" (Arabic: من النهر إلى البحر , romanized: min an-nahr ’ilā l-baḥr ) is a political slogan associated with Palestinian nationalism. The slogan refers geographically to the area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, which includes the State of Israel and the Palestinian territories: the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip.[1][2]

The slogan has been employed by political groups since the 1960s to advocate for Palestinian liberation, with origins in the Palestinian National Council's initial charters, which demand a Palestinian state geographically encompassing all of historic Palestine. The slogan's meaning is contentious. Some construe it as a call for the dismantling of the Jewish state. Conversely, the slogan may be interpreted as advocating for a democratic state of Palestine encompassing what is today Israel and the Palestinian territories, where individuals of all religions would have equal citizenship.[1][3][4]

The slogan has been used by militant groups including Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad that have vowed to destroy Israel. It is regarded by the ADL as antisemitic or hate speech suggesting that it denies the right of Jews for self-determination, or advocates for their removal or extermination.[5][6][7] It has also come under scrutiny in Germany, Austria,[8] the Netherlands[9] and the UK, where it has been proposed to classify it as a criminal offense.[1][7][10][11][12][13][14]

Usage

Originally a political slogan, it has been in use by Palestinian political groups since the 1960s as a call for Palestinian liberation. Initially popularized by the Palestine Liberation Organization upon its founding in 1964 as a "main goal of the movement", the phrase carried official weight within the PLO until the 1988 Algers Declaration, after which "the objective shifted to establishing a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders."[15][16] That same year saw the founding of Hamas, who integrated the slogan into its official platform, which - in contrast with the PLO's then recent tacit acceptance of UN Resolution 242 - called for the "obliteration of the state of Israel" and the killing of all of its Jewish citizens.[17][18][19][20]

By 1969, according to Professor Robin Kelley of the University of California, Los Angeles, the phrase "Free Palestine from the river to the sea" also represents a desire for "one democratic secular state that would supersede the ethno-religious state of Israel."[4] According to Associate Professor Ron J. Smith of Bucknell University, since Palestinian nationalism envisages a land-based state, while Israeli nationalism envisages an ethnically-based state, the use of this phrase is understood differently by Israelis and Palestinians. According to Ron Smith, for Palestinians it refers to the entirety of Mandatory Palestine.[21] In On 15 August 2023 the Dutch court of appeal gave legal protection to "From the river to the sea" on free speech grounds.[22]

The slogan has been used widely in pro-Palestinian protest movements.[23] It has often been chanted at pro-Palestinian demonstrations, usually followed or preceded by the phrase "Palestine will be free".[24][25][26] Interpretations differ amongst supporters of the slogan. Civic figures, activists, and progressive publications have said that it calls for a One-state solution, a single, secular state in all of historic Palestine where people of all religions have equal citizenship.[27] This stands in contrast to the Two-state solution, which envisions a Palestinian state existing alongside a Jewish state.[3][28][29][30] This usage has been described as speaking out for the right of Palestinians “to live freely in the land from the river to the sea”, with Palestinian writer Yousef Munayyer describing the phrase as “a rejoinder to the fragmentation of Palestinian land and people by Israeli occupation and discrimination.”[31] Others have simply said it stands for "the equal freedom and dignity of the Palestinian people."[28][32]

Some Islamic militant groups (including Hamas and Islamic Jihad), and Arab leaders (such as Saddam Hussein) came to utilize the slogan when calling for the supplementation of Israel with a unified Palestinian state, sometimes also proposing the removal of all or most of its Jewish population.[33][12][5][6][7][34][16] Hamas, as part of its revised 2017 charter, rejected “any alternative to the full and complete liberation of Palestine, from the river to the sea", referring to all areas of former Mandatory Palestine and by extent, the elimination of Jewish sovereignty in the region.[6][35][36][37] Islamic Jihad declared that “from the river to the sea - [Palestine] is an Arab Islamic land that [it] is legally forbidden from abandoning any inch of, and the Israeli presence in Palestine is a null existence, which is forbidden by law to recognize.[14] Islamic supporters have utilized a version stating "Palestine is Islamic from the river to the sea", with certain Islamic scholars have declared the Mahdi - a redemptive apocalyptic figure central to Islamic eschatology - will declare "Jerusalem is Arab Muslim, and Palestine — all of it, from the river to the sea — is Arab Muslim."[38][39]

A similar slogan was used in a 1977 election platform of the Israeli political party Likud, which stated that "between the Sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty".[4] Some commentators have referred to Israeli occupation as a policy of Israeli control and oppression of Palestinians "from the river to the sea."[40][41][42]

Antisemitism allegations

Pro-Palestinian rally in Columbus, Ohio, 12 October 2023

The phrase has been claimed by some politicians and advocacy groups, such as the Anti-Defamation League and American Jewish Committee, to be antisemitic, hate speech, or even incitement to genocide,[12][10][11] suggesting that it denies the right of Jews for self-determination in their ancestral homeland, or advocates for their removal or extermination.[5][6][7][43] Such critics of the slogan claim that it has been explicitly used to call for the land to be placed entirely under Arab rule at the cost of the State of Israel and its Jewish citizens.[44] The usage of this phrase has had the effect of making some members of the Jewish community or people affiliated with Israel feel ostracized and unsafe.[6][45]

Palestinian-American writers such as Yousef Munayyer and University of Arizona professor Maha Nassar have suggested that such a persuasive definition relies on racist and Islamophobic assumptions.[29][46]

On International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People in 2018, American academic Marc Lamont Hill made a speech at the United Nations ending with the words: "...we have an opportunity, to not just offer solidarity in words, but to commit to political action, grassroots action, local action, and international action that will give us what justice requires. And that is a free Palestine, from the river to the sea." The ADL accused Hill of using the phrase "from the river to the sea" as code for the destruction of Israel.[48] Hill was then fired from his position as a political commentator for CNN.[48]

On 30 October 2023, British Member of Parliament Andy McDonald was accused of antisemitism and suspended from the Labour Party after using the phrase in a pro-Palestine rally speech.[50] As of 1 November 2023, the UK Football Association barred the use of the slogan by its players, stating they made clear to teams "that this phrase is considered offensive to many” and that the league will seek police guidance on how [they] should treat it and respond" if players are found to have used it.[51]

Criminalization

Following the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel, British home secretary Suella Braverman proposed criminalizing the slogan in certain contexts.[52] On 11 October 2023, Vienna police banned a pro-Palestinian demonstration, citing the inclusion of the phrase "from the river to the sea" in invitations, which it said was a violation of Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights.[7]

A majority of the Dutch parliament declared the phrase to be a call for violence.[9] Politicians in Austria and Germany have also considered classifying use of the phrase a criminal offense, with Austrian chancellor Karl Nehammer suggesting that the phrase could be interpreted as a call for murder.[8][13]

References

  1. ^ a b c "The culture war over the Gaza war". The Economist. 28 October 2023. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023 . Retrieved 29 October 2023 .
  2. ^ Stripling, Jack (31 December 2023). "Colleges braced for antisemitism and violence. It's happening". The Washington Post . Retrieved 1 November 2023 . : "Defenders of the phrase often say that the line refers to a one-state solution to the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians over that tract of land between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, in which Arabs and Jews could have equal voting rights. But the U.S. and U.N. position is that Israel has a right to exist as a Jewish state and that the conflict should be solved with a “two-state solution,” one country for each group".
  3. ^ a b Zhang, Jane (29 October 2023). "What does 'From the river to the sea' mean to Palestinians, Jews?". The Chicago Sun-Times . Retrieved 31 October 2023 .
  4. ^ a b c Kelley 2019: "The Likud Party's founding charter reinforces this vision in its statement that "between the Sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty."... During the mid-1960s, the PLO embraced the slogan, but it meant something altogether different from the Zionist vision of Jewish colonization. Instead, the 1964 and 1968 charters of the Palestine National Council (PNC) demanded "the recovery of the usurped homeland in its entirety" and the restoration of land and rights-including the right of self-determination-to the indigenous population. In other words, the PNC was calling for decolonization, but this did not mean the elimination or exclusion of all Jews from a Palestinian nation-only the settlers or colonists. According to the 1964 Charter, "Jews who are of Palestinian origin shall be considered Palestinians if they are willing to live peacefully and loyally in Palestine.' Following the 1967 war, the Arab National Movement, led by Dr. George Habash, merged with Youth for Revenge and the Palestine Liberation Front to form the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). The PFLP embraced a Palestinian identity rooted in radical, Third World-oriented nationalism, officially identifying as Marxist-Leninist two years later. It envisioned a single, democratic, potentially socialist Palestinian state in which all peoples would enjoy citizenship. Likewise, Fatah leaders shifted from promoting the expulsion of settlers to embracing all Jews as citizens in a secular, democratic state. As one Fatah leader explained in early 1969, "If we are fighting a Jewish state of a racial kind, which had driven the Arabs out of their lands, it is not so as to replace it with an Arab state which would in turn drive out the Jews.. We are ready to look at anything with all our negotiating partners once our right to live in our homeland is recognized." Thus by 1969, "Free Palestine from the river to the sea" came to mean one democratic secular state that would supersede the ethno-religious state of Israel."
  5. ^ a b c Eichner, Itamar (25 October 2023). "Austria's Nehammer says pro-Hamas chants will become criminal offense". Ynetnews . Retrieved 26 October 2023 .
  6. ^ a b c d e "Allegation: "From the River to the Sea Palestine Will be Free" ". ADL . Retrieved 26 October 2023 .
  7. ^ a b c d e " 'From the river to the sea' prompts Vienna to ban pro-Palestinian protest". Reuters. 11 October 2023 . Retrieved 28 October 2023 .
  8. ^ a b Glenn, Matis (25 October 2023). "Austrian Chancellor Visits Israel, Says 'From the River...' Will Be Considered Call to Murder". Hamodia . Retrieved 28 October 2023 .
  9. ^ a b " 'From the river to the sea'-leus is geweldsoproep, vindt Kamermeerderheid". nos.nl (in Dutch). 25 October 2023 . Retrieved 2 November 2023 .
  10. ^ a b Malik, Kenan (23 May 2021). "From the river to the sea, Jews and Arabs must forge a shared future". The Guardian . Retrieved 28 October 2023 . "From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free," runs a Palestinian slogan. Originally a call for a secular state in historic Palestine between the river Jordan and the Mediterranean, it soon became a sectarian slogan, deeply inflected by antisemitism. In the hands of Hamas, it is a call for the driving out of all Jews from the region; at best, a demand for ethnic cleansing, at worst for genocide.
  11. ^ a b Mitnick, Joshua (1 May 2017). "A revised Hamas charter will moderate its stance toward Israel — slightly". The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 29 October 2023 . While that may be a tacit acknowledgment of Israel's existence, the revision stops well short of recognizing Israel and reasserts calls for armed resistance toward a 'complete liberation of Palestine from the river to the sea.'… "Hamas is attempting to fool the world, but it will not succeed," said a statement from the Israeli prime minister's office. "Daily, Hamas leaders call for genocide of all Jews and the destruction of Israel."
  12. ^ a b c " "From the River to the Sea" ". Translate Hate Glossary. AJC. 15 March 2021 . Retrieved 26 October 2023 .
  13. ^ a b "In Europe, Free Speech Is Under Threat For Palestine Supporters". Time. 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 28 October 2023 .
  14. ^ a b "Islamic Jihad Movement". AlJazeera.net. Al Jazeera . Retrieved 31 October 2023 . الالتزام بأن فلسطين -من النهر إلى البحر- أرض إسلامية عربية يحرم شرعا التفريط في أي شبر منها، والوجود الإسرائيلي في فلسطين وجود باطل، يحرم شرعا الاعتراف به. [The commitment that Palestine - from the river to the sea - is an Arab Islamic land that is legally forbidden from abandoning any inch of it, and the Israeli presence in Palestine is a null existence, which is forbidden by law to recognize it.]
  15. ^ "INTERVIEW WITH RAMADAN SHALLAH (Part II): The Palestinian Resistance-A Reexamination". Journal of Palestine Studies. Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. 44 (3): 41. Spring 2015. doi:10.1525/jps.2015.44.3.39. JSTOR 10.1525/jps.2015.44.3.39 . Retrieved 2 November 2023 . "From the beginning of the conflict and until the interim platform of 1974,* the main goal of the movement was to liberate Palestine from the river to the sea [from the Jordan to the Mediterranean]. The 1974 platform trimmed that goal down to establishing a national authority in those areas that had been liberated. Later, after the Algiers Declaration of 1988 [when then-PLO Chairman Yair Arafat declared Palestine a state], the objective shifted to establishing a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders. Then there was Oslo, and the PLO's recognition of Israel in exchange for "self-governance" in the West Bank and Gaza, ostensibly as a first step toward full-fledged statehood in the framework of a two-state solution. But in actual fact, Oslo went way beyond the 1974 interim platform. It established that a [Palestinian] state would recognize Israel, normalize relations with it, and back down on the [Palestinian] right of return and of self-determination, all of which had been explicitly ruled out by the interim platform, which had moreover stipulated that any governing Palestinian authority or state would be established on territory that was "liberated" by armed struggle and not obtained via negotiation."
  16. ^ a b "Fatah leader: Armed struggle is the perfect choice to uproot the occupation". Qudspress.net. Quds Press. 10 November 2022 . Retrieved 31 October 2023 . ‎وأشار المقدح لـ"قدس برس" اليوم الخميس، إلى أن أبو عمار "استدرك بعد توقيع اتفاق أوسلو ( 13 أيلول/ سبتمبر 1993) بسنة؛ أنه لا جدوى من المفاوضات مع هذا المحتل، ولا خيار للمواجهة سوى خيار المقاومة، لذلك قام بدعم قوى وفصائل المقاومة الفلسطينية؛ ومن (حماس) و(الجهاد الإسلامي)، وغيرهما من الفصائل". ‎وأكد أن "انطلاقة حركة فتح التي أسسها الشهيد ياسر عرفات، هدفت إلى تحرير كامل التراب الوطني الفلسطيني، من النهر إلى البحر. [Al-Maqdah pointed to "Quds Press" on Thursday, that Abu Ammar "took, after the signing of the Oslo Agreement (September 13, 1993) a year; that there is no point in negotiations with this occupier, and there is no option to confront except the option of resistance, so he supported the Palestinian resistance forces and factions; and from (Hamas), (Islamic Jihad), and other factions." He stressed that "the launch of the Fatah movement, founded by the martyr Yasser Arafat, aimed to liberate the entire Palestinian national territory, from the river to the sea."]
  17. ^ Herzog, Michael (March–April 2006). "Can Hamas Be Tamed?". Foreign Affairs. New York City: Council on Foreign Relations. 85 (2): 84–85. doi:10.2307/20031913. JSTOR 20031913 . Retrieved 2 November 2023 . The group's ideology was set forth in its 1988 covenant, which remains operative to this day. The covenant defines Palestinian nationalism and the conflict with Israel in religious terms: the land of Palestine "from the river to the sea" is considered an Islamic wagf, an "endowment," » and so no Muslim has the right to cede any part of it. The covenant explicitly calls for the obliteration of the state of Israel through the power of the sword and portrays the Jews as the source of all evil in the world.
  18. ^ "Hamas Covenant 1988". Avalon.law.yale.edu. The Avalon Project / Yale University . Retrieved 2 November 2023 . Israel will exist and will continue to exist until Islam will obliterate it, just as it obliterated others before it… "The Day of Judgement will not come about until Moslems fight the Jews (killing the Jews), when the Jew will hide behind stones and trees. The stones and trees will say O Moslems, O Abdulla, there is a Jew behind me, come and kill him. Only the Gharkad tree, (evidently a certain kind of tree) would not do that because it is one of the trees of the Jews." (related by al-Bukhari and Moslem).
  19. ^ Roy, Sara (2011). "Afterword to the Paperback Edition". Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 246–247. ISBN 9780691124483. JSTOR j.ctt46n3sw.15 . Retrieved 2 November 2023 . Palestine is ours, from the river to the sea and from the south to the north. There will be no concession on an inch of the land. We will never recognize the legitimacy of the Israeli occupation and therefore there is no legitimacy for Israel, no matter how long it will take . . . The state will come from resistance, not negotiation . . .We don't fight Jews because they are Jews. We fight the Zionists because they are conquerors and we will continue to fight anyone who takes our land and our holy places . . . We fight those who fight us, who attack us, who besiege us, who attack our holy places and our land. . . .We will free Jerusalem inch by inch, stone by stone.
  20. ^ "Declaration of State of Palestine – Palestine National Council". Un.org. United Nations. 18 November 1988 . Retrieved 2 November 2023 . With a view to putting this affirmation into practice, the Palestine National Council insists on the following: (a) The need to convene an effective international conference on the subject of the Middle East problem and its essence, the question of Palestine, under the auspices of the United Nations and with the participation of the permanent members of the Security Council and all parties to the conflict in the region, including the Palestine Liberation Organization, the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people, on an equal footing, with the provision that the said international conference shall be convened on the basis of Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973) and shall guarantee the legitimate national rights of the Palestinian people, first and foremost among which is the right to self-determination, in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Charter of the United Nations concerning the right to self-determination of peoples, the inadmissibility of seizure of land belonging to others by means of force or military invasion, and in accordance with United Nations resolutions concerning the question of Palestine;
  21. ^ Smith, Ron J. (2012). "Geographies of Dis/Topia in the Nation-State: Israel, Palestine, and the Geographies Of Liberation". Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review. Berkely, California: International Association for the Study of Traditional Environments (IASTE). 23 (2): 19–33. ISSN 1050-2092. JSTOR 41758893 . Retrieved 27 October 2023 . Thus, while the occupation functions through separation and isolation of Palestinian enclaves, Palestinian resistance remains national in character, insisting on the identity, culture and space represented by the phrase min al nahr ila al bahr, "from the river to the sea"… In many ways Palestinian and Israeli visions of the state talk past one another, and there are significant differences in the portrayal of the future for each nation… the territory of Israel has continued to expand, from its initial existence as a series of outposts in the first aliyah to a state-space encompassing the 1948 and 1967 territories. In this sense, it is the ethnic makeup of the state which defines it. This expansive and organic vision may be contrasted with the prevalent Palestinian nationalist narrative… The Palestinians with whom I spoke in the course of my research had a vision of a nationalism that demanded a Palestinian state as an entity rooted in geographic, not ethnic, boundaries. When I asked, "Where is Palestine?" the answer often was "Min al nahr illa al bahr" ("from the river to the ocean"). This phrase refers to the historical boundaries of Mandate-era Palestine. By comparison, in normal conversation, the 1967 boundaries are represented as a more immediate future. Israelis interpret this geography as the embodiment of Gamal Abd Al-Nasser's alleged threat to "push them into the sea," a dystopic, millenarian recall of past genocides. However, what separates the Palestinian nationalist vision from that of the Israeli utopic state is that there is no attempt to define its ethnic makeup. It is merely a state where Palestinians can live in relative peace and freedom. This lack of ethnic demands on a future state is present in proclamations from Palestinian leaders that in the event of a Palestinian state coming into being on the 1967 borders, Jewish settlers who choose to remain will be granted Palestinian citizen-ship. This discrepancy is not merely a diplomatic flourish; not one of my respondents, regardless of political affiliation, expressed a vision of an ethnically pure Palestinian state.
  22. ^ Rajvanshi, Astha (20 October 2023). "In Europe, Free Speech Is Under Threat For Palestine Supporters". Time . Retrieved 2 November 2023 .
  23. ^ Barry Rubin (25 May 2010). The Muslim Brotherhood: The Organization and Policies of a Global Islamist Movement. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-230-10687-1. Thus, the MAB slogan 'Palestine must be free, from the river to the sea' is now ubiquitous in anti-Israeli demonstrations in the UK ...
  24. ^ "From the river to the sea, Jews and Arabs must forge a shared future". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022 . Retrieved 22 September 2023 .
  25. ^ Tanny, Jarrod. "The Real Meaning of "From the River to the Sea" ". The Jewish Journal.
  26. ^ "What Does "From the River to the Sea" Really Mean?". Jewish Currents . Retrieved 31 October 2023 .
  27. ^ Bandler, Aaron (1 November 2021). "Dem NH Lawmaker Apologizes for 'From the River to the Sea' Tweet". The Jewish Journal. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021 . Retrieved 2 November 2021 .
  28. ^ a b Sculos, Bryant W (2019). " "A Free Palestine from the River to the Sea": The 9 Dirty Words You Can't Say (on T.V. or Anywhere Else)". Class, Race and Corporate Power. Miami, Florida: Florida International University. 7 (1). Article 6. doi:10.25148/crcp.7.1.008322. ISSN 2330-6297. S2CID 166905010 . Retrieved 31 October 2023 .
  29. ^ a b Nassar, Maha (3 December 2018). " 'From The River To The Sea' Doesn't Mean What You Think It Means". The Forward . Retrieved 26 October 2023 .
  30. ^ " 'From the river to the sea': What does the pro-Palestine chant actually mean?". Middle East Eye . Retrieved 31 October 2023 .
  31. ^ Munayyer, Yousef. "What Does "From the River to the Sea" Really Mean?". Jewishcurrents.org. Jewish Currents . Retrieved 27 October 2023 . ."From the river to the sea" is a rejoinder to the fragmentation of Palestinian land and people by Israeli occupation and discrimination. Palestinians have been divided in a myriad of ways by Israeli policy. There are Palestinian refugees denied repatriation because of discriminatory Israeli laws. There are Palestinians denied equal rights living within Israel's internationally recognized territory as second-class citizens. There are Palestinians living with no citizenship rights under Israeli military occupation in the West Bank. There are Palestinians in legal limbo in occupied Jerusalem and facing expulsion. There are Palestinians in Gaza living under an Israeli siege. All of them suffer from a range of policies in a singular system of discrimination and apartheid—a system that can only be challenged by their unified opposition. All of them have a right to live freely in the land from the river to the sea."
  32. ^ " 'From the river to the sea': Why a chant for the freedom of an occupied people became so provocative". Dawn.com. 28 October 2023 . Retrieved 31 October 2023 .
  33. ^ "Israel-Hamas war: What does 'from the river to the sea' actually mean?". Sky News . Retrieved 28 October 2023 .
  34. ^ Wistrich, Robert S. (2003). "The Old-New Anti-Semitism". The National Interest (72): 59–70. JSTOR 42897483.
  35. ^ "A Document of General Principles and Policies (Hamas General Charter, rev. 2017)" (PDF) . FAS. Hamas . Retrieved 27 October 2023 . Hamas believes that no part of the land of Palestine shall be compromised or conceded, irrespective of the causes, the circumstances and the pressures and no matter how long the occupation lasts. Hamas rejects any alternative to the full and complete liberation of Palestine, from the river to the sea.
  36. ^ Nassar, Maha (3 December 2018). " 'From The River To The Sea' Doesn't Mean What You Think It Means". The Forward. Archived from the original on 20 December 2020 . Retrieved 28 December 2020 .
  37. ^ "Woman explains meaning of 'from the river to the sea' slogan, asks anti-Israelis to wake up and call out Hamas terror". Hindustan Times. 26 October 2023 . Retrieved 28 October 2023 .
  38. ^ Oliver, Anne Marie; Steinberg, Paul F. (1 February 2005). The Road to Martyrs' Square : A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber: A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-19-802756-0. ... a message reminiscent of the popular intifada slogan 'Palestine is ours from the river to the sea,' which in the hands of the Islamists became 'Palestine is Islamic from the river to the sea.'
  39. ^ Cook, David (1 August 2008). Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature. Syracuse University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-8156-3195-8. Jerusalem is Arab Muslim, and Palestine — all of it, from the river to the sea — is Arab Muslim, and there is no place in it for any who depart from peace or from Islam, other than those who submit to those standing under the rule of Islam.
  40. ^ "Israel Kills Dozens in Gaza While Imposing "Constant War" on Palestinian Residents of Jerusalem". Democracy Now!. 11 May 2021 . Retrieved 31 October 2023 .
  41. ^ Barnett, Michael; Brown, Nathan; Lynch, Marc; Telhami, Shibley (14 April 2023). "Israel's One-State Reality". Foreign Affairs. No. May/June 2023. ISSN 0015-7120 . Retrieved 31 October 2023 .
  42. ^ Matar, Haggai (6 August 2022). "The End of the Green Line—Two Views". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378 . Retrieved 31 October 2023 .
  43. ^ Angelos, James (21 October 2023). "Israel-Hamas war cuts deep into Germany's soul". politico.eu. Politico Europe. "Hamas' ideology of extermination against everything Jewish is also having an effect in Germany," said the Central Council of Jews in Germany, the country's largest umbrella Jewish organization."
  44. ^ Patterson, David (18 October 2010). A Genealogy of Evil: Anti-Semitism from Nazism to Islamic Jihad. Cambridge University Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-1-139-49243-0. ... except the boundary indicated in their slogan 'From the river to the sea', which stipulated the obliteration of the Jewish state.
  45. ^ Maqbool, Aleem (31 October 2023). "British Jews are 'full of fear, like I've never seen before' ". BBC . Retrieved 1 November 2023 . " It is why Mr Bell says he feels unnerved by the demonstrations and particularly by the use of slogans like "from the river to the sea, Palestine will be free," referring to the River Jordan and the Mediterranean Sea. He feels it can only mean the destruction of the Israeli state in its current form."
  46. ^ "What Does "From the River to the Sea" Really Mean?". Jewish Currents. 11 June 2021 . Retrieved 26 October 2023 .
  47. ^ a b "CNN fires analyst Marc Lamont Hill after UN speech on Israel". AP News. 29 November 2018. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021 . Retrieved 11 October 2023 .
  48. ^ "Labour MP Andy McDonald suspended over 'between the river and the sea' speech". The Independent. 30 October 2023 . Retrieved 1 November 2023 .
  49. ^ "FA will consult police if players use 'river to sea' phrase on social media". The Guardian. 1 November 2023 . Retrieved 1 November 2023 . After careful consideration, we will be writing to all clubs to make it clear that this phrase is considered offensive to many, and should not be used by players in social media posts. "The player has apologised and deleted the tweet. We are strongly encouraging clubs to ensure that players do not post content which may be offensive or inflammatory to any community. "If this phrase is used again by a football participant, we will seek police guidance on how we should treat it and respond.
  50. ^ Syal, Rajeev; Allegretti, Aubrey (10 October 2023). "Waving Palestinian flag may be a criminal offence, Braverman tells police". The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . I would encourage police to consider whether chants such as: 'From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free' should be understood as an expression of a violent desire to see Israel erased from the world, and whether its use in certain contexts may amount to a racially aggravated section 5 public order offence.

Bibliography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_river_to_the_sea