- Moe Factz with Adam Curry for June 2nd 2020, Episode number 39
- Associate Executive Producer:
- Description
- Adam and Moe get to the crux of nature vs nurture
- ShowNotes
- VIDEO - (549) George Floyd Autopsy Report Our Thoughts - YouTube
- Pinky (1949) - IMDb
- Learn more More Like This Crime | Drama | Film-Noir
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.2 / 10 X The true story of a prosecutor's fight to prove the innocence of a man accused of a notorious murder.
- Stars:Dana Andrews,Jane Wyatt,Lee J. Cobb
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.1 / 10 X Czech circus owner-Clown and his entire troupe employ a daring stratagem in order to escape en masse from behind the iron curtain.
- Stars:Fredric March,Terry Moore,Gloria Grahame
- Certificate: Passed Drama | Western
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.3 / 10 X On America's frontier, a St. Louis woman marries a New Mexico cattleman who is seen as a tyrant by the locals.
- Stars:Katharine Hepburn,Spencer Tracy,Robert Walker
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 / 10 X Encouraged by her idealistic if luckless father, a bright and imaginative young woman comes of age in a Brooklyn tenement during the early 1900s.
- Stars:Dorothy McGuire,Joan Blondell,James Dunn
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.4 / 10 X Bill, Martha and their little child Hal are spending a quiet winter Sunday in their house when they get an unexpected visit from Mike Nickerson and Tony Rodriguez.
- Stars:Patrick McVey,Patricia Joyce,James Woods
- Crime | Drama | Film-Noir
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.3 / 10 X A doctor and a policeman in New Orleans have only 48 hours to locate a killer infected with pneumonic plague.
- Stars:Richard Widmark,Paul Douglas,Barbara Bel Geddes
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.4 / 10 X A steamy tale of two Southern rivals and a sensuous nineteen-year-old virgin.
- Stars:Karl Malden,Carroll Baker,Eli Wallach
- Drama | History | Romance
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.6 / 10 X A TVA bureaucrat comes to the river to do what none of his predecessors have been able to do - evict a stubborn octogenarian from her island before the rising waters engulf her.
- Stars:Montgomery Clift,Lee Remick,Jo Van Fleet
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.6 / 10 X A suicidal advertising executive is forced to re-evaluate his life while dealing with his unhappy marriage, his mistress, and his aging father.
- Stars:Kirk Douglas,Faye Dunaway,Deborah Kerr
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.2 / 10 X A reporter pretends to be Jewish in order to cover a story on anti-Semitism, and personally discovers the true depths of bigotry and hatred.
- Stars:Gregory Peck,Dorothy McGuire,John Garfield
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.8 / 10 X A letter is addressed to three wives from their "best friend" Addie Ross, announcing that she is running away with one of their husbands - but she does not say which one.
- Director:Joseph L. Mankiewicz
- Stars:Jeanne Crain,Linda Darnell,Ann Sothern
- Certificate: Passed Drama | Thriller | War
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.4 / 10 X In 1936, seven prisoners escape from a concentration camp. Nazis put up seven crosses for demonstrative executions. The story focuses on one of the fugitives, who relies on own courage and compassion of people to avoid the seventh cross.
- Stars:Spencer Tracy,Signe Hasso,Hume Cronyn
- Edit Storyline Pinky, a light skinned black woman, returns to her grandmother's house in the South after graduating from a Northern nursing school. Pinky tells her grandmother that she has been "passing" for white while at school in the North. In addition, Pinky has fallen in love with a young white doctor, Dr. Thomas Adams, who knows nothing about her black heritage. Pinky says that she will return to the North, but Granny Johnson convinces her to stay and treat an ailing white woman, Miss Em. Meanwhile, Dr. Canady, a black physician from another part of the state, visits Pinky and asks her to train some African American students, but she declines. Pinky nurses Miss Em but is resentful because she seems to feel that she is doing the same thing her grandmother did. Pinky and Miss Em slowly develop a mutual respect for one another. Mrs. Em leaves Pinky her property when she dies, but relatives of the deceased woman contest the new will in court. To raise money for the court fees, Pinky washes clothes... Written byBroncine G. Carter
- Plot Summary | Add Synopsis Taglines:The love story of a girl who passed for white!
- See more >> Edit Did You Know? Trivia John Ford was the original director of the film, but after seeing dailies
- Darryl F. Zanuck felt Ford wasn't connecting with the material. Zanuck called
- Elia Kazan in New York and asked him to take over the film. Kazan felt he owed Zanuck for his film career, and agreed to do the movie without even looking at the script. He flew to Los Angeles and started filming the next Monday.
- GoofsWhen actress Nina May Mckinney's character gets slapped on the left side of her face by the white officer, Nina mistakenly rubs the right side of her face.
- Quotes Melba Wooley :Cousin Em, what do you mean, gettin' sick like this?
- Miss Em :When you're eighty years old, you expect to be sick. Sit down.
- Melba Wooley :Now, now. Naughty, naughty. Eighty years *young* is what we say.
- Miss Em :I don't. It's old, and I won't have it minimized. Takes a lot of livin' to get there, and pure, cursed endurance. Eighty years young indeed!
- Edit Details Release Date: November 1949 (USA)
- See more >> Edit Box OfficeGross USA: $4,200,000
- See more on IMDbPro >> Company Credits Technical Specs Runtime: 102 min
- Sound Mix: Mono(Western Electric Recording)
- VIDEO - (549) Pinky (Pinki) 1949 Jeanne Crain - YouTube
- My Life (film) - Wikipedia
- My Life is a 1993 American drama film starring Michael Keaton and Nicole Kidman and directed by Bruce Joel Rubin.[3] With a PG-13 rating, this film's North American box office gross was $27 million.
- Plot [ edit ] Detroit, Michigan, 1963: Bob Ivanovich, a young son of Ukrainian-American[4][5] parents, prays one night for a circus in his backyard the next day after school. After school the next day, he runs home eagerly, followed by his friends. To his disappointment, no circus awaits. Angrily, Bob retreats to the closet in his room, his personal retreat space.
- Bob has shunned his Ukrainian-born parents for their immigrant ways and decided to move away from his family in Detroit.[5] Thirty years later, Bob Jones (Michael Keaton) now runs a Los Angeles public relations firm. He is happily married to Gail (Nicole Kidman), who is pregnant with their first child. Bob is horrified to learn that he has been diagnosed with a terminal form of kidney cancer and might not live to see their baby born.
- Bob begins to make home movies, to immortalize himself, to be shown after his death to his son, so he'll know who his father was, showing him how to cook spaghetti, how to drive, etc. He also begins to visit a Chinese healer named Mr. Ho (Haing S. Ngor), who urges him to listen to his heart, which is calling him to forgive, and that life is always giving him invitations if he would just listen. At his wife's urging, they fly to his hometown of Detroit to attend a traditional Ukrainian wedding of his brother Paul (Bradley Whitford). While in the area, Bob visits his childhood home. Also while there, they attempt to mend fences with his estranged family, which does not go well. Bob criticizes his brother for not moving to California like he did, and his father (Michael Constantine) resents Bob's moving thousands of miles away and changing his name.
- Bob returns to California with a heavy heart, sadly saying to his wife, "This is my last trip home." During a visit with Mr. Ho, he advises Bob to go into his heart "soon." Bob teaches his son by camera how to shave, play basketball, and start a car by jumper cable. He also confronts a childhood fear by finally riding a formidable roller coaster. During the ride, a young companion urges him to let go of the railing as the descent begins, but Bob firmly holds on. (A metaphor of his fear of letting go of life.) He is living on borrowed time'--beyond the date the doctors gave him, as he says to his wife after getting off the coaster, "Today is D-Day. Death Day. I was supposed to be dead by today."
- Gail's contractions increase, and soon she is in the hospital, to give birth to their baby. Bob and Gail have a happy time with their newborn, but soon Bob's condition worsens, now that the cancer has reached his brain. Hospice care is arranged for Bob. Bob makes a final visit to Mr. Ho, and asks him what the light is he keeps seeing. Mr. Ho replies it is "the life of the self" and urges him to get his "house in order (life and personal affairs)."
- A hospice nurse, Theresa (Queen Latifah), moves in to help, but Bob's health continues to fail. Bob and Gail finally call his family to inform them of what's going on. Bob's family comes west for the first time to visit. Bob makes peace with his family at last. Bob's childhood wish is finally granted by a circus in the backyard.
- As his father shaves him, Bob shows that he has at last made peace by telling his father he loves him. Bob finally comes to terms with his life as he dies peacefully, surrounded by the loving, supportive bosom of his family. Next is shown Bob on a metaphysical roller coaster, this time letting go of the railing, raising his arms freely in the air this time, metaphorically letting go of life, and finally enjoying the ride of life. Bob rides toward a beautiful, shining, ethereal light (presumably heaven). A year later, his son and wife watch him on video, as he reads Dr. Seuss's Green Eggs and Ham to him.
- Cast [ edit ] Michael Keaton as Bob JonesNicole Kidman as Gail JonesBradley Whitford as Paul IvanovichRebecca Schull as Rose IvanovichMichael Constantine as Bill IvanovichQueen Latifah as TheresaMark Holton as SamHaing S. Ngor as Mr. HoLissa Walters as DeborahReception [ edit ] Box office [ edit ] My Life opened at #3 behind The Three Musketeers and Carlito's Way.[6]
- Critical response [ edit ] The film received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 42% based on reviews from 24 critics.[7] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade A on scale of A to F.[8]
- Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2.5/4 and wrote: "My Life should be a more rigorous and single-minded film; maybe it started that way, before getting spoonfuls of honey to make the medicine go down."[9]
- References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] My Life on IMDbMy Life at AllMovieMy Life at Box Office MojoMy Life at Rotten Tomatoes
- Is it true Hoover 'passed' for white? - The Globe and Mail
- Was the late J. Edgar Hoover, the infamous former director of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, part black?
- Millie McGhee is convinced he was. She's an African-American teacher who says her late grandfather told her that Hoover was his second cousin. That was 40 years ago. Now, she's written and self-published a book on the subject: Secrets Uncovered -- J. Edgar Hoover, Passing for White (available from amazon.com).
- Larry Carroll thinks he was, too. He's a former CBS anchorman and NBC network news correspondent who's producing a documentary on Hoover's black connection. Initially skeptical, Carroll now says the evidence is compelling.
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- Some of that evidence was assembled by George Ott, a Salt Lake City, Utah, genealogist who's traced various Hoover family birth and death records that seem to confirm at least part of McGhee's familial oral history and, at a minimum, raise questions about his provenance.
- Journalist Edward Spannaus also believes that Hoover, who died in 1972, "had something to hide." He says it may help explain the former director's persecution of black Americans during the 1950s and 1960s.
- In fact, as various memoirs have established, Hoover was obsessed with Martin Luther King Jr. and his Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Earlier, he targeted black newspaper publishers and leftist black celebrities such as singer Paul Robeson.
- Rumours of Hoover's black roots are not entirely new, of course. Some years ago, novelist Gore Vidal told biographer Anthony Summers ( Official and Confidential: the Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover) that it was "always said in my family and around the city [Washington, D.C.]that he was mulatto. People said he came from a family that had 'passed.' "
- It was Summers's book that also aired suggestions that Hoover was a closet homosexual who occasionally dressed in drag.
- Still, as Spannaus concedes, there is not yet a smoking gun, nothing to indicate definitively that Hoover was one-quarter, one-eighth, one-16th or even one-32nd black. Instead, there is a thickening dossier of circumstantial evidence that some believe corroborates McGhee's allegation.
- McGhee herself was raised on a former slave plantation owned by a Hoover family in Pike County, Miss. These Hoovers, she claims, were related to another Hoover clan living in Washington, although genealogist Ott is skeptical on this point.
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- In 1960, McGhee came home from a history class to ask whether J. Edgar Hoover might be related to the Hoovers in her own family.
- "He's my second cousin," her grandfather told her. "But you must never tell anyone because it's a family secret. This man has a lot of power and we could be burned up. I said, 'He can't do that.' But he said he could, and had already destroyed the evidence of his birth."
- According to the extended family history, the McGhees descend from the union of a black slave woman and her white slave master. In 1814, that relationship yielded one Elizabeth Allan, who went to Maryland with a William Hoover. In those days, it was not uncommon for white plantation owners to take black women as "bedwarmers." The McGhee tale goes on to say that Elizabeth had seven children by William Hoover; one light-skinned daughter, Emily Allan, was allegedly taken from her to Mississippi, where she became mistress to yet another William Hoover. An older child -- John T. Hoover -- later had a son of his own, Dickerson N. Hoover, who was the father of J. Edgar.
- McGhee's grandfather, known as Big Daddy, was the grandson of Emily.
- Genealogist Ott says the only way Big Daddy Allan and J. Edgar could have been second cousins was if they had shared a great-grandparent.
- In support of that claim, he found one record of the transfer of a slave named E. Allan from the D.C. area to Mississippi. Just how she arrived there is among the many unsolved mysteries surrounding the case.
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- "But Big Daddy was right about a lot of things," says Ott, who's been researching family histories for 25 years. "And so perhaps he was right about J. Edgar being his second cousin. There's still a lot of unanswered questions. And more research needs to be done. But I'd put it at 50-50 that J. Edgar was one-16th black."
- Others are less convinced. Another Hoover biographer, Curt Gentry, says he came across nothing about Hoover's black ancestry in preparing his 1991 book, J. Edgar Hoover, The Man and His Secrets.
- "There was never a hint of it in my research or I would have pursued it," Gentry says. "She [McGhee]has called me three or four times on this thing. I don't know anything except what they've told me. I'm interested in finding out. I'm not discounting it, but I'm not pushing it. I do know Hoover had his agents censor the papers of Roosevelt-era Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau. I presume it happened with other things, certainly the FBI's own files."
- Documentarian Carroll, recently returned from a fact-finding mission to Pike County, Miss., says that in explorations of dozens of graveyards, he found only one where black slaves and white slave owners were buried side by side -- and their names were Allan and Hoover respectively.
- The problem with this evidence, says Ott, is that there's no indication that these Mississippi Hoovers had any connection at all to the Washington Hoovers. However, Ott says it is curious that J. Edgar did not file an official birth certificate until 1938, when he was 43 years old. "His much older brother and sister had their arrivals registered at the time of their birth. So why didn't he?"
- He also says there is ample evidence that light-skinned blacks often "passed" in white society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. For example, Ott has done work for comedian Bill Cosby's wife, whose father was "so white he passed as an officer in World War II."
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- Carroll, who has shot more than 20 hours of videotape, says he will package the edited documentary for television or theatrical release. He does not expect it to be screened before next February.
- "This will be a shocker," he insists, "because it has the potential for rearranging how we look at the history of the 20th century as it applies to one of its most notorious characters."
- In the film, Carroll interviews psychologists who speculate on the effect Hoover's "secret" might have had on his psyche.
- "Having something to hide made him obsessive about the secrets of others," Carroll says. "It was a self-hate syndrome, played out against the people he hated."
- And there are implications, Carroll maintains, for all Americans. "Here was a nation built on the idea of equality. But the same divisions have divided us longer than we've been a nation. Even if we never find the smoking gun, it's a wakeup call. The point is made, because everybody knows that there's nobody who is pure anything in this country or the rest of the world. White, black, it's almost irrelevant, but it demonstrates the idiocy of our behaviour."
- Millie McGhee meanwhile, who has just released a second edition of her book, continues to cling to her grandfather's story. "Who am I to say that my grandfather wasn't telling the truth?" she asks. "Why would he have lied to me?"
- Brown Paper Bag Test - Wikipedia
- 20th-century racial discrimination practice among African Americans
- An individual darker than a brown paper bag was denied privileges
- The Brown Paper Bag Test in African-American oral history was a form of racial discrimination practiced by white America in the 20th century. Whites compared an African-American's skin tone to the color of a brown paper bag. The test was allegedly used as a way to determine whether or not an individual could have certain privileges; only those with a skin color that matched or was lighter than a brown paper bag were allowed admission or membership privileges. The test was believed by many to be used in the 20th century by many African-American social institutions such as sororities, fraternities, and churches.[1] The term is also used in reference to larger issues of class and social stratification within the African American population. The bag typically used was brown.
- Color discrimination [ edit ] Athletes with various skin tones
- Privilege has long been associated with skin tone in the African-American community, dating back to slave times.Mixed-race children of white fathers were sometimes given privileges ranging from more desirable work, apprenticeships or formal education, allocation of property, or even freedom from enslavement. African Americans "contributed to colorism because they have benefited from the privilege of having a skin color closer to that of Whites and have embraced the notion that privilege comes with having light skin in America".[2] Lighter-skinned people of color were accorded certain social and economic advantages over darker-skinned people of color, even while suffering discrimination. According to Gordon, "light-skinned blacks formed exclusive clubs" after slavery was abolished in the United States.[3] Some clubs were called "Blue Vein Societies", suggesting that if an individual's skin was light enough to show the blue cast of veins, they had more European ancestry (and, therefore, higher social standing.)[3] Such discrimination was resented by African Americans with darker complexions. According to Henry Louis Gates Jr., in his book The Future of the Race (1996), the practice of the brown paper bag test may have originated in New Orleans, Louisiana, where there was a substantial third class of free people of color dating from the French colonial era.[4] The test was related to ideas of beauty, in which some people believed that lighter skin and more European features, in general, were more attractive.
- From 1900 until about 1950, "paper bag parties" are said to have taken place in neighborhoods of major American cities with a high concentration of African Americans. Many churches, fraternities, and nightclubs used the "brown paper bag" principle as a test for entrance. People at these organizations would take a brown paper bag and hold it against a person's skin. If a person was lighter than the bag, they were admitted. People whose skin was not lighter than a brown paper bag were denied entry.[5]
- There is, too, a curious color dynamic that persists in our culture. In fact, New Orleans invented the brown paper bag party '-- usually at a gathering in a home '-- where anyone darker than the bag attached to the door was denied entrance. The brown bag criterion survives as a metaphor for how the black cultural elite quite literally establishes caste along color lines within black life. On my many trips to New Orleans, whether to lecture at one of its universities or colleges, to preach from one of its pulpits, or to speak at an empowerment seminar during the annual Essence Music Festival, I have observed color politics at work among black folk. The cruel color code has to be defeated by our love for one another. '--Michael Eric Dyson, excerpt from Come Hell or High Water.[6]
- Some historically black colleges and universities used the brown paper bag test as a way to critique candidates for admission.[7] A person's skin tone could affect whether they were admitted to a top school. For instance, Audrey Elisa Kerr refers to colleges requiring applicants to send personal photos.[8] Kerr mentioned how this practice took place at a popular HBCU, Howard University.[8] Dr. Arnold relayed to Kerr a story concerning young women at Howard. Dr. Arnold had heard colorism was a factor when it came to admission to Howard.[8] Discrimination was also practiced by fraternities and sororities, whose members self-selected others like themselves, generally those reflecting partial European ancestry.[9] Multi-racial people who had been free before the American Civil War attempted to distinguish themselves from the mass of freedmen after the war, who appeared to be mostly of African descent and had been confined to slavery.
- Colorism through the centuries [ edit ] The offspring of African men and white women were often born into freedom because of their mothers' legal status of slave vs. free, regardless of color.[10][11] A law established in Virginia and other colonies in the 17th century dictated that the legal status of these children would be determined by that of their mothers, rather than by their fathers, in opposition to the tradition of English common law.[10][11] These free descendants became well-established, with descendants moving to frontier regions of Virginia, North Carolina and west as areas opened up. Some prominent Americans were descendants of these early free families, for instance, Ralph Bunche, who served as ambassador to the United Nations.[12]
- As early as the 18th century, travelers remarked on the variety of color and features seen in slaves in Virginia, as European ancestry was obvious. Light-skinned slaves, some of whom were descendants of masters and their sons, were sometimes given better treatment on plantations, with domestic jobs inside the master's house, including as companions or maids to his legal children.[13] Some of them were educated, or at least allowed to learn to read. Occasionally the master may have arranged for an apprenticeship for a mixed-race son and freed him upon its completion, especially in the first two decades after the American Revolution, when numerous slaves were freed in the Upper South. In this region, from the Revolution to 1810, the percentage of people of color who were free increased from 1 to more than 10 percent. By 1810, 75% of blacks in Delaware were free.[14]
- Newly imported Africans and African Americans with less visible European ancestry were used in hard field labor, and abuse was more frequent in the fields. As tensions concerning slave uprisings rose in the 19th century, slave states imposed more restrictions, including prohibitions on educating slaves and on slaves' movements. These slaves could be punished for trying to learn to read and write.
- In Louisiana especially, Creoles of color had long comprised a third class during the years of slavery. They had achieved a high level of literacy and sophistication under the French and Spanish rule, becoming educated, taking the names of white fathers or lovers, and often receiving property from the white men involved with their families. Many became artisans, property owners, and sometimes slaveholders themselves. Unlike in the Upper South, where free African Americans varied widely in appearance, free people of color in New Orleans and the Deep South tended to be light-skinned due to generations of intermarriage with people of European ancestry. After the United States negotiated the Louisiana Purchase, more Americans settled in New Orleans, bringing with them their binary approach to society, in which each person was classified only as black or white. They began to curtail the privileges of Creoles of color.[15]
- See also [ edit ] References [ edit ] ^ Pilgram, David (February 2014). "Brown Paper Bag Test". Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. Ferris State University . Retrieved 3 January 2019 . ^ "African Americans Still Victims of Colorism". Racism Review. Wordpress. 2011-03-26 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . ^ a b "Skin-Deep Discrimination". ABC News. ABC News . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . ^ Maxwell, Bill. "The paper bag test". St. Petersburg Times. Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . ^ "Did Hurricane Katrina reveal a historic reality?" Excerpt from Michael Eric Dyson's (2006) Come Hell or High Water ^ Dyson, Michael Eric (2007). Come hell or high water : Hurricane Katrina and the color of disaster (Pbk. ed.). New York: Basic Civitas. ISBN 978-0465017720. ^ Carter, Jarrett (2013-04-11). "Bringing Back the Brown Paper Bag Test to HBCUs". Hoff Post Black Voices. Huffington Post . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . ^ a b c Kerri, Audrey Elisa (2006). The Paper Bag Principle: Class, Colorism, and Rumor and the Case of Black Washington, Part 3. University of Tennessee Press. p. 93. ^ "Paper Bag Test: Letter From 1928 Addresses Black Fraternity And Sorority Colorism At Howard University". watchtheyard. WatchTheYard . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . ^ a b Williams, Heather. "How Slavery Affected African American Families". National Humanities Center. National Humanities Center . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . ^ a b "Slavery and Indentured Servants". Law Library of Congress. Library of Congress . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . ^ Heinegg, Paul. "Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware" . Retrieved 15 Feb 2008 . ^ "Household Slavery". boundless . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . ^ Peter Kolchin, American Slavery: 1619-1877, New York: Hill and Wang, 1994 Pbk, pp.78 and 81 ^ Peter Kolchin, American Slavery: 1619-1877, New York: Hill and Wang, 1994 Pbk, p. 83 Further reading [ edit ] Russell, Kathy; Wilson, Midge; Hall, Ronald (1993-10-01). The Color Complex. New York: Anchor. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-385-47161-9. Williams, Lena (1992-11-22). "The Many Shades of Bigotry". New York Times. External links [ edit ] THE PAPER BAG TEST, an editorial by Bill Maxwell about blacks discriminating against blacks, St. Petersburg Times, August 31, 2003, discusses the history of the test.Skin-Deep Discrimination, ABC News, March 4, 2005Classypac
- Fisk University - Wikipedia
- Historically black university in Nashville, Tennessee, US
- Fisk University is a private historically black university in Nashville, Tennessee. The university was founded in 1866 and its 40-acre (160,000 m2) campus is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
- In 1930, Fisk was the first African-American institution to gain accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). Accreditations for specialized programs soon followed. Although the university remains accredited by SACS, the university was placed on probation in June 2018.[3]
- History [ edit ] In the Antebellum era, the land on which the campus was built was owned by David McGavock.[4] He was the brother of Randal McGavock, who owned the Carnton plantation and was mayor of Nashville from 1824 to 1825.
- In 1866, after the end of the American Civil War, leaders of the northern American Missionary Association (AMA): John Ogden, Reverend Erastus Milo Cravath, field secretary; and Reverend Edward Parmelee Smith, founded the Fisk Free Colored School, for the education of freedmen in Nashville. It was one of several schools and colleges that the AMA helped found. Enrollment jumped from 200 to 900 in the first several months of the school, indicating freedmen's strong desire for education, with ages of students ranging from seven to seventy.
- The school was named in honor of General Clinton B. Fisk of the Tennessee Freedmen's Bureau, who made unused barracks available to the school, as well as establishing the first free schools for white and black children in Tennessee. In addition, he endowed Fisk with a total of $30,000.[5] The American Missionary Association's work was supported by the United Church of Christ, which retains an affiliation with the university.[6] Fisk opened to classes on January 9, 1866.[7]
- With Tennessee's passage of legislation during the Reconstruction era to support public education, leaders saw a need for training teachers. Fisk was incorporated as a normal school for college training in August 1867.[citation needed ] James Dallas Burrus, John Houston Burrus, Virginia E. Walker, and America W. Robinson were the first four students to enroll at Fisk in 1867; Broughton and the two Burruses were the first African Americans to graduate from a liberal arts college south of the Mason''Dixon line. Robinson graduated as well and became a member of the Fisk Jubilee Singers. Walker became a noted missionary, while the Burrus brothers were both prominent educators. They later became professors at Fisk.[8]
- Cravath organized the College Department and the Mozart Society, the first musical organization in Tennessee. Rising enrollment added to the needs of the university. In 1870 Adam Knight Spence became principal of the Fisk Normal School. To raise money for the school's initiatives, his wife Catherine Mackie Spence traveled throughout the United States to set up mission Sunday schools in support of Fisk students, organizing endowments through the AMA.[9] With a strong interest in religion and the arts, Adam Spence supported the start of a student choir. In 1871 the student choir went on a fund-raising tour in Europe; they were the start of the Fisk Jubilee Singers.
- They toured to raise funds to build the first building for the education of freedmen. They raised nearly $50,000 and funded construction of the renowned Jubilee Hall, now a designated National Historic Landmark.[10] When the American Missionary Association declined to assume the financial responsibility of the Jubilee Singers, Professor George L. White, Treasurer of the University, took over responsibility and started North in 1871 with his troupe. On April 12, 1873, the Jubilee Singers sailed for England. They sang for a society in the presence of the Queen, who expressed her pleasure in the performance.[7] The Jubilee Singers were responsible for popularizing the spirituals written by Wallace Willis, including "Swing Low Sweet Chariot".[11]
- During the 1880s Fisk had an active construction program on campus, which accompanied its expansion of curriculum offerings. By the turn of the 20th century, it added black teachers and staff to the university, and a second generation of free blacks entered classes.[10]
- From 1915 to 1925, Fayette Avery McKenzie was President of Fisk. McKenzie's tenure, before and after World War I, was during a turbulent period in American history. In spite of many challenges, McKenzie developed Fisk as the premier all Black university in the United States, secured Fisk's academic recognition as a standard college by the Carnegie Foundation, Columbia University and the University of Chicago, raised a $1 million endowment fund to ensure quality faculty and laid a foundation for Fisk's accreditation and future success.[12] McKenzie was eventually forced to resign when his strict policies on dress code, extracurricular activities, and other aspects of student life led to student protests.
- In 1947 Fisk selected its first African-American president, Charles Spurgeon Johnson. Johnson was a premier sociologist, a scholar who had also been the editor of Opportunity magazine, a noted periodical of the Harlem Renaissance.
- In 1952, Fisk was the first predominantly black college to earn a Phi Beta Kappa charter. Organized as the Delta of Tennessee Chapter of the Phi Beta Kappa National Honor Society that December, the chapter inducted its first student members on April 4, 1953.
- On April 8, 1967, a riot occurred on the college campuses of Fisk University and Tennessee State University after Stokely Carmichael spoke at Vanderbilt University.[13] Although it was viewed as a "race riot", it had classist characteristics.[13]
- From 2004 to 2013, Fisk was directed by its 14th president, Hazel O'Leary, former Secretary of Energy under President Bill Clinton. She was the second woman to serve as president of the university. On June 25, 2008, Fisk announced that it had successfully raised $4 million during the fiscal year ending June 30. It ended nine years of budget deficits and qualified for a Mellon Foundation challenge grant.[14][15] However, Fisk still faced significant financial hardship, and said that it may need to close its doors unless its finances improve.[16]
- H. James Williams, served as president from February 2013 to September 2015. Williams had previously been dean of the Seidman College of Business at Grand Valley State University in Michigan and, before that, an accounting professor at Georgetown University, Florida A&M and Texas Southern University.[17][18] Williams stepped down in September 2015.[19]
- Williams was replaced by interim president, board member, Frank Sims.[20] In March 2017 the Fisk board of trustees announced that Kevin Rome would be Fisk university's next president.[21]
- In June 2017, a service in memory of 1892 lynching victim Ephraim Grizzard was held in the Fisk University Memorial Chapel. In addition, a plaque memorializing Grizzard, his brother Henry, and Samuel Smith, a third lynching victim, was installed at St. Anselm's Episcopal church in Nashville.[22]
- One year later, the university's regional accreditor placed the university on probation. The accreditor cited failings related to financial responsibility, control of research funds, and federal and state responsibility.[3]
- Campus [ edit ] United States historic place
- Jubilee Hall, which was recently restored, is the oldest and most distinctive structure of Victorian architecture on the 40 acre (160,000 m2) Fisk campus.
- Students and teachers in training school (between 1890 and 1906)
- Theological Hall, c. 1900
- Interior lobby of Cravath Hall, Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Music, art, and literature collections [ edit ] Fisk University is the home of a music literature collection founded by the noted Harlem Renaissance figure Carl Van Vechten, for whom the campus museum is named, and a substantial collection of materials associated with Charles W. Chestnutt.[23]
- Alfred Stieglitz Collection [ edit ] In 1949, Georgia O'Keeffe wife, and Executrix of her late husband's estate, donated to Fisk a number of paintings that had belonged to her husband (in accordance with the terms of his will), the photographer and art patron Alfred Stieglitz. The collection consists of 101 works by important artists, including European modernists Paul C(C)zanne, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Pablo Picasso and Diego Rivera, as well as American artists Marsden Hartley, Arthur Dove and Charles Demuth and works by O'Keeffe.[24]
- In 2005, mounting financial difficulties and deteriorating conditions in the gallery led the University trustees to vote to sell two of the paintings, O'Keeffe's "Radiator Building" and Hartley's "Painting No. 3," together estimated to be worth up to 45 million U.S. dollars. The sale was challenged by the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum, the legal guardians of her estate. This challenge failed. A joint agreement was established between Fisk University and the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.[25][26][27][28] The two museums now share the works' presentation and display rights of the Stieglitz collection, (ownership remains with Fisk University, in accord with the terms of Stieglitz's estate). Presentation and display rights, rotate between Fisk University and Crystal Bridges Museum, every two years. In 2016, as part of the university's sesquicentennial celebration, the collection was displayed at the newly renovated Carl Van Vechten Gallery.[24]
- Science programs [ edit ] Fisk University has a strong record of academic excellence: it has graduated more African Americans who go on to earn PhDs in the natural sciences than any other institution.[29]
- Fisk-Vanderbilt Bridge Program [ edit ] Started in 2004,[30] the Fisk-Vanderbilt bridge program helps underrepresented groups gain access to Ph.D. programs in STEM fields. The partnership between a small, historically black college and a major research university aims to diversify doctoral study.[31] The program, which has received money from NASA, the National Science Foundation, and the Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship,[32] provides a scholarship for a master's degree at Fisk University and close mentorship for students who go on to a Ph.D.[30] Since 2004, 21 students in the program have completed a Ph.D., with another 56 currently pursuing graduate study.[30] The program has a success rate far higher than the national average for completion of Ph.D. programs, which is about 50%.[33]
- Rankings [ edit ] For 2020, U.S. News & World Report ranked Fisk University tied for 35th for best undergraduate teaching and 164''215 overall among national liberal arts colleges, and 9th among historically black colleges and universities in the U.S.[37]For 2019, Washington Monthly ranked Fisk 162nd among liberal arts colleges in the U.S. based on their contribution to the public good, as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service.[38]Forbes ranks Fisk 642nd on its 2019 "America's Top Colleges" list of 650 colleges, universities and service academies.[39]Athletics [ edit ] Fisk University teams, nicknamed athletically as the Bulldogs, are part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA)[40] Division I level, primarily competing in the Gulf Coast Athletic Conference (GCAC).[41] Men's sports include basketball, cross country, tennis and track & field; women's sports include basketball, cross country, softball, tennis, track & field and volleyball.
- Notable alumni [ edit ] NameClass yearNotabilityReference(s)Lil Hardin Armstrong1915jazz pianist/composer, second wife of Louis ArmstrongConstance Baker Motley1941''1942first African-American woman elected to the New York State SenateMarion Barry1960former mayor of Washington, D.C.Mary Frances Berryformer Chair, United States Commission on Civil Rights; former Chancellor University of Colorado at BoulderJohn Betsch1967jazz percussionistJoyce Boldenfirst African-American woman to serve on the Commission for Accreditation of the National Association of Schools of MusicOtis Boykin1942inventor, control device for the heart pacemakerSt. Elmo Bradyfirst African American to earn a doctorate in ChemistryVirginia E. Walker Broughton1875, 1878author and Baptist missionary[42][43][44]Cora Brownfirst African-American woman elected to a state senateJames Dallas Burrus1875educatorJohn Houston Burrus1875educatorHenry Alvin Cameron1896educator, decorated World War I veteranElizabeth Hortense (Golden) Canadypast national president of Delta Sigma Theta sororityAlfred O. Coffinfirst African American to earn a doctorate in zoologyMalia Cohen2001San Francisco District 10 Supervisor 2010 '' PresentJohnnetta B. Coleanthropologist, former President of Spelman College and Bennett CollegeNeal Craig1971NFL Cornerback for Cincinnati Bengals, Buffalo Bills, and Cleveland BrownsArthur Cunningham1951musical composer, studied at Juilliard and Columbia UniversityWilliam L. Dawson (politician)1909U.S. Congressman (1943''1970)Charles DiggsUnited States House of Representatives Michigan (1955''1980)Mahala Ashley Dickerson1935first black female attorney in the state of Alabama and first black president of the National Association of Women LawyersRel Dowdell1993acclaimed filmmakerW. E. B. Du Bois1888sociologist, scholar, first African-American to earn a Ph.D. from HarvardJames J. Durham1880, 1885Founder of Morris CollegeAlthea Brown Edmiston1901Presbyterian missionary in Belgian CongoVenida Evans1969actress, best known for IKEA commercialsEtta Zuber Falconer1953first African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics; former Chair, mathematics department at Spelman CollegeJohn Hope Franklin1935historian, professor, scholar, author of landmark text From Slavery to FreedomVictor O. FrazerUnited States House of Representatives (1995''1997)Alonzo Fulghamformer acting chief and operating officer of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)Nikki Giovanni1967poet, author, professor, scholarLouis George Gregoryposthumously, a Hand of the Cause in Bah' FaithEliza Ann Grier1891first African-American female physician in GeorgiaKevin Halesprofessor, Africologist, Fulbright Scholar, NEH Scholar, Teaching Excellence Professor (Scholar of global African culture)Alcee HastingsU.S. Congressman and former U.S. district court judgeRoland Hayesconcert singerPerry Wilbon HowardAssistant U.S. Attorney General under President Herbert HooverElmer Imes1903renowned physicist and second African-American to earn a Ph.D in PhysicsEsther Cooper Jackson1940Founding editor of Freedomways JournalLena Terrell Jackson1885educator in Nashville for over 50 yearsLeonard Jackson (actor)1952Actor, Five on the Black Hand Side; The Color PurpleRobert Jamesformer NFL cornerbackJudith Jamisonpioneering dancer and choreographer; former artistic Director, Alvin Ailey American Dance TheaterTed JarrettR&B recording artist and producerDr. Charles Jeter1971father of Derek JeterBen Jobe1956legendary basketball coach, Southern UniversityLewis Wade Jones1931sociologist; Julius Rosenwald Foundation Fellow at Columbia UniversityElla Mae Johnson1921at age 105 years old, Ella Mae Johnson traveled to Washington, DC to attend the inauguration of Barack ObamaMame Stewart Josenberger1888businesswoman and clubwoman in ArkansasAnne Gamble Kennedy1941Pianist, professor, and piano accompanist for the Fisk Jubilee SingersMatthew Kennedy1947Pianist, professor, and former director of the Fisk Jubilee SingersMathew Knowles1973father and former manager of Beyonc(C), founder and owner of Music World Entertainment, and adjunct professor at Texas Southern UniversityDr. John Angelo Lester1895Professor Emeritus of Physiology, Meharry Medical CollegeNella Larsen1908novelist, Harlem Renaissance eraJulius Lester1960author of children's books and former professor at the University of Massachusetts AmherstDavid Levering Lewis1956two-time Pulitzer Prize WinnerJohn LewisCongressman, civil rights activist, former President of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)Jimmie Lunceford1925famous bandleader in the swing eraAubrey Lyles1903vaudeville performerMandisa2001Grammy Award-winning and Dove Award-nominated Christian contemporary singer/songwriter, ninth-place finalist in the fifth season (2006) of American IdolAriana Austin Makonnenphilanthropist and member of the Ethiopian Imperial FamilyPatti J. Malone1880Fisk Jubilee SingerLouis E. Martin1933Godfather of Black PoliticsFatima Massaquoi1936pioneering Liberian educator[45]Jedidah Isler2007Isler became the first African-American woman to receive a PhD in Astrophysics from Yale University in 2014[46]Wade H. McCree1941second African-American United States Solicitor General; Justice, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth CircuitSamuel A. McElwee1883State Senator during the Reconstruction Era and the first African American elected three times to the Tennessee General AssemblyRobert McFerrinfirst African American male to sing at the Metropolitan Opera and father of Bobby McFerrinLeslie Meek1987Administrative Law Judge, wife of Congressman Kendrick MeekTheo Mitchell1960Senator, South Carolina General AssemblyUndine Smith Moorefirst Fisk graduate to receive a scholarship to Juilliard, Pulitzer Prize NomineeDiane Nashfounding member of SNCCRachel B. Noelpolitician; first African-American to serve on the Denver Public Schools Board of EducationLonnie H. Norris, D.M.D., M.P.H.1964first African American Dean in the history of Tufts University School of Dental Medicine.[47]Donna M. Norris M.D.1964psychiatrist and the first black and first woman speaker at the assembly of the American Psychiatric Association.[48]Hon. Hazel O'Learyformer U.S. Secretary of EnergyLucius T. Outlaw, Jr.Philosophy professor at Vanderbilt University[49]J.O. Patterson, Jr.1958first African American to occupy the office of Mayor of Memphis. Tennessee State Representative, State Senator, Memphis Councilman, Jurisdictional Bishop in the Church of God in ChristHelen Phillips1928first African-American to perform with the Metropolitan Opera ChorusAnnette Lewis Phinazee1939first black woman to earn a doctorate in library sciences from Columbia UniversityAlma Powellwife of Gen. Colin PowellCecelia Cabaniss Saunders1903director of Harlem YWCA, 1914-1947Lorenzo Dow Turner1910linguist and Chair, African Studies at Roosevelt UniversityA. Maceo Walker1930businessman, Universal Life Insurance, Tri-State BankRon Walters1963scholar of African-American politics, Chair, Afro-American Studies Brandeis UniversityMargaret Murray Washington1890Lady Principal of Tuskegee Institute and third wife of Booker T. WashingtonIda B. WellsAmerican civil rights activist and women's suffrage advocateCharles H. Wesley1911President of Wilberforce University from 1942 to 1947, and President of Central State College from 1947''1965; third African-American to receive a Ph.D. from HarvardKym Whitleyactress, comedianFrederica Wilson1963U.S. Representative for Florida's 17th congressional districtTom Wilson (producer)1953music producer, best known for his work with Bob Dylan and Frank ZappaFrank Yerby1938first African-American to publish a best-selling novelNotable faculty [ edit ] NameDepartmentNotabilityReferenceCamille AkejuArtArt historian and museum administrator[50]Ebenezer Ako-AdjeiGhanaian politician and founding father of GhanaArna BontempsLibrarianHead Librarian; Harlem Renaissance poetRobert HaydenUnited States Poet Laureate 1976''1978Charles Spurgeon JohnsonPresidentFirst African American President of Fisk UniversityFayette Avery McKenziePresidentFourth President of Fisk UniversityThomas Elsa JonesPresidentFifth President of Fisk UniversityPercy Lavon JulianChemistryFirst African-American chemist and second African-American from any field to become a member of the National Academy of SciencesLee LorchMathematicsMathematician and civil rights activist. Fired in 1955 for refusing to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee.Hon. Hazel O'LearyPresidentformer U.S. Secretary of EnergyJohn Oliver KillensWriter in ResidenceTwo-time Pulitzer Prize nomineeNikki GiovanniEnglishauthor, poet, activistJames Weldon JohnsonLiteratureauthor, poet and civil rights activist, author of "Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing", known as the "Negro National Anthem"Anne Gamble KennedyMusicConcert Pianist, Piano Professor, and accompanist for the Fisk Jubilee Singers under John W. Work III and Matthew KennedyMatthew KennedyMusicConcert pianist, piano professor, and director of the Fisk Jubilee Singers (1957''1986 intermittently)John W. Work IIIMusicChoir director, ethnomusicologist and scholar of Afro-American folk musicAaron DouglasArtpainter, illustrator, muralistRobert E. ParkSociologySociologist of the Chicago SchoolHelen Clarissa MorganLatinFirst woman to be appointed professor of Latin (1869''1907) at a coeducational collegeReferences [ edit ] ^ "Welcome". Fisk Memorial Chapel . Retrieved June 28, 2010 . ^ https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Fisk+University&s=all&id=220181 ^ a b Lederman, Doug (June 25, 2018). "Southern Accreditor Places 4 Institutions on Probation". Inside Higher Ed . Retrieved June 28, 2018 . ^ Thomas, Jane H. (1897). Old Days in Nashville, Tenn. Reminiscences. Nashville, Tennessee: Publishing House Methodist Episcopal Church, South. pp. 10''11. OCLC 1011667441 '' via Internet Archive. ^ Mitchell, Reavis L., Jr., Clinton Bowen Fisk, The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002, accessed 8 July 2012 ^ "History of Fisk". Fisk University. Archived from the original on July 6, 2012 . Retrieved July 8, 2012 . ^ a b Mitchell, Reavis L., Jr., Fisk University, The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002, accessed 3 Mar 2009 ^ Richardson, Joe M. "A negro success story: James Dallas Burrus". The Journal of Negro History 50, no. 4 (1965): 274''282. ^ Biographical note: Adam Knight Spence, Spence Family Collection, Fisk University Library, accessed 3 Mar 2009. Link via the Internet Archive, accessed 15 August 2013. ^ a b "Fisk University", The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002, accessed 3 Mar 2009. Quote: "When the American Missionary Association declined to assume the financial responsibility of the Jubilee Singers, Professor George L. White, Treasurer of the University, took the responsibility upon himself and started North in 1871 with his troupe. On April 12, 1873, the Jubilee Singers sailed for England where they sang before a fashionable audience in the presence of the Queen, who expressed her gratification at the performance." ^ "Michael Overall, How an Oklahoma slave came to write one of the world's most famous songs". Tulsa World. January 28, 2019 . Retrieved January 28, 2019 . ^ Christopher L. Nicholson, To Advance a Race: A Historical Analysis of the Personal Belief, Industrial Philanthropy and Black Liberal Arts Higher Education in Fayette McKenzie's Presidency at Fisk University, 1915''1925, Loyola University, Chicago, May 2011, p.299-301, 315''318. ^ a b Frizzell, Scott (Spring 2011). "Not Just a Matter of Black and White: The Nashville Riot of 1967". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 70 (1): 26''51. JSTOR 42628733. ^ "Institutional Support : Fisk University | The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation". mellon.org . Retrieved February 5, 2019 . ^ "Institutional Support : Fisk University | The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation". mellon.org . Retrieved February 5, 2019 . ^ "Fisk University Struggles Through Financial Crisis", NPR, September 16, 2010 ^ "President" Archived 2013-08-29 at the Wayback Machine, Fisk University webpage. Retrieved 2013-07-29 ^ Phillips, Betsy, "H. James Williams Named New President of Fisk University", Nashville Scene, December 7, 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-29. ^ Tamburin, Adam (September 21, 2015). "Fisk University president resigns". The Tennessean . Retrieved October 5, 2015 . ^ [1], Fisk University, May 14, 2017 ^ "President", Fisk University webpage. Retrieved 2017-05-14 ^ Scheu, Katherine (June 7, 2017). "Nashville's Episcopal Church remembers 1892 lynchings in city". The Tennessean . Retrieved April 26, 2018 . ^ "Contemporary Reviews". www.chesnuttarchive.org . Retrieved April 18, 2016 . ^ a b "Alfred Stieglitz Collection returns to Fisk University". The Tennessean . Retrieved April 18, 2016 . ^ "Search for cash turns into battle over art for Fisk University". CNN.com. CNN. December 27, 2007. Archived from the original on December 29, 2007. ^ Pogrebin, Robin (August 3, 2012). "Legal Battle Over Fisk University Art Collection Ends". The New York Times . Retrieved August 5, 2012 . ^ Rosenbaum, Lee (CultureGrrl), "News Flash: Court Order to Send Fisk's Stieglitz Collection to Crystal Bridges in Fall 2013", Arts Journal blog, August 2, 2012. ^ Allyn, Bobby (August 4, 2012). "Fisk finalizes deal to sell half-stake of Alfred Stieglitz collection in end to long fight, half-stake sold to Arkansas museum". The Tennessean . Retrieved August 5, 2012 . ^ RESOLUTION NO. RS2008-188: A resolution to recognize and declare Fisk University Day in Nashville, Tennessee on March 19, 2008, Nashville Metropolitan Council, accessed 3 Mar 2009 ^ a b c Patel, Vimal (May 19, 2016). "Building a Better 'Bridge' to the Ph.D." The Chronicle of Higher Education. ISSN 0009-5982 . Retrieved May 22, 2016 . ^ Stassun, Keivan G.; et al. (December 2010). "The Fisk-Vanderbilt Master's-to-Ph.D. Bridge Program: Recognizing, enlisting, and cultivating unrealized or unrecognized potential in underrepresented minority students". American Journal of Physics. 79 (4): 374''379. doi:10.1119/1.3546069. ^ "About the Bridge Program". Fisk-Vanderbilt Bridge Program. September 12, 2014 . Retrieved May 22, 2016 . ^ Cassuto, Leonard (July 1, 2013). "Ph.D. Attrition: How Much Is Too Much?". The Chronicle of Higher Education. ISSN 0009-5982 . Retrieved May 22, 2016 . ^ "America's Top Colleges 2019". Forbes . Retrieved August 15, 2019 . ^ "Best Colleges 2020: National Liberal Arts Colleges Rankings". U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved September 8, 2019 . ^ "2019 Liberal Arts Rankings". Washington Monthly . Retrieved September 8, 2019 . ^ "Fisk University". U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved September 9, 2019 . ^ "2019 Liberal Arts Rankings". Washington Monthly . Retrieved September 9, 2019 . ^ "Fisk University". Forbes . Retrieved September 9, 2019 . ^ NAIA Member Schools, NAIA webpage. Retrieved 2013-08-28. ^ GCAC Members, GCAC webpage. Retrieved 2013-08-28. ^ Carter, Tomeiko Ashford, editor (2010). Virginia Broughton: The Life and Writings of a Missionary, The University of Tennessee Press, page xxxix. ISBN 978-1572336964 ^ "Biographies". Digital.nypl.org . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ "Project MUSE - Virginia Broughton". Muse.jhu.edu . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ Massaquoi, Fatima (2013). Introduction to The Autobiography of an African Princess. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-10250-8. ^ "Jedidah Isler First African-American Woman To Receive A Yale PhD In Astrophysics". scienceworldreport.com . Retrieved December 26, 2016 . ^ "Dr. Lonnie H. Norris Receives ADEA Distinguished Service Award". Nasdaq. March 17, 2012. ^ "ProMutual Group Adds Donna M. Norris, M.D., to its Board". ^ Vanderbilt University bio. Retrieved 2013-07-22. ^ Bass, Holly (March''April 2006). "Camille Akeju: New Director Seeks to Rejuvenate Anacostia Museum". Crisis: 37''39 . Retrieved April 22, 2012 . External links [ edit ] Official website Fisk Athletics website
- Lawrence Otis Graham - Wikipedia
- Lawrence Otis Graham (born 1962) is an African-American attorney and New York Times best-selling author.[1]
- Early life and education [ edit ] Graham was raised in Manhattan and later in White Plains, New York.[2] He has a brother, Richard, an orthodontist.[3]
- He graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy,[4] then Princeton University with a Bachelor of Arts and from Harvard Law School with a juris doctor in 1988.[5]
- Career [ edit ] Lawrence Otis Graham is a corporate and real estate attorney as well as a New York Times bestselling author of 14 non-fiction books on the subject of politics, education, race and class in America. His work has appeared in such publications as The New York Times, Reader's Digest, Glamour, U.S. News & World Report and Reader's Digest, where he has served as a contributing editor. His book Our Kind of People: Inside America's Black Upper Class (HarperCollins) was a New York Times, Los Angeles Times and Essence Magazine bestseller, as well as a selection of the Book of the Month Club. Netflix is currently developing a series based on the book.
- Graham's book The Senator and The Socialite: the Story of America's First Black Political Dynasty (HarperCollins) is a biography of U.S. Senator Blanche Bruce, the first black person to serve a full term in the U.S. Senate. Graham is also the author of such books as The Best Companies for Minorities (Penguin Books) and Proversity: Getting Past Face Value (John Wiley & Sons)'--two guides on diversity in the workplace'--as well as Member of the Club (HarperCollins) which was originally a cover story on New York Magazine, and was later optioned for a feature film by Warner Brothers.
- Graham has appeared on numerous TV programs including Charlie Rose, Today Show, The View, Hardball with Chris Matthews, and Good Morning America, and has been profiled in USA Today and TIME.
- A former adjunct professor at Fordham University, Graham has taught African American Studies as well as American Government.
- Graham appears weekly as a political commentator on News 12.
- He is chairman of the Westchester County Police Board and has served on the boards of Red Cross of Westchester, the Boy Scouts of America, Princeton Center for Leadership Training, Jack & Jill Foundation, and Council on Economic Priorities.
- Graham is also a trustee of SUNY Purchase College Foundation, the American Theatre Wing and the Horace Mann School in New York City.
- 2000 Congressional Campaign [ edit ] During the 2000 United States House of Representatives elections, Graham challenged incumbent Republican Sue W. Kelly for her seat in New York's 19th congressional district. He was unsuccessful.[1][6]
- Personal life [ edit ] Graham is married to corporate executive Pamela Thomas-Graham.[7] They live in Manhattan and in Chappaqua, New York and have three children.[8]
- Books [ edit ] Graham's books centralize on African-American social class.
- The Senator and the Socialite: The True Story of America's First Black Dynasty (2006)[9] - This is the true story of America's first black dynasty and follows three generations of a family that rose from slavery to the U.S. Senate. Born a Mississippi slave in 1841, Blanche Kelso Bruce amassed a real estate fortune and became the first black person to serve a full Senate term. He married Josephine Willson, the daughter of a wealthy black doctor, and they broke racial barriers as a socialite couple in 1880s Washington, D.C. By hosting white Republicans and blacks like President Ulysses S. Grant and Frederick Douglass, Bruce gained appointments under four Presidents, culminating with a US Treasury post which placed his name on all U.S. currency.[10]Our Kind of People: Inside America's Black Upper Class (1999)[11] - Debutante cotillions. Million-dollar homes. Summers in Martha's Vineyard and Sag Harbor. Membership in The Links, Jack and Jill, Deltas, Boul(C)s, and AKAs. An obsession with the right schools, families, churches, social clubs, and skin complexion. This is the world of the black upper class and the focus of the first book written about the black elite by a member of this hard-to-penetrate group.[10]Proversity: Getting Past Face Value (1997)[12]Member of The Club: Reflections on Life in a Polarized World (1995)[13] - Member of the Club was Graham's 11th book, but it was the one that brought national recognition to his essays on race, class and politics. st known for revealing Graham's experience of leaving his successful corporate law practice at one of New York's largest law firms in order to go undercover as a busboy at a famous Connecticut country club that discriminates against African Americans, Asians, Hispanics, Jews, and women. An excerpt of this book appeared on the cover of New York Magazine.References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Official website Official Site of Lawrence Otis Graham
- Music in this episode
- Intro: The Pharcyde - Passin' Me By (instrumental)
- Outro: Quincy Jones - Summer in the City Passin' Me By
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