• Moe Factz with Adam Curry for February 29th 2020, Episode number 27

• Lift-Gate

• Download the mp3

• Associate Executive Producer: Vincent Breckley

• Description
  • Adam and Moe compare Trump and Bloomberg across their racial stances and policies. As always, a surprise ending completes another outstanding product!

• ShowNotes
  • Eric Adams (politician) - Wikipedia
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 29 Feb 2020 13:54
    •  
    • Borough President of Brooklyn, New York City
    • Eric Leroy Adams (born September 1, 1960) is the Borough President of Brooklyn, New York City.
    • Adams served as an officer in the New York City Transit Police and then the New York City Police Department, for 22 years. In 1994, though endorsed by the Nation of Islam, he was defeated in the Democratic primary for a New York Congressional seat. From 2006 to 2013 he was a Democratic State Senator in the New York Senate (representing the 20th Senate District in Brooklyn). In November 2013, Adams was elected Brooklyn Borough President, the first African-American to hold the position. In November 2017 he was reelected. Adams, in a speech in Harlem in 2020, said: "Go back to Iowa, you go back to Ohio. New York City belongs to the people that was here and made New York City what it is."
    • Early life and education [ edit ] Adams was born in Brownsville, Brooklyn.[1] He was raised in Bushwick, Brooklyn, and South Jamaica, Queens. He graduated from Bayside High School in Queens in 1978.[2] He subsequently received an associate degree from the New York City College of Technology, a B.A. from the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, and an M.P.A. from Marist College.[3] By his own admission, he was a D+ student.[4]
    • New York City Transit Police and Police Department [ edit ] Adams served as an officer in the New York City Transit Police and in the New York City Police Department (NYPD) for 22 years, after being asked to "infiltrate" the police at the behest of the Reverend Herbert Daughtry, of the House of the Lord's Church in Brooklyn.[5][6] He graduated from the New York City Police Academy in 1984. He started in the New York City Transit Police, and continued with the NYPD when the transit police and the NYPD merged.[7] He worked in the 6th Precinct in Greenwich Village, the 94th Precinct in Greenpoint, and the 88th Precinct covering Fort Greene and Clinton Hill. While serving, he co-founded 100 Blacks in Law Enforcement Who Care, an advocacy group for black police officers, and often spoke out against police brutality and racial profiling.[8] During the 1990s Adams served as president of the Grand Council of Guardians, an organization of black officers.
    • In 1993, while President of the Ground Council of Guardians, Adams accused politician Herman Badillo of betraying his Hispanic heritage by having as his wife a white, Jewish woman (Irma, to whom Badillo had been married for 32 years, and who had Alzheimer's disease), instead of a Latino.[9][10][11][12][13] Badillo responded that "Voting based on race is the definition of racism, and has no place in a civilized multiracial society..."[13] Badillo added: "I don't apologize to anyone for the fact that my wife is Jewish."[10]
    • Congressional run [ edit ] In 1994, Adams, endorsed by the Nation of Islam, was defeated by Major Owens in the Democratic primary for the 11th Congressional seat in central Brooklyn.[14]
    • New York State Senate [ edit ] Adams was first elected to the New York State Senate in 2006, serving for four terms, until late 2013.[15] He represented the 20th Senate District, which includes parts of the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Brownsville, Crown Heights, East Flatbush, Park Slope, Prospect Heights, and Sunset Park.[15]
    • As a freshman state senator, in 2007 and 2008 he was among the legislators who suggested a pay raise for themselves, though they ranked third-highest in pay among all state lawmakers in the United States.[16][17]
    • On December 2, 2009, Adams was one of the 24 state senators to vote in favor of marriage equality in New York State.[18] He spoke in support of the freedom to marry during the debate before the vote.[18]
    • He was criticized for backing fellow state senator Hiram Monserrate, also a former police officer (who in 1999 joined Adams to criticize NYPD practices), after Monserrate was accused of domestic violence toward his girlfriend, involving his cutting her face with a broken glass and causing lacerations that required 20 stitches to close.[19][20] After Monserrate was convicted of misdemeanor assault, in 2010 Adams was one of only 8 Senators to oppose his expulsion from the New York State Senate, which passed with 53 votes.[19]
    • Adams was a vocal opponent of the NYPD's "stop and frisk" policy, which predominantly affected young Black and Latino men, and which in 2000 the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights had said constituted racial profiling.[21] In 2011 he supported calling for a federal investigation into stop-and-frisk practices.[21] He sought to stop the NYPD from gathering data about individuals who had been stopped but not charged.[22] The New York Daily News penned an editorial in 2013 saying Adams's claims on the NYPD's stop and frisk policy were "beneath credibility."[23][19]
    • In 2012 Adams served as co-chair of New York's State Legislators Against Illegal Guns.[24][25]
    • Adams and five other mostly African-American state lawmakers wore hooded sweatshirts in the legislative chamber on March 12, 2012, in protest of the shooting of Trayvon Martin, a Florida teen who was killed by George Zimmerman.[26][27]
    • Brooklyn Borough President [ edit ] On November 5, 2013, Adams was elected Brooklyn borough president with 90.8 percent of the vote, more than any other candidate for borough president in New York City that year.[28]
    • [ edit ] Adams, in his role as Brooklyn borough president, appoints the members of each of the 18 community boards in Brooklyn, half of which are nominated by local members of the City Council. Community boards members represent their neighbors in matters dealing with land use and other specific neighborhood needs.[29]
    • In 2016, he launched a digital app process for board membership, which has increased applications by 10 percent, and he intends '' under the authority granted by a 2015 state law '' to appoint youth members to every community board.[30][31]
    • Land use [ edit ] Under the New York City Charter, borough presidents must submit Uniform Land Use Review Procedure (ULURP) recommendations on certain uses of land throughout their borough.[32][33] Adams has used his ULURP recommendations to propose additional permanently affordable housing units in the rezoning of East New York; the relocation of municipal government agencies to East New York to reduce density in Downtown Brooklyn and create jobs for community residents, and the redevelopment of 25 Kent Avenue in Williamsburg as manufacturing space, with increased property taxes directed to the acquisition of the remaining proposed sections of Bushwick Inlet Park as well as its continued development as a community resource.[34][35]
    • Adams has encouraged New York City to build affordable housing on municipally-owned properties such as the Brownsville Community Justice Center, over railyards and railways, and on space now used for parking lots.[36]
    • Adams created the Faith-Based Property Development Initiative, which supports religious institutions that want to develop property for the benefit of the community, such as affordable housing and space for the community.[37]
    • In September 2017, Adams unveiled his recommendations for the future of the Bedford Union Armory in Crown Heights. His recommendation was to disapprove the application with conditions, while calling for the inclusion of a greater amount of affordable housing on site. The Bedford Union Armory proposals would contain recreational facilities, spaces for locally based non-profits, as well as two new residential buildings, including a condominium building along President Street in place of the Armory's stables.
    • In July 2018, he announced a joint $10 million, 19-plaintiff lawsuit with Housing Rights Initiative (HRI), filed by the Law Office of Jack L. Lester, Esq. in Kings County Supreme Court, based on a comprehensive investigation by HRI that found that Kushner Companies engaged in illegal construction practices in the 338-unit former Austin, Nichols and Company Warehouse at 184 Kent Avenue in Williamsburg. According to an independent lab analysis, families, including children and babies, were exposed to highly toxic and cancer-causing substances, including, but not limited to, the lung carcinogen crystalline silica and lead.
    • In July 2018, Adams urged the developer involved in the Kensington Stables site in Windsor Terrace to help preserve the stables as part of a new proposal for the site.[38]
    • Policy [ edit ] Adams has introduced policy statements and initiatives on a range of issues:
    • Gentrification [ edit ] Adams, in a speech in Harlem in 2020, said: "Go back to Iowa, you go back to Ohio. New York City belongs to the people that was here and made New York City what it is."[39][40] He added, to the cheering crowd who had gathered for a celebration of Martin Luther King Jr.: "You were here before Starbucks. You were here before others came and decided they wanted to be part of this city... folks [who] [are] ... hijacking your apartments and displacing your living arrangements...."[40]
    • The Republican leader of Ohio's Cuyahoga County said Adams "took Martin Luther King Jr.'s message of unity and made it a divisive message."[40] New York City Councilwoman Karen Koslowitz (D-Queens) said Adams' ''disturbing'' remarks contribute to an environment of divisiveness.[41]
    • Education [ edit ] In partnership with Medgar Evers College, Adams created the Brooklyn Pipeline, which provides developmental learning and enrichment opportunities to public school students in Brooklyn, teaches parents to better support their children's education, and facilitates professional development training to teachers and school leaders.[42][43]
    • Adams wrote an editorial in The New York Daily News calling on the New York City Department of Education (DOE) to test all pre-Kindergarten students for gifted and talented programs, including African-American and Latino children who have historically been excluded.[44]
    • Adams launched the Code Brooklyn initiative to support the teaching of coding and computer science at public schools in Brooklyn.Adams entered Brooklyn into the "Hour of Code" challenge with Chicago Public Schools. Brooklyn students were victorious, with more than 80 percent of the district schools throughout Brooklyn participating in the program.[45][46]
    • Based on a report prepared by the Independent Budget Office of New York City (IBO) at his request, Adams urged the City University of New York (CUNY) system to explore reinstating free tuition for two-year community colleges, which could improve graduation rates and lead to increased earnings potential and taxpayer contribution, as well as expand access to higher education.[47]
    • In 2016, Adams invested $26 million and an additional $55 million in 2017'--half of his allotted budget that year '' to improve STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics) education across Brooklyn schools.
    • In February 2018, Adams supported State Senator Hamilton and Assembly Member Richardson in calling for statewide K-12 instruction of Black history.
    • In April 2018, Adams joined newly appointed New York City Department of Education (DOE) Chancellor Richard Carranza, Eagle Academy Foundation (EAF) President and CEO David Banks, and hundreds of students and mentors at JHS 292 Margaret S. Douglas in East New York to launch the Eagle Academy Mentoring Program, a groundbreaking multi-year initiative connecting hundreds of sixth-grade male students of color at middle schools across central and eastern Brooklyn with positive male role models.
    • In May 2018, Adams joined representatives from independent charter schools, parochial schools, and yeshivas, as well as educators, parents and students from across Brooklyn, at a rally in the Rotunda of Brooklyn Borough Hall to demand the City provide equitable security guard funding for every school across the five boroughs.
    • In July 2018, Adams expressed how he believes diversity must be improved in all public high schools including the city's Specialized High Schools; however, noting that the reforms proposed by the city would not make the necessary changes to the city's educational system. His position was that the high school admission system needs to present more equal opportunities for everyone and the way to do that is to offer free Specialized High School Admissions Test (SHSAT) prep for all lower-income students as well as to allow more students into the SHSAT schools altogether.
    • Borough President Adams has advocated for making two-year CUNY colleges free.[48]
    • Health [ edit ] Adams launched the Family Friendly Brooklyn initiative by creating a lactation room in Brooklyn Borough Hall, with open access to the public.[49]
    • Adams introduced a bill in the New York City Council that would require all municipal buildings providing services to the public to have lactation rooms. The bill was passed by the City Council on July 14, 2016.[50]
    • Adams allocated capital funds to support expanded health care facilities at hospitals across the borough as well as investments that support treatment and recovery centers.
    • Adams launched Safe Sleep Brooklyn to educate young parents about the importance of safe sleeping habits for newborns. The educational activity was coupled with a partnership with Delta Children to provide free cribs and play-yards to young single mothers, victims of domestic violence, undocumented immigrants, women in transitional housing, families in homeless shelters, and parents who are unemployed.
    • Adams fought to prevent hospital closures and worked to protect residents from the loss of critical health care services by calling upon the state and federal government to identify the resources necessary to address the ongoing health and community needs of neighborhoods.
    • After facing a health scare himself when he was diagnosed with type two diabetes in 2016, Adams adopted a whole-foods, plant-based diet and has encouraged all Brooklynites to eat healthier. He launched a plant-based nutrition page on his website with links to nutrition and plant-based/vegan blogs, plant-based/vegan diet recipes and natural grocery stores, as well as vegan meetup groups and events. He has also replaced all vending machines in Brooklyn Borough Hall with protein bars, sparkling water and nut snacks instead of sugary, unhealthy snacks. Additionally, Adams has also prompted the City Council to pass a resolution called "Ban the Baloney," which aims for schools across the city to stop serving processed meats. He has also been an avid supporter of "Meatless Mondays" in public schools.
    • After a spike in rat complaints, Adams co-hosted a Rat Summit alongside Council Member Robert Cornegy, in June 2018 to address the issue of rats throughout the borough.[51]
    • In February 2018, Adams and Brooklyn's entire New York City Council delegation joined in calling on Mayor Blasio to allocate $10 million in the City's Fiscal Year 2019 (FY19) budget to complete the capital and operating costs for the creation of Brooklyn's first burn unit.
    • Throughout 2018, Adams has hosted a series of free opioid overdose prevention trainings his administration is holding across the borough amid the nationwide opioid crisis.
    • In July 2018, Adams publicly denounced President Trump's efforts to stop Ecuador from passing a U.N. resolution stating that breastfeeding is the most beneficial way of feeding a child and debunking untrue facts about breast feeding.[52]
    • Homelessness
    • Adams proclaimed June 2017 as the first-ever Homelessness Awareness Month in the borough of Brooklyn. He honored the month by calling on houses of worship to engage with their congregants on the importance of helping those who are homeless or in need of assistance.
    • In January 2018, Adams announced a partnership between his administration, Brooklyn Community Services (BCS), and Turning Point Brooklyn to establish a first-of-its-kind a mobile shower service that will travel across the borough to serve homeless Brooklynites and other at-risk populations, such as day laborers, sex workers, and runaway LGBTQ+ youth.
    • In April 2018, Adams hailed a first-of-its-kind empowerment partnership with Kennedy Conglomerate Inc., a venture started by local entrepreneur Kareem Kennedy, for a mobile barber service to which he has allocated $3,000 in discretionary funding to provide free haircuts for the homeless.
    • Housing [ edit ] To address the displacement of longtime residents by gentrification, Adams has held a series of town halls in Bedford''Stuyvesant and East Flatbush to investigate cases of tenant harassment, and also organized legal clinics in East New York, Prospect Lefferts Gardens, and Sunset Park to provide free legal assistance to tenants.[53][54][55][56]
    • Adams stood on the damaged roof of 110 Humboldt Street, a seven-story residential building in the Borinquen Plaza II development in Williamsburg, as he called on Governor Andrew Cuomo to restore $100 million in State funding for New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) roof repairs.[57]
    • Adams has allocated $3.3 million of his FY15 capital budget towards projects across the borough including sites in neighborhoods such as Bushwick, Bedford-Stuyvesant, Flatbush and Park Slope. In July 2014, he used his vote as a member of the Board of Trustees for the New York City Employees' Retirement System (NYCERS) to commit $13 million to a new fund that will create 7,500 new affordable units citywide. Additionally, Adams believes in a 50-30-20 model of affordability for new housing, ensuring a focus on middle-class households.
    • In February 2018, Adams called on NYCHA to take action to address challenges associated with the citywide heating crisis by committing to spending its recent and future fuel cost savings on emergency boiler repairs and conversions.
    • In June 2018, Adams suggested lowering the height of the Alloy Development's Downtown Brooklyn project, 80 Flatbush, from 986 to 600 feet in order to not disrupt or overwhelm the existing community surrounding the building.[58]
    • Immigration
    • Brooklyn is a very diverse borough, with as many as 200 different languages spoken and nearly 40 percent of residents foreign-born. The diversity within these 950,000 foreign-born immigrants rivals that of neighboring Queens, which has the highest population of immigrants in New York City. In light of that, Adams has made Brooklyn Borough Hall serve as processing center for New York City's Municipal ID program (idNYC), and secured a municipal ID within a few days of the program's launch. Adams also showed strong support for President Obama's landmark executive order on immigration that helped millions of people including many Brooklyn residents.
    • In June 2018, Adams led a stroller march against the Trump Administration's family separation at the US-Mexico border.[59]
    • Parks and Recreational Spaces
    • Adams has been outspoken about the need for a comprehensive urban agriculture plan for New York City. He joined Council Member Espinal in introducing a bill in the New York City Council, which ultimately passed, calling for the creation of an Office of Urban Agriculture and a roadmap that would be used for creating easier pathways for cultivating urban farming across the city.
    • Public safety [ edit ] Adams has worked to build and repair the relationship between the people of New York City and the NYPD. He has criticized the use of excessive force in the arrest of Eric Garner, who died after being placed in a chokehold prohibited by NYPD regulations, and the arrest of postal carrier Glen Grays, who was determined not to have committed any crime or infraction.[60][61][62][63]
    • After the 2014 killings of police officers Wenjian Liu and Rafael Ramos, Adams wrote an editorial for the New York Daily News calling on police officers and the community to work with each other to build a relationship of mutual respect.[60]
    • Together with Manhattan Borough President Gale Brewer and civil rights attorney Norman Siegel, Adams held a series of seven public forums and four Google Hangouts for community residents to share their experiences with the police. The information was used to compile a report, and it was concluded that New York City should work to involve the public in the work of the NYPD, improve training for police officers, and allow independent investigations when police misconduct has been alleged.[64][65]
    • Following the school shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida on February 14, 2018, Adams joined the efforts of Brooklyn students by organizing an emergency meeting at Brooklyn Borough Hall and a rally to demand stricter gun laws in Prospect Park.[why? ][66] That same month, after a correctional officer endured a beating from six inmates at the George Motchan Detention Center on Rikers Island, Adams stood outside the Brooklyn Detention Center to express his support to reinstate solitary confinement in prisons.[67]
    • In commemoration of the sixteenth anniversary of the 9/11 attacks, Adams announced a new memorial to Brooklyn residents lost that day alongside the victims' families and first responders.
    • In August 2019, he was criticized over his inaction towards placard abuse in Brooklyn via Twitter. Adams responded by publicly comparing the accuser to the KKK.[68]
    • Technology [ edit ] Adams formed a partnership with flowthings.io, a Brooklyn-based startup, and Dell computer to access and collect Real-time data (RTD) on conditions in Brooklyn Borough Hall, with device counters to monitor occupancy in rooms that sometimes experience overcrowding, multi-sensors to determine whether equipment has been operating efficiently, sensors such as smart-strips and smart-plugs to measure energy usage around the building, and ultrasonic rangefinders to identify that ADA-designated entrances are accessible in real-time.[69]
    • Adams also partnered with tech startup Heat Seek NYC to allow tenants to be able to report conditions in their apartments with sensor hardware and web applications.[70]
    • Adams opposed efforts to limit the number of new e-hail cars such as Uber, explaining that such technologies provide opportunities for people of color to find work and travel in their communities.[71]
    • In September 2017, Adams unveiled cutting-edge technology by Tek-Tiles and other design innovations as part of the Brooklyn Fashion + Design Accelerator (BF+DA), which merge technology with fashion, as he unveiled $2.75 million in Fiscal Year 2018 (FY18) funds from Brooklyn Borough Hall to advance economic development initiatives across the borough.
    • Other initiatives [ edit ] More than 15 million people visited Brooklyn in 2015.[72] Adams has redesigned the Brooklyn Tourism Visitors Center and Gift Shop inside Brooklyn Borough Hall, continued "Dine in Brooklyn" restaurant week, started the BK Sings Karaoke Contest, and hosts annual events such as New Year's Eve celebrations in Coney Island and Grand Army Plaza, as well as a Jamaican patty eating contest on Labor Day weekend.[73][74][75][76][77]
    • Each month, Adams honors as "Hero of the Month" a Brooklyn resident who has acted selflessly on behalf of the community.[78] Those individuals honored include officers from the Sea Gate Police Department who saved a five-month-old from choking to death;[79] a Park Slope woman who saved a dog from freezing in Prospect Park; an emergency room doctor who formed an anti-gang-violence initiative at NYC Health + Hospitals/Kings County in East Flatbush; a firefighter who saved an unconscious two-year-old from an early morning fire in Marine Park;[80] a Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) worker who rescued a woman on the subway tracks at the Franklin Avenue station in Crown Heights;[81] and police officers who saved the life of a choking infant in Bensonhurst.[82]
    • Calling on Brooklyn residents to "Embrace Your Hyphen," Adams hosts celebrations in honor of Black History Month, Lunar New Year, Greek-American Heritage Month, Irish-American Heritage Month, Nowruz, Arab-American Heritage Month, Garifuna Heritage Celebration, Asian-American and Pacific Islander Month, Caribbean-American Heritage Month, Russian-American Heritage Month, Ramadan, International Day of Friendship, the Autumn Moon Festival, Hispanic Heritage Month, and Italian-American Heritage Month.[83][84]
    • International Day of Friendship has been Borough President Adams' signature event celebrating diversity, which has been taking place since 2014. The event celebrates Brooklyn's rich diversity by hosting a free, family-friendly Unity Parade of Flags, Cultural Performances, International Cuisine and the Global Village, where visitors can touch, taste, feel and see other cultures. It is celebrated around the world as countries partake in a variety of events to promote peace and unity.
    • Programs that have been started or have continued under Borough President Adams include Adopt-A-Shelter Animal, Brooklyn Ambassadors, Dine in Brooklyn, Earth Week, Greenest Block, LGBTQ Pride Celebration, Lunchtime Summer Jazz Concerts, Mid-Autumn Festival, Seniors by the Sea, Turkey Distribution, Christmas Tree Lighting and Holiday Distribution. He has also hosted a series of faith-based and clergy initiatives at Brooklyn Borough Hall including Bishops Brunch Roundtable, Black History Clergy Breakfast, Brooklyn Day of Prayer, Building Brooklyn Rights, Iftar Dinner, Interfaith Breakfast, New York City Agency Forum for Houses of Worship, and Women of Faith Roundtable.
    • Adams has also conducted a series of financial education and empowerment programming including a series of events in April to coincide with Financial Education Empowerment Month, as well as a Financially Savvy Youth Conference and free tax filing and preparation services.
    • Given the success of the brewing industry in Brooklyn, Adams, since October 2017, has called for a more lenient Blue Law, allowing New York City businesses to start selling alcohol at 8 am.[85] instead of the current 10 a.m. time.
    • In September 2019, he controversially promoted new rat traps by presenting a group of dead rats with the new contraptions in front of the press early that month: Adams and his team said the traps were humane (the rodents were lured with nuts and seeds before being knocked out then drowned) whereas animal rights groups said that they were not.[86]
    • In January 2020, Adams drew controversy after making anti-"transplant" commentary at a Martin Luther King Jr. event. Speaking at the event, he said "Go back to Iowa, you go back to Ohio. New York City belongs to the people that were here and made New York City what it is".[87]
    • Personal life [ edit ] In March 2016, Adams was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Within a month, he switched to a vegan, whole food diet that cut out all animal products as well as sugar, salt, oil and processed starches. He also began exercising regularly, including using an exercise bike and treadmill in his office. As a result, within six months he had dropped 30 pounds and no longer required treatment for diabetes. He has stated that he wants to encourage others to switch to a more healthy diet, as well as to try to redirect public health spending for diabetes to focus more on lifestyle changes rather than just treating the disease.[88]
    • See also [ edit ] 2009 New York State Senate leadership crisisReferences [ edit ] ^ Eric L. Adams Archived January 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Office of the Brooklyn Borough President. ^ "Eric L. Adams," brooklyn-usa.org. ^ "New York State Sen. Eric Adams Bio". nysenate.gov. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015 . Retrieved July 13, 2015 . ^ Norman Oder (April 3, 2013). "Former Gadfly Cop Nears Coronation as Brooklyn Borough President". Citylimits.org . Retrieved January 26, 2020 . ^ Devereaux, Ryan (May 18, 2012). "NYPD Stop-and-Frisk Lawsuit Gets Class Action Status". The Rutherford Institute. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014 . Retrieved June 11, 2012 . ^ Kolker, Robert. "The Big Payback". New York (magazine) . Retrieved January 23, 2020 . ^ "[Un] Correct New York With Brooklyn Borough President Eric Adams", Kings County Politics. ^ Wansley, Terrance. "100 BLACKS IN LAW ENFORCEMENT WHO CARE". Archived from the original on November 6, 2012 . Retrieved June 11, 2012 . ^ "The Ad Campaign; Mr. Badillo Invokes Race". The New York Times. October 6, 1993 . Retrieved January 25, 2020 . ^ a b Jonathan P. Hicks (September 27, 1993). "Comments From Dinkins Backer Draw Fire From Giuliani Camp". The New York Times . Retrieved January 25, 2020 . ^ Robert Kolker (August 14, 2000). "The Big Payback". New York Magazine . Retrieved January 25, 2020 . ^ "New York Magazine". April 4, 1994 . Retrieved January 25, 2020 . ^ a b "Racial Circus". New York Magazine. October 18, 1993 . Retrieved January 25, 2020 . ^ "The Hotline; Volume 7, Issues 194-213". October 2, 2008 . Retrieved January 26, 2020 . ^ a b "As Senator Faces Tough Primary, He's Spending $1 Million in Public Funds from Brooklyn Borough President," The Gotham Gazette. ^ Danny Hakim & Trymaine Lee, "New York Legislators Pushing to Raise Their Pay" Archived May 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times (February 10, 2008). ^ Hakim, Danny (December 13, 2007). "Brooklyn Senator: 'Show Me the Money ' ". The New York Times . Retrieved January 26, 2020 . ^ a b "Voice for Equality: NYS Senator, Eric Adams". Freedom To Marry. December 7, 2009. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012 . Retrieved June 18, 2012 . ^ a b c Norman Oder (April 3, 2013). "Former Gadfly Cop Nears Coronation as Brooklyn Borough President". Citylimits.org . Retrieved January 25, 2020 . ^ Stirling, Stephen (December 26, 2008). "Monserrate Assault On Camera: Sources". New York Post . Retrieved January 26, 2020 . ^ a b Schuh, Jamie (October 20, 2011). "NYPD's stop-and-frisk policy demands a federal probe: It's race-based and ineffective". Daily News. Archived from the original on May 17, 2012 . Retrieved June 11, 2012 . ^ Katz, Celeste (May 24, 2010). "Adams, Jeffries Defend Stop-And-Frisk Bill". The New York Daily News. Archived from the original on June 16, 2012 . Retrieved June 11, 2012 . ^ "Foul Fiction on Frisks," The New York Daily News. ^ Marguerite Guzman Bouvard (2016). Social Justice and the Power of Compassion: Meaningful Involvement of Organizations Improving the Environment and Community . Retrieved January 26, 2020 . ^ Eric Adams. "State Legislators Against Illegal Guns Elects Co-Chairs | NY State Senate". Nysenate.gov . Retrieved January 26, 2020 . ^ Alex Klein (March 27, 2012). "Six N.Y. Senators Don Hoodies for Trayvon Martin". New York Magazine . Retrieved January 28, 2020 . ^ Seiler, Casey (March 27, 2012). " ' Hooded' legislators make a point". Times Union. Archived from the original on May 1, 2013 . Retrieved June 12, 2012 . ^ "New York '' 2013 Election". The New York Times. November 6, 2013. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016 . Retrieved August 18, 2016 . ^ "About Community Boards". Archived from the original on August 8, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "BP ADAMS INVITES CIVIC-MINDED BROOKLYNITES TO APPLY ONLINE FOR LOCAL COMMUNITY BOARDS". Archived from the original on December 2, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "BP Adams calls on teenagers to join community boards". Archived from the original on August 25, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "Application Process Overview". Archived from the original on August 26, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "UNIFORM LAND USE REVIEW PROCEDURE". Archived from the original on July 27, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "Key Brooklyn pols oppose East New York rezoning". Crain's. January 6, 2016. Archived from the original on March 30, 2017 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "Surprise: BP Adams Likes Toby Moskovits' Controversial 'Burg Office Plan '' Here's Why". Brownstoner. April 18, 2016. Archived from the original on October 13, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "B'klyn court facility could yield affordable housing". Crain's. August 8, 2014. Archived from the original on March 31, 2017 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "Facing Financial Pressures, Brooklyn Churches Explore Development". Brownstoner. October 20, 2014. Archived from the original on October 13, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "Brooklyn Lawmakers on the Move July 9, 2018". kingscountypolitics.com . Retrieved August 9, 2018 . ^ Ginia Bellafante (January 24, 2020). "The Big Myth Behind the 'Real New Yorker'; When a Brooklyn politician tells transplants to "go back to Ohio," what exactly does that mean?". The New York Times . Retrieved January 28, 2020 . ^ a b c Bensimon, Olivia (January 20, 2020). "Eric Adams tells new New Yorkers to 'go back to Iowa ' ". The New York Post . Retrieved January 28, 2020 . ^ Marsh, Julia (January 21, 2020). "Eric Adams is panned for telling new NYC arrivals 'go back to Iowa ' ". The New York Post . Retrieved January 28, 2020 . ^ "Gonzalez: Ex-chancellor returns to NYC to fix 80 struggling Brooklyn schools". Daily News. New York. February 16, 2016. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "MEDGAR EVERS COLLEGE PIPELINE". Archived from the original on August 15, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "Put kids on a path to Stuyvesant, and Bronx Science, and Brooklyn Tech early: Test all pre-K students for gifted and talented programs". Daily News. New York. March 13, 2016. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "Code Brooklyn aims to bring computer science to public schools". Downtown Brooklyn Star. November 3, 2015. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "BP ADAMS CELEBRATES SUCCESS OF BROOKLYN STUDENTS IN HOUR OF CODE CHALLENGE". Archived from the original on December 2, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "EXCLUSIVE: 'Free' tuition for CUNY would cost up to $232 million a year says Independent Budget Office report". Daily News. New York. January 12, 2016. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "Adams Lays Blueprint For Free CUNY Community College Tuition". kingscountypolitics.com . Retrieved August 9, 2018 . ^ "Lactation room to open at Brooklyn Borough Hall on Mother's Day". amNEWYORK. April 16, 2015. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "Breastfeeding moms will be able to take advantage of lactation rooms in many NYC buildings". Daily News. New York. July 14, 2016. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "Brooklyn Had a Rat Summit to Address the Furry Friend Infestation". Bushwick Daily. Archived from the original on August 9, 2018 . Retrieved August 9, 2018 . ^ "Brooklyn Lawmakers on the Move July 10, 2018". kingscountypolitics.com . Retrieved August 9, 2018 . ^ "Borough President To Hold 'Know Your Rights' Clinic For Tenants Next Week". Ditmas Park Corner. March 18, 2016. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "Brooklyn town hall meetings give tenants chance to call out bad landlords". Daily News. New York. June 9, 2015. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "Adams to hold Sunset Park tenants' rights workshop". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 20, 2016. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "Eric Adams to hold town hall investigating tenant harassment in Brooklyn". Pix11.com. July 28, 2015. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "STANDING ATOP DAMAGED ROOF, BP ADAMS URGES GOVERNOR CUOMO TO RESTORE $100M IN STATE FUNDING FOR CRITICAL NYCHA ROOF REPAIRS". Archived from the original on December 3, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "Eric Adams wants to shrink 80 Flatbush". The Real Deal New York. June 18, 2018. Archived from the original on August 10, 2018 . Retrieved August 9, 2018 . ^ Reyna, Brian Niemietz, Rikki. "Brooklyn Borough President Eric Adams leads stroller protest against family separation at U.S. border '' NY Daily News". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on August 9, 2018 . Retrieved August 9, 2018 . ^ a b "Bridging the painful divide between police and community". Daily News. New York. December 28, 2014. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ "Death of Garner dredges up memories for BP Adams". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. December 4, 2014. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ "BP Eric Adams livid after four cops violently arrest on-duty mailman in Crown Heights". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 25, 2016. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ "Brooklyn postal worker arrested after he shouted at cops who nearly sideswiped his truck sees charges dismissed". Daily News. New York. May 12, 2016. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ "IMPROVING POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ "NYC Leaders Release Report With Suggestions To Improve Police-Community Relations". CBS Local. September 29, 2015. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ "BP Adams Joins Student Rally Against Gun Violence". kingscountypolitics.com . Retrieved August 9, 2018 . ^ "After Rikers Beating Adams Says Solitary Confinement Needed". kingscountypolitics.com . Retrieved August 9, 2018 . ^ Eric AdamsVerified account. "Eric Adams on Twitter: "Not sure of what you are talking about but the greatest level of fear is reflected in people who hide their faces while throwing insults. My life work speaks of my courage. Your hidden face is in the tradition of others who hid themselves with white hoods'... " ". Twitter.com . Retrieved January 21, 2020 . ^ "Brooklyn Borough Hall, built in 1848, will get modern makeover". Daily News. New York. May 16, 2016. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "Heat Seek NYC app gives Brooklyn tenants ammo vs. icy apartments". Daily News. New York. October 30, 2014. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "Outer Borough Pols Say de Blasio's Uber Cap Will Hurt Minorities". Observer. July 21, 2015. Archived from the original on July 23, 2016 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . ^ "An Economic Snapshot of Brooklyn" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ "Brooklyn tourism center revamped". Queens Ledger. February 9, 2016. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ "Dine in Brooklyn". Archived from the original on July 21, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ "BK Sings karaoke contest searches for Brooklyn's best amateur singers". Pix 11. September 29, 2015. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ "Thousands Expected On Coney Island For New Year's Eve Celebration". 11. December 31, 2015. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ "RINGING IN THE NEW YEAR IN PROSPECT PARK" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on May 1, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ "Adams honors newest 'Heroes of the Month ' ". Brooklyn Downtown Star. March 2, 2016. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ "Baby saving cops win praise from Adams". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 15, 2016. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ " ' Hero' Firefighter Who Rescued 2-Year-Old To Be Honored By BP Adams". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 14, 2015. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ "BP ADAMS HONORS STATION AGENT WHO RESCUED WOMAN ON SUBWAY TRACKS AS BROOKLYN'S "HERO OF THE MONTH" FOR DECEMBER". Archived from the original on December 2, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ "BROOKLYN TO HONOR 2 NYPD OFFICERS WHO SAVED BABY NOT BREATHING". abc7NY. September 5, 2014. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ "BP Adams to Host Black History Month Celebration". Brooklyn Reader. February 18, 2016. Archived from the original on May 5, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ "PROGRAMS". Archived from the original on August 19, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ Blau, Reuven, and Gioino, Catherina (May 23, 2017). "Brooklyn borough president wants to legalize earlier alcohol sales Archived 2017-10-21 at the Wayback Machine". New York Daily News. Retrieved October 20, 2017. ^ Rajamani, Maya (September 10, 2019). "A new rat trap, tested at Brooklyn Borough Hall, killed 107 rodents in a month". amNew York. ^ Sydney Pereira (January 21, 2020). "Brooklyn Borough President Eric Adams Tells NYC Newcomers To 'Go Back To Ohio'", Gothamist. ^ Billups, Erin. "Diabetes Diagnosis an Unexpected Wake Up Call for Brooklyn Borough President, Part 2". NY1. Archived from the original on January 3, 2017 . Retrieved January 3, 2017 . External links [ edit ] Official Brooklyn borough president websiteNew York State Senate: Eric Adams (archived)
  • Stop-and-frisk in New York City - Wikipedia
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 29 Feb 2020 13:56
    •  
    • The stop-question-and-frisk program, or stop-and-frisk, in New York City, is a New York City Police Department practice of temporarily detaining, questioning, and at times searching civilians and suspects on the street for weapons and other contraband. This is what is known in other places in the United States as the Terry stop. The rules for the policy are contained in the state's criminal procedure law section 140.50 and based on the decision of the US Supreme Court in the case of Terry v. Ohio.
    • In 2016, a reported 12,404 stops were made under the stop-and-frisk program. The stop-and-frisk program has previously taken place on a much wider scale. Between 2003 and 2013, over 100,000 stops were made per year, with 685,724 people being stopped at the height of the program in 2011. The program became the subject of a racial profiling controversy. Ninety percent of those stopped in 2017 were African-American or Latino, mostly aged 14''24. Seventy percent of those stopped were later found to be innocent.[1][clarification needed ] By contrast, 54.1% of the population of New York City in 2010 was African-American or Latino;[2] however, 74.4% of individuals arrested overall were of those two racial groups.[3]
    • Legal background of stop-and-frisk Stops by NYPD[1]YearStops200297,2862003160,8512004313,5232005398,1912006506,4912007472,0962008540,3022009581,1682010601,2852011685,7242012532,9112013191,851201445,787201522,565201612,404201710,861The number of stops per quarter from 2008 to 2017.
    • The United States Supreme Court made an important ruling on the use of stop-and-frisk in the 1968 case Terry v. Ohio, hence why the stops are also referred to as Terry stops. While frisks were arguably illegal, until then, a police officer could search only someone who had been arrested, unless a search warrant had been obtained. In the cases of Terry v. Ohio, Sibron v. New York, and Peters v. New York, the Supreme Court granted limited approval in 1968 to frisks conducted by officers lacking probable cause for an arrest in order to search for weapons if the officer believes the subject to be dangerous. The Court's decision made suspicion of danger to an officer grounds for a "reasonable search."[4]
    • In the early 1980s, if a police officer had reasonable suspicion of a possible crime, he or she had the authority to stop someone and ask questions. If, based on the subject's answers, the suspicion level did not escalate to probable cause for an arrest, the person would be released immediately. That was only a "stop-and-question". The "frisk" part of the equation did not come into play except on two cases: if possession of a weapon was suspected, or reasonable suspicion of a possible crime escalated to probable cause to arrest for an actual crime based on facts developed after the initial stop-and-question. That all changed in the 1990s, when CompStat was developed under then-Police Commissioner William Bratton. High-ranking police officials widely incorporated the "stop, question and frisk".[5]
    • Use of stop-and-frisk is often associated with "broken windows" policing. According to the "broken windows theory," low-level crime and disorder creates an environment that encourages more serious crimes. Among the key proponents of the theory are George L. Kelling and William Bratton, who was Chief of the New York City Transit Police from 1990 to 1992 and Commissioner of the New York City Police Department from 1994 to 1996. Mayor Rudy Giuliani hired Bratton for the latter job and endorsed broken windows policing. Giuliani and Bratton presided over an expansion of the New York police department and a crackdown on low-level crimes, including fare evasion, public drinking, public urination, graffiti artists, and "squeegee men" (who had been wiping windshields of stopped cars and aggressively demanding payment).[6]
    • Bratton and Kelling argue that stop-and-frisk has been wrongly conflated with broken windows policing.[7] They argue that stop-and-frisk is a short-term tactic for preventing a potential crime, whereas broken windows policing is a long-term tactic that requires the police to engage with communities.
    • Measurement of stop-and-frisk in New York City In 2002, there were 97,296 "stop-and-frisk" stops made by New York police officers; 82.4% resulted in no fines or convictions. The number of stops increased dramatically in 2008 to over half a million, 88% of which did not result in any fine or conviction, peaking in 2011 to 685,724 stops, again with 88% (603,437) resulting in no conviction. Leading to the remaining 82,287 resulting in convictions. On average, from 2002 to 2013, the number of individuals stopped without any convictions was 87.6%.[1]
    • Part of the stop-question-and-frisk program is executed under Operation Clean Halls, a program in which private property owners grant officers prior permission to enter a property for enforcement against criminal activity.[8]
    • Some NYPD officers have objected publicly to the department's use of stop-question-and-frisk paperwork as a performance metric, which they claim encourages officers to overuse the practice and creates public hostility. Activists have accused the NYPD of encouraging stops through quotas, which department representatives have denied. In the vast majority of cases, no evidence of wrongdoing is found, and the stopped person is let go.[9]
    • Controversy regarding misuse and claims of racial profiling Demonstrators protest racial bias in policing, marching to then-Mayor
    • Michael Bloomberg's house on June 17, 2012
    • New York police officer Adrian Schoolcraft made extensive recordings in 2008 and 2009, which documented orders from NYPD officials to search and arrest black people in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood. Schoolcraft, who brought accusations of misconduct to NYPD investigators, was transferred to a desk job and then involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital. In 2010, Schoolcraft sent his tapes to the Village Voice, which publicized them in a series of reports. Schoolcraft alleges that the NYPD has retaliated against him for exposing information about the stop-and-frisk policy.[10][11] The New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU), LatinoJustice PRLDEF, and The Bronx Defenders filed a federal class action against this program.[12]
    • In response to allegations that the program unfairly targets African-American and Hispanic-American individuals, then-Mayor Michael Bloomberg has stated that it is because African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans are more likely to be violent criminals and victims of violent crime.[13]
    • On June 17, 2012, several thousand people marched silently down Manhattan's Fifth Avenue from lower Harlem to Bloomberg's Upper East Side townhouse in protest of the stop-question-and-frisk policy.[14] The mayor refused to end the program, contending that the program reduces crime and saves lives.[15]
    • In early July 2012, stop-question-and-frisk protesters who videotaped police stops in New York City were targeted by police for their activism. A "wanted"-style poster hung in a police precinct headquarters, without any allegation of criminal activity, accused one couple of being "professional agitators" whose "purpose is to portray officers in a negative way and too [sic] deter officers from conducting their responsibilities."[16] Police officers later surveilled and recorded the exit of persons from a "stop stop-and-frisk" meeting held at the couple's residence, allegedly in response to an emergency call of loitering and trespass.[17]
    • In October 2012, The Nation published an obscenity-filled audio recording that revealed two NYPD officers conducting a hostile and racially charged stop-and-frisk of an innocent teenager from Harlem. Following its upload, the recording soon turned viral, as it triggered outrage and "shed unprecedented light" on the practice of stop-and-frisk.[18]
    • In June 2013, in an interview with WOR Radio, Michael Bloomberg responded to claims that the program disproportionately targeted minorities. Bloomberg argued that the data should be assessed based on murder suspects' descriptions and not the population as a whole. Bloomberg explained:
    • One newspaper and one news service, they just keep saying 'oh it's a disproportionate percentage of a particular ethnic group.' That may be, but it's not a disproportionate percentage of those who witnesses and victims describe as committing the [crime]. In that case, incidentally, I think we disproportionately stop whites too much and minorities too little.[19]
    • In February 2020, an audio recording surfaced of Michael Bloomberg defending the program at a February 2015 Aspen Institute event. In the speech, Bloomberg said:
    • Ninety-five percent of murders- murderers and murder victims fit one M.O. You can just take the description, Xerox it, and pass it out to all the cops. They are male, minorities, 16-25. That's true in New York, that's true in virtually every city (inaudible). And that's where the real crime is. You've got to get the guns out of the hands of people that are getting killed. So you want to spend the money on a lot of cops in the streets. Put those cops where the crime is, which means in minority neighborhoods.So one of the unintended consequences is people say, 'Oh my God, you are arresting kids for marijuana that are all minorities.' Yes, that's true. Why? Because we put all the cops in minority neighborhoods. Yes, that's true. Why do we do it? Because that's where all the crime is. And the way you get the guns out of the kids' hands is to throw them up against the wall and frisk them'... And then they start'... 'Oh I don't want to get caught.' So they don't bring the gun. They still have a gun, but they leave it at home.[20][21][22]
    • In Floyd v. City of New York, decided on August 12, 2013, US District Court Judge Shira Scheindlin ruled that stop-and-frisk had been used in an unconstitutional manner and directed the police to adopt a written policy to specify where such stops are authorized.[23][24] Scheindlin appointed Peter L. Zimroth, a former chief lawyer for the City of New York, to oversee the program.[25] Mayor Bloomberg indicated that the city will appeal the ruling.[26] Scheindlin had denied pleas for a stay in her overthrow of the policing policy, saying that "Ordering a stay now would send precisely the wrong signal. It would essentially confirm that the past practices... were justified and based on constitutional police practices. It would also send the message that reducing the number of stops is somehow dangerous to the residents of this city."[27]
    • On October 31, 2013, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit blocked the order requiring changes to the New York Police Department's stop-and-frisk program and removed Judge Shira Scheindlin from the case.[28][29][30] On November 9, 2013, the city asked a federal appeals court to vacate Scheindlin's orders.[31][32] On November 22, 2013, the federal appellate court rejected the city's motion for a stay of the judge's orders.[33]
    • On July 30, 2014, Southern District Court Judge Analisa Torres denied the police unions' motions to intervene and granted the proposed modification of the District Court's August 2013 remedial decision.[30][34] A week later, the City of New York filed a motion to withdraw its appeal.[34] On August 13, 2014, the Second Circuit announced the cases would be argued on October 15, 2014.[30][35] On October 31, a three-judge panel on the Second Circuit unanimously ruled against the unions and allowed the city to proceed with its overhaul of the police department.[36]
    • Settlement of lawsuit and political ramifications A record 685,724 stops were made under the program in 2011; however, the number of stops made has been reduced in every year since then. A major turning point was the 2013 court case Floyd v. City of New York and a subsequent NYPD mandate that requires officers to thoroughly justify the reason for making a stop.[37] In 2013, 191,558 stops were made.[1]
    • Stop-and-frisk was an issue in the 2013 mayoral election. The race to succeed Bloomberg was won by Democratic Party candidate Bill de Blasio, who had pledged to reform the stop-and-frisk program, called for new leadership at the NYPD, an inspector general, and a strong racial profiling bill.[38]
    • The number of stops continued to decrease over the next two years. In August 2014, Newsweek reported while stop-and-frisk numbers were down, they still happen disproportionately in New York City's African-American and Latino neighborhoods.[39] In 2015, only 22,565 stops were made.[40]
    • On September 5th 2019, a New York judge granted class-action status to a case brought by The Bronx Defenders on behalf of individuals affected by stop-and-frisk.[41] The lawyers attest that records of individuals who underwent stop-and-frisk were retained by police, despite the law requiring that those records be sealed.[41] The arrestees had cases which were downgraded to non-criminal status, dropped, declined by prosecutors, or thrown out by court.[41] Despite this, personal information such as arrest reports, mugshots, details about appearance, and residential addresses remained in law enforcement databases.[41]
    • These records were used to increase the charges of individuals later arrested for unrelated crimes, and also continue to be used by the NYPD facial recognition database to track down suspects.[41]
    • The politics of stop-and-frisk Opposition Opponents of the program have complained that it is racist and failed to reduce robbery, burglary, or other crime.
    • As Manhattan Borough President, current New York City Comptroller Scott Stringer argued that the program constitutes harassment of blacks and Latinos because it is disproportionately directed at them.[42]
    • The NYC Bar Association casts doubt on whether police were applying the "reasonable suspicion" rule when making stops: "The sheer volume of stops that result in no determination of wrongdoing raise the question of whether police officers are consistently adhering to the constitutional requirement for reasonable suspicion for stops and frisks."[43]
    • In a January 2018 op-ed in the National Review, conservative writer Kyle Smith said that the steep decline in New York City's crime rate since the reduction in the use of stop-and-frisk had shown him that he was wrong about stop-and-frisk; Smith had earlier argued that reducing stop-and-frisk would increase the crime rate.[44]
    • Support Paul J. Browne, an NYPD spokesman, defended the practice, saying "stops save lives, especially in communities disproportionately affected by crime, and especially among young men of color who last year represented 90 percent of murder victims and 96 percent of shooting victims in New York City."[45]
    • Then-mayor Michael Bloomberg defended the aspect of stopping young black and Hispanic men at rates that "do not reflect the city's overall census numbers", saying that "that the proportion of stops generally reflects our crime numbers does not mean, as the judge wrongly concluded, that the police are engaged in racial profiling; it means they are stopping people in those communities who fit descriptions of suspects or are engaged in suspicious activity."[13]
    • Heather Mac Donald denied that blacks are being stopped too often and claimed the opposite: "The actual crime rates reveal that blacks are being significantly understopped, compared with their representation in the city's criminal population."[46] NYC Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly wrote, "the statistics reinforce what crime numbers have shown for decades: that blacks in this city were disproportionately the victims of violent crime, followed by Hispanics. Their assailants were disproportionally black and Hispanic too."[47]
    • Stop-and-frisk became an issue in the 2016 presidential election, with Donald Trump attributing a nonexistent increase in murders in New York to the reduction of stop-and-frisk.[48]
    • Advocates for a small-scale program Bratton and Kelling both argue that stop-and-frisk is a useful tool that must be used in moderation.[7] In a joint article in late 2014, they wrote that a Terry stop is "one of the key means to detect and prevent crimes in progress" and "an important tool in street policing", while also supporting efforts to reduce its use.[7] Bratton agreed it was causing tension with ethnic communities and that it was less needed in an era of lower crime.[49]
    • Impact Crime A 2012 study finds few effects of stop-and-frisk on robbery and burglary rates in New York between 2003 and 2010.[50] According to the Washington Post fact-checker, the claim that stop-and-frisk contributed to a decline in the crime rate is unsubstantiated.[51]
    • A 2016 study found no evidence that stop-and-frisk was effective. One of the authors of that study, Jeffrey Fagan of Columbia University, said that "you can achieve really very positive crime control, reductions in crime, if you do stops using those probable-cause standards. If you just leave it up to the officers, based on their hunches, then they have almost no effect on crime."[52] Fagan "found stops based on probable cause standards of criminal behavior were associated with a 5''9 percent decline in NYC crime in census block groups."[53]
    • Another 2016 study found that stop-and-frisk lowered crime, and that the size of the effect was "significant yet modest". The authors also noted that "the level of SQFs needed to produce meaningful crime reductions are costly in terms of police time and are potentially harmful to police legitimacy."[54] A 2017 study also reported that stop-and-frisk was associated with modest crime reductions, and cautioned against drawing strong causal conclusions.[55]
    • A 2017 study in The Journal of Politics found that the introduction of a mandate in 2013 that officers provide thorough justifications for stopping suspects led to far fewer stops, far fewer detainments of innocent people and increased the ratio of stops that ultimately produced evidence of the crime that the police stopped the suspect for.[37]
    • Economy One study, controlling for relevant factors, finds "that properties exposed to more intense Stop & Frisk activity sold for significantly lower price."[56]
    • See also Carding (police policy), a Canadian equivalentCivilian Complaint Review BoardConsent searchCrime in New York CityNew York City Cabaret LawPolice surveillance in New York CityPowers of the police in England and Wales § Search without arrestProactive policingReasonable suspicionSus law, England and WalesTerry stopTerry v. OhioReferences ^ a b c d "Stop-and-Frisk Data". New York Civil Liberties Union. January 2, 2012 . Retrieved November 30, 2019 . ^ "QuickFacts for New York City / New York State / United States". United States Census Bureau . Retrieved February 9, 2017 . ^ O'Neill, James P. "Crime and Enforcement Activity in New York City" (PDF) . NYPD . Retrieved November 30, 2019 . ^ Katz, Lewis R. (2004). "Terry v. Ohio at Thirty-Five: A Revisionist View" (PDF) . Mississippi Law Journal. 74. ^ "The Real History of Stop-and-frisk ". NY Daily News. Ed. Ernie Naspretto. 3 June 2012. Web. 06 May 2014. ^ Editors, The (July 2, 2013). "Stop-and-Frisk Works". National Review . Retrieved December 20, 2013 . CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) ^ a b c William Bratton, George Kelling (December 2014). "Why we need Broken Windows policing". City Journal . Retrieved December 18, 2017 . ^ Zeidman, Steven (2012). "Whither the Criminal Court: Confronting Stops-and-Frisks" (PDF) . Albany Law Review. 76 (2). ^ Bellin, Jeffrey (2014). "The Inverse Relationship Between the Constitutionality and Effectiveness of New York City "Stop and Frisk " ". Faculty Publications - William & Mary Law School (1706). ^ Long, Colleen; Hays, Tom (October 9, 2010). "Cop who made tapes accuses NYPD of false arrest: Adrian Schoolcraft made hundreds of hours of secret tapes while on duty". policeone.com. Associated Press. ^ Rayman, Graham (June 15, 2010). "NYPD Tapes 4: The WhistleBlower, Adrian Schoolcraft: He wanted his bosses to know about NYPD misconduct. So they put him in a mental ward". Village Voice . Retrieved February 17, 2020 . ^ Devereaux, Ryan (February 14, 2012). "Lawsuit alleges NYPD violated civil rights by entering private buildings". The Guardian. London . Retrieved March 29, 2012 . ^ a b Bloomberg, Michael R. (August 18, 2013). "Michael Bloomberg: 'Stop and frisk' keeps New York safe". The Washington Post . Retrieved February 17, 2020 . ^ Coviello, Decio (2015). "An Economic Analysis of Black-White Disparities in NYPD's Stop and Frisk Program" (PDF) . The Journal of Legal Studies. 44 (2). doi:10.1086/684292. ^ Taylor, Kate (June 10, 2012). "Stop-and-Frisk Policy 'Saves Lives,' Mayor Tells Black Congregation". New York Times . Retrieved January 28, 2019 . ^ Robbins, Christopher (July 2, 2012). "NYPD Shames Activists By Hanging "Wanted" Poster With Their Photos, Address". gothamist.com. Archived from the original on January 23, 2014 . Retrieved July 5, 2012 . ^ Mays, Jeff (July 4, 2012). " ' Professional Agitators' on NYPD 'Wanted' Flier Say Cops Are Watching Them". DNAinfo.com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2012 . Retrieved July 5, 2012 . ^ Teen Called "F***ing Mutt" in Stop-And-Frisk (Video). The Young Turks. October 10, 2012. ^ "Bloomberg: police stop minorities 'too little ' ". USA Today. Associated Press. June 28, 2013 . Retrieved February 11, 2020 . ^ Hannon, Elliott (February 11, 2020). "Leaked Audio Captures Bloomberg Defending Racial Profiling and Stop-and-Frisk Policing". Slate . Retrieved February 11, 2020 . ^ Forgey, Quint (February 11, 2020). "Bloomberg in hot water over 'stop-and-frisk' audio clip". Politico. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020 . Retrieved February 11, 2020 . ^ Croucher, Shane (February 11, 2020). "Bloomberg Stop and Frisk Comments Resurface, Said He Put 'All the Cops' in Minority Neighborhoods 'Where All the Crime Is ' ". Newsweek. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020 . Retrieved February 11, 2020 . ^ Floyd Original Complaint (PDF) (Report). Center for Constitutional Rights. January 31, 2008. ^ Vincent Warren, Executive Director of the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) (March 18, 2014). Color Coded Justice: The Legal Battle to End Stop and Frisk in New York City (Video). University of Pittsburgh School of Law. ^ Gardiner, Sean. "Judge Rules NYPD Stop-and-Frisk Practice Violates Rights - WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com . Retrieved August 12, 2013 . ^ Goldstein, Joseph (August 12, 2013). "Judge Rejects New York's Stop-and-Frisk Policy". The New York Times. ^ "Motion to Stay Pending Appeal" (PDF) . Center for Constitutional Rights. September 23, 2013. ^ "On October 31, 2013, the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Shira Scheindlin blocked the order requiring changes to the New York Police Department's stop-and-frisk program and removed the judge from the case". Fox News. Archived from the original on November 1, 2013 . Retrieved October 31, 2013 . ^ Kalhan, Anil (November 5, 2013). "The Appearance of Impropriety and Partiality". Dorf on Law. ^ a b c Kalhan, Anil (2014). "Stop and Frisk, Judicial Independence, and the Ironies of Improper Appearances". Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics. 27 (4). SSRN 2499983 . ^ "Attorneys for New York City asked a federal appeals court Saturday to vacate a judge's orders that require the police department to change its stop-and-frisk practice that critics argue unfairly targets minorities". ABC News . Retrieved November 10, 2013 . ^ Kalhan, Anil (November 9, 2013). "Lame Duck Litigation and the City of New York's "Double Game " ". Dorf on Law. ^ Associated Press in New York (November 22, 2013). "Federal appeals court upholds rulings that stop-and-frisk is unconstitutional | World news". theguardian.com . Retrieved March 4, 2014 . ^ a b "David Floyd et al v. City of New York" (PDF) . Ccrjustice.org . Retrieved June 3, 2016 . ^ "Log in facility". Ccrjustice.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2012 . Retrieved June 3, 2016 . (subscription required) ^ Gay, Mara (October 31, 2014). "Appeals Court Greenlights New York Stop-and-Frisk Overhaul - WSJ". Online.wsj.com . Retrieved June 3, 2016 . ^ a b Mummolo, Jonathan (2018). "Modern Police Tactics, Police-Citizen Interactions, and the Prospects for Reform". The Journal of Politics. 80: 1''15. doi:10.1086/694393. ISSN 0022-3816. ^ "Bill de Blasio For New York: Rising Together - Safe Streets, Safe Neighborhoods". Billdeblasio.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013 . Retrieved December 20, 2013 . ^ "Did Bill de Blasio Keep his Promise to Reform Stop-and-Frisk?". Newsweek.com . Retrieved June 3, 2016 . ^ "Stop-and-Frisk Data". New York Civil Liberties Union . Retrieved March 20, 2013 . ^ a b c d e Project, Ana Galva± for The Marshall (July 18, 2019). "Your Arrest Was Dismissed. But It's Still In A Police Database". The Marshall Project . Retrieved November 2, 2019 . ^ Taylor, Kate (September 23, 2011). "Borough President Seeks Limits on Stop-and-Frisk" '' via NYTimes.com. ^ "New York City Bar Association report on the NYPD's stop-and-frisk policy" (PDF) . ^ "We Were Wrong about Stop-and-Frisk". National Review . Retrieved January 2, 2018 . ^ "Borough President Seeks Limits on Stop-and-Frisk". The New York Times. September 23, 2011. ^ Mac Donald, Heather (May 14, 2010). "Distorting the Truth About Crime and Race: The New York Times is at it again". City Journal . Retrieved February 17, 2020 . ^ "The NYPD vs. minorities? No way". NY Daily News. May 21, 2012. ^ Jim Dwyer (September 27, 2016). "What Donald Trump Got Wrong on Stop-and-Frisk". NYT . Retrieved September 27, 2016 . ^ "Bill Bratton seeks good community relations to make stop-and-frisk work". The Guardian. December 7, 2013 . Retrieved January 9, 2018 . ^ Rosenfeld, Richard; Fornango, Robert (January 2, 2014). "The Impact of Police Stops on Precinct Robbery and Burglary Rates in New York City, 2003-2010". Justice Quarterly. 31 (1): 96''122. doi:10.1080/07418825.2012.712152. ISSN 0741-8825. ^ Michelle Lee (September 26, 2016). "Fact Check: Trump on crime statistics and stop-and-frisk". Washington Post . Retrieved September 27, 2016 . ^ "Donald Trump claims New York's stop-and-frisk policy reduced crime. The data disagree. - The Washington Post". ^ MacDonald, John; Fagan, Jeffrey; Geller, Amanda (2015). "The Effects of Local Police Surges on Crime and Arrests in New York City". PLOS ONE. 11 (6): e0157223. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2614058. PMC 4911104 . PMID 27310252. SSRN 2614058 . ^ Weisburd, David; Wooditch, Alese; Weisburd, Sarit; Yang, Sue-Ming (February 2016). "Do Stop, Question, and Frisk Practices Deter Crime?". Criminology & Public Policy. 15 (1): 31''56. doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12172. ^ Rosenfeld, Richard; Fornango, Robert (January 9, 2017). "The Relationship Between Crime and Stop, Question, and Frisk Rates in New York City Neighborhoods". Justice Quarterly. 34 (6): 931''951. doi:10.1080/07418825.2016.1275748. ^ Friedman, Matthew (August 14, 2015). "Valuing Proactive Policing: A Hedonic Analysis of Stop & Frisk's Amenity Value". Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. SSRN 2695584 . External links Stop, Question and Frisk Report Database, NYPDNew York Times article database on stop-and-friskModern Day Vigilantes: Stop And 'Risk'
  • Ross Tuttle | The Nation
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 29 Feb 2020 14:04
    •  
    • Ross Tuttle is a documentary filmmaker and freelance journalist living in New York who is working on a long-form documentary examining various aspects of the criminal justice system in New York.
    • Cities August 21, 2013 Ending Stop-and-Frisk for GoodHow the New York City Council's Community Safety Act stands the best chance of curtailing the NYPD's most destructive racial profiling practices.
    • Ross Tuttle and Stephen MaingLaw March 19, 2013 AUDIO: New York's Police Union Worked With the NYPD to Set Arrest and Summons QuotasThe department's emphasis on numbers and the union's cooperation has led to millions of suspicion-less stop-and-frisks.Ross TuttlePolice and Law Enforcement October 12, 2012 Will the New York City Council Curb Stop-and-Frisk Abuses?Council members demanded answers from Mayor Bloomberg's representative just one day after a video released by The Nation documented an abusive stop.
    • Ross Tuttle and Quinn Rose SchneiderCities October 8, 2012 Stopped-and-Frisked: 'For Being a F**king Mutt' [VIDEO]An audio recording of a stop-and-frisk in action sheds unprecedented light on a practice that has put the city's young people of color in the NYPD's cross hairs.Ross Tuttle and Quinn Rose Schneider The stakes are higher now than ever. Get The Nation in your inbox. Sign up Political Figures October 28, 2008 McCain's Bermuda TriangleJust months after the Keating Five scandal, John McCain hosted a family reunion at a Bermuda Navy base--on the taxpayer's dime.Ross TuttleSociety October 20, 2008 Smearing Colonel VandeveldMilitary commissions officials are using punitive psychological evaluations as part of a strategy to discredit and silence a former colleague turned whistleblower.Ross TuttleLaw July 17, 2008 More Meddling at GitmoNew evidence sheds light on the inappropriate and corrupting influence of Brig. General Thomas Hartmann on the military commissions process.Ross TuttleUS Wars and Military Action May 8, 2008 Gitmo in DisarrayEthical conflicts and judicial dysfunction cloud the military commissions system at Guantnamo.Ross TuttleLaw March 28, 2008 Unlawful Influence at GitmoLieut. Cmdr. Brian Mizer has filed a motion to dismiss charges against Salim Hamdan, in light of new evidence documenting the improper involvement of political appointees.Ross TuttleLaw February 26, 2008 Pentagon General Counsel ResignsAs criticism over his support for torture and his interference in the Gitmo trials escalates, William J. Haynes steps down.Ross Tuttle1 2Next GET UNLIMITED DIGITAL ACCESS FOR LESS THAN $3 A MONTH! Subscribe Ad Policyx
  • Law Enforcement Exploring - Wikipedia
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 29 Feb 2020 14:08
    •  
    • Law Enforcement Exploring, commonly referred to as "Police Explorers" is a career-oriented program that gives young adults the opportunity to explore a career in law enforcement by working with local law enforcement agencies. Founded on July 12, 1973, it's one of the Exploring programs from Learning for Life, a non-Scouting subsidiary of the Boy Scouts of America. The program is generally available to qualified young adults who graduated 8th grade and are ages 14 through 21.
    • Organization [ edit ] National [ edit ] Learning for Life (LFL) coordinates the Law Enforcement Exploring program at the national level. LFL provides resources such as advisor training, sample policies, and insurance. LFL also hosts a biannual conference and competition, the National Law Enforcement Explorer Conference.
    • Local [ edit ] Local Explorer programs are chartered by a local law enforcement agency. At least one officer from that agency serves as the post "Advisor". This advisor is responsible for department-level administration of the program, and ensuring that the program meets the departments objectives.
    • Most posts maintain a command structure mirroring that of the hosting agency.
    • Activities and training [ edit ] Twenty-nine Explorers graduate the National Law Enforcement Explorer Academy during a ceremony held on Fort Leonard Wood's Military Police Memorial Grove, July 19.
    • Each post is unique and the activities of each depend on their specific department's policies and guidelines. Typical activities include:
    • Weekly or bi-monthly administrative and trainingPatrol "ride-alongs" (Some Posts require the Explorers participating be 18 years or older and participate as private citizens)Community ServiceTactical trainingHonor guardsSearch and Rescue (ESAR posts specialize in this)Radio procedure (how to properly use police radios)Arrests and use of forceTraffic stopsBuilding searchesCrime scene investigationsCrisis/hostage negotiationsReport writingDomestic crisesEmergency first aid & CPR/AED/officer downWhite collar crimeActive shooter responseField intoxication testsAfter September 11, 2001, some Explorer posts have focused their training on counter-terrorism, border patrol, drug raids, hostage negotiation, and active shooter areas, while still teaching the above listed areas.[1]
    • Academy [ edit ] U.S. Customs and Border Protection Deputy Division Chief Michael E. Przybyl presented Border Patrol Explorer Kaila Paul of Deming, N.M., with the CBP sector level award.
    • In some areas of the country, Explorers may go to an Explorer Academy, usually consecutive weekends or week-long to receive training and discipline, similar in nature to that of a real law enforcement academy. The academy ends with a graduation ceremony where certificates (such as CPR certification) and awards are given.
    • Some systems may provide different levels of Academy training, such as:
    • Basic (Complete overview of basic law enforcement)Advanced (with rotating topic each academy or simply more in-depth training on various topics)Explorer Administrative Assistants ( EAA's assist in the running of academies and assist with training)Selection (Either to prepare for a leadership position within the post or to prepare for the actual hiring process)Academy Police Department (Explorers apply, and are selected to join the APD, this course will simulate what it is like to work for a law enforcement agency for a week, using mock scenes to challenge the Explorer)Ride Along (Explorers learn how to safely ride alongside a police officer serving on his or her patrol shift. They learn where to stand on traffics stops and how to react in high stress situations. They are also taught when and when not to get out of the patrol car depending on the severity of the call.)A majority of Explorer Training, including Academies are instructed by post advisers.
    • Activities [ edit ] Public events [ edit ] Public services are a chance for the Explorers to get out in public and interact with the community. Events range from crowd control at parades, to providing security and uniformed presence at events like fairs and sporting events, and directing traffic during mass traffic floods; such as those following sporting and other civic events.
    • Conferences and competition [ edit ] Every-other year, Learning for Life hosts a National Law Enforcement Explorer Conference, which includes role-playing scenarios that law enforcement officers regularly encounter, seminars, and networking opportunities. The 2018 Conference was held at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.[2]
    • Depending on the regional structure, explorers may compete several times annually. They perform the skills they have learned (such as traffic stops, building searches, marksmanship, arrests, etc.) usually in the form of scenarios. They are graded by judges against fellow explorers from the region, country, and sometimes world.
    • Awards and recognition [ edit ] Explorers are eligible for awards and scholarships offered through Learning for Life, and through local and regional Explorer organizations.
    • Criticism [ edit ] Sexual abuse [ edit ] Since the mid-1970s, there have been over 100 reported cases of police officers having sex with Explorers, the vast majority of whom were underage. Such incidents have occurred in at least 66 police departments.[3] Learning for Life has created a set of rules governing the Explorer program, which includes a non-fraternization policy between officers (or "adult leaders") and Explorers.[4] However, it leaves oversight to individual departments.[5] There are no reported cases of Learning for Life revoking a police department's ability to operate an Explorer program over failed oversight leading to one or several incidents of sexual abuse.[5]
    • Cities forcing posts to disband [ edit ] Several cities, most notability Los Angeles, California, have forced their police department to disband their Explorer Program due to the Scouts' of America's former anti-gay policies and city laws preventing associating with businesses that discriminate.[6] LAPD has replaced their program with the Cadet Program.
    • In popular culture [ edit ] In the television series, Law and Order: Special Victims Unit, a member of the New York Police Department Law Enforcement Explorers program jeopardizes, but then saves, a criminal case against a serial rapist.
    • In the television series, Blue Bloods, a group of New York Police Department Law Enforcement Explorers are seen attending presentations hosted by Commissioner Francis "Frank" Xavier Reagan and Officer Jamison "Jamie" Reagan concerning the career of law enforcement.
    • See also [ edit ] Aviation Career ExploringFire Service ExploringHealth Career ExploringExplorer Search and RescueExploringLearning for LifeReferences [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Law Enforcement ExploringMinnesota Law Enforcement AssociationTexas Law Enforcement AssociationFlorida Sheriff's Explorer AssociationNational Law Enforcement Explorers Forum
  • Redlining - Wikipedia
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 29 Feb 2020 14:24
    •  
    • A 1936
    • HOLC "residential security" map of
    • Philadelphia, classifying various neighborhoods by estimated riskiness of mortgage loans.
    • [1]In the United States and Canada, redlining is the systematic denial of various services by federal government agencies, local governments as well as the private sector, to residents of specific, most notably black, neighborhoods or communities, either directly or through the selective raising of prices.[2][3] Neighborhoods with high proportion of minority residents are more likely to be redlined than other neighborhoods with similar household incomes, housing age and type, and other determinants of risk, but different racial composition.[4] While the best known examples of redlining have involved denial of financial services such as banking or insurance,[5] other services such as health care (see also Race and health) or even supermarkets[6] have been denied to residents. In the case of retail businesses like supermarkets, purposely locating stores impractically far away from targeted residents results in a redlining effect.[7] Reverse redlining occurs when a lender or insurer targets particular neighborhoods that are predominantly nonwhite, not to deny residents loans or insurance, but rather to charge them more than in a non-redlined neighborhood where there is more competition.[8][9]
    • In the 1960s, sociologist John McKnight coined the term "redlining" to describe the discriminatory practice of fencing off areas where banks would avoid investments based on community demographics.[10][page needed ] During the heyday of redlining, the areas most frequently discriminated against were black inner city neighborhoods. For example, in Atlanta in the 1980s, a Pulitzer Prize-winning series of articles by investigative reporter Bill Dedman showed that banks would often lend to lower-income whites but not to middle-income or upper-income blacks.[11] The use of blacklists is a related mechanism also used by redliners to keep track of groups, areas, and people that the discriminating party feels should be denied business or aid or other transactions. In the academic literature, redlining falls under the broader category of credit rationing.
    • History [ edit ] Although informal discrimination and segregation had existed in the United States, the specific practice called "redlining" began with the National Housing Act of 1934, which established the Federal Housing Administration (FHA).[12][page needed ][13] Racial segregation and discrimination against minorities and minority communities pre-existed this policy. The implementation of this federal policy aggravated the decay of minority inner-city neighborhoods caused by the withholding of mortgage capital, and made it even more difficult for neighborhoods to attract and retain families able to purchase homes.[14][page needed ] The assumptions in redlining resulted in a large increase in residential racial segregation and urban decay in the United States.
    • In 1935, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB) asked Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) to look at 239 cities and create "residential security maps" to indicate the level of security for real-estate investments in each surveyed city. On the maps, the newest areas'--those considered desirable for lending purposes'--were outlined in green and known as "Type A". These were typically affluent suburbs on the outskirts of cities. "Type B" neighborhoods, outlined in blue, were considered "Still Desirable", whereas older "Type C" were labeled "Declining" and outlined in yellow."Type D" neighborhoods were outlined in red and were considered the most risky for mortgage support. These neighborhoods tended to be the older districts in the center of cities; often they were also black neighborhoods.[12][page needed ] Urban planning historians theorize that the maps were used by private and public entities for years afterward to deny loans to people in black communities.[12][page needed ] But, recent research has indicated that the HOLC did not redline in its own lending activities and that the racist language reflected the bias of the private sector and experts hired to conduct the appraisals.[15][16][17]
    • Some redlined maps were also created by private organizations, such as J.M. Brewer's 1934 map of Philadelphia. Private organizations created maps designed to meet the requirements of the Federal Housing Administration's underwriting manual. The lenders had to consider FHA standards if they wanted to receive FHA insurance for their loans. FHA appraisal manuals instructed banks to steer clear of areas with "inharmonious racial groups", and recommended that municipalities enact racially restrictive zoning ordinances.[18][19]
    • Following a National Housing Conference in 1973, a group of Chicago community organizations led by The Northwest Community Organization (NCO) formed National People's Action (NPA), to broaden the fight against disinvestment and mortgage redlining in neighborhoods all over the country. This organization, led by Chicago housewife Gale Cincotta and Shel Trapp, a professional community organizer, targeted The Federal Home Loan Bank Board, the governing authority over federally chartered Savings & Loan institutions (S&L) that held at that time the bulk of the country's home mortgages. NPA embarked on an effort to build a national coalition of urban community organizations to pass a national disclosure regulation or law to require banks to reveal their lending patterns.[20]
    • For many years, urban community organizations had battled neighborhood decay by attacking blockbusting, forcing landlords to maintain properties, and requiring cities to board up and tear down abandoned properties. These actions addressed the short-term issues of neighborhood decline. Neighborhood leaders began to learn that these issues and conditions were symptoms of a disinvestment that was the true, though hidden, underlying cause of these problems. They changed their strategy as more data was gathered.[21]
    • With the help of NPA, a coalition of loosely affiliated community organizations began to form. At the Third Annual Housing Conference held in Chicago in 1974, eight hundred delegates representing 25 states and 35 cities attended. The strategy focused on the Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB), which oversaw S&Ls in cities all over the country.
    • In 1974, Chicago's Metropolitan Area Housing Association (MAHA), made up of representatives of local organizations, succeeded in having the Illinois State Legislature pass laws mandating disclosure and outlawing redlining. In Massachusetts, organizers allied with NPA confronted a unique situation. Over 90% of home mortgages were held by state-chartered savings banks. A Jamaica Plain neighborhood organization pushed the disinvestment issue into the statewide gubernatorial race. The Jamaica Plain Banking & Mortgage Committee and its citywide affiliate, The Boston Anti-redlining Coalition (BARC), won a commitment from Democratic candidate Michael S. Dukakis to order statewide disclosure through the Massachusetts State Banking Commission. After Dukakis was elected, his new Banking Commissioner ordered banks to disclose mortgage-lending patterns by ZIP code. The suspected redlining was revealed.[22]A former community organizer, Richard W. "Rick" Wise who led the Boston organizing, has published a novel, Redlined, which gives a somewhat fictionalized account of the anti-redlining campaign.[23]
    • NPA and its affiliates achieved disclosure of lending practices with the passage of The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975. The required transparency and review of loan practices began to change lending practices. NPA began to work on reinvestment in areas that had been neglected. Their support helped gain passage in 1977 of the Community Reinvestment Act.
    • Challenges [ edit ] Court system [ edit ] The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development announced a $200 million settlement with Associated Bank over redlining in Chicago and Milwaukee in May 2015. The three-year HUD observation led to the complaint that the bank purposely rejected mortgage applications from black and Latino applicants.[24] The final settlement required AB to open branches in non-white neighborhoods, just like HSBC.[25]
    • New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman announced a settlement with Evans Bank for $825,000 on September 10, 2015. An investigation had uncovered the erasure of black neighborhoods from mortgage lending maps.[26] According to Schneiderman, of the over 1,100 mortgage applications the bank received between 2009 and 2012, only four were from African Americans.[27] Following this investigation, the Buffalo News reported that more banks could be investigated for the same reasons in the near future. The most notable examples of such DOJ and HUD settlements have focused heavily on community banks in large metropolitan areas, but banks in other regions have been the subject of such orders as well, including First United Security Bank in Thomasville, Alabama, and Community State Bank in Saginaw, Michigan.[28]
    • The United States Department of Justice announced a $33 million settlement with Hudson City Savings Bank, which services New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania, on September 24, 2015.[29] The six-year DOJ investigation had proven that the company was intentionally avoiding granting mortgages to Latinos and African Americans and purposely avoided expanding into minority-majority communities. The Justice Department called it the "largest residential mortgage redlining settlement in its history."[30] As a part of the settlement agreement, HCSB was forced to open branches in non-white communities. As U.S. Attorney Paul Fishman explained to Emily Badger for The Washington Post, "[i]f you lived in a majority-black or Hispanic neighborhood and you wanted to apply for a mortgage, Hudson City Savings Bank was not the place to go." The enforcement agencies cited additional evidence of discrimination Hudson City's broker selection practices, noting that the bank received 80 percent of its mortgage applications from mortgage brokers but that the brokers with whom the bank worked were not located in majority African-American and Hispanic areas.[31]
    • [ edit ] In the United States, the Fair Housing Act of 1968 was passed to fight the practice. According to the Department of Housing and Urban Development, "The Fair Housing Act makes it unlawful to discriminate in the terms, conditions, or privileges of sale of a dwelling because of race or national origin. The Act also makes it unlawful for any person or other entity whose business includes residential real estate-related transactions to discriminate against any person in making available such a transaction, or in the terms or conditions of such a transaction, because of race or national origin."[32] The Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity was tasked with administering and enforcing this law. Anyone who suspects that their neighborhood has been redlined is able to file a housing discrimination complaint.
    • The Community Reinvestment Act passed by Congress in 1977 to reduce discriminatory credit practices against low-income neighborhoods further required banks to apply the same lending criteria in all communities.[33] Although open redlining was made illegal in the 1970s through community reinvestment legislation, the practice may have continued in less overt ways.[14][page needed ] AIDS activists allege redlining of health insurance against the LGBT community in response to the AIDS crisis.[34][dubious '' discuss ]
    • [ edit ] ShoreBank, a community-development bank in Chicago's South Shore neighborhood, was a part of the private-sector fight against redlining.[35] Founded in 1973, ShoreBank sought to combat racist lending practices in Chicago's African-American communities by providing financial services, especially mortgage loans, to local residents.[36] In a 1992 speech, then-Presidential candidate Bill Clinton called ShoreBank "the most important bank in America."[35] On August 20, 2010, the bank was declared insolvent, closed by regulators and most of its assets were acquired by Urban Partnership Bank.
    • In the mid-1970s, community organizations, under the banner of the NPA, worked to fight against redlining in South Austin, Illinois. One of these organizations was SACCC (South Austin Coalition Community Council), formed to restore South Austin's neighborhood and to fight against financial institutions accused of propagating redlining. This got the attention of insurance regulators in the Illinois Department of Insurance, as well as federal officers enforcing anti-racial discrimination laws.[37]
    • Current issues [ edit ] Racial segregation in American cities [ edit ] The United States Federal Government has enacted legislation since the 1970s to reduce the segregation of American cities. While many cities have reduced the amount of segregated neighborhoods, some still have clearly defined racial boundaries. Since 1990, the City of Chicago has been one of the most persistently racially segregated cities, despite efforts to improve mobility and reduce barriers. Other cities like Detroit, Houston, and Atlanta likewise have very pronounced black and white neighborhoods, the same neighborhoods that were originally redlined by financial institutions decades ago.[38] While other cities have made progress, this continued racial segregation has contributed to reduced economic mobility for millions of people.
    • Race wealth gap [ edit ] The practice of redlining actively helped to create what is now known as the Racial Wealth Gap seen in the United States.[39]
    • Black families in America earned just $57.30 for every $100 in income earned by white families, according to the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey. For every $100 in white family wealth, black families hold just $5.04.[40] In 2016, the median wealth for black and Hispanic families was $17,600 and $20,700, respectively, compared with white families' median wealth of $171,000.[39] The black-white wealth gap has not recovered from the Great Recession. In 2007, immediately before the Great Recession, the median wealth of blacks was nearly 14 percent that of whites. Although black wealth increased at a faster rate than white wealth in 2016, blacks still owned less than 10 percent of whites' wealth at the median.[39]
    • A multigenerational study of people from five race groups analyzed upward mobility trends in American Cities.[41] The study concluded that black men who grew up in racially segregated neighborhoods were substantially less likely to gain upward economic mobility, finding "black children born to parents in the bottom household income quintile have a 2.5% chance of rising to the top quintile of household income, compared with 10.6% for whites." Because of this inter generational poverty, black households are "stuck in place" and are unable to grow wealth.
    • A 2017 study by Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago economists found that the practice of redlining'--the practice whereby banks discriminated against the inhabitants of certain neighborhoods'--had a persistent adverse impact on the neighborhoods, with redlining affecting homeownership rates, home values and credit scores in 2010.[42][43] Since many African-Americans could not access conventional home loans, they had to turn to predatory lenders (who charged high interest rates).[43] Due to lower home ownership rates, slumlords were able to rent out apartments that would otherwise be owned.[43]
    • Asian Americans also experienced redlining, but unlike black Americans they have come to have the highest homeownership rates of any single minority group since the 1970s. Their share of national homeownership is now even with their share of the overall U.S. population. [44]
    • Retail [ edit ] Brick and mortar [ edit ] Retail redlining is a spatially discriminatory practice among retailers. Taxicab services and delivery food may not serve certain areas, based on their ethnic-minority composition and assumptions about business (and perceived crime), rather than data and economic criteria, such as the potential profitability of operating in those areas. Consequently, consumers in these areas are vulnerable to prices set by fewer retailers. They may be exploited by retailers who charge higher prices and/or offer them inferior goods. Critics, however, argue that if such practices were causing retailers to avoid doing business in otherwise profitable areas (due to the racial demographics of these locations), retailers who avoided this practice and continued to do business in these areas would be at an economic advantage over their competition. Therefore, by choosing not to service a potentially profitable area, retailers would be lowering the quantity supplied of their good or service to below the market equilibrium quantity. This would allow any businesses that stayed in the area to make an economic profit. The presence of economic profits for retailers in that area would create a strong market incentive for new firms to move into this area. Because of these economic incentives, critics argue that the businesses discriminating based on race when choosing their customers were doing so for economic reasons in order to maximize their profits. If these businesses were avoiding potentially profitable areas, new businesses would quickly take advantage of the resulting presence of economic profits and decreased competition in the area.[45]
    • Online [ edit ] A 2012 study by the Wall Street Journal found that Staples, Home Depot, Rosetta Stone and some other online retailers displayed different prices to customers in different locations (distinct from shipping prices). Staples based discounts on proximity to competitors like OfficeMax and Office Depot. This generally resulted in higher prices for customers in more rural areas, who were on average less wealthy than customers seeing lower prices.[46][47][48]
    • Liquorlining [ edit ] Some service providers target low-income neighborhoods for nuisance sales. When those services are believed to have adverse effects on a community, they may considered to be a form of "reverse redlining." The term "liquorlining" is sometimes used to describe high densities of liquor stores in low income and/or minority communities relative to surrounding areas. High densities of liquor stores are associated with crime and public health issues, which may in turn drive away supermarkets, grocery stores, and other retail outlets, contributing to low levels of economic development.[49] Controlled for income, nonwhites face higher concentrations of liquor stores than do whites.[50]
    • Financial services [ edit ] Student loans [ edit ] In December 2007, a class action lawsuit was brought against student loan lending giant Sallie Mae in the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut. The class alleged that Sallie Mae discriminated against African American and Hispanic private student loan applicants.[51]
    • The case alleged that the factors Sallie Mae used to underwrite private student loans caused a disparate impact on students attending schools with higher minority populations. The suit also alleged that Sallie Mae failed to properly disclose loan terms to private student loan borrowers.
    • The lawsuit was settled in 2011. The terms of the settlement included Sallie Mae agreeing to make a $500,000 donation to the United Negro College Fund and the attorneys for the plaintiffs receiving $1.8 million in attorneys' fees.[52][53]
    • Credit cards [ edit ] Credit card redlining is a spatially discriminatory practice among credit card issuers, of providing different amounts of credit to different areas, based on their ethnic-minority composition, rather than on economic criteria, such as the potential profitability of operating in those areas.[54] Scholars assess certain policies, such as credit card issuers reducing credit lines of individuals with a record of purchases at retailers frequented by so-called "high-risk" customers, to be akin to redlining.[54]
    • Banks [ edit ] Much of the economic impacts we find as a result of redlining and the banking system directly impacts that of the African American / Black Community. Beginning in the 1960s, there was a large influx of Black Veterans and their families moving into suburban White communities. As Blacks moved in, Whites moved out and the market value of these homes dropped dramatically. In observation of said market values, bank lenders were able to keep close track by literally drawing red lines around the neighborhoods on a map. These lines signified areas that they would not invest in. By way of racial redlining, not only banks but savings and loans, insurance companies, grocery chains, and even pizza delivery companies thwarts economic vitality in black communities.[55] The severe lacking in civil rights laws in combination with the economic impact led to the passing of the Community Reinvestment Act in 1977.
    • Racial and economic redlining sets the people who lived in these communities up for failure from the start. So much that banks would often deny people who came from these areas bank loans or offered them at stricter repayment rates. As a result, there was a very low rate at which people (in particular Blacks / African Americans) were able to own their homes; opening the door for slum landlords (who could get approved for low interest loans in those communities) to take over and do as they saw fit.[56]
    • Insurance [ edit ] Gregory D. Squires wrote in 2003 that data showed that race continues to affect the policies and practices of the insurance industry.[57] Racial profiling or redlining has a long history in the property-insurance industry in the United States. From a review of industry underwriting and marketing materials, court documents, and research by government agencies, industry and community groups, and academics, it is clear that race has long affected and continues to affect the policies and practices of the insurance industry.[57] Home-insurance agents may try to assess the ethnicity of a potential customer just by telephone, affecting what services they offer to inquiries about purchasing a home insurance policy. This type of discrimination is called linguistic profiling.[58] There have also been concerns raised about redlining in the automotive insurance industry.[59] Reviews of insurance scores based on credit are shown to have unequal results by ethnic group. The Ohio Department of Insurance in the early 21st century allows insurance providers to use maps and collection of demographic data by ZIP code in determining insurance rates. The FHEO Director of Investigations at the Department of Housing and Urban Development, Sara Pratt, wrote:
    • Like other forms of discrimination, the history of insurance redlining began in conscious, overt racial discrimination practiced openly and with significant community support in communities throughout the country. There was documented overt discrimination in practices relating to residential housing'--from the appraisal manuals which established an articulated "policy" of preferences based on race, religion and national origin. to lending practices which only made loans available in certain parts of town or to certain borrowers, to the decision-making process in loans and insurance which allowed the insertion of discriminatory assessments into final decisions about either.[60]
    • Mortgages [ edit ] Reverse redlining occurs when a lender or insurer particularly targets minority consumers, not to deny them loans or insurance, but to charge them more than would be charged to a similarly situated white consumer, specifically marketing the most expensive and onerous loan products. These communities had largely been ignored by most lenders just a couple of decades earlier. In the 2000s some financial institutions considered black communities as suitable for subprime mortgages. Wells Fargo partnered with churches in black communities, where the pastor would deliver "wealth building" seminars in their sermons, and the bank would make a donation to the church in return for every new mortgage application. Working-class blacks wanted a part of the nation's home-owning trend. Instead of contributing to homeownership and community progress, predatory lending practices through reverse redlining stripped the equity homeowners struggled to build and drained the wealth of those communities for the enrichment of financial firms. The growth of subprime lending (higher cost loans to borrowers with flaws on their credit records) prior to the 2008 financial crisis, coupled with growing law enforcement activity in those areas, clearly showed a surge in a range of manipulative practices. Not all subprime loans were predatory, but virtually all predatory loans were subprime. Some subprime loans certainly benefit high-risk borrowers who would not qualify for conventional, prime loans. Predatory loans, however, charge unreasonably higher rates and fees by compared to the risk, trapping homeowners in unaffordable debt and often costing them their homes and life savings.[8][9]
    • A survey of two districts of similar incomes, one being largely white and the other largely black, found that bank branches in the black community offered largely subprime loans and almost no prime loans. Studies found out that high-income blacks were almost twice as likely to end up with subprime home-purchase mortgages as did low-income whites. Some loan officers referred to blacks as "mud people" and to subprime lending as "ghetto loans."[8][9][61] A lower savings rate and a distrust of banks, stemming from a legacy of redlining, may help explain why there are fewer branches in minority neighborhoods. In the early 21st century, brokers and telemarketers actively pushed subprime mortgages. A majority of the loans were refinance transactions, allowing homeowners to take cash out of their appreciating property or pay off credit card and other debt.[62]
    • Redlining has helped preserve segregated living patterns for blacks and whites in the United States, as discrimination is often contingent on the racial composition of neighborhoods and the race of the applicant. Lending institutions such as Wells Fargo have been shown to treat black mortgage applicants differently when they are buying homes in white neighborhoods than when buying homes in black neighborhoods.[8][9][63]
    • Dan Immergluck writes that in 2002 small businesses in black neighborhoods received fewer loans, even after accounting for business density, business size, industrial mix, neighborhood income, and the credit quality of local businesses.[64]
    • Several state attorneys general have begun investigating these practices, which may violate fair lending laws. The NAACP filed a class-action lawsuit charging systematic racial discrimination by more than a dozen banks.
    • Environmental racism [ edit ] Policies related to redlining and urban decay can also act as a form of environmental racism, which in turn affect public health. Urban minority communities may face environmental racism in the form of parks that are smaller, less accessible and of poorer quality than those in more affluent or white areas in some cities.[65] This may have an indirect effect on health, since young people have fewer places to play, and adults have fewer opportunities for exercise.[65]
    • Robert Wallace writes that the pattern of the AIDS outbreak during the 80s was affected by the outcomes of a program of "planned shrinkage" directed at African-American and Hispanic communities. It was implemented through systematic denial of municipal services, particularly fire protection resources, essential to maintain urban levels of population density and ensure community stability.[66] Institutionalized racism affects general health care as well as the quality of AIDS health intervention and services in minority communities. The over-representation of minorities in various disease categories, including AIDS, is partially related to environmental racism. The national response to the AIDS epidemic in minority communities was slow during the 80s and 90s, showing an insensitivity to ethnic diversity in prevention efforts and AIDS health services.[67]
    • Workforce [ edit ] Workers living in American inner cities have more difficulty finding jobs than do suburban workers.[68]
    • Digital redlining [ edit ] Digital redlining is a term used to refer to the practice of creating and perpetuating inequities between racial, cultural, and class groups specifically through the use of digital technologies, digital content, and the internet.[69][70] Digital redlining is an extension of the historical housing discrimination practice of redlining to include an ability to discriminate against vulnerable classes of society using algorithms, connected digital technologies, and big data.[71][72] This extension of the term tends to include both geographically based and non-geographically based discrimination. For example, in March 2019 the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) charged Facebook with housing discrimination over the company's targeted advertising practices.[73] While these charges included geographically based targeting in the form of a tool that allowed advertisers to draw a red line on a map; they also included non-geographically based methods that did not use maps but rather utilized algorithmic targeting using Facebook's user profile information to directly exclude specific groups of people. A press release from HUD on March 28, 2019 stated that HUD was charging that "Facebook enabled advertisers to exclude people whom Facebook classified as parents; non-American-born; non-Christian; interested in accessibility; interested in Hispanic culture; or a wide variety of other interests that closely align with the Fair Housing Act's protected classes."[73]
    • Political Redlining [ edit ] Political redlining is the process of restricting the supply of political information with assumptions about demographics and present or past opinions.[74] It occurs when political campaign managers delimit which population is less likely to vote and design information campaigns only with likely voters in mind. It can also occur when politicians, lobbyists, or political campaign managers identify which communities to actively discourage from voting through voter suppression campaigns.[75][76]
    • Strategies to reverse effects of redlining [ edit ] Redlining has contributed to the long term decline of low-income, inner city neighborhoods and the continuation of ethnic minority enclaves. Compared to prospering ethnic minority areas, historically redlined or other struggling black communities need targeted investments in infrastructure and services in order to prosper.[77]
    • Some of these strategies include:
    • Targeting planning resources to improve employment, incomes, wealth, the built environment, and social services in struggling communities.Recognize the importance of public transportation as a means for low-income communities to access jobs and services.Provide jobs near the labor supply through targeted economic development.Invest in the housing stock through neighborhood revitalization programs.Utilize Inclusionary zoning (IZ) ordinances to improve amounts of high quality housing.Equitably distribute hazardous waste sites so they are not concentrated in low-income and minority areas.See also [ edit ] Black flightComputer-assisted reportingCream skimmingGreenlining InstituteHousing segregationInclusionary zoningPrice discriminationRacial steeringSundown townTimeline of racial tension in Omaha, NebraskaUrban renewalWhite flightReferences [ edit ] [ edit ] ^ The HOLC maps are part of the records of the FHLBB (RG195) at the National Archives II Archived 2016-10-11 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Gross, Terry. "A 'Forgotten History' Of How The U.S. Government Segregated America". NPR.org . Retrieved 2019-03-31 . ^ Harris, Richard; Forrester, Doris (2 July 2016). "The Suburban Origins of Redlining: A Canadian Case Study, 1935-54". Urban Studies. 40 (13): 2661''2686. doi:10.1080/0042098032000146830. ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 560. ISBN 9780415252256. ^ Zenou, Yves; Boccard, Nicolas (September 2000). "Racial Discrimination and Redlining in Cities". Journal of Urban Economics. 48 (2): 260''285. doi:10.1006/juec.1999.2166. ^ Eisenhauer, Elizabeth (2001). "In poor health: Supermarket redlining and urban nutrition". GeoJournal. 53 (2): 125''133. doi:10.1023/A:1015772503007. ^ How East New York Became a Ghetto by Walter Thabit. ISBN 0-8147-8267-1. Page 42. ^ a b c d Ehrenreich, Barbara; Muhammad, Dedrick (September 13, 2009). "The Recession's Racial Divide". The New York Times. ^ a b c d Powell, Michael (June 7, 2009). "Bank Accused of Pushing Mortgage Deals on Blacks". The New York Times. ^ Norton, William (2013). Cultural Geography: Environments, Landscapes, Identities, Inequalities. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195429541. ^ Dedman, Bill (1988-05-01). "The Color of Money". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved 2009-01-05 . ^ a b c Jackson, Kenneth T. (1985), Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-504983-7 ^ Madrigal, Alexis C. (2014-05-22). "The Racist Housing Policy That Made Your Neighborhood". The Atlantic . Retrieved 2018-11-10 . ^ a b When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor By William Julius Wilson. 1996. ISBN 0-679-72417-6 ^ Hillier, Amy E. (2003). "Redlining and the Home Owners' Loan Corporation". Journal of Urban History. 29 (4): 394''420. doi:10.1177/0096144203029004002. ^ Crossney, Kristen B.; Bartelt, David W. (16 May 2013). "Residential Security, Risk, and Race: The Home Owners' Loan Corporation and Mortgage Access in Two Cities". Urban Geography. 26 (8): 707''736. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.26.8.707. ^ Crossney, Kristen B.; Bartelt, David W. (January 2005). "The legacy of the home owners' loan corporation". Housing Policy Debate. 16 (3''4): 547''574. doi:10.1080/10511482.2005.9521555. ^ Schill, Michael H.; Wachter, Susan M. (2001). "Principles to Guide Housing Policy at the Beginning of the Millennium" (PDF) . Cityscape. 5 (2): 5''19. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.536.5952 . JSTOR 20868512. ^ "Part II, Section 9, Rating of Location". Underwriting Manual: Underwriting and Valuation Procedure Under Title II of the National Housing Act With Revisions to February 1938. Washington, D.C.: Federal Housing Administration. Recommended restrictions should include provision for the following: Prohibition of the occupancy of properties except by the race for which they are intended ... Schools should be appropriate to the needs of the new community and they should not be attended in large numbers by inharmonious racial groups ^ Hallahan, Kirk (1992). "The mortgage redlining controversy, 1972-75" (PDF) . Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (75th, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, August 5-8, 1992). OCLC 31165884. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-09. ^ Michael Westgate and Ann Vick-Westgate (2011). Gale Force, The Battles for Disclosure and Community Reinvestment. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard Bookstore. pp. 40''41. ISBN 978-0615449012. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) ^ Jordan, Patricia (June 12, 1975). "Mass Thrifts Plan Suit Over Redlining, Commissioner Stands Firm". American Banker. ^ Wise, Richard W. (1 October 2019). Redlined; a novel of Boston (1st. ed.). New York: Adelaide Books. p. 335. ISBN 978-1950437245. ^ "HUDNo_15-064". portal.hud.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-03-08 . Retrieved 2017-03-08 . ^ "Associated Bank settles with HUD over discriminatory lending" . Retrieved 2017-03-08 . ^ Silver-greenberg, Jessica; Corkery, Michael (2015-09-10). "Evans Bank Settles New York 'Redlining' Lawsuit". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2017-03-08 . ^ "A.G. Schneiderman Secures Agreement With Evans Bank Ending Discriminatory Mortgage Redlining In Buffalo | New York State Attorney General". ag.ny.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-01-30 . Retrieved 2017-03-08 . ^ Glynn, Matt (2014-09-02). "Evans Bancorp isn't only lender at risk of redlining lawsuit". The Buffalo News . Retrieved 2017-03-08 . ^ "CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU, and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, v. HUDSON CITY SAVINGS BANK, F.S.B." ^ "Justice Department and Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Reach Settlement with Hudson City Savings Bank to Resolve Allegations of Mortgage Lending Discrimination". www.justice.gov. 2015-09-24 . Retrieved 2017-03-08 . ^ "What it looks like when a bank goes out of its way to avoid minorities". Washington Post . Retrieved 2017-03-08 . ^ "HUDNo_15-064". portal.hud.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05 . Retrieved 2015-11-04 . ^ Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival By Paul S. Grogan, Tony Proscio. ISBN 0-8133-3952-9. Published 2002. Page 114.The goal was not to relax lending restrictions but rather to get banks to apply the same criteria to residents in the inner-city as in the suburbs.
    • ^ Levine, Martin P.; Nardi, Peter M.; Gagnon, John H. (18 August 1997). In Changing Times: Gay Men and Lesbians Encounter HIV/AIDS. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226278575 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 '' via Google Books. ^ a b Douthwaite, Richard. "HOW A BANK CAN TRANSFORM A NEIGHBOURHOOD", "Short Circuit". Retrieved January 8, 2007 ^ Thomsen, Mark. "ShoreBank Surpasses $1 Billion in Community Development Investment Archived 2012-09-10 at Archive.today", "Social Funds", 2001-11-1. Retrieved January 8, 2007. ^ "Combatting redlining in Austin". Chicago Tribune. February 14, 1981 . Retrieved 2017-03-16 . [dead link ] ^ Williams, Aaron; Emamdjomeh, Armand (2018). "America is more diverse than ever '-- but still segregated". The Washington Post . Retrieved 2019-05-13 . ^ a b c Hanks, Angela; Solomon, Danyelle; Weller, Christian E. "Systematic Inequality". Center for American Progress . Retrieved 2018-12-17 . ^ Badger, Emily (2017-09-18). "Whites Have Huge Wealth Edge Over Blacks (but Don't Know It)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2018-12-18 . ^ Chetty, Raj; Hendren, Nathaniel; Jones, Maggie R.; Porter, Sonya R. (2018). "Race and Economic Opportunity in the United States: An Intergenerational Perspective" (NBER Working Paper No. w24441). doi:10.3386/w24441 . Later published as: Chetty, Raj; Hendren, Nathaniel; Jones, Maggie R.; Porter, Sonya R. (2019). "Race and Economic Opportunity in the United States: An Intergenerational Perspective". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. doi:10.1093/qje/qjz042 . ^ Mazumder, Bhashkar; Hartley, Daniel A.; Aaronson, Daniel (2017). "The Effects of the 1930s HOLC "Redlining" Maps" (FRB of Chicago Working Paper No. WP''2017''12). SSRN 3038733 . ^ a b c Badger, Emily (2017-08-24). "How Redlining's Racist Effects Lasted for Decades". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2017-08-26 . ^ "Asian Americans Post Largest Gains in Homeownership". ^ d'Rozario, Denver; Williams, Jerome D. (2005). "Retail Redlining: Definition, Theory, Typology, and Measurement". Journal of Macromarketing. 25 (2): 175''186. doi:10.1177/0276146705280632. ^ Jennifer Valentino-DeVries, Jeremy Singer-Vine, Ashkan Soltani (24 Dec 2012). "Websites Vary Prices, Deals Based on Users' Information". Wall Street Journal. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) ^ "Staples, Home Depot, and other online stores change prices based on your location". 24 December 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . ^ "Online price discrimination: a surprising reality in ecommerce". 2013-05-09 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . ^ Maxwell, Ann; Daniel, Immergluck (January 1997). "Liquorlining: Liquor Store Concentration and Community Development in Lower-income Cook County Neighborhoods" (PDF) . Woodstock Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2012 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . ^ Romley, John A.; Cohen, Deborah; et al. (January 2007). Schuckit, Mark A. (ed.). "Alcohol and Environmental Justice:The Density of Liquor Stores and Bars in Urban Neighborhoods in the United States" (PDF) . Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 68 (1): 48''55. doi:10.15288/jsad.2007.68.48. PMID 17149517 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 '' via RAND Corporation. ^ "Sasha Rodriguez & Cathelyn Gregoire on Behalf of All Persons Similarly Situated vs. Sallie Mae (SLM) Corporation" (PDF) . New America Foundation. December 17, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-06 . Retrieved March 6, 2017 . ^ "SDSD District Version 1.3". United States District Court for the District of Connecticut . Retrieved July 25, 2014 . (subscription required) ^ "FinAid | Loans | Anti-Discrimination Rules for Education Lenders". www.finaid.org . Retrieved 2020-02-18 . ^ a b Cohen-Cole, Ethan (2011). "Credit Card Redlining". Review of Economics and Statistics. 93 (2): 700''713. doi:10.1162/REST_a_00052. SSRN 1098403 . ^ Bullard, Robert D. (2001). "Environmental Justice in the 21st Century: Race Still Matters" (PDF) . Phylon (1960-). 49 (3/4): 151''171. doi:10.2307/3132626. JSTOR 3132626. ^ Ross, Stephen L.; Tootell, Geoffrey M.B. (2004). "Redlining, the Community Reinvestment Act, and private mortgage insurance". Journal of Urban Economics. 55 (2): 278''297. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.194.5280 . doi:10.1016/S0094-1190(02)00508-9. ^ a b Squires, Gregory D (2016). "Racial Profiling, Insurance Style: Insurance Redlining and the Uneven Development of Metropolitan Areas". Journal of Urban Affairs. 25 (4): 391''410. doi:10.1111/1467-9906.t01-1-00168. ^ Squires, Gregory D; Chadwick, Jan (2016). "Linguistic Profiling". Urban Affairs Review. 41 (3): 400''15. doi:10.1177/1078087405281064. ^ Karen Bouffard, "Michigan to crack down on uninsured drivers" Archived 2007-11-28 at the Wayback Machine, The Detroit News ^ "The History of Insurance Redlining | National Fair Housing Advocate Online". fairhousing.com . Retrieved 2017-03-16 . ^ Mantell, Ruth (July 6, 2007). "Minority families face wave of foreclosures: Consumer groups urge more 'teeth' in laws combating predators". marketwatch . Retrieved December 22, 2009 . ^ Bajaj, Vikas; Fessenden, Ford (November 4, 2007). "What's Behind the Race Gap?". The New York Times. ^ Holloway, Steven R. (1998). "Exploring the Neighborhood Contingency of Race Discrimination in Mortgage Lending in Columbus, Ohio". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 88 (2): 252''276. doi:10.1111/1467-8306.00093. JSTOR 2564210. ^ Immergluck, Dan (2002). "Redlining Redux: Black Neighborhoods, Black-Owned Firms, and the Regulatory Cold Shoulder". Urban Affairs Review. 38 (1): 22''41. doi:10.1177/107808702401097781. ^ a b Minority Communities Need More Parks, Report Says by Angela Rowen The Berkeley Daily Planet ^ Wallace, R. (1990). "Urban desertification, public health and public order: 'planned shrinkage', violent death, substance abuse and AIDS in the Bronx". Social Science & Medicine. 31 (7): 801''13. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(90)90175-r. PMID 2244222. ^ Hutchinson, J. (1992). "AIDS and racism in America". Journal of the National Medical Association. 84 (2): 119''124. PMC 2637751 . PMID 1602509. ^ Zenou, Yves; Boccard, Nicolas (2000). "Racial Discrimination and Redlining in Cities". Journal of Urban Economics. 48 (2): 260''285. doi:10.1006/juec.1999.2166. ^ Gilliard, Chris (2016-05-24). "Digital Redlining, Access, and Privacy". Common Sense Education . Retrieved 2019-03-31 . ^ Taylor, Astra; Sadowski, Jathan (2015-05-27). "How Companies Turn Your Facebook Activity Into a Credit Score". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378 . Retrieved 2019-03-31 . ^ Podesta, John; Penny, Pritzker; Moniz, Earnest, J.; Holdren, John; Zients, Jeffery (May 2014). "Big Data: Seizing Opportunities, Preserving Values" Pg. 46. Whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 30, 2019 ^ Gilliard, Chris (2017-03-07). "Pedagogy and the Logic of Platforms". er.educause.edu. EDUCAUSE Review . Retrieved 2019-04-04 . ^ a b "HUD Charges Facebook With Housing Discrimination Over Company's Targeted Advertising Practices". www.hud.gov. 2019-03-28 . Retrieved 2019-03-31 . ^ Howard, Philip (2005). New Media Campaigns and the Managed Citizen. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 132. ISBN 9780521612272. ^ Timberg, Craig; Romm, Tony (2018). "New report on Russian disinformation, prepared for the Senate, shows the operation's scale and sweep". The Washington Post . Retrieved 2019-07-21 . ^ Graham, David (2016). "Trump's 'Voter Suppression Operation' Targets Black Voters". The Atlantic . Retrieved 2019-07-21 . ^ Height, Tatiana (2017). Analyzing Communities in Black America: How Urban and Regional Planners Can Plan for Prosperous Black Communities (Thesis). University of Nebraska-Lincoln. pp. 57''63 . Retrieved 2019-05-11 . Further reading and external links [ edit ] Books [ edit ] Greenwald, Carol S. (1980). Banks are Dangerous to your Wealth . Prentice-Hall. Rothstein, Richard (May 2017). The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America (1st ed.). Liveright. ISBN 9781631492860. Westgate, Michael & Vick, Ann (2011). Gale Force, The Battles For Disclosure and Community Reinvestment (2nd ed.). Harvard Book Store. ISBN 978-0-615-44901-2. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) Wise, Richard W. (2019). Redlined; a novel of Boston. New York: Adelaide Books. ISBN 978-1950437245. Articles and websites [ edit ] Dedman, Bill. "The Color of Money". powerreporting.com/color. Bill Dedman received the Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting in 1989 for this series of articles, which described racial discrimination in mortgage lending in the Atlanta area.Egan, Matt (January 12, 2018). "Trump may weaken 'outdated' rules that force banks to lend to the poor". CNNMoney. "Fair Housing Equal Opportunity". HUD.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Learn more about housing discrimination."File a housing discrimination complaint". HUD.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-10-05. Hillier, Amy. Redlining in Philadelphia. UPenn.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-06-14. "HOLC Maps for several U.S. cities". UrbanOasis.org. Archived from the original on 2015-03-31 . Retrieved 2012-08-01 . "Intro". Redlining, and Neighborhood Appraisals in Philadelphia. UPenn.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. "Mapping Inequality: Redlining in New Deal America". Richmond.edu. Crossney, Kristen B.; Bartelt, David W. (16 May 2013). "Residential Security, Risk, and Race: The Home Owners' Loan Corporation and Mortgage Access in Two Cities". Urban Geography. 26 (8): 707''736. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.26.8.707. "Roundtable on Redlining in Minneapolis". UMN.edu. Lessons [ edit ] Wolfe-Rocca, Ursula. "How Red Lines Built White Wealth: A Lesson on Housing Segregation in the 20th Century." Zinn Education Project.Links to related articles
  • Ja'Net DuBois - Wikipedia
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 29 Feb 2020 14:37
    •  
    • American actress
    • Ja'Net DuBois
    • DuBois as Willona Woods on the CBS television series
    • Good Times circa 1976.
    • BornJeannette Dubois
    • ( 1932-08-05 ) August 5, 1932 ( 1938-08-05 ) August 5, 1938 ( 1945-08-05 ) August 5, 1945(sources differ)Died ( 2020-02-17 ) February 17, 2020OccupationActresssingersongwriterdancerYears active1962''2016Known forWillona Woods '' Good Times Ma Bell '' I'm Gonna Git You Sucka Ms. Avery '' The PJs Spouse(s) Sajit Gupta(m. 1950''?; divorced)[1]Children4Jeannette Dubois[2] (August 5, 1932[3][4][5] , 1938[6][7] or 1945[8][9] (sources differ) '' February 17, 2020[10][11]), known professionally as Ja'Net DuBois,[12][13] Ja'net DuBois,[9] and Ja'Net Du Bois[6][2][n 1] (), was an American actress, singer''songwriter and dancer. DuBois was best known for her portrayal of Willona Woods, the neighborhood gossip maven and a friend of the Evans family on the sitcom Good Times, which originally aired from 1974 to 1979. DuBois additionally co''wrote and sang the theme song "Movin' on Up" for The Jeffersons, which originally aired from 1975 until 1985.[14]
    • Early life Born Jeannette Dubois in the Brooklyn borough of New York City[4] or Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,[3][5][2] (sources differ), DuBois was the daughter of Lillian and Gordon Adelbert Dubois (1915''1960).[15][4][14] DuBois was raised by her mother in Amityville, New York on Long Island.[16]
    • DuBois began her acting career in theater during the early 1960s. One of DuBois first theater performances was in A Raisin in the Sun with Louis Gossett Jr.[17] In October 1963, DuBois appeared in the play The Blacks, later becoming an understudy for the housekeeper role, portrayed by Gertrude Jeannette in the comedy stage production of Nobody Loves an Albatross which ran until June 1964.[18][19][20][21] Thereafter, DuBois appeared in the Broadway musical Golden Boy with Sammy Davis Jr., Billy Daniels, Lola Falana and Johnny Brown. DuBois portrayed Anna, the sister of Davis' in the musical during its' entire original run from October 1964 to March 1965.[22][23][24]
    • Career DuBois's early television acting credits include the 1969 television movie J.T. and the long''running television soap opera Love of Life. From 1970 until 1972, DuBois portrayed Loretta Allen in the soap opera, in which she was noted as the first African''American female regular cast-member on a daytime series.'[2]Prior to that role, DuBois appeared in her first film, portraying Vera in Diary of a Mad Housewife which was released in 1970. Following the appearance in her first film, DuBois landed the role of Stormy Monday in the 1973 comedy Five on the Black Hand Side with Clarice Taylor, D'Urville Martin and Glynn Turman.[25] In 1973, DuBois appeared in Lanford Wilson's play The Hot l Baltimore.
    • During her time in the play, Television producer Norman Lear saw her performance at the Mark Taper Forum. Lear being impressed with DuBois' performance, cast her in his then new CBS sitcom Good Times as Wilona Woods; The Evans' family friend, Florida Evans' (portrayed by Esther Rolle) best friend and neighbor.[26] DuBois appeared in the series from February 1974 until the conclusion in July 1979.[2] DuBois began the series as a co''star, alongside Rolle and John Amos (who departed the series in 1976). In 1977, DuBois became the series' lead during the beginning of its' fifth season due to the temporary departure of Rolle. DuBois' returned to co''starring role once Rolle returned during the sixth and final season in 1978.[27]
    • After the conclusion of Good Times in 1979, DuBois recorded the album Again, Ja'Net DuBois on her Peanuts and Caviar label, in 1983.[28] DuBois appeared in former Good Times co-star Janet Jackson's 1987 "Control" music video as her mother. In 1992, she co-starred with Clifton Davis in And I Still Rise, a play written and directed by Maya Angelou.[29] DuBois co-starred in the films I'm Gonna Git You Sucka (1988) and Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003), and on television in Moesha, The Steve Harvey Show, A Different World, and The Wayans Bros..
    • Other ventures During the 1980s, DuBois operated the Ja'net DuBois Academy of Theater Arts and Sciences, a performing-arts school for teenagers in Long Island, New York.[13] In 1992, DuBois, Danny Glover and Ayuko Babu co-founded the Pan African Film & Arts Festival in Los Angeles.[30][31]
    • Accolades In 1995, DuBois won a CableACE award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the Lifetime movie Other Women's Children.[32] DuBois won Emmy Awards for her voice-over work on the animated program The PJs in 1999 and 2001. DuBois along with the cast of Good Times received The Impact Icon Award at the 2006 TV Land Awards.[33]In 2000, DuBois served as Grand Marshal for the North Amityville Community Parade and Festival Day in Amityville, New York.[34] DuBois was an honorary member of the Zeta Phi Beta sorority.[35]
    • Personal life and death In 1950, DuBois married Sajit Gupta.[36] According to her Brazilian consular document, DuBois was divorced from Gupta by April 1959.[4][1] Together DuBois and Gupta had four children: Provat Gupta, Rani Gupta, Kesha Gupta-Fields, and Raj Kristo Gupta, who died of cancer in 1987 at age 36.[13][11] Rani appeared as an extra in four episodes of the 1970s sitcom What's Happening!! and alongside DuBois in five episodes of Good Times. Provat is a basketball coach based in California.[37] In 1959, DuBois was romantically involved with actor Brock Peters.[38] DuBois died on February 17, 2020, of natural causes at her home in Glendale, California.[11][10]
    • Discography Queen of the Highway (Som Livre, 1980)Again, Ja'Net DuBois (Peanuts & Caviar Internationale, 1983)Hidden Treasures (Peanuts & Caviar Internationale, 2007)Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations Notes ^ Capitalization of "n" in first name is uncertain in Good Times title card, which credits her in capital letters "JA'NET du BOIS". Last name is given as two words, with "du" lowercase. References ^ a b "Ja'Net DuBois Dead: 'Good Times' & 'Charlie's Angels' Star Dies at 74". Entertainment. Heavy.com. February 18, 2020 . Retrieved February 19, 2020 . ^ a b c d e McCann, Bob (December 21, 2009). "Du Bois, Ja'Net". Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television. McFarland & Company. pp. 103''04. ISBN 978-0786458042 . Retrieved April 19, 2015 . Jeannette Dubois, better known as Ja'Net Du Bois (Ja-Nay Doo-Bwah)... ^ a b "Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Immigration Cards, 1900-1965, Jeannette Du Bois Gupta". Familysearch.org. July 3, 1959 '' via Imgur.com. ^ a b c d "Brazilian consular document". Familysearch.org. April 24, 1959 '' via Imgur.com. ^ a b "Jeannette Du Bois Gupta Arrival document". Familysearch.org. July 5, 1959 '' via Imgur.com. ^ a b "Ja'Net Du Bois". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016 . Retrieved June 19, 2017 . ^ Windsor, Carl D. (2006). On This Day: Daily Inspiration for the History Buff, the Trivia Lover, and the Innately Curious. Howard Books. ISBN 978-1582296548. ^ Berry, S. Torriano; Berry, Venise T. (2015). "DUBOIS, JA'NET (1945'' )". Historical Dictionary of African American Cinema (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 142. This native of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania... ^ a b LoBrutto, Vincent (2018). "Good Times". TV in the USA: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas. Greenwood. p. 39. ISBN 978-1440829727. ...Ja'net DuBois (1945'' )... ^ a b "Good Times Actress Ja'Net DuBois Dies At 74". BET.com. February 19, 2020 . Retrieved February 19, 2020 . ^ a b c Garcia, Sandra E. (February 19, 2020). " ' Good Times' Actress Ja'Net DuBois Dies". The New York Times . Retrieved February 19, 2020 . ^ "Ja'Net DuBois". TV One. Archived from the original on October 27, 2015 . Retrieved March 17, 2018 . ^ a b c "Ja'Net DuBois' Son Dies of Cancer, in New York". Jet. Vol. 73 no. 5. October 26, 1987. p. 61. ISSN 0021-5996. Raj Kristo Gupta, the son of popular TV and movie actress Ja'Net DuBois, died recently in New York following a three-year battle with cancer. He was 36. At the time of his death, Gupta was producing a training workshop with his family's organization, Ja'net DuBois Academy [of] Theater Arts and Sciences for teenagers in Long Island, N.Y. ^ a b "TV Actress Ja'Net DuBois To Appear On 'Arsenio ' ". Jet. Vol. 82 no. 6. June 1, 1992. p. 60 . Retrieved April 19, 2015 . ^ "U.S. WWII Draft Cards Young Men, 1940-1947 for Gordon Adelbert Dubois". Familysearch.org. 1940''1947 '' via Imgur.com. CS1 maint: date format (link) ^ Van Gelder, Lawrence (September 19, 1976). "People: Rookie Who Looks Good". The New York Times . Retrieved January 28, 2020 . (abstract of page on subscription site) ^ Chicago Crusader, 'Good Times' actress Ja'Net Dubois Dies, February 20, 2020.Retrieved February 24, 2020. ^ "New York Beat". Jet. Vol. XXV no. 17. February 13, 1964. p. 63 . Retrieved February 24, 2020 '' via Google Books. ^ Sammy Davis Jr. - Broadway Cast & Staff ^ "Golden Boy Opening Night Cast". Internet Broadway Database. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019 . Retrieved January 28, 2020 . ^ "Negros on Broadway". Ebony. Vol. XIX no. 6. April 1, 1964. p. 63 . Retrieved February 26, 2020 '' via Google Books. ^ "Why Can't Negro Male Star Win White Girl In End?". Jet. Vol. XXVII no. 8. November 27, 1964. p. 64 . Retrieved February 24, 2020 '' via Google Books. ^ Sammy Davis Jr. - Broadway Cast & Staff ^ "Golden Boy Opening Night Cast". Internet Broadway Database. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019 . Retrieved January 28, 2020 . ^ The New York Times, Film: 'Black Hand Side':Stage's Brooks Family Arrives on Screen The Cast, October 26, 1973.Retrieved February 26, 2020. ^ Campbell, Sean (December 24, 2014). "Good Times (1974-1979)". The Sitcoms of Norman Lear. McFarland & Company. p. 98. ISBN 1476602557 . Retrieved February 26, 2020 . ^ Forbes, 'Good Times' Star Ja'net DuBois Dies at 74, Feb 18, 2020.Retrieved February 26, 2020. ^ "Celebrity Beat '' New York to Hollywood". Jet. Vol. 64 no. 10. May 16, 1983. p. 53. ^ "Actor Clifton Davis Stars in Maya Angelou's New Musical". Jet. Vol. 82 no. 20. September 7, 1992. p. 60 . Retrieved April 19, 2015 . ^ "2019 Highlights". Pan African Film & Arts Festival. 2019. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019. ^ Kelley, Sonaiya (February 7, 2018). "The Pan African Film Festival aims to correct misconceptions about African and Caribbean countries". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019. ^ "Ja'net DuBois, Chris Rock win CableAce Awards". Jet. Vol. 87 no. 13. February 6, 1995. ^ Christian, Margena A. (January 28, 2008). "Where Is... The Cast of 'Good Times'?". Jet. 113 (3). p. 31. ^ "Newsmakers". Jet. Vol. 98 no. 8. July 31, 2000. p. 32. ^ Zeta Phi Beta members.Retrieved February 24, 2020. ^ "Sajit Gupta". New York City Marriages, 1950-2017. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020 . Retrieved February 22, 2020 '' via MyHeritage. ^ Gary, Parrish (July 30, 2015). "The Ball family -- coming to a basketball court (and TV) near you". CBS Sports . Retrieved February 21, 2020 . ^ "New York Beat". Jet. Vol. XVII no. 3. November 12, 1959. p. 64 . Retrieved February 19, 2020 '' via Google Books. ^ "Ja'Net DuBois And Judith Jamison Win Primetime Emmy Awards". Jet. Vol. 96 no. 16. September 20, 1999. p. 34 . Retrieved April 19, 2015 . ^ Elaine Dutka (August 14, 2001). "Morning Report". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28, 2019 . ^ Christian, Margena A. (January 28, 2008). "The Cast of 'Good Times'?". Jet. Vol. 113 no. 3. p. 31 . Retrieved April 19, 2015 . External links Ja'net DuBois on IMDbJa'Net DuBois discography at Discogs
  • A 'Forgotten History' Of How The U.S. Government Segregated America : NPR
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 29 Feb 2020 14:53
    •  
    • Federal housing policies created after the Depression ensured that African-Americans and other people of color were left out of the new suburban communities '-- and pushed instead into urban housing projects, such as Detroit's Brewster-Douglass towers. Paul Sancya/AP hide caption
    • toggle caption Paul Sancya/AP Federal housing policies created after the Depression ensured that African-Americans and other people of color were left out of the new suburban communities '-- and pushed instead into urban housing projects, such as Detroit's Brewster-Douglass towers.
    • Paul Sancya/AP In 1933, faced with a housing shortage, the federal government began a program explicitly designed to increase '-- and segregate '-- America's housing stock. Author Richard Rothstein says the housing programs begun under the New Deal were tantamount to a "state-sponsored system of segregation."
    • The government's efforts were "primarily designed to provide housing to white, middle-class, lower-middle-class families," he says. African-Americans and other people of color were left out of the new suburban communities '-- and pushed instead into urban housing projects.
    • Rothstein's new book, The Color of Law, examines the local, state and federal housing policies that mandated segregation. He notes that the Federal Housing Administration, which was established in 1934, furthered the segregation efforts by refusing to insure mortgages in and near African-American neighborhoods '-- a policy known as "redlining." At the same time, the FHA was subsidizing builders who were mass-producing entire subdivisions for whites '-- with the requirement that none of the homes be sold to African-Americans.
    • Rothstein says these decades-old housing policies have had a lasting effect on American society. "The segregation of our metropolitan areas today leads ... to stagnant inequality, because families are much less able to be upwardly mobile when they're living in segregated neighborhoods where opportunity is absent," he says. "If we want greater equality in this society, if we want a lowering of the hostility between police and young African-American men, we need to take steps to desegregate."
    • Interview HighlightsOn how the Federal Housing Administration justified discrimination
    • The Federal Housing Administration's justification was that if African-Americans bought homes in these suburbs, or even if they bought homes near these suburbs, the property values of the homes they were insuring, the white homes they were insuring, would decline. And therefore their loans would be at risk.
    • There was no basis for this claim on the part of the Federal Housing Administration. In fact, when African-Americans tried to buy homes in all-white neighborhoods or in mostly white neighborhoods, property values rose because African-Americans were more willing to pay more for properties than whites were, simply because their housing supply was so restricted and they had so many fewer choices. So the rationale that the Federal Housing Administration used was never based on any kind of study. It was never based on any reality.
    • On how federal agencies used redlining to segregate African-Americans
    • The term "redlining" ... comes from the development by the New Deal, by the federal government of maps of every metropolitan area in the country. And those maps were color-coded by first the Home Owners Loan Corp. and then the Federal Housing Administration and then adopted by the Veterans Administration, and these color codes were designed to indicate where it was safe to insure mortgages. And anywhere where African-Americans lived, anywhere where African-Americans lived nearby were colored red to indicate to appraisers that these neighborhoods were too risky to insure mortgages.
    • On the FHA manual that explicitly laid out segregationist policies
    • It was in something called the Underwriting Manual of the Federal Housing Administration, which said that "incompatible racial groups should not be permitted to live in the same communities." Meaning that loans to African-Americans could not be insured.
    • In one development ... in Detroit ... the FHA would not go ahead, during World War II, with this development unless the developer built a 6-foot-high wall, cement wall, separating his development from a nearby African-American neighborhood to make sure that no African-Americans could even walk into that neighborhood.
    • The Underwriting Manual of the Federal Housing Administration recommended that highways be a good way to separate African-American from white neighborhoods. So this was not a matter of law, it was a matter of government regulation, but it also wasn't hidden, so it can't be claimed that this was some kind of "de facto" situation. Regulations that are written in law and published ... in the Underwriting Manual are as much a de jure unconstitutional expression of government policy as something written in law.
    • On the long-term effects of African-Americans being prohibited from buying homes in suburbs and building equity
    • Today African-American incomes on average are about 60 percent of average white incomes. But African-American wealth is about 5 percent of white wealth. Most middle-class families in this country gain their wealth from the equity they have in their homes. So this enormous difference between a 60 percent income ratio and a 5 percent wealth ratio is almost entirely attributable to federal housing policy implemented through the 20th century.
    • African-American families that were prohibited from buying homes in the suburbs in the 1940s and '50s and even into the '60s, by the Federal Housing Administration, gained none of the equity appreciation that whites gained. So ... the Daly City development south of San Francisco or Levittown or any of the others in between across the country, those homes in the late 1940s and 1950s sold for about twice national median income. They were affordable to working-class families with an FHA or VA mortgage. African-Americans were equally able to afford those homes as whites but were prohibited from buying them. Today those homes sell for $300,000 [or] $400,000 at the minimum, six, eight times national median income. ...
    • So in 1968 we passed the Fair Housing Act that said, in effect, "OK, African-Americans, you're now free to buy homes in Daly City or Levittown" ... but it's an empty promise because those homes are no longer affordable to the families that could've afforded them when whites were buying into those suburbs and gaining the equity and the wealth that followed from that.
    • The white families sent their children to college with their home equities; they were able to take care of their parents in old age and not depend on their children. They're able to bequeath wealth to their children. None of those advantages accrued to African-Americans, who for the most part were prohibited from buying homes in those suburbs.
    • On how housing projects went from being for white middle- and lower-middle-class families to being predominantly black and poor
    • Public housing began in this country for civilians during the New Deal and it was an attempt to address a housing shortage; it wasn't a welfare program for poor people. During the Depression, no housing construction was going on. Middle-class families, working-class families were losing their homes during the Depression when they became unemployed and so there were many unemployed middle-class, working-class white families and this was the constituency that the federal government was most interested in. And so the federal government began a program of building public housing for whites only in cities across the country. The liberal instinct of some Roosevelt administration officials led them to build some projects for African-Americans as well, but they were always separate projects; they were not integrated. ...
    • The white projects had large numbers of vacancies; black projects had long waiting lists. Eventually it became so conspicuous that the public housing authorities in the federal government opened up the white-designated projects to African-Americans, and they filled with African-Americans. At the same time, industry was leaving the cities, African-Americans were becoming poorer in those areas, the projects became projects for poor people, not for working-class people. They became subsidized, they hadn't been subsidized before. ... And so they became vertical slums that we came to associate with public housing. ...
    • The vacancies in the white projects were created primarily by the Federal Housing Administration program to suburbanize America, and the Federal Housing Administration subsidized mass production builders to create subdivisions that were "white-only" and they subsidized the families who were living in the white housing projects as well as whites who were living elsewhere in the central city to move out of the central cities and into these white-only suburbs. So it was the Federal Housing Administration that depopulated public housing of white families, while the public housing authorities were charged with the responsibility of housing African-Americans who were increasingly too poor to pay the full cost of their rent.
    • Radio producers Sam Briger and Thea Chaloner and Web producers Bridget Bentz and Molly Seavy-Nesper contributed to this story.
  • Levittown - Wikipedia
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 29 Feb 2020 14:59
    •  
    • Levittown is the name of seven large suburban housing developments created in the United States by William J Levitt and his company Levitt & Sons. Built after World War II for returning veterans and their new families, the communities offered attractive alternatives to cramped central city locations and apartments. The Veterans Administration and the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) guaranteed builders that qualified veterans could buy housing for a fraction of rental costs.
    • FHA lenders embraced a racist policy excluding communities of color allowing only residents to "the Caucasian race", as stipulated in housing rent and sales agreements, making them segregated communities.[1]
    • Production was modeled on assembly lines in 27 steps with construction workers trained to perform one step. A house could be built in one day when effectively scheduled. This enabled quick and economical production of similar or identical homes with rapid recovery of costs. Standard Levittown houses included a white picket fence, green lawns, and modern appliances. Sales in the original Levittown began in March 1947. 1,400 homes were purchased during the first three hours.
    • Places [ edit ] Levittown, New York - the first Levittown (built 1947''1951)Levittown, Pennsylvania - the second Levittown (1952''1958)Willingboro Township, New Jersey - originally and colloquially known as Levittown (started 1958)Levittown, Puerto Rico (1963)Bowie, Maryland (1964)Crofton, Maryland (1970)Largo, Maryland (1963)References [ edit ]
  • Levitt & Sons - Wikipedia
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 29 Feb 2020 15:00
    •  
    • Levitt & Sons was a real estate development company founded by Abraham Levitt and later managed by his son William Levitt. The company is most famous for having built the town of Levittown, New York. The company's designs and building practices revolutionized the home building industry and altered the north eastern landscape of the United States with massive suburban communities.
    • Levitt & Sons was America's biggest home builder by 1951,[1] and William Levitt was named one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.[2] Historian Kenneth T. Jackson wrote of Levitt & Sons, "The family that had the greatest impact on postwar housing in the United States was Abraham Levitt and his sons, William and Alfred, who ultimately built more than 140,000 houses and turned a cottage industry into a major manufacturing process."[3]
    • Founding and early years [ edit ] Abraham Levitt founded a real-estate development company near the start of the Great Depression.[4][5] His son William became company president at the age of 22, handling the advertising, sales, and financing. Alfred Levitt, still a teenager, became vice president of design and drafted plans for the first Levitt house, a six bedroom, two bathroom Tudor style home that sold for over $14,000 in 1929 (roughly $208,000 today). The Levitts sold 600 of these upper-middle-class homes, part of the Strathmore project, in four years during the Great Depression.
    • William earned a reputation as the person to see for high-end, custom homes on Long Island's North Shore, called the Gold Coast. Prior to World War II, Levitt & Sons built mostly upscale housing on and around Long Island, New York. During the 1930s, they built the North Strathmore community at Manhasset, New York, on the former Onderdonk farm.[6] The North Strathmore homes sold for $9,100 to $18,500. The Levitts built another 1,200 homes in Manhasset, Great Neck, and Westchester County. Radio stars, prominent journalists, surgeons, business people, and lawyers bought the upscale Levitt houses.[7]
    • Construction of Levittown, New York [ edit ] After World War II, America's post-war prosperity and baby boom had created a crisis of affordable housing,[1] especially for returning veterans. Levitt & Sons chose an area known as Island Trees near Hempstead, Long Island, as the site for a huge building project for housing these veterans. The company named it Levittown.
    • The community was planned to have 6,000 low-priced homes, making it much larger than any other U.S. development. The company bought 1,000 acres (400 ha) of potato farms on Long Island. On July 1, 1947, Levitt & Sons broke ground on the $50 million ($573 million today) development of Levittown, which ultimately included 17,000 homes on 7.3 square miles of land. Alfred created the mass production techniques and designed the homes and the layout of the development, with its curving streets. Abraham directed the landscaping, whose focus was two trees to each front yard, all planted exactly the same distance apart. William was the financier and promoter, who persuaded lawmakers to rewrite the laws that made Levittown possible. The houses, which were in the Cape Cod and ranch house styles, sat on a seventh-acre (0.06 ha) lot. They had 750 square feet (70 m2) with two bedrooms, a living room with a television and a kitchen with modern appliances, an unfinished second floor and no garage.[8]
    • Levitt's innovation in creating this planned community was to build the houses in the manner of an assembly line.[2] In normal assembly lines, the workers stay stationary and the product moves down the line; in Levitt's homebuilding assembly line, the product'--the houses'--stayed in place and specialized workers moved from house to house. The assembly line construction method allowed Levittown to be constructed more efficiently than other development at the time, with teams of specialized workers following each other from house to house to complete incremental steps in the construction.[2] Levitt also reduced costs by freezing out union labor '' a move which provoked picket lines '' enabling him to use the latest technology, such as spray painting. He also cut out middlemen and purchased many items, including lumber and televisions, directly from manufacturers, as well as constructing his own factory to produce nails. The building of every house was reduced to 26 steps, and sub-contractors were responsible for each step.[8]
    • During the project, Levitt & Sons emphasized speed, efficiency, and cost-effective construction; these methods led to a production rate of 30 houses a day by July 1948.[9] The mass production of thousands of houses at virtually the same time allowed the company to sell them for as little as $8,000 each ($65,000 in 2009 dollars), which, with the G.I. Bill and Federal housing subsidies, reduced the up-front cost of a house to many buyers to around $400.[8]
    • Levitt & Sons was the cover story in Time magazine for July 3, 1950. William Levitt was pictured on the cover, with the tag line "For Sale: a new way of life."[10]
    • Discriminatory practices [ edit ] As well as a symbol of the American Dream, Levittown would also become a symbol of racial segregation, due to Clause 25 of the standard lease agreement signed by the first residents of Levittown, who had an option to buy their homes. This "restrictive covenant" stated in capital letters and bold type that the house could not "be used or occupied by any person other than members of the Caucasian race."[11]
    • Such discriminatory housing standards were consistent with government policies of the time.[12] The Federal Housing Administration allowed developers to justify segregation within public housing. The FHA only offered mortgages to non-mixed developments which discouraged developers from creating racially integrated housing.[13] Before the sale of Levittown homes began, the sales agents were aware that no applications from black families would be accepted. As a result, American veterans who wished to purchase a home in Levittown were unable to do so if they were black.[14][11]
    • William Levitt attempted to justify their decision to only sell homes to white families by saying that it was in the best interest for business.[14] He claimed their actions were not discriminatory but intended to maintain the value of their properties. The company explained that it was not possible to reduce racial segregation while they were attempting to reduce the housing shortage. Levvitt said "As a Jew, I have no room in my heart for racial prejudice. But the plain fact is that most whites prefer not to live in mixed communities. This attitude may be wrong morally, and someday it may change. I hope it will."[15] The Levitts explained that they would open up applications to blacks after they had sold as many homes to white people as possible.[14] They believed that potential white buyers would not want to buy a house in Levittown if they were aware that they would have black neighbors.
    • Though the Levitts were Jewish, they did not wish to sell homes to Jewish families either; despite this, by 1960, although it was still a completely "white" suburb,[16] the population of Levittown was roughly a third Jewish, with the remainder about a third Roman Catholic, and a third Protestant.[17]
    • An opposition group was formed, the Committee to End Discrimination in Levittown, to protest the restricted sale of Levittown homes, and to push for an integrated community. In 1948 a ruling in another case by the United States Supreme Court declared that property deeds stipulating racial segregation were "unenforceable as law and contrary to public policy".[18][11] Only well after the 1954 racial integration decisions, including Brown v. Board of Education, was Levittown racially integrated, and even as late as the 1990 census only a tiny fraction of the community was non-white, a stigma that still exists until this day.[19][11]
    • Other Levittown projects [ edit ] The Levitts went on to plan and build another community of more than 17,000 homes in Levittown, Pennsylvania, which saw its first residents in 1952.[20] Willingboro, New Jersey, was built as a Levittown in 1958, and bears several Levittown-specific street names such as Levitt Parkway.
    • Discord in the Levitt family caused a split in 1954. Alfred left the company, and William took full control of Levitt & Sons. During the late 1950s, Levitt and Sons developed the community known as "Belair at Bowie," in Bowie, Maryland. In 1957 they acquired the historic Belair Mansion and estate, home of Maryland's colonial Governor Samuel Ogle and his Belair Stables.[21] In 1959 the community was annexed by Bowie.
    • The company went public in 1960. Through the 1960s, the Levitts constructed houses in six Eastern states.[22]
    • In 1961, the company started development in Aberdeen, New Jersey (formerly Matawan Township), known as "Strathmore at Matawan."[22][23] the Strathmore name had originally been used by Levitt & Sons in its upper middle class developments on Long Island in the 1930s. Levittown, Puerto Rico, built in the 1960s, was a Levitt project.[24] In 1966, Levitt & Sons built a development in Somerset, New Jersey, and in 1966''72, it built another development in Greenbriar, Virginia.[22] In 1967, the company developed Montpelier, near Laurel, Maryland.
    • Levitt & Sons even went international. The company built a large development near Paris at L(C)signy in Seine-et-Marne, and at Mennecy in Essonne, France.[24] By the late 1960s, Levitt & Sons had built more than 140,000 houses.
    • Under ITT [ edit ] Levitt & Sons was sold to ITT in 1964 for a reported $90 million ($690 million today). The company continued to build housing developments as an ITT subsidiary, under a variety of names that usually included "Levitt".[22] Development in Florida started two years later.
    • In the United States, Levitt houses were built in the states of Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Maryland, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Washington, as well as in Puerto Rico.[22] Around the world, Levitt houses were built in Canada, France, and Spain.[22]
    • Later years [ edit ] Starrett Housing Corporation purchased ITT's Levitt subsidiary in 1979.[22] Houses continued to be built in Florida, Illinois, New York, and Virginia.[22] A completely separate company called Levitt Homes Corp. operated in Puerto Rico during the 1980s.[22]
    • Levitt was sold to BankAtlantic in 1999.[22] In 2003, Levitt was established as independent entity from BankAtlantic.[22]
    • Levitt & Sons were restricted to building in Florida alone by the 2000s. Levitt filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in late 2007 as a result of the housing crash.[25] The parent company was renamed in 2008 to Woodbridge Holdings Corporation, which shortly ceased trading on the New York Stock Exchange.
    • References [ edit ] ^ a b Blackwell, Jon. "1951: American dream houses, all in a row". The Trentonian. ^ a b c Lacayo, Richard (December 7, 1998). "Suburban Legend William Levitt". Time. ^ "Levittown - History and Overview of Levittown". Geography.about.com. 2013-07-14 . Retrieved 2013-07-21 . ^ Levittown Historical Society Archived 2008-12-20 at the Wayback Machine ^ Garvin, Alexander (2001) American Cities: What Works, What Doesn't New York: McGraw Hill, p.397. ^ Austin N. O'Brien (February 1980). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Horatio Gates Onderdonk House". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on 2012-10-16 . Retrieved 2010-10-30 . ^ "William Levitt Facts" Your Dictionary website ^ a b c Glaeser, Edward (2011), Triumph of the City: How Our Best Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier, New York: Penguin Press, pp. 173''77, ISBN 978-1-59420-277-3 ^ Jackson, Kenneth T. (1985). "The Baby Boom and the Age of the Subdivision" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011 . Retrieved January 12, 2009 . ^ Staff (July 3, 1950). "House Builder Levitt: For Sale: a new way of life". Time. Archived from the original on 2007-02-16 . Retrieved 2020-02-08 . ^ a b c d Lambert, Bruce (December 28, 1997) "At 50, Levittown Contends With Its Legacy of Bias" The New York Times ^ Gotham, Kevin Fox (Summer 2000) "Racialization and the State: The Housing Act of 1934 and the Creation of the Federal Housing Administration," Sociological Perspectives, 43/2 p.309 ^ Kushner, David (2009) Levittown: Two Families, One Tycoon, and the Fight for Civil Rights in America's Legendary Suburb. New York: Walker & Company. p.43 ^ a b c Kushner 2009, p.44. ^ "When the Niggers Moved into Levittown: a review of David Kushner's Levittown: Two Families, One Tycoon, and the Fight for Civil Rights in America's Legendary Suburb" Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 63 (Spring 2009): 80''81 ^ Gotham 2000, p.309 ^ Manton, Paul (May 9, 2013) "The Ecclesiastical History of the Levittown People " Levittown Patch ^ Jones, Michael E. (2004) "The Slaughter of Cities: Urban Renewal as Ethnic Cleansing". South Bend, Indiana: St. Augustine's Press. p.188. ^ Hales, Peter Bacon (September 2016) "Levittown's Palimpsest: Colored Skin" in "Levittown: Documents of an Ideal American Suburb" ^ "Why build Levittown?". www.levittowners.com . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . ^ Baltz, Shirley Vlasak (1984). A Chronicle of Belair. Bowie, Maryland: Bowie Heritage Committee. pp. 84''88. LCCN 85165028. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Levitt Communities". LevittownBeyond.com . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . ^ Sylvester, Kevin (2004). "Strathmore at Matawan". LevittownBeyond.com . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . ^ a b Staff (December 10, 1965). "France: A Lesson from Levitt". Time . Retrieved 2011-01-11 . New European housing often looks elegant from the outside, but much of it is backward in kitchen equipment, bathroom layout, floor plans, heating, plumbing and lighting'--the innards that make the shell truly livable. The gap yawns nowhere wider than in France, where 51 years of rent control have helped create a gargantuan housing shortage. Thus it is not surprising that the French have enthusiastically greeted an invasion by Long Island's William J. Levitt, the U.S.'s biggest homebuilder (fiscal 1965 sales: $60 million). More than 60,000 Frenchmen have poured out of Paris to gape at Levitt's recently opened American-style subdivision in suburban Le Mesnil-Saint-Denis (pop. 2,000). ^ Brinkmann, Paul (July 18, 2011). "Levitt & Sons liquidation hits 75 percent return mark". South Florida Business Journal. External links [ edit ]
  • Federal Housing Administration - Wikipedia
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 29 Feb 2020 15:05
    •  
    • The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) is a United States government agency founded by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, created in part by the National Housing Act of 1934. The FHA sets standards for construction and underwriting and insures loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building. The goals of this organization are to improve housing standards and conditions, to provide an adequate home financing system through insurance of mortgage loans, and to stabilize the mortgage market. The FHA has faced criticism for practicing housing policies and red-lining at the expense of minority communities. The nature and impact of these policies is the subject of academic research.[1]
    • The Commissioner of the FHA is Brian Montgomery.
    • It is different from the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), which supervises government-sponsored enterprises.
    • History [ edit ] During the Great Depression many banks failed, causing a drastic decrease in home loans and ownership. At that time, most home mortgages were short-term (three to five years), with no amortization, and balloon instruments at loan-to-value (LTV) ratios below sixty percent.[2] This prevented many working and middle class families from being able to afford home ownership. The banking crisis of the 1930s forced all lenders to retrieve due mortgages; refinancing was not available, and many borrowers, now unemployed, were unable to make mortgage payments. Consequently, many homes were foreclosed, causing the housing market to plummet. Banks collected the loan collateral (foreclosed homes) but the low property values resulted in a relative lack of assets.
    • In 1934 the federal banking system was restructured. The National Housing Act of 1934 created the Federal Housing Administration. Its intention was to regulate the rate of interest and the terms of mortgages that it insured; however, the new practices were restricted only to white Americans. These new lending practices increased the number of white Americans who could afford a down payment on a house and monthly debt service payments on a mortgage, thereby also increasing the size of the market for single-family homes.[3]
    • The FHA calculated appraisal value based on eight criteria and directed its agents (called "appraisers") to lend more for higher appraised projects, up to a maximum cap. The two most important were "Relative Economic Stability", which constituted 40% of appraisal value, and "protection from adverse influences", which made up another 20%.
    • In 1935, the FHA provided its appraisers with an Underwriting Manual, which gave the following instruction: "If a neighborhood is to retain stability it is necessary that properties shall continue to be occupied by the same social and racial classes. A change in social or racial occupancy generally leads to instability and a reduction of values." Appraisers were then told to give higher property and zoning ratings where "protection against some adverse influences is obtained", and defined adverse influences as "infiltration by inharmonious racial or nationality groups". Because the FHA's appraisal standards included a whites-only requirement, racial segregation became an official requirement of the federal mortgage insurance program, as the FHA frequently judged any properties in racially mixed neighborhoods or in close proximity to black neighborhoods as being high-risk. While this practice is no longer official policy, its practices are still widely implemented in measures of de facto segregation.[4]
    • In 1935, Colonial Village in Arlington, Virginia, was the first large-scale, rental housing project erected in the United States that was Federal Housing Administration-insured.[5] During World War II, the FHA financed a number of worker's housing projects including the Kensington Gardens Apartment Complex in Buffalo, New York.[6]
    • In 1965 the Federal Housing Administration became part of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).
    • Following the subprime mortgage crisis, FHA, along with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, became a large source of mortgage financing in the United States. The share of home purchases financed with FHA mortgages went from 2 percent to over one-third of mortgages in the United States, as conventional mortgage lending dried up in the credit crunch. Without the subprime market, many of the riskiest borrowers ended up borrowing from the Federal Housing Administration, and the FHA could suffer substantial losses. Joshua Zumbrun and Maurna Desmond of Forbes have written that eventual government losses from the FHA could reach $100 billion.[7][8]
    • The troubled loans are now weighing on the agency's capital reserve fund, which by early 2012 had fallen below its congressionally mandated minimum of 2%, in contrast to more than 6% two years earlier.[9] By November 2012, the FHA was essentially bankrupt.[10][11][12]
    • Mortgage insurance [ edit ] Since 1934, the FHA and HUD have insured over 34 million home mortgages and 47,205 multifamily project mortgages. Currently, the FHA has 4.8 million insured single family mortgages and 13,000 insured multifamily projects in its portfolio.[13]
    • Mortgage insurance protects lenders from mortgage defaulting. If a property purchaser borrows more than 80% of the property's value, the lender will likely require that the borrower purchase private mortgage insurance to cover the lender's risk. If the lender is FHA approved and the mortgage is within FHA limits, the FHA provides mortgage insurance that may be more affordable, especially for higher-risk borrowers
    • Lenders can typically obtain FHA mortgage insurance for 96.5% of the appraised value of the home or building. FHA loans are insured through a combination of an upfront mortgage insurance premium (UFMIP) and annual mutual mortgage insurance (MMI) premiums. The UFMIP is a lump sum ranging from 1 '' 2.25% of loan value (depending on LTV and duration), paid by the borrower either in cash at closing or financed via the loan. MMI, although annual, is included in monthly mortgage payments and ranges from 0 '' 1.35% of loan value (again, depending on LTV and duration).
    • If a borrower has poor to moderate credit history, MMI probably is much less expensive with an FHA insured loan than with a conventional loan regardless of LTV '' sometimes as little as one-ninth as much depending on the borrower's credit score, LTV, loan size, and approval status. Conventional mortgage insurance rates increase as credit scores decrease, whereas FHA mortgage insurance rates do not vary with credit score. Conventional mortgage premiums spike dramatically if the borrower's credit score is lower than 620. Due to a sharply increased risk, most mortgage insurers will not write policies if the borrower's credit score is less than 575. When insurers do write policies for borrowers with lower credit scores, annual premiums may be as high as 5% of the loan amount.
    • FHA down payment [ edit ] A borrower's down payment may come from a number of sources. The 3.5% requirement can be satisfied with the borrower using their own cash or receiving a gift from a family member, their employer, labor union, or government entity. Since 1998, non-profit organizations have been providing down payment gifts to borrowers who purchase homes where the seller has agreed to reimburse the non-profit organization and pay an additional processing fee. In May 2006, the IRS determined that this is not "charitable activity" and has moved to revoke the non-profit status of organizations providing down payment assistance in this manner. The FHA has since stopped down payment assistance program through third-party nonprofit organizations. There is a bill currently in Congress that hopes to bring back down payment assistance programs through nonprofit organizations.
    • Canceling FHA mortgage insurance [ edit ] The FHA insurance payments include two parts: the upfront mortgage insurance premium (UFMIP) and the annual premium remitted on a monthly basis'--the mutual mortgage insurance (MMI). The UFMIP is an obligatory payment, which can either be made in cash at closing or financed into the loan, and thus paid over the life of the loan. It adds a certain amount to your monthly payments, but this is not PMI, nor is it the MMI. When a homeowner purchases a home utilizing an FHA loan, they will pay monthly mortgage until the loan is paid down to 78% of the appraised value to minimum of five years. The MMI premiums come on top of that for all FHA Purchase Money Mortgages, Full-Qualifying Refinances, and Streamline Refinances.
    • When we talk about canceling the FHA insurance, we talk only about the MMI part of it. Unlike other forms of conventional financed mortgage insurance, the UFMIP on an FHA loan is prorated over a three-year period, meaning should the homeowner refinance or sell during the first three years of the loan, they are entitled to a partial refund of the UFMIP paid at loan inception. If you have financed the UFMIP into the loan, you cannot cancel this part. The insurance premiums on a 30-year FHA loan which began before 6/3/2013 must have been paid for at least 5 years. The MMI premium gets terminated automatically once the unpaid principal balance, excluding the upfront premium, reaches 78% of the lower of the initial sales price or appraised value. After 6/3/2013 for both 30 and 15-year loan term, the monthly insurance premium must be paid for 11 years if the initial loan to value was 90% or less. For loan to value greater than 90% the insurance premium must now be paid for the entire loan term.
    • A 15-year FHA mortgage annual insurance premium will be cancelled at 78% loan-to-value ratio regardless of how long the premiums have been paid. The FHA's 78% is based on the initial amortization schedule, and does not take any extra payments or new appraisals into account. For loans begun after 6/3/2013, the 15-year FHA insurance premium follows the same rules as 30-year term (see above.) This is the big difference between PMI and FHA insurance: the termination of FHA premiums can hardly be accelerated.
    • Borrowers who do make additional payments towards an FHA mortgage principal, may take the initiative through their lender to have the insurance terminated using the 78% rule, but not sooner than after 5 years of regular payments for 30-year loans. PMI termination, however, can be accelerated through extra payments. For the 78% rule the FHA uses the original value or purchase price, whichever is lower, they will not go off a new appraisal even if the value has increased.
    • Legacy [ edit ] The creation of the Federal Housing Administration successfully increased the size of the housing market. Home ownership increased from 40% in the 1930s to 61% and 65% in 1995. Home ownership peaked at nearly 69% in 2005, near the peak of the US housing bubble. By 1938 only four years after the beginning of the Federal Housing Association, a house could be purchased for a down payment of only ten percent of the purchase price. The remaining ninety percent was financed by 25-year, self-amortizing, FHA-insured mortgage loan. After World War II, the FHA helped finance homes for returning veterans and families of soldiers. It has helped with purchases of both single family and multifamily homes. In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, the FHA helped to spark the production of millions of units of privately owned apartments for elderly, handicapped, and lower-income Americans. When the soaring inflation and energy costs threatened the survival of thousands of private apartment buildings in the 1970s, FHA's emergency financing kept cash-strapped properties afloat. In the 1980s, when the economy did not support an increase in homeowners, the FHA helped to steady falling prices, making it possible for potential homeowners to finance when private mortgage insurers pulled out of oil-producing states.[13][failed verification ]
    • The greatest effects of the Federal Housing Administration can be seen within minority populations and in cities. Nearly half of FHA's metropolitan area business is located in central cities, a percentage that is much higher than that of conventional loans.[14] The FHA also lends to a higher percentage of African Americans and Hispanic Americans, as well as younger, credit-constrained borrowers, contributing to the increase in home ownership among these groups.
    • As the capital markets in the United States matured over several decades, the impact of the FHA decreased. In 2006 FHA made up less than 3% of all the loans originated in the United States. This had some in Congress questioning the government's role in the mortgage insurance business, with a vocal minority calling for the end of FHA. The subsequent deterioration in the credit markets, however, has somewhat muted criticism of the agency. Today, the FHA backs over 40 percent of all new mortgages.
    • Redlining [ edit ] In the 1930s, the Federal Housing Authority established mortgage underwriting standards that significantly discriminated against minority neighborhoods.[15] Between 1934 and 1968, African Americans received only 2 percent of all federally insured home loans.[16] As the significance of subsidized mortgage insurance on the housing market grew, home values in inner-city minority neighborhoods plummeted. Also, the approval rates for minorities were equally low. After 1935, the FHA established guidelines to steer private mortgage investors away from minority areas. This practice, known as redlining, was made illegal by the Fair Housing Act of 1968.[17] Redlining has had long-lasting effects on minority communities.[18][19]
    • Operations [ edit ] The Federal Housing Administration is one of the few government agencies that is completely self-funded.[20]
    • See also [ edit ] Ginnie MaeCalifornia Housing Finance AgencyReferences [ edit ] ^ Freund, David M. P. (2010, (C)2007). Colored property : state policy and white racial politics in suburban America (Paperback ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226262765. OCLC 785739368. ^ Monroe 2001, p. 5 ^ Garvin 2002 ^ Rothstein, Richard (2017). The color of law : a forgotten history of how our government segregated America (First ed.). New York. ISBN 9781631492853. OCLC 959808903. ^ Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission Staff (May 1980). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Monroe Courts Historic District" (PDF) . ^ Jason Wilson; Tom Yots; Daniel McEneny (June 2010). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Kensington Gardens Apartment Complex" . Retrieved December 22, 2010 . ^ Lending Over Backward, Forbes ^ The Next Hit: Quick Defaults, The Washington Post ^ House Bill Aims to Save FHA Mortgage Insurance Fund in "Crisis" ^ "F.H.A. Hopes to Avoid a Bailout by Treasury". New York Times. Nov 16, 2012. ^ "F.H.A. Audit Said to Show Low Reserves". New York Times. Nov 14, 2012. ^ "Bet the house: why the FHA is going (for) broke". Jan 19, 2012. ^ a b "HUD '' Federal Housing Administration". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. 6 September 2006. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010 . Retrieved December 10, 2009 . ^ Monroe, Albert. "How the Federal Housing Administration Affects Homeownership." Harvard University Department of Economics. Cambridge, MA. November 2001. ^ Rothstein, Richard (October 15, 2014). "The Making of Ferguson: Public Policies at the Root of its Troubles". Economic Policy Institute. ^ Hanchett, Thomas W., "The Other 'Subsidized Housing': Federal Aid to Suburbanization 1940s-1960s." in John F. Bauman, Roger Biles and Kristin M. Szylvian, From Tenements to the Taylor Homes: In Search of an Urban Housing Policy in Twentieth Century America (University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), pp. 163-179. ^ http://www.louisianaweekly.com/housing-discrimination-underpins-the-staggering-wealth-gap-between-blacks-and-whites/ ^ Hillier, Amy. "Redlining in Philadelphia". Cartographic Modeling Laboratory. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on March 3, 2007. ^ Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 2014). "The Case for Reparations". The Atlantic. ^ Homes and Communities. "The Federal Housing Administration." U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. http://www.hud.gov/offices/hsg/fhahistory.cfm Archived 2010-01-05 at the Wayback Machine Further reading [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Official website National Housing Institute
  • Urban Dictionary: White adjacent
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 29 Feb 2020 15:14
    •  
    • (n.) A person who is technically a minority, but has access to, utilizes and sometimes benefits from
    • white privilege. This is usually accomplished by said person
    • distancing themselves from the
    • socio political problems their ethnic group commonly faces. Usually by considering considering themselves better than their minority counterparts sharing their same ethnic heritage. This can also be a person who thinks they are are better minorities possessing a darker complexion.
    • Lisa, who is Latina, believes that immigrants are a drain the economy because they take jobs away from real, honest Americans. Lisa is also, not percieved to be Latina by mainstream America because of her blond hair, light skin and blue eyes. Lisa
    • reaps the benefits of
    • white privilege. Lisa makes not effort to correct her co-workers who refer to her as white. Lisa, is
    • white adjacent.
    • Get a White adjacent mug for your daughter-in-law Jovana.
  • Lurie Daniel Favors Center for Law and Social Justice | JCPA
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 29 Feb 2020 15:18
    •  
    • Lurie Daniel Favors serves as General Counsel at the Center for Law and Social Justice. She is an activist and attorney with a long-standing commitment to racial and social justice. Before graduating from New York University School of Law as a Root-Tilden-Kern public interest scholar, Ms. Daniel Favors co-founded Sankofa Community Empowerment, Inc., a non-profit organization designed to empower racially disenfranchised communities. She later co-founded Breaking the Cycle Consulting Services LLC, which specializes in creating comprehensive professional development for educators, youth education programs and family workshops designed to address the crisis in urban education through the use of culturally responsive teaching. Ms. Daniel Favors is a regular law and racial justice contributor for the Karen Hunter Show and the Sunday Civics Show on Sirius XM Urban View.
    • Ms. Daniel Favors began her legal career as an attorney in the New York offices of Proskauer Rose LLP and Manatt Phelps and Phillips, LLP. She served as a law clerk in the chambers of the Honorable Sterling Johnson, Jr., in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York. She later founded Daniel Favors Law PLLC, a law firm that focused on economic and racial justice.
    • Ms. Daniel Favors is a contributing author to The Birth of a Nation: Nat Turner and the Making of a Movement and she wrote Afro State of Mind: Memories of a Nappy Headed Black Girl, a coming of age story about a Black girl fighting to find her place in a world where her hair texture and skin color do not fit the accepted beauty standard. The central character's hilarious encounters are imbued with a sharp analysis of the politics of culture, standards of beauty and the self-esteem of women of color in the US and abroad. Through her examination of the history of Black hair and racism, Ms. Daniel Favors identifies Black hair, identity, skin color and self-esteem as areas that are ripe with potential for personal and political power.
    • Ms. Daniel Favors adheres to the West African principle of sankofa and believes one must use the past in order to understand the present and build for a brighter future.
  • VIDEO - Mike Bloomberg wearing lifts during the debate! #minimike #bloomberg - YouTube
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 29 Feb 2020 15:34
    •  

• Music in this episode
  • Intro: Nature - We Ain't friends
  • Outro: Jean Knight - Mr Big Stuff

• Donate to the show at moefundme.com

• Search for us in your podcast directory or use this link to subscribe to the feed

• Podcast Feed

• For more information: MoeFactz.com