• Moe Factz with Adam Curry for June 13th 2020, Episode number 40

• "Politiricks"

• Download the mp3

• Executive Producers:
  • Jonathan Keegan
  • James Lawler

• Associate Executive Producer:
  • David de la Haba
  • Eric from Minneapolis
  • Rochelle Stowe
  • Katherine Bishop
  • Peter J Boyle

• Special Thanks to Dame Jennifer Buchanan

• Description
  • Adam and Moe take a deep dive into the BLM 'protests' and their programming.

• ShowNotes
  • The Wiz - Wikipedia
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Fri, 12 Jun 2020 23:18
    •  
    • 1974 musical based on the 1900 book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
    • Stephanie Mills (pictured in 2017) played Dorothy in the original 1975 Broadway musical The Wiz.The Wiz: The Super Soul Musical "Wonderful Wizard of Oz" is a musical with music and lyrics by Charlie Smalls (and others) and book by William F. Brown. It is a retelling of L. Frank Baum's children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) in the context of modern African-American culture. It opened on October 21, 1974, at the Morris A. Mechanic Theatre in Baltimore, Maryland, and moved to Broadway's Majestic Theatre[2] with a new cast on January 5, 1975.
    • The 1975 Broadway production won seven Tony Awards, including Best Musical. It was an early example of Broadway's mainstream acceptance of works with an all-black cast. It has had revivals in New York, London, San Diego and the Netherlands, and a limited-run revival was presented by Encores! at New York City Center in June 2009. A big-budget film adaptation of the same name was released in 1978, with Ted Ross and Mabel King reprising their roles. A live television production of the stage version, The Wiz Live!, was broadcast on NBC on December 3, 2015, with an encore presentation on December 19 of the same year.
    • Development and Broadway [ edit ] The idea for the musical originated with producer Ken Harper. He replaced the original director, Gilbert Moses, with Geoffrey Holder in Detroit during out-of-town tryouts.
    • The original Baltimore cast included Renee Harris as Dorothy, Charles Valentino as the Scarecrow, Ben Harney as the Tin Man, Ken Prymus as the Cowardly Lion, and Butterfly McQueen as the Queen of the Field Mice. Only Harney would remain in the Broadway cast, but in a much smaller role. Harris stayed on as understudy for the role of Dorothy, as did McQueen for the role of Addaperle.
    • Cast [ edit ] The musical opened on Broadway January 5, 1975 at the Majestic Theatre, with Geoffrey Holder as director and the following cast:[3]
    • Stephanie Mills as DorothyHinton Battle as the ScarecrowTiger Haynes as the Tin ManTed Ross as the LionDee Dee Bridgewater as Glinda, the Good Witch of the SouthAndr(C) De Shields as the WizardMabel King as Evillene, the Wicked Witch of the WestClarice Taylor as Addaperle, the Good Witch of the NorthTasha Thomas as Aunt EmRalph Wilcox as Uncle Henry/Lord High UnderlingPhylicia Ayers-Allen as a MunchkinVictor Willis as Uncle Henry (replacement), The Wiz (understudy), The Lion (understudy), Tin Man (understudy)[4][5]The production was choreographed by George Faison, with Scenic Designer Tom H. John, Costumes by Geoffrey Holder, Lighting by Tharon Musser, and orchestrations by Harold Wheeler. Faison and Holder both won Tony Awards for choreography and costume design, respectively in 1975.
    • The show had a pre-Broadway tryout at the Forrest Theatre in Philadelphia from December 11, 1974, through December 21, 1974.[6] After drawing mixed critical reviews, producer Ken Harper considered closing the musical after its Broadway opening night. One source attributes its turnaround success to a publicity campaign that included a TV commercial featuring the cast singing "Ease On Down the Road," a song that proved so popular that it was released as a single recorded by the disco group Consumer Rapport;[7] The single hit the Billboard Soul Singles chart, peaking at #19 and the Hot 100, peaking at #42.[8]
    • William F. Brown, who wrote the book, gave a more specific explanation in 1993: "20th Century-Fox, the musical's major investor, put in another $100,000 to keep it going and everyone agreed to royalty cuts until the production's cost'--about $1.1 million'--was recouped....By the eighth week, we were selling out."[9]
    • The Broadway production moved to The Broadway Theatre on May 25, 1977, and closed on January 28, 1979, after four years and 1,672 performances.[3]
    • Along with other musicals including Purlie (1971) and Raisin (1974), The Wiz was a breakthrough for Broadway, a large-scale big-budget musical featuring an all-black cast. It laid the foundation for later African-American hits such as Bubbling Brown Sugar, Dreamgirls and Duke Ellington's Sophisticated Ladies.
    • National tour and later revival [ edit ] The musical toured the US in 1976[10] and during the tour, Kenneth Kamal Scott (then billed as "Kamal") replaced Andre DeShields as the Wiz, Ren Wood was cast as Dorothy but departed the tour after playing only a couple of cities because during the show's engagement at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles, the 19-year-old performer was recruited for a featured part in the movie production of Hair. Renee C. Harris (who was in her very early 20s) took over as the tour's Dorothy and continued leading that company for a couple of years playing many engagements in cities across the country. At this time, the production also featured Ben Harney as the Tin Man and Ken Prymus as the Lion. Prymus was known to audiences for his featured role in the movie MASH (1970) for singing "Suicide is Painless." Both men were subsequently featured in other Broadway shows and were as replacements in the Broadway production of Ain't Misbehavin ' . Harney also originated the leading role of Curtis in the Broadway debut of Dreamgirls. When Harris eventually departed the company, the tour continued with Deborah Malone in the role of Dorothy. There was also a second national touring company which was a scaled down production.
    • A revival ran on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre from May 24, 1984, through June 3, 1984, closing after 13 performances and 7 previews. Directed by Geoffrey Holder, the cast featured Stephanie Mills as Dorothy. It then ran in London at the Lyric Hammersmith from December 11, 1984, through February 2, 1985.[11] A planned 2004 Broadway revival[12] was not produced.[13]
    • In August 2015, George Faison presented The Wiz: A Celebration in Dance and Music, performances of the original songs and choreography in honor of the Broadway hits 40th Anniversary at Summerstage in New York City.A number of members of the original Broadway cast returned for this celebratory run. Actress Phylicia Ayers-Allen, a munchkin and swing in the original production, co-hosted the performance with George Faison. Andr(C) De Shields reprised his original role as the Wiz; Dee Dee Bridgewater, Tony Award winner for her role as Glinda, reprised this original role; Evelyn Thomas reprised her original role as the Tornado and Ebony Jo-Ann, who played Addaperle in the Broadway revival of the production reprised her role as well. Singer-songwriter Wallace Gary joined the cast as the Scarecrow. Damien L. Sneed acted as the musical director and conductor of The Wiz: A Celebration in Dance and Music.[14]
    • From 1996''97 there was a US concert version tour with Tasha Scott as Dorothy, Grace Jones (Evillene), Peabo Bryson (The Wiz), and CeCe Peniston as Glinda. The cast also featured Tony Terry as the Tin Man. Romelda Benjamin also played Aunt Em.
    • Other productions [ edit ] An Australian production for J.C. Williamson Theatres Limited played in Melbourne and Sydney from January''October 1976; starring Andrea Frierson (Dorothy), Victor Willis (Tin Man), Freddie Paris (Lion), Chuck McKinney (The Wiz) and Robert Ellis (Scarecrow). Upon his return from Australia in late 1976, Victor Willis joined the cast of the original Broadway production.[15]
    • Flymonkey Productions (London, UK) ran two shows. The first one was in 2000 which received great reviews and a second was run the following year in 2001 receiving exceptional reviews from the London press. Both productions were run at the Hackney Empire. The 2001 show was particularly notable because it was the last show to be performed at the Hackney Empire before the theatre closed its doors for refurbishment. Both shows were directed by Jamie Hinde; musical director Steve White (both shows); production manager Andy Barnes (both shows); choreography by Suzannah Howlett (2000) and Juliet Vibert (2001, also appeared as a dancer in both shows). The production starred Tamsier Joof (both shows); Rustie Lee (both shows); Sharon D. Clarke (2000), Victoria Wilson-James (2001), and Kat of MTV (both shows).[16][17]
    • A production ran at the La Jolla Playhouse, San Diego, from September 26, 2006, through November 12, 2006, receiving good reviews and extending its run by three weeks. It was directed by Des McAnuff, who, with Harold Wheeler, orchestrator of the original Broadway version, revised the musical for contemporary audiences. It starred Nikki M. James (Dorothy), E. Faye Butler (Evelline) and David Alan Grier (The Wiz), and featured sets by Robert Brill.[18][19]
    • Dodger Productions holds U.S. rights to revive the musical, while Joop Van den Ende's Stage Entertainment holds the European rights.[20] Stage Entertainment mounted a full-scale production at the Beatrix Theater in Utrecht, Netherlands, in 2006. The production was directed by Glenn Casale and choreographed by Anthony Van Laast and featured sets by David Gallo.[20]
    • City Center's Encores! Summer Stars series production ran June 12 through July 5, 2009. The production was directed by Thomas Kail and choreographed by Andy Blankenbuehler. It starred Ashanti as Dorothy, Tichina Arnold as Evillene, Dawnn Lewis as Addapearl, Joshua Henry as the Tin Man, James Monroe Iglehart as the Lion, Orlando Jones (succeeded by Colman Domingo) as The Wiz, and LaChanze as Aunt Em and Glinda.[21]
    • A major British revival of the musical was produced in 2011 by the Birmingham Repertory Theatre (however performed at the New Alexandra Theatre due to The REP's refurbishment)[22] in a co-production with the West Yorkshire Playhouse, re-locating Kansas to present day Birmingham[23] This production was directed by Josette Bushell-Mingo, with choreography by Paul J. Medford.
    • The first German-speaking production will be produced in Linz/Austria in the new Musiktheater Linz.[24] The production will be directed and choreographed by Kim Duddy.
    • The Fiddlehead Theatre Company, in the historic Strand Theatre in Boston's Dorchester neighborhood, mounted a production, directed by Stacey Stephens, Fiddlehead Theatre Company's Associate Producing Artistic Director, in February 2015.[25]
    • Plot [ edit ] Prologue [ edit ] Sixteen-year-old Dorothy Gale lives with her Aunt Em, Uncle Henry, and dog, Toto, on their farm in Kansas. Though her work on the farm keeps her busy, she often gets distracted in her boredom with farm life, choosing instead to play with Toto and dream of someday seeing far-off lands. Aunt Em, however, has little patience for Dorothy's daydreaming, believing that dawdling is contrary to their way of life. After an argument, Aunt Em apologizes to Dorothy for an unintentionally hurtful remark. She explains that she only scolds because she wants Dorothy to be the best she can be, and fears that Dorothy will not be prepared for the responsibilities life will soon put upon her. Aunt Em loves Dorothy dearly and hopes they will always be as close as they were when Dorothy was younger ("The Feeling We Once Had").
    • Act I [ edit ] When an approaching storm turns out to be a tornado, Dorothy takes shelter in the farmhouse as Aunt Em and Uncle Henry do so in the storm cellar. As the tornado hits the farm, the house, with Dorothy inside, is lifted into the air and carried away for miles, with the wind represented by dancers ("The Tornado"). The house finally comes to rest with a bump in the middle of a field covered with flowers. There Dorothy is met by the Munchkins, all of whom are dressed in blue, and Addaperle, the Good Witch of the North, who tells her that she is in the Land of Oz. Furthermore, her house has fallen on Evamean, the Wicked Witch of the East, and killed her, freeing the Munchkins from her evil powers. Dorothy, distressed and confused, wants only to return home. With her magic unable to take Dorothy beyond the country boundaries, Addaperle decides Dorothy's best chance for assistance is to follow the Yellow Brick Road to the Emerald City in the centre of Oz, to see the great and powerful Wizard of Oz, or "The Wiz" for short ("He's the Wizard"). She gives Dorothy the Witch of the East's silver slippers, and tells her not to take them off before she reaches home, for they hold a mysterious, but very powerful charm that will keep her safe.
    • Dorothy sets off down the Yellow Brick Road, full of doubt and fear at what lies ahead ("Soon As I Get Home"). Stopping to rest by a cornfield, she is startled when a scarecrow hanging on a pole strikes up a conversation with her ("I Was Born on the Day Before Yesterday"). He tells her of his longing for brains so that he can be like other people, and she invites him to accompany her to see if the Wizard can help him. ("Ease On Down the Road #1").
    • The Yellow Brick Road leads them into a great forest where they discover a man made of tin, rusted solid. They oil his joints ("Slide Some Oil To Me") and he tells them how, to prevent him from marrying a servant girl, the Wicked Witch of the East put a spell on his axe so that it began to cut off parts of his body. Each time it happened, a tinsmith replaced the missing part with one made of tin until he was entirely made of it. The one thing the tinsmith forgot was a heart, and the Tin Man has longed for one ever since. Dorothy and the Scarecrow invite him on their journey to see the Wizard with the hope that he may give him one ("Ease On Down the Road #2").
    • The trio continue following the Yellow Brick Road deeper into the forest, where they are attacked by a large lion ("I'm a Mean Ole Lion"). However, he is quickly revealed to be a coward hiding behind bravado as Dorothy stands up for her friends. When he learns where they are going, he apologizes and asks if he may accompany them to ask the Wizard for some courage. They agree and the trio becomes a quartet ("Ease On Down the Road #3"), but face a new danger when they are attacked by half-tiger, half-bear creatures called Kalidahs ("Kalidah Battle"). After a great fight and harrowing escape, they stop by the road to rest. The Lion is embarrassed by his cowardice in the battle, but is comforted by Dorothy's kind words ("Be a Lion").
    • Seeing a green glow in the distance, they continue their journey to the Emerald City, and wander into a field of poppies who blow opium dust on them. Not being made of flesh, the Scarecrow and Tin Man are unaffected, but Dorothy and the Lion begin to become disoriented and drowsy. Dorothy recalls that the Munchkins warned her of the dangerous poppies, and runs from the field as fast as she can with the Scarecrow and Tin Man behind her. The Lion is overcome by the dust and begins to hallucinate ("Lion's Dream"). He is dragged from the field and returned to his friends by the Field Mice who police the area.
    • Marching up to the gates of the Emerald City, they are met by the Gatekeeper who insists they must all be fitted with a pair of green tinted glasses that are locked on to prevent their eyes from being blinded by the dazzling sights. They enter the city and look about in awe at the richly dressed people that inhabit it ("Emerald City Ballet"). The haughty and condescending people laugh and ridicule this odd party for wanting to see the Wizard until they see that Dorothy is wearing the Witch of the East's silver slippers. They are promptly shown right into his palace.
    • Once in the throne room, they are assaulted by a great show of lights, smoke, and pyrotechnics as the Wizard appears in several forms before them ("So You Wanted To See the Wizard"). They each plead their case to him, the Tin Man doing so in song ("What Would I Do If I Could Feel?"). He agrees on one condition: they must kill Evillene, the Wicked Witch of the West. With their goals seeming further out of reach than ever before, Dorothy and her companions sink to the floor in tears.
    • Act II [ edit ] Evillene rules over the yellow land of the west, enslaving its people, the Winkies. She is evil, power hungry, and ruthlessly determined to get her hands on the silver slippers, so that she may increase her power and rule over all of Oz ("Don't Nobody Bring Me No Bad News"). Receiving word of Dorothy and her friends approaching, she sends her Winged Monkeys to kill them ("Funky Monkeys"). Catching up to the group in the forest surrounding Evillene's castle, the monkeys dash the Tin Man against rocks until he falls apart, and rip the straw out of the Scarecrow, leaving both of them helpless. Seeing Dorothy's silver slippers, however, they dare not harm her. Instead, they carry her to Evillene's castle along with the Lion. While searching for a way to get the slippers from Dorothy, Evillene forces her and the Lion to do menial chores around her castle. She takes delight in torturing the Lion before Dorothy, threatening to have him skinned unless she hands over the silver slippers. Angered by this, she picks up a bucket of water and throws it over Evillene, who melts until only her magic golden cap remains. Her spell on the Winkies is lifted, and they show their thanks by restoring the Scarecrow and Tin Man to top condition, and reuniting the group ("Everybody Rejoice"/"Brand New Day").
    • Returning to the Emerald City, they see the Wizard (now a booming voice that seems to come from the very air). He reneges on his promise, and the Lion knocks over a screen in anger. Behind it stands a bewildered man who claims to be the real Wizard. He shows them the elaborate mechanical effects used to create his illusions, and tells them that he is really a balloonist from Omaha named Herman Smith who traveled to Oz by accident when his hot air balloon drifted off course. The people of Oz had never seen such a sight and proclaimed him Wizard. Not wanting to disappoint them, he assumed the role and had a great city built. He then had everyone in it wear green glasses, and in time, they came to believe it was green.
    • Furious, the group confronts the Wizard on his deceptions ("Who Do You Think You Are?"), but he points out that the Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Lion already have the things they seek as shown in their behavior on the journeys they have made ("Believe In Yourself"). They remain unconvinced, so he creates physical symbols of their desires and they are satisfied. He proposes that Dorothy can return to Kansas the way he came, and offers to pilot her in his hot air balloon. He addresses the citizens of the Emerald City in person for the first time in many years, telling them of his imminent journey, and leaving the Scarecrow in charge ("Y'all Got It!"). Just as his speech reaches its climax, the balloon comes free from its moorings and rises quickly into the air, taking Dorothy's hopes of getting home with it.
    • Just as the group despairs of finding help, Addaperle reappears in a flash of light, suggesting that Dorothy ask Glinda, the Good Witch of the South, for assistance. She transports them to Glinda's castle in the red land of the south, where they are warmly welcomed and invited to rest after their many trials ("A Rested Body Is a Rested Mind"). Glinda is a beautiful and gracious sorceress, surrounded by a court of pretty girls. She tells Dorothy that the silver slippers have always had the power to take her home, but like her friends, she needed to believe in their magic and in herself before it was possible ("If You Believe"). Dorothy bids a tearful goodbye to her friends, and as their faces fade into the darkness, she thinks about what she has gained, lost, and learned throughout her journey through Oz ("Home"). Clicking her heels together three times, she finds herself transported back to Kansas in an instant. As an overjoyed Aunt Em and Toto appear, and Dorothy runs to hug them, she knows that she is back home at last ("Finale").
    • Motion picture and television [ edit ] Motown Productions acquired the film rights to The Wiz in 1977 and signed Stephanie Mills in anticipation of having her star as Dorothy in the film adaptation. Motown singer and actress Diana Ross asked Motown CEO Berry Gordy to cast her instead, but he declined, feeling that the then-33-year-old Ross was far too old for the part. However, she contacted Rob Cohen of Universal Pictures, who offered to have them finance the film if she were to play Dorothy, at which point he acquiesced.
    • The resulting film version of The Wiz also starred former Motown star Michael Jackson as the Scarecrow, Nipsey Russell as the Tin Man, Richard Pryor as the Wizard, jazz singer Thelma Carpenter as Miss One (the name "Addapearle" was not used for this production) and Lena Horne as Glinda. Ted Ross and Mabel King reprised their roles of the Lion and Evillene from the Broadway production. Sidney Lumet served as director, working with screenwriter Joel Schumacher (who used none of Brown's stage script) and music supervisor Quincy Jones. The film was a critical and commercial failure, performing poorly at the box office and severely panned by critics, who branded the casting of Ross instead of Mills as Dorothy a disastrous blunder.[26][27]
    • In 1998, following their TV-movie production of Cinderella (1997), producers Craig Zadan and Neil Meron began pre-production on a TV-movie adaptation of The Wiz for The Wonderful World of Disney, which was to star a then-unknown Anika Noni Rose as Dorothy. The project fell through due to Universal still having the film rights to adaptations of The Wiz, and the production was shelved.[28] The O.Z., a hip-hop re-adaptation of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz with an all-Black cast that was to use original music rather than adapt The Wiz, was then planned by FOX and director Chris Stokes in the early 2000s.[29] With Queen Latifah, Patti LaBelle, Busta Rhymes, and Little Richard among its planned cast,[29] the telefilm ultimately went un-produced; FOX instead became a co-producer on The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2004), starring Ashanti as Dorothy and Latifah as Aunt Em.
    • Eleven years later, following the production of two live musicals for NBC '' The Sound of Music Live! (2013) and Peter Pan Live! (2014), Zadan and Meron announced The Wiz Live! as their next production (NBC, by this point, having purchased Universal Studios).[28] NBC's live performance of the stage show aired on December 3, 2015.[30] Stephanie Mills, who originated the role of Dorothy on Broadway, played Aunt Em.[31] An open casting call for the role of Dorothy took place on June 6, 2015.[32] In July 2015, Queen Latifah was cast as the Wiz and Mary J. Blige was confirmed to play the role of Evillene.[33] In addition, Beyonc(C) was offered to play Glinda, but no deal was made.[34] The following month, David Alan Grier was cast as the Cowardly Lion, and newcomer Shanice Williams was chosen to play Dorothy.[35][36] Uzo Aduba played Glinda and Amber Riley portrayed Addaperle, the Good Witch of the North.[37] Other principal cast-members included Elijah Kelley as the Scarecrow, Ne-Yo as the Tin Man, and Common as the Bouncer, the gatekeeper of the entrance to Emerald City.[38]
    • Cast [ edit ] Leads [ edit ] Supporting Roles [ edit ] Original Broadway Cast
    • Uncle Henry/High Underling: Ralph WilcoxTornado: Evelyn ThomasRoyal Gatekeeper: Danny BeardMessenger: Carl WeaverWinged Monkey: Andy TorresUncle Henry/High Underling: Victor Willis replacementPit Singers: Frank Floyd, Sam Harkness, Jozella Reed, Tasha ThomasSongs [ edit ] Act 1"Overture" - Orchestra"The Feeling We Once Had" '' Aunt Em"Tornado" - Company"He's the Wizard" '' Addaperle and Munchkins"Soon as I Get Home" '' Dorothy Gale"I Was Born On The Day Before Yesterday" '' Scarecrow"Ease on Down the Road" '' Dorothy Gale and Scarecrow"Slide Some Oil to Me" '' Tin Man"Ease on Down the Road (Reprise)" - Dorothy, Scarecrow and Tin Man"(I'm a) Mean Ole Lion" '' Lion"Ease on Down the Road (Reprise)"- Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man and Lion"Kalidah Battle" - The Company"Be a Lion" '' Dorothy Gale and Lion"Lion's Dream" - Lion and Poppies"Emerald City Ballet (Psst)" - Company"So You Wanted to Meet the Wizard" '' Wizard"What Would I Do If I Could Feel" - Tin ManAct 2"Entr'acte""Don't Nobody Bring Me No Bad News" '' Evilene and Winkies"Funky Monkeys" - Company"Wonder Wonder Why" '' Dorothy Gale (only appeared in 1984 revival)"Everybody Rejoice/A Brand New Day" '' Company"Who Do You Think You Are?" '' Dorothy Gale, Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Lion"Believe in Yourself" '' Wizard"Y'all Got It!" '' Wizard and Company"A Rested Body Is a Rested Mind" '' Glinda and Company"Believe in Yourself" (Reprise) '' Glinda"Home/Finale" '' DorothyAll numbers composed by Charlie Smalls save for the following: "Tornado" is composed by Timothy Graphenreed and Harold Wheeler. "Emerald City Ballet (Psst)" is composed by Graphenreed and George Faison. "Everybody Rejoice/A Brand New Day" is composed by Luther Vandross. The song "Wonder, Wonder, Why" was added for the 1984 Broadway revival, but is not part of the current licensed score.[39]
    • Critical reception [ edit ] In his review of the 1984 revival, Frank Rich wrote: "What made The Wiz surprisingly moving the first time around was that its creators found a connection between Baum's Kansas fantasy and the pride of urban black Americans. When Glinda, the good witch, musically instructed Dorothy to 'believe in herself,' she seemed to be delivering a broader inspirational message. The Wiz was hardly a great musical in 1975, but it had something to say, and it said it with verve and integrity. It's depressing to watch a once-fervent expression of black self-respect and talent be spilled on the stage as if it were a trunkload of marked-down, damaged goods."[40]
    • In their review of the 2006 La Jolla production, Variety wrote: "'The Wiz' remains a collage of contemporary slang and imagery, but La Jolla's is a multicultural collage in which Baum's themes speak to the broadest possible audience. Unquestionably, the humor and the heartbeat of the piece remain African-American at their source, but the overall effect is pluralistic and inclusive. In the truest and most positive sense of the phrase, McAnuff's show is color-blind. Every alteration from the 1975 original, inspired by the central multicultural concept, is salutary. Brown's almost wholly rewritten script is tart and funny at last. Smalls' score'--supervised by musical director Ron Melrose and original orchestrator Harold Wheeler'--sounds fresh and contemporary".[41]
    • Recording [ edit ] The Original Cast Recording for The Wiz was released in 1975 on the Atlantic label, produced by Jerry Wexler. While well received, the album omits several key songs from the musical that were not recorded for the album- such as the show's overture, dance and accompaniment music. The "Tornado" instrumental was released as both a 7" single and a 12" extended single, while the show's musical arranger Harold Wheeler co-produced a cover of "Ease on Down the Road" with studio group Consumer Rapport that became a charting single in 1975, peaking at #42 on the Billboard Hot 100.[8]
    • In 2017, the original Broadway cast recording of The Wiz was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or artistically significant."[42]
    • Track list [ edit ] Side one [ edit ] "Prologue""The Feeling We Once Had" '' Tasha Thomas"Tornado" (instrumental)"He's The Wizard" '' Clarice Taylor"Soon As I Get Home" '' Stephanie Mills"I Was Born On The Day Before Yesterday" '' Hinton Battle"Ease On Down The Road" '' Hinton Battle, Stephanie Mills, Ted Ross, Tiger Haynes"Slide Some Oil To Me" '' Tiger Haynes"I'm A Mean Ole Lion" '' Ted RossSide two [ edit ] "Be A Lion" '' Stephanie Mills, Ted Ross"So You Wanted To See The Wizard" '' Andr(C) DeShields"What Would I Do If I Could Feel" '' Tiger Haynes"Don't Nobody Bring Me No Bad News" '' Mabel King"Everybody Rejoice" '' Stephanie Mills and Company"Y'all Got It!" '' Andre De Shields"If You Believe" '' Dee Dee Bridgewater"Home (Finale)" '' Stephanie MillsAwards and nominations [ edit ] Original Broadway production [ edit ] See also [ edit ] The Wizard of Oz (adaptations)'--other adaptations of The Wonderful Wizard of OzReferences [ edit ] ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-01-27 . Retrieved 2011-10-21 . CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ This was not the same Majestic Theatre that played The Wizard of Oz in 1903, which was on Columbus Circle, where Time Warner Center now stands. ^ a b The Wiz (1975 production) at the Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved 2013-04-21 . ^ League, The Broadway. "Victor Willis '' Broadway Cast & Staff - IBDB". www.ibdb.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-07-29 . Retrieved 2015-06-02 . CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ The Philadelphia Inquirer, December 13, 1974, p. 27. ^ Green, Kay, Broadway Musicals, Show by Show (1996), Hal Leonard Corporation, ISBN 0-7935-7750-0, p. 241. ^ a b Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 132. ^ Klein, Alvin (February 7, 1993). "Dorothy and Wiz Hip-Hop Into the 90's". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013 . Retrieved 2013-04-21 . ^ "The Wiz (1st National Tour, 1976)". BroadwayWorld.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . ^ "Chronology of London Shows". The Guide to Musical Theatre. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . ^ "The Wiz to Get New Broadway Revival in 2004; McAnuff to Direct - Play'...". playbill.com. 31 January 2013. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ "Des McAnuff Tapped for Dodgers Wiz Revival". Archived from the original on 2009-03-05 . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . ^ http://www.cityparksfoundation.org/event/summerstage-the-wiz-a-celebration-in-dance-and-music/ [permanent dead link ] ^ Williamson J.C. Theatres Ltd., official program, May 1, 1976. ^ "The Wiz" : Review of the show in the London Evening Standard by Max Bell, published May 1, 2001 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-08-14 . Retrieved 2018-04-03 . CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) retrieved March 31, 2015 ^ Victoria Wilson James DMC World Magazine Interview Archived 2017-09-23 at the Wayback Machine. DMC World Magazine. Retrieved on June 20, 2017 ^ Portantiere, Michael. "Brady, Burgess, Grier, James, Pettiford, Washington to Star in La Jolla's The Wiz". Theater Mania. Archived from the original on 24 May 2009 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . ^ Stevens, Rob. "The Wiz". Theater Mania. Archived from the original on 24 May 2009 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . ^ a b Lampert-Gr(C)aux, Ellen. "Wiz Kids". Live Design. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . ^ Gans, Andrew (July 5, 2009). "The Wiz Ends Limited City Center Engagement July 5". Playbill . Retrieved July 7, 2019 . ^ "The Wiz at Birmingham Repertory Theatre". Archived from the original on 18 November 2011 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . ^ "The Wiz '' West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds", The Public Reviews. Archived 2013-05-09 at the Wayback Machine ^ "The Wiz at Musiktheater Linz". Archived from the original on 13 September 2013 . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . ^ Harding, Chris (2014-10-08). "Along the Nile, Strand-style: 'AIDA' opens Oct. 17 at the theatre; Dot residents get a break". Dorchester Reporter. Archived from the original on 2014-10-15 . Retrieved 2014-10-09 . ^ Sharp, Kathleen (2003), Mr. and Mrs. Hollywood: Edie and Lew Wasserman and Their Entertainment Empire, Carroll & Graf Publishers, pp. 357''58. ^ Harpole, Charles (2003), History of the American Cinema, Simon and Schuster, pp. 64, 65, 219, 220, 290. ^ a b Craig Zadan & Neil Meron Look To Recapture 'The Wiz' Wow Factor Archived 2015-12-01 at the Wayback Machine Deadline Hollywood, Retrieved November 30, 2015 ^ a b Schumacher-Rasmussen, Eric (6 July 2000). "Hip-Hop 'Wizard Of Oz' Easing Down The Road". MTV News. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ The Wiz is NBC's next live musical Archived 2015-05-10 at the Wayback Machine Entertainment Weekly, Retrieved May 17, 2015 ^ 'The Wiz's' Stephanie Mills Returns for NBC Production Archived 2017-06-27 at the Wayback Machine Variety, Retrieved May 17, 2015 ^ NBC announces casting call for Dorothy in The Wiz Live! Archived 2015-05-30 at the Wayback Machine Entertainment Weekly, Retrieved May 28, 2015 ^ Queen Latifah, Mary J. Blige Join NBC's 'The Wiz' Archived 2017-06-27 at the Wayback Machine Variety, Retrieved July 29, 2015 ^ Hibberd, James (July 30, 2015). "NBC wants Beyonce for The Wiz (but there is no deal)". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 1, 2015 . Retrieved July 30, 2015 . ^ Blake, Emily (August 4, 2015). "NBC's 'The Wiz Live!' finds its Cowardly Lion". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 7, 2015 . Retrieved August 5, 2015 . ^ Hibberd, James (August 5, 2015). "NBC reveals newcomer playing Dorothy in The Wiz". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 7, 2015 . Retrieved August 5, 2015 . ^ Roots, Kimberly (August 6, 2015). "Glee's Amber Riley, OITNB's Uzo Aduba Join NBC's The Wiz Live". TV Line. Archived from the original on August 9, 2015 . Retrieved August 6, 2015 . ^ Kondolojy, Anada (August 13, 2015). "Common, Ne-Yo and Elijah Kelley are Newest Additions to All-Star Cast for 'The Wiz Live! ' ". TV By the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 15, 2015 . Retrieved August 13, 2015 . ^ "The Wiz". Playbill . Retrieved 1 March 2020 . ^ Frank Rich, "Stage: 'The Wiz' Back on Broadway", New York Times, May 25, 1984. ^ Verini, Bob. "The Wiz". Variety. Archived from the original on 29 May 2009 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . ^ "National Recording Registry Picks Are "Over the Rainbow " ". Library of Congress. March 29, 2016. Archived from the original on March 29, 2017 . Retrieved March 29, 2016 . External links [ edit ] Wikiquote has quotations related to: The WizThe Wiz (1975) at the Internet Broadway DatabaseThe Wiz (1984) at the Internet Broadway DatabaseThe Wiz: a virtual coffee table bookThe Wiz plot and production information at GuideToMusicalTheatre.comCast members discuss The Wiz, based on L. Frank Baum's Wizard of Oz an October 20, 1978 episode of WGBH's "Slices of Black Theatre"The Wiz collection, 1974-1979 Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library.Charlie Smalls scores for The Wiz, 1974 Music Division, The New York Public Library.Awards for The Wiz
    • 1947''19751976''20002001''present
  • The Wizard of Oz (1939 film) - Wikipedia
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Fri, 12 Jun 2020 23:18
    •  
    • 1939 movie based on the book by L. Frank Baum
    • The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time,[5] it is the most commercially successful adaptation of L. Frank Baum's 1900 children's fantasy novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.[6] Directed primarily by Victor Fleming (who left the production to take over the troubled Gone with the Wind), the film stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale alongside Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, and Bert Lahr.
    • Characterized by its use of Technicolor, fantasy storytelling, musical score, and memorable characters, the film has become an American pop culture icon. It was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture, but lost to Gone with the Wind, also directed by Fleming. It did win in two other categories: Best Original Song for "Over the Rainbow" and Best Original Score by Herbert Stothart. While the film was considered a critical success upon release in August 1939, it failed to make a profit for MGM until the 1949 re-release, earning only $3,017,000 on a $2,777,000 budget, not including promotional costs, which made it MGM's most expensive production at that time.[3][7][8]
    • The 1956 television broadcast premiere of the film on the CBS network reintroduced the film to the public; according to the Library of Congress, it is the most seen film in movie history.[6][9] In 1989, it was selected by the U.S. Library of Congress as one of the first 25 films for preservation in the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[10][11] It is also one of the few films on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.[12] The film was among the top ten in the 2005 BFI (British Film Institute) list of 50 films to be seen by the age of 14 and is on the BFI's updated list of 50 films to be seen by the age of 15, issued in May 2020.
    • The Wizard of Oz is the source of many quotes referenced in contemporary popular culture. Noel Langley, Florence Ryerson, and Edgar Allan Woolf received credit for the screenplay, but others made uncredited contributions. The songs were written by Edgar "Yip" Harburg (lyrics) and Harold Arlen (music). The musical score and the incidental music were composed by Stothart.
    • Plot [ edit ] Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale and Terry the Dog as Toto
    • Dorothy Gale lives with her dog Toto on a Kansas farm belonging to her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry. One day, Toto bites neighbor Miss Almira Gulch on the leg, leading her to obtain an order from the sheriff to euthanize him. In spite of Dorothy's pleas and Aunt Em's resistance, Miss Gulch takes Toto away in a basket, but Toto escapes and returns to Dorothy; she decides to run away in order to ensure that Toto won't be euthanized. Not far from the farm, she meets Professor Marvel, a kind fortune teller who uses his crystal ball to make Dorothy believe that Aunt Em may be dying of a broken heart. Horrified, Dorothy rushes home as a storm approaches; a tornado forms, and Aunt Em, Uncle Henry, and the farmhands take shelter in the storm cellar as Dorothy arrives home. Unable to be heard begging for entry, Dorothy seeks shelter in her bedroom. The window is blown in from its frame and hits Dorothy on the head, knocking her unconscious. The house is sent spinning into the air, and she awakens to see various figures fly by, including Miss Gulch on her bicycle, who transforms into a witch on a broomstick.
    • The house lands in Munchkinland in the Land of Oz. Glinda the Good Witch of the North and the Munchkins welcome her as a heroine, as the falling house has killed the Wicked Witch of the East. Her sister, the Wicked Witch of the West, arrives to claim her ruby slippers, but Glinda transfers them onto Dorothy's feet first. Enraged, the Wicked Witch of the West swears revenge on Dorothy and vanishes. Glinda tells Dorothy to keep the slippers on and follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City, where she can ask the Wizard of Oz to help her return home. On her journey, Dorothy meets the Scarecrow, who wants a brain, the Tin Woodman, who desires a heart, and the Cowardly Lion, who needs courage. Dorothy invites them to accompany her to Emerald City, where they can also ask the Wizard for help. Despite the Witch's attempts to stop them, they reach the Emerald City and are eventually allowed to see the Wizard, who appears as a ghostly head surrounded by fire and smoke. He agrees to grant their wishes if they prove their worth by bringing him the Witch's broomstick.
    • As the foursome and Toto make their way to the Witch's castle, the Witch captures Dorothy and plots to kill her and retrieve the slippers. Toto escapes and leads her three friends to the castle. They ambush three guards, don their uniforms and free Dorothy. The Witch and her guards chase and surround them. The Witch sets fire to the Scarecrow, causing Dorothy to toss a bucket of water, inadvertently splashing the Witch, who melts away; the guards rejoice and give Dorothy her broomstick.
    • Upon their return to the Emerald City, the Wizard stalls in fulfilling his promises until Toto pulls back a curtain and exposes the "Wizard" as a middle-aged man operating machinery and speaking into a microphone. Admitting to being a humbug, he insists that he is "a good man but a bad wizard." The Wizard then gives the Scarecrow a diploma, the Lion a medal and the Tin Man a ticking heart-shaped watch, helping them see that the attributes they sought were already within them. He then offers to take Dorothy and Toto home in his hot air balloon, revealing that he is also from Kansas and was originally a carnival worker before a tornado brought him to the Emerald City, whereupon he accepted the job as Wizard due to hard times.
    • As Dorothy and the Wizard prepare to depart, Toto becomes distracted by a cat and leaps from Dorothy's arms. As Dorothy pursues Toto, the balloon disembarks with the Wizard, leaving her behind. Glinda appears and tells Dorothy that the ruby slippers have the power to return her to Kansas. After sharing a tearful farewell with Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Lion, Dorothy follows Glinda's instructions: she must close her eyes, tap her heels together three times, and state repeatedly, "There's no place like home." Dorothy complies and she wakes up in her bedroom surrounded by her family and friends, including Toto. Everyone dismisses her adventure as a dream, but Dorothy insists it was real and says she will never run away from home again before declaring, "There's no place like home!"
    • Cast [ edit ] Cast listing:
    • Judy Garland as Dorothy GaleFrank Morgan as (in order of appearance) Professor Marvel/The Gatekeeper/The Carriage Driver/The Guard/The Wizard of OzRay Bolger as "Hunk" / The ScarecrowJack Haley as "Hickory" / The Tin ManBert Lahr as "Zeke" / The Cowardly LionBillie Burke as GlindaMargaret Hamilton as Miss Almira Gulch / The Wicked Witch of the WestCharley Grapewin as Uncle HenryPat Walshe as Nikko the Winged Monkey KingClara Blandick as Auntie EmTerry as TotoMitchell Lewis as the Winkie Guard Captain (credited only in the IMAX version)Adriana Caselotti as the voice of Juliet in the Tin Man's song "If I Only Had a Heart" (uncredited)[13]Production [ edit ] Development [ edit ] Production on the film began when Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) showed that films adapted from popular children's stories and fairytale folklore could still be successful.[14][15] In January 1938, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer bought the rights to L. Frank Baum's hugely popular novel from Samuel Goldwyn, who had toyed with the idea of making the film as a vehicle for Eddie Cantor who was under contract to the Goldwyn studios and whom Goldwyn wanted to cast as the Scarecrow.[15]
    • The script went through several writers and revisions before the final shooting.[16] Mervyn LeRoy's assistant, William H. Cannon, had submitted a brief four-page outline.[16] Because recent fantasy films had not fared well, he recommended toning down or removing the magical elements of the story. In his outline, the Scarecrow was a man so stupid that the only employment open to him was literally scaring crows from cornfields, while the Tin Woodman was a criminal so heartless he was sentenced to be placed in a tin suit for eternity, torture that softened him into somebody gentler and kinder.[16] His vision was similar to Larry Semon's 1925 film adaptation of the story in which the magical elements are absent.
    • Afterward, LeRoy hired screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz, who soon delivered a 17-page draft of the Kansas scenes and a few weeks later, a further 56 pages. He also hired Noel Langley and poet Ogden Nash to write separate versions of the story. None of these three knew about the others, and this was not an uncommon procedure. Nash delivered a four-page outline, Langley turned in a 43-page treatment and a full film script. He[who? ] turned in three more, this time incorporating the songs that had been written by Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg. Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf submitted a script and were brought on board to touch up the writing. They would be responsible for making sure the story stayed true to the Baum book. However, producer Arthur Freed was unhappy with their work and reassigned it to Langley.[17] During filming, Victor Fleming and John Lee Mahin revised the script further, adding and cutting some scenes. Also, Jack Haley and Bert Lahr are known to have written some of their dialogue for the Kansas sequence.
    • They completed the final draft of the script on October 8, 1938, following numerous rewrites.[18] All in all, it was a mish-mash of many creative minds, but Langley, Ryerson, and Woolf got the film credits. Along with the contributors already mentioned, others who assisted with the adaptation without receiving credit include: Irving Brecher, Herbert Fields, Arthur Freed, Yip Harburg, Samuel Hoffenstein, Jack Mintz, Sid Silvers, Richard Thorpe, George Cukor, and King Vidor.[15]
    • In addition, songwriter Harburg's son (and biographer) Ernie Harburg reported:
    • So anyhow, Yip also wrote all the dialogue in that time and the setup to the songs and he also wrote the part where they give out the heart, the brains, and the nerve, because he was the final script editor. And he '' there was eleven screenwriters on that '' and he pulled the whole thing together, wrote his own lines and gave the thing a coherence and unity which made it a work of art. But he doesn't get credit for that. He gets lyrics by E. Y. Harburg, you see. But nevertheless, he put his influence on the thing.[19]
    • The original producers thought that a 1939 audience was too sophisticated to accept Oz as a straight-ahead fantasy; therefore, it was re-conceived as a lengthy, elaborate dream sequence. Because of a perceived need to attract a youthful audience through appealing to modern fads and styles, the score had featured a song called "The Jitterbug", and the script had featured a scene with a series of musical contests. A spoiled, selfish princess in Oz had outlawed all forms of music except classical and operetta and went up against Dorothy in a singing contest in which her swing style enchanted listeners and won the grand prize. This part was initially written for Betty Jaynes.[20] The plan was later dropped.
    • Another scene, which was removed before final script approval and never filmed, was an epilogue scene back in Kansas after Dorothy's return. Hunk (the Kansan counterpart to the Scarecrow) is leaving for an agricultural college and extracts a promise from Dorothy to write to him. The scene implies that romance will eventually develop between the two, which also may have been intended as an explanation for Dorothy's partiality for the Scarecrow over her other two companions. This plot idea was never totally dropped, but is especially noticeable in the final script when Dorothy, just before she is to leave Oz, tells the Scarecrow, "I think I'll miss you most of all."[21]
    • Much attention was given to the use of color in the production, with the MGM production crew favoring some hues over others. It took the studio's art department almost a week to settle on the shade of yellow used for the yellow brick road.[22]
    • Casting [ edit ] Several actresses were reportedly considered for the part of Dorothy, including Shirley Temple, at the time, the most prominent child star; Deanna Durbin, a relative newcomer, with a recognised operatic voice; and Judy Garland, the most experienced of the three. Officially, the decision to cast Garland was attributed to contractual issues.
    • Ebsen's costume test as the Tin Man
    • Ray Bolger was originally cast as the Tin Man and Buddy Ebsen was to play the Scarecrow.[18] Bolger, however, longed to play the Scarecrow, as his childhood idol Fred Stone had done on stage in 1902; with that very performance, Stone had inspired him to become a vaudevillian in the first place. Now unhappy with his role as the Tin Man (reportedly claiming, "I'm not a tin performer; I'm fluid"), Bolger convinced producer Mervyn LeRoy to recast him in the part he so desired.[23] Ebsen did not object; after going over the basics of the Scarecrow's distinctive gait with Bolger (as a professional dancer, Ebsen had been cast because the studio was confident he would be up to the task of replicating the famous "wobbly-walk" of Stone's Scarecrow), he recorded all of his songs, went through all the rehearsals as the Tin Man and began filming with the rest of the cast.[24]
    • Bert Lahr was signed for the Cowardly Lion on July 25, 1938; the next month, Charles Grapewin was cast as Uncle Henry on August 12.
    • W. C. Fields was originally chosen for the title role of the Wizard, a role turned down by Ed Wynn as he thought the part was too small, but the studio ran out of patience after protracted haggling over Fields' fee. Wallace Beery lobbied for the role, but the studio refused to spare him during the long shooting schedule. Instead, another contract player, Frank Morgan, was cast on September 22.
    • An extensive talent search produced over a hundred little people to play Munchkins; this meant that most of the film's Oz sequences would have to already be shot before work on the Munchkinland sequence could begin. According to Munchkin actor Jerry Maren, the little people were each paid over $125 a week (equivalent to $2,300 today). Meinhardt Raabe, who played the coroner, revealed in the 1990 documentary The Making of the Wizard of Oz that the MGM costume and wardrobe department, under the direction of designer Adrian, had to design over 100 costumes for the Munchkin sequences. They then had to photograph and catalog each Munchkin in his or her costume so that they could correctly apply the same costume and makeup each day of production.
    • Gale Sondergaard was originally cast as the Wicked Witch. She became unhappy when the witch's persona shifted from sly and glamorous (thought to emulate the wicked queen in Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs) into the familiar "ugly hag".[25] She turned down the role and was replaced on October 10, 1938, just three days before filming started, by MGM contract player Margaret Hamilton. Sondergaard said in an interview for a bonus feature on the DVD that she had no regrets about turning down the part, and would go on to play a glamorous villainess in Fox's version of Maurice Maeterlinck's The Blue Bird in 1940;[26] Margaret Hamilton played a role remarkably similar to the Wicked Witch in the Judy Garland film Babes in Arms (1939).
    • According to Aljean Harmetz, the "gone-to-seed" coat worn by Morgan as the wizard was selected from a rack of coats purchased from a second-hand shop. According to legend, Morgan later discovered a label in the coat indicating it had once belonged to Baum, that Baum's widow confirmed this, and that the coat was eventually presented to her. But Baum biographer Michael Patrick Hearn says the Baum family denies ever seeing the coat or knowing of the story; Hamilton considered it to be a rumor concocted by the studio .[27]
    • Filming [ edit ] Richard Thorpe as director [ edit ] Filming for The Wizard of Oz started on October 13, 1938 on the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio lot in Culver City, California, with Richard Thorpe as director, replacing the original director, Norman Taurog, who filmed a few early Technicolor tests and was then reassigned. Thorpe initially shot about two weeks of footage, nine days in total, involving Dorothy's first encounter with the Scarecrow, as well as a number of sequences in the Wicked Witch's castle, such as Dorothy's rescue, which, though unreleased, includes the only footage of Buddy Ebsen's Tin Man.[28]
    • Ebsen replaced by Haley [ edit ] The production faced the challenge of simulating the Tin Man's costume. Several tests were done to find the right makeup and clothes for Ebsen.[29] Ten days into the shoot, Ebsen suffered a reaction to the aluminum powder makeup he wore, though he did recall taking a breath one night without suffering any immediate effect. He was hospitalized in critical condition and subsequently was forced to leave the project; in a later interview (included on the 2005 DVD release of The Wizard of Oz), he recalled the studio heads appreciated the seriousness of his illness only after seeing him in the hospital. Filming halted while a replacement for him was found. No full footage of him as the Tin Man has ever been released '' only photographs taken during filming and makeup test photos. His replacement, Jack Haley, simply assumed he had been fired.[30]
    • Victor Fleming, the main director [ edit ] George Cukor did not actually shoot any scenes for the film, merely acting as something of a "creative advisor" to the troubled production and because of his prior commitment to direct Gone with the Wind, he left on November 3, 1938 when Victor Fleming assumed directorial responsibility. As director, Fleming chose not to shift the film from Cukor's creative realignment, as producer LeRoy had already pronounced his satisfaction with the new course the film was taking.
    • Production on the bulk of the Technicolor sequences was a long and exhausting process that ran for over six months, from October 1938 to March 1939. Most of the cast worked six days a week and had to arrive as early as 4 a.m. to be fitted with makeup and costumes, and often did not leave until 7 pm or later. Cumbersome makeup and costumes were made even more uncomfortable by the daylight-bright lighting the early Technicolor process required, which could heat the set to over 100 °F (38 °C). Bolger later said that the frightening nature of the costumes prevented most of the Oz principals from eating in the studio commissary;[31] the toxicity of Hamilton's copper-based makeup forced her to eat a liquid diet on shoot days.[32] It took as many as twelve takes to have Toto run alongside the actors as they skipped down the yellow brick road.
    • All the Oz sequences were filmed in three-strip Technicolor.[15][16] The opening and closing credits, as well as the Kansas sequences, were filmed in black and white and colored in a sepia-tone process.[15] Sepia-toned film was also used in the scene where Aunt Em appears in the Wicked Witch's crystal ball. The movie was not the first to use Technicolor, which was introduced in The Gulf Between, released in 1917.
    • In Hamilton's exit from Munchkinland, a concealed elevator was arranged to lower her below stage level as fire and smoke erupted to dramatize and conceal her exit. The first take ran well, but in the second take, the burst of fire came too soon. The flames set fire to her green, copper-based face paint, causing third-degree burns on her hands and face. She spent three months healing before returning to work.[33]
    • King Vidor's finishing work as director [ edit ] On February 12, 1939, Fleming hastily replaced Cukor in directing Gone with the Wind. The next day, the studio assigned Fleming's friend, King Vidor, as director, in order to finish the filming of The Wizard of Oz (mainly the early sepia-toned Kansas sequences, including Garland's singing of "Over the Rainbow" and the tornado). Although the film was a hit in 1939, Vidor chose not to take public credit for his contribution until his friend died in 1949.[citation needed ]
    • Special effects, makeup and costumes [ edit ] Arnold Gillespie was the special effects director for the film. Gillespie worked with the production using several visual effects techniques for the movie.[29] Developing the tornado scene was especially costly. Gillespie used muslin cloth to make the tornado flexible after a previous attempt with rubber failed. He hung the 35 feet of muslin from a steel gantry and connected the bottom to a rod. By moving the gantry and rod, he was able to create the illusion of a tornado moving across the stage. Fuller's earth was sprayed from both the top and bottom using compressed air hoses to complete the effect. Dorothy's house was recreated by using a model.[34]
    • The Cowardly Lion and Scarecrow masks were made of foam latex makeup created by makeup artist Jack Dawn, who was one of the first makeup artists to use this technique.[35][36] Bolger was left with permanent lines around his mouth and chin from his mask. It took an hour each day to slowly peel the glued-on mask from his face.[37] Hamilton received severe burns on her hands and face when there was an accident with the fire while filming her exit from Munchkinland. At the time, she was wearing her green makeup, which was usually removed with acetone due to its toxic copper content. Because of Hamilton's burns, makeup artist Jack Young removed the makeup with alcohol, to prevent infection.[37] The Tin Man's costume was made of leather-covered buckram, and the oil used to grease his joints was made from chocolate syrup.[38] The Cowardly Lion's costume was made from real lion skin and fur.[39] For the "horse of a different color" scene, Jell-O powder was used to color the white horses.[40] Asbestos was used to achieve some of the special effects, like the witch's burning broomstick and the fake snow that covers Dorothy as she sleeps in the field of poppies.[41][42]
    • Music [ edit ] Herbert Stothart conducts the MGM Studio Orchestra for
    • The Wizard of Oz, which was recorded at the MGM studios
    • The film is famous for its musical selections and soundtrack. The music was composed by Harold Arlen, and the lyrics were written by Yip Harburg: They won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Over the Rainbow". The song ranked first in the AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs and the Recording Industry Association of America's "365 Songs of the Century".
    • MGM composer Herbert Stothart, a well-known Hollywood composer and songwriter, won the Academy Award for Best Original Score.
    • Georgie Stoll was associate conductor, and screen credit was given to George Bassman, Murray Cutter, Ken Darby and Paul Marquardt for orchestral and vocal arrangements (as usual, Roger Edens was also heavily involved as an unbilled musical associate to Freed.)
    • The songs were recorded in the studio's scoring stage before filming. Several of the recordings were completed while Ebsen was still with the cast. Therefore, although he had to be dropped from the cast because of a dangerous reaction to the aluminum powder makeup, his singing voice remained on the soundtrack (as mentioned in the notes for the CD Deluxe Edition). His voice can be heard in the group vocals of "We're Off to See the Wizard". Haley spoke with a distinct Boston accent and did not pronounce the ''r '' in ''wizard.'' Ebsen was a Midwesterner, like Garland, and pronounced it clearly. Haley rerecorded Ebsen's solo parts later.
    • Bolger's original recording of "If I Only Had a Brain" was far more sedate than the version heard in the film. During filming, Cukor and LeRoy decided that a more energetic rendition would better suit Dorothy's initial meeting with the Scarecrow, and the song was rerecorded. The original version was thought to be lost until a copy was discovered in 2009.[43]
    • Song list [ edit ] "Over the Rainbow" '' Judy Garland as Dorothy GaleMunchkinland Sequence:"Come Out ..." '' Billie Burke as Glinda, and the Munchkins"It Really Was No Miracle" '' Judy Garland as Dorothy, Billy Bletcher and the Munchkins"We Thank You Very Sweetly" '' Frank Cucksey and Joseph Koziel"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" '' Billie Burke as Glinda (speaking) and the Munchkins"As Mayor of the Munchkin City""As Coroner, I Must Aver""Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" (Reprise) '' The Munchkins"The Lullaby League""The Lollipop Guild""We Welcome You to Munchkinland" '' The Munchkins"Follow the Yellow Brick Road/You're Off to See the Wizard" '' Judy Garland as Dorothy, and the Munchkins"If I Only Had a Brain" '' Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow, and Judy Garland as Dorothy"We're Off to See the Wizard" '' Judy Garland as Dorothy, and Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow"If I Only Had a Heart" '' Jack Haley as the Tin Man"If I Only Had a Heart" (original recording) '' Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man"We're Off to See the Wizard" (Reprise 1) '' Judy Garland as Dorothy, Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow, and Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man"If I Only Had the Nerve" '' Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion, Jack Haley as the Tin Man, Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow, and Judy Garland as Dorothy"We're Off to See the Wizard" (Reprise 2) '' Judy Garland as Dorothy, Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow, Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man, and Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion"Optimistic Voices" '' MGM Studio Chorus"The Merry Old Land of Oz" '' Frank Morgan as Cabby, Judy Garland as Dorothy, Ray Bolger as Scarecrow, Jack Haley as the Tin Man, Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion and the Emerald City townspeople"If I Were King of the Forest" '' Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion, Judy Garland as Dorothy, Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow and Jack Haley as the Tin Man"The Jitterbug" '' Although this song was removed from the final film, it is still available on some extended edition CDs.[44]Deleted songs [ edit ] Lobby card with still of deleted musical number "Hail! Hail! The Witch Is Dead!", sung upon the return to the Emerald City
    • Some musical pieces were filmed and deleted later, in the editing process.
    • The song "The Jitterbug", written in a swing style, was intended for the sequence in which the group is journeying to the Witch's castle. Due to time constraints, the song was cut from the final theatrical version. The film footage for the song has been lost, although silent home film footage of rehearsals for the number has survived. The sound recording for the song, however, is intact and was included in the two-CD Rhino Records deluxe edition of the film soundtrack, as well as on the VHS and DVD editions of the film. A reference to "The Jitterbug" remains in the film: the Witch remarks to her flying monkeys that they should have no trouble apprehending Dorothy and her friends because "I've sent a little insect on ahead to take the fight out of them."
    • Another musical number cut before release came right after the Wicked Witch of the West was melted and before Dorothy and her friends returned to the Wizard. This was a reprise of "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" (blended with "We're Off to See the Wizard" and "The Merry Old Land of Oz") with the lyrics altered to "Hail! Hail! The witch is dead!" This started with the Witch's guard saying "Hail to Dorothy! The Wicked Witch is dead!" and dissolved to a huge celebration by the citizens of the Emerald City, who sing the song as they accompany Dorothy and her friends to see the Wizard. Today, the film of this scene is also lost, and only a few stills survive, along with a few seconds of footage used on several reissue trailers. The entire audio track still exists and is included on the two-CD Rhino Record deluxe edition of the film soundtrack.[45]
    • In addition, Garland was to sing a brief reprise of "Over the Rainbow" while Dorothy is trapped in the Witch's castle, but it was cut because it was considered too emotionally intense. The original soundtrack recording still exists, however, and was included as an extra in all home media releases from 1993 onwards.[46]
    • Underscoring [ edit ] Extensive edits in the film's final cut removed vocals from the last portion of the film. However, the film was fully underscored, with instrumental snippets from the film's various leitmotifs throughout. There was also some recognizable classical and popular music, including:
    • Excerpts from Schumann's "The Happy Farmer", at several points early in the film, including the opening scene when Dorothy and Toto are hurrying home after their encounter with Miss Gulch, when Toto escapes from her, and when the house is "riding" the tornado.An excerpt of Mendelssohn's "Opus 16, #2", when Toto escapes from the Witch's castle.An excerpt of Mussorgsky's "Night on Bald Mountain", when Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and the Cowardly Lion are trying to escape from the Witch's castle."In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree", when Dorothy and the Scarecrow discover the anthropomorphic apple trees."Gaudeamus Igitur", during the Wizard's presentation of awards to the group."Home! Sweet Home!", in part of the underscore of the closing scene, at Dorothy's house in Kansas.(The above list is excerpted from the liner notes on the Rhino Records collection.)
    • Post-production [ edit ] Principal photography concluded with the Kansas sequences on March 16, 1939. Reshoots and pick-up shots were filmed throughout April and May and into June, under the direction of producer LeRoy. After the deletion of the "Over the Rainbow" reprise after subsequent test screenings in early June, Garland had to be brought back one more time to reshoot the "Auntie Em, I'm frightened!" scene without the song. The footage of Blandick's Aunt Em, as shot by Vidor, had already been set aside for rear-projection work, and was simply reused.
    • After Hamilton's torturous experience with the Munchkinland elevator, she refused to do the pick-ups for the scene in which she flies on a broomstick that billows smoke, so LeRoy had stand-in Betty Danko perform, instead. Danko was severely injured due to a malfunction in the smoke mechanism.[47]
    • At this point, the film began a long, arduous post-production. Herbert Stothart had to compose the film's background score, while A. Arnold Gillespie had to perfect the various special effects that the film required, including many of the rear projection shots. The MGM art department also had to create various matte paintings for the backgrounds of many of the scenes.
    • One significant innovation planned for the film was the use of stencil printing for the transition to Technicolor. Each frame was to be hand-tinted to maintain the sepia tone. however, This was abandoned because it was too expensive and labor-intensive, and MGM used a simpler and less-expensive variation on the process. During the reshoots in May, the inside of the farm house was painted sepia, and when Dorothy opens the door, it is not Garland, but her stand-in, Bobbie Koshay, wearing a sepia gingham dress, who then backs out of frame. Once the camera moves through the door, Garland steps back into frame in her bright blue gingham dress (as noted in DVD extras), and the sepia-painted door briefly tints her with the same color before she emerges from the house's shadow, into the bright glare of the Technicolor lighting. This also meant that the reshoots provided the first proper shot of Munchkinland. If one looks carefully, the brief cut to Dorothy looking around outside the house bisects a single long shot, from the inside of the doorway to the pan-around that finally ends in a reverse-angle as the ruins of the house are seen behind Dorothy and she comes to a stop at the foot of the small bridge.
    • Test screenings of the film began on June 5, 1939.[48] Oz initially ran nearly two hours long.In 1939, the average movie ran for about 90 minutes. LeRoy and Fleming knew they needed to cut at least 15 minutes to get the film down to a manageable running time. Three sneak previews in Santa Barbara, Pomona and San Luis Obispo, California, guided LeRoy and Fleming in the cutting. Among the many cuts were "The Jitterbug" number, the Scarecrow's elaborate dance sequence following "If I Only Had a Brain", reprises of "Over the Rainbow" and "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead", and a number of smaller dialogue sequences. This left the final, mostly serious portion of the film with no songs, only the dramatic underscoring.
    • "Over the Rainbow" was almost deleted. MGM felt that it made the Kansas sequence too long, as well as being far over the heads of the target audience of children. The studio also thought that it was degrading for Garland to sing in a barnyard. LeRoy, uncredited associate producer Arthur Freed and director Fleming fought to keep it in, and they eventually won. The song went on to win the Academy Award for Best Song of the Year and came to be identified so strongly with Garland herself that she made it her theme song.
    • After the preview in San Luis Obispo in early July, the film was officially released in August 1939 at its current 101-minute running time.
    • Release [ edit ] Original theatrical run [ edit ] A memorial commemorating the film's world premiere at the Strand Theatre in
    • Oconomowoc, Wisconsin on August 12, 1939
    • The film premiered at the Orpheum Theatre in Green Bay, Wisconsin on August 10, 1939.[49] The first sneak preview was held in San Bernardino, California.[50] The film was previewed in three test markets: in Kenosha, Wisconsin and Dennis, Massachusetts on August 11, 1939,[51][52] and at the Strand Theatre in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, on August 12.[53]
    • The Hollywood premiere was on August 15, 1939,[52] at Grauman's Chinese Theatre.[54] The New York City premiere, held at Loew's Capitol Theatre on August 17, 1939, was followed by a live performance with Garland and her frequent film co-star Mickey Rooney. They continued to perform there after each screening for a week. Garland extended her appearance for two more weeks, partnered with Rooney for a second week and with Oz co-stars Ray Bolger and Bert Lahr for the third and final week. The film opened nationwide on August 25, 1939.
    • Television [ edit ] MGM sold the rights to televise the film to CBS for $225,000 per broadcast.[55] The film was first shown on television on November 3, 1956 as the last installment of the Ford Star Jubilee.[56] The film was a ratings success with a Nielsen rating of 33.9 and an audience share of 53%.[57]
    • It was repeated on December 13, 1959, and gained an even larger television audience, with a Nielsen rating of 36.5 and an audience share of 58%[57]. It became an annual television tradition.
    • Home media [ edit ] The film was released multiple times to the home-video commercial market (on a limited scale) on Super 8 film (8 mm format) during the 1970s. These releases include an edited English version (roughly 10 minutes, and roughly 20 minutes), as well as edited Spanish versions. In the 1970s, a full commercial release was made on Super 8 (on multiple reels).[58]
    • On October 25, 1980, the film was released on videocassette (in both VHS and Betamax format) by MGM/CBS Home Video.[59][60] All current home video releases are by Warner Home Video (via current rights holder Turner Entertainment).
    • The film's first LaserDisc release was in 1983. In 1989, there were two releases for the 50th anniversary, one from Turner and one from The Criterion Collection, with a commentary track. Laserdiscs came out in 1991 and 1993, and the final LaserDisc was released on September 11, 1996.[61]
    • The film was released on the CED format once, in 1982, by MGM/UA Home Video.[62]
    • The film has also been released multiple times outside of the North American and European markets, in Asia, in the Video CD format.
    • The first DVD release was on March 26, 1997, by MGM/Turner. It contained no special features or supplements. On October 19, 1999, Oz was re-released by Warner Bros to celebrate the picture's 60th anniversary, with its soundtrack presented in a new 5.1 surround sound mix. The DVD also contained a behind-the-scenes documentary, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: The Making of a Movie Classic, produced in 1990 and hosted by Angela Lansbury, which was originally shown on television immediately following the 1990 telecast of the film. It had been featured in the 1993 "Ultimate Oz" LaserDisc release. Outtakes, the deleted "Jitterbug" musical number, clips of pre-1939 Oz adaptations, trailers, newsreels, and a portrait gallery were also included, as well as two radio programs of the era publicizing the film.
    • In 2005, two DVD editions were released, both featuring a newly restored version of the film with an audio commentary and an isolated music and effects track. One of the two DVD releases was a "Two-Disc Special Edition", featuring production documentaries, trailers, various outtakes, newsreels, radio shows and still galleries. The other set, a "Three-Disc Collector's Edition", included these features, as well as the digitally restored 80th-anniversary edition of the 1925 feature-length silent film version of The Wizard of Oz, other silent Oz adaptations and a 1933 animated short version.
    • The film was released on Blu-ray on September 29, 2009, for its 70th anniversary, in a four-disc "Ultimate Collector's Edition", including all the bonus features from the 2005 Collector's Edition DVD, new bonus features about Victor Fleming and the surviving Munchkins, the telefilm The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story, and the miniseries MGM: When the Lion Roars. For this edition, Warner Bros. commissioned a new transfer from the original negatives at 8K resolution . The restoration job was given to Prime Focus World.[63] This restored version also features a lossless 5.1 Dolby TrueHD audio track.[64]
    • On December 1, 2009,[65] three Blu-ray discs of the Ultimate Collector's Edition were repackaged as a less expensive "Emerald Edition". An Emerald Edition four-disc DVD arrived the following week. A single-disc Blu-ray, containing the restored movie and all the extra features of the two-disc Special Edition DVD, became available on March 16, 2010.[66]
    • In 2013, the film was re-released on DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D and UltraViolet for the 90th anniversary of Warner Bros. and the 75th anniversary of the film.[67][68]
    • Many special editions were released in celebration of the film's 75th anniversary in 2013, including one exclusively by Best Buy (a SteelBook of the 3D Blu-ray) and another by Target stores that came with a keepsake lunch bag.[69][70]
    • The film was issued on Ultra HD Blu-ray on October 29, 2019, featuring a new Dolby Vision transfer sourced from an 8K transfer.[71]
    • Re-releases [ edit ] This lobby card for the 1955 re-release carried a contemporary image of Garland.
    • Although the 1949 re-issue used sepia tone, as in the original film, beginning with the 1955 re-issue, and continuing until the film's 50th anniversary VHS release in 1989, the opening Kansas sequences were shown in black and white instead of the sepia tone as originally printed. (This includes television showings.)[72]
    • The MGM "Children's Matinees" series re-released the film twice, in both 1970 and 1971.[73] It was for this release that the film received a G rating from the MPAA.
    • For the film's upcoming 60th anniversary, Warner Bros. released a "Special Edition" on November 6, 1998, digitally restored with remastered audio.
    • In 2002, the film had a very limited re-release in U.S. theaters, earning only $139,905.[74]
    • On September 23, 2009, the film was re-released in select theaters for a one-night-only event in honor of its 70th anniversary and as a promotion for various new disc releases later in the month. An encore of this event took place in theaters on November 17, 2009.[75]
    • An IMAX 3D theatrical re-release played at 300 theaters in North America for one week only beginning September 20, 2013, as part of the film's 75th anniversary.[67] Warner Bros. spent $25 million on advertising. The studio hosted a premiere of the film's first IMAX 3D release on September 15, 2013, in Hollywood at the newly remodeled TCL Chinese Theatre (formerly Grauman's Chinese Theatre, the site of the film's Hollywood premiere). It was the first picture to play at the new theater and served as the grand opening of Hollywood's first 3D IMAX screen. It was also shown as a special presentation at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.[76] This re-release grossed $5.6 million at the North American box office.[77]
    • In 2013, in preparation for its IMAX 3D release, the film was submitted to the MPAA for re-classification. According to MPAA rules, a film that has been altered in any way from its original version must be submitted for re-classification, and the 3-D conversion fell within that guideline. Surprisingly, the 3D version received a PG rating for "Some scary moments", although no change was made to the film's original story content. The 2D version still retains its G rating.[78]
    • The film was re-released on January 11 and 14, 2015, as part of the "TCM Presents" series by Turner Classic Movies.[79]
    • The film was re-released by Fathom Events on January 27, 29, 30, 2019 and February 3 and 5, 2019 as part of its 80th anniversary. It also had a one-week theatrical engagement in Dolby Cinema on October 25, 2019 to commemorate the anniversary.[80]
    • Reception [ edit ] Critical response [ edit ] The Wizard of Oz received widespread acclaim upon its release. Writing for The New York Times, Frank Nugent considered the film a "delightful piece of wonder-working which had the youngsters' eyes shining and brought a quietly amused gleam to the wiser ones of the oldsters. Not since Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs has anything quite so fantastic succeeded half so well."[81] Nugent had issues with some of the film's special effects, writing,
    • with the best of will and ingenuity, they cannot make a Munchkin or a Flying Monkey that will not still suggest, however vaguely, a Singer's Midget in a Jack Dawn masquerade. Nor can they, without a few betraying jolts and split-screen overlappings, bring down from the sky the great soap bubble in which Glinda rides and roll it smoothly into place.[81]
    • According to Nugent, "Judy Garland's Dorothy is a pert and fresh-faced miss with the wonder-lit eyes of a believer in fairy tales, but the Baum fantasy is at its best when the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and the Lion are on the move."[81]
    • Writing in Variety, John C. Flinn predicted that the film was "likely to perform some record-breaking feats of box-office magic," noting, "Some of the scenic passages are so beautiful in design and composition as to stir audiences by their sheer unfoldment." He also called Garland "an appealing figure" and the musical numbers "gay and bright."[82]
    • Harrison's Reports wrote, "Even though some persons are not interested in pictures of this type, it is possible that they will be eager to see this picture just for its technical treatment. The performances are good, and the incidental music is of considerable aid. Pictures of this caliber bring credit to the industry."[83]
    • Film Daily wrote:
    • Leo the Lion is privileged to herald this one with his deepest roar'--the one that comes from way down'--for seldom if indeed ever has the screen been so successful in its approach to fantasy and extravaganza through flesh-and-blood... handsomely mounted fairy story in Technicolor, with its wealth of humor and homespun philosophy, its stimulus to the imagination, its procession of unforgettable settings, its studding of merry tunes should click solidly at the box-office.[84]
    • Not all reviews were positive. Some moviegoers felt that the 16-year-old Garland was slightly too old to play the little girl who Baum intended his Dorothy to be. Russell Maloney of The New Yorker wrote that the film displayed "no trace of imagination, good taste, or ingenuity" and declared it "a stinkeroo,"[85] while Otis Ferguson of The New Republic wrote: "It has dwarfs, music, Technicolor, freak characters, and Judy Garland. It can't be expected to have a sense of humor, as well '' and as for the light touch of fantasy, it weighs like a pound of fruitcake soaking wet."[86] Still, the film placed seventh on Film Daily's year-end nationwide poll of 542 critics naming the best films of 1939.[87]
    • Legacy [ edit ] Roger Ebert chose it as one of his Great Films, writing that "The Wizard of Oz has a wonderful surface of comedy and music, special effects and excitement, but we still watch it six decades later because its underlying story penetrates straight to the deepest insecurities of childhood, stirs them and then reassures them."[88]
    • In his 2002 critique of the film for the British Film Institute, author Salman Rushdie acknowledged its affect on him, noting "The Wizard of Oz was my very first literary influence" .[89] In Step Across This Line, he wrote: "When I first saw The Wizard of Oz, it made a writer of me."[90] His first short story, written at the age of 10, was titled "Over the Rainbow".[90]
    • In a 2009 retrospective article about the film, San Francisco Chronicle film critic and author Mick LaSalle declared that the
    • ''...entire Munchkinland sequence, from Dorothy's arrival in Oz to her departure on the yellow brick road, has to be one of the greatest in cinema history '' a masterpiece of set design, costuming, choreography, music, lyrics, storytelling, and sheer imagination."[91]
    • On the film critic aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 98% based on 117 reviews, with an average score of 9.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "An absolute masterpiece whose groundbreaking visuals and deft storytelling are still every bit as resonant, The Wizard of Oz is a must-see film for young and old."[92] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film received the maximum score of 100 out of 100, based on 4 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim",[93] which, as of March 2020, is matched only by eight other films.
    • Box office [ edit ] According to MGM records, during the film's initial release, it earned $2,048,000 in the US and Canada and $969,000 in other countries throughout the world, resulting in total earnings of $3,017,000. While these were considerable earnings, the high production cost, in association with various distribution and other costs, meant the movie initially recorded a loss of $1,145,000 for the studio.[3] It did not show what MGM considered a profit until a 1949 re-release earned an additional $1.5 million (about $16 million today). However, for all the risks and cost that MGM undertook to produce the film, it was certainly more successful than anyone thought it would be. According to Christopher Finch, author of the Judy Garland biography Rainbow: The Stormy Life of Judy Garland, "Fantasy is always a risk at the box office. The film had been enormously successful as a book, and it had also been a major stage hit, but previous attempts to bring it to the screen had been dismal failures." Finch also writes that after the success of the film, Garland signed a new contract with MGM giving her a substantial increase in salary, making her one of the top-ten box office stars in the United States.[94]
    • Awards and honors [ edit ] Academy Awards [ edit ] American Film Institute lists [ edit ] The American Film Institute (AFI) has compiled various lists which include this film or elements thereof.
    • AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies '' No. 6AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills '' No. 43AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:Wicked Witch of the West '' No. 4 villainAFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:"Over the Rainbow" '' No. 1"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" '' No. 82AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:"Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore." (Dorothy Gale) '' No. 4"There's no place like home." (Dorothy) '' No. 23"I'll get you, my pretty '' and your little dog, too!" (Wicked Witch of the West) '' No. 99AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals '' No. 3AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers '' No. 26AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) '' No. 10AFI's 10 Top 10 '' No. 1 Fantasy film[96]Other honors [ edit ] 1989: The film was one of the inaugural group of 25 films added to the National Film Registry list.[10][97]1999: Rolling Stone ' s 100 Maverick Movies '' No. 20.[98]1999: Entertainment Weekly ' s 100 Greatest Films '' No. 32.[99]2000: The Village Voice ' s 100 Best Films of the 20th Century '' No. 14.[100]2002: Sight & Sound ' s Greatest Film Poll of Directors '' No. 41.[101]2005: Total Film ' s 100 Greatest Films '' No. 83.[102]2005: The British Film Institute ranked it second on its list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14, after Spirited Away.[citation needed ]2006: The film placed 86th on Bravo's 100 Scariest Movie Moments.[103]2007: It topped Total Film ' s 23 Weirdest Films.[104]2007: The film was listed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.[105]2007: The Observer ranked the film's songs and music at the top of its list of 50 greatest film soundtracks.[106]2020: The British Film Institute changed its list to ''50 films to see by age 15''UPDATED''[107] calling Oz ''The most wonderful of musicals''Differences from the novel [ edit ] Among the many dramatic differences between the film and the novel, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, are the era (1900), the character of Dorothy Gale, who is 11 when she arrives in Oz and ages very little after that, and the magic slippers, which are silver. We are not told the Tin Woodman's rather gruesome backstory in the film. (He started off a human being and kept lopping off bits of himself by accident.) Baum's Oz is divided into regions where people dress in the same color. Munchkins, for example, all wear blue. Obviously this did not lend itself to the brilliant palette that was the hallmark of Technicolor films at the time. Dorothy's adventures in the book last much longer and take her and her friends to more places in Oz. where they meet interesting characters. In the end, her friends are invited to rule different areas of Oz. In some cases'--including the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, the Munchkins (in style if not color), Dorothy's long pigtails and the unusual Oz noses'--the film's designers were clearly inspired by the book's illustrations by William Wallace Denslow. In others, including the costumes for the witches, good and bad, they created their own visions of Oz.
    • Sequels and reinterpretations [ edit ] An official 1972 sequel, the animated Journey Back to Oz starring Liza Minnelli, Garland's daughter, was produced to commemorate the original film's 35th anniversary.[108]
    • In 1975, a comic book adaptation of the film titled MGM's Marvelous Wizard of Oz was released. It was the first co-production between DC Comics and Marvel Comics. Marvel planned a series of sequels based on the subsequent novels. The first, The Marvelous Land of Oz, was published later that year. The next, The Marvelous Ozma of Oz was expected to be released the following year but never came to be.[109]
    • In 1985, Walt Disney Productions released the live-action fantasy film Return to Oz, starring Fairuza Balk in her film debut as a young Dorothy Gale[110] and based on The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904) and Ozma of Oz (1907). With a darker story, it fared poorly with critics unfamiliar with the Oz books and was not successful at the box office, although it has since become a popular cult film, with many considering it a more loyal and faithful adaptation of what L. Frank Baum envisioned.[111][112]
    • Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice produced a stage musical by the same name, which opened in 2011 at the West End ' s London Palladium.
    • An animated film called Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz was released in 2011 by Warner Home Video, incorporating Tom and Jerry into the story as Dorothy's "protectors".[113] A sequel titled Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz was released on DVD on June 21, 2016.[114]
    • In 2013, Walt Disney Pictures released a spiritual prequel titled Oz the Great and Powerful. It was directed by Sam Raimi and starred James Franco, Mila Kunis, Rachel Weisz and Michelle Williams. It was the second film based on Baum's Oz series to be produced by Disney, after Return to Oz. It was a commercial success but received a mixed reception from critics.[115][116]
    • In 2014, independent film company Clarius Entertainment released a big-budget animated musical film, Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return,[117] which follows Dorothy's second trip to Oz. The film fared poorly at the box office and was received negatively by critics, largely for its plot and unmemorable musical numbers.
    • Cultural impact [ edit ] Regarding the original Baum storybook, it has been said that
    • The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is America's greatest and best-loved home grown fairytale. The first totally American fantasy for children, it is one of the most-read children's books ... and despite its many particularly American attributes, including a wizard from Omaha, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has universal appeal.[118]
    • In 2010, the Library of Congress wrote that ''Because of its many television showings between 1956 and 1974, it has been seen by more viewers than any other movie''.[9]
    • In 1977, Aljean Harmetz wrote The Making of The Wizard of Oz, a detailed description of the creation of the film based on interviews and research; it was updated in 1989.[119]
    • Ruby slippers [ edit ] Because of their iconic stature,[120] the ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in the film are now among the most treasured and valuable film memorabilia in movie history.[121] Dorothy actually wore Silver Shoes in the book series, but the color was changed to ruby to take advantage of the new Technicolor process. Adrian, MGM's chief costume designer, was responsible for the final design. There are five known pairs of the ruby slippers in existence.[122] Another, differently styled pair, not used in the film, was sold at auction by actress Debbie Reynolds for $510,000 (not including the buyer's premium) in June 2011.[123]
    • See also [ edit ] List of films considered the bestFriend of DorothyPolitical interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of OzWizard of Oz festivalDark Side of the RainbowThe Wizard of Oz, the 2011 stage musicalReferences [ edit ] ^ "The Wizard of Oz". American Film Institute . Retrieved March 9, 2016 . ^ "The Wizard of Oz". British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 25, 2017 . ^ a b c The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study . ^ a b "The Wizard of Oz (1939)". Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 25, 2019 . ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies". www.afi.com . Retrieved August 9, 2017 . ^ a b Fricke, John (1989). The Wizard of Oz: The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History. New York: Warner Books. ISBN 978-0-446-51446-0. ^ Nugent, Frank S. (August 18, 1939). "The Screen in Review; 'The Wizard of Oz,' Produced by the Wizards of Hollywood, Works Its Magic on the Capitol's Screen '' March of Time Features New York at the Music Hall at the Palace" . Retrieved August 15, 2014 . ^ King, Susan (March 11, 2013). "How did 'Wizard of Oz' fare on its 1939 release?". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 24, 2015 . ^ a b "To See The Wizard Oz on Stage and Film". Library of Congress. December 15, 2010 . Retrieved April 16, 2011 . ^ a b "Complete National Recording Registry Listing '' National Recording Preservation Board '' Library of Congress". ^ "ENTERTAINMENT: Film Registry Picks First 25 Movies". Los Angeles Times. Washington, D.C. September 19, 1989 . Retrieved April 22, 2020 . ^ "The Wizard of Oz (Victor Fleming 1939), produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer". UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. Archived from the original on August 5, 2009 . Retrieved September 7, 2009 . ^ Sibley, Brian (February 10, 1997). "Obituary: Adriana Caselotti". The Independent. London . Retrieved October 8, 2017 . ^ Fricke, John; Scarfone, Jay; Stillman, William (1986). The Wizard of Oz: The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History. New York, NY: Warner Books, Inc. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-446-51446-0. ^ a b c d e The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the Making of a Movie Classic (1990). CBS Television, narrated by Angela Lansbury. Co-produced by John Fricke and Aljean Harmetz. ^ a b c d Aljean Harmetz (2004). The Making of The Wizard of Oz. Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-8352-9. See the Chapter "Special Effects. ^ Coan, Stephen (December 22, 2011). "KZN's very own screen wizard". The Witness . Retrieved April 24, 2014 . ^ a b Warner Bros. "Wizard of Oz Timeline". Warnerbros.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2007 . Retrieved September 10, 2007 . ^ Democracy Now. November 25, 2004 Archived November 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Fordin, Hugh (1976). World of Entertainment. Avon Books. ISBN 978-0-380-00754-7. ^ "Hollywood Reporter". October 20, 2005. [dead link ] ^ Clarke, Gerald (2001). Get Happy: The Life of Judy Garland. Delta. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-385-33515-7. ^ Cemetery Guide, Hollywood Remains to Be Seen, Mark Masek. ^ Fricke, John and Scarfone and William Stillman. The Wizard of Oz: The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History, Warner Books, 1989 ^ Nissen, Axel (2007). Actresses of a Certain Character: Forty Familiar Hollywood Faces from the Thirties to the Fifties. McFarland & Company. pp. 196''202. ISBN 978-0-7864-2746-8. ^ Lev, Peter (March 15, 2013). Twentieth Century-Fox: The Zanuck-Skouras Years, 1935''1965. University of Texas Press. pp. 67''68. ISBN 978-0-292-74447-9. ^ Hearn, Michael Patrick. Keynote address. The International Wizard of Oz Club Centennial convention. Indiana University, August 2000. ^ West, Adrian W. (2014). Practical PHP and MySQL web site databases : a simplified approach. New York. ISBN 978-1430260776. OCLC 859580733. ^ a b Care, Ross (July 1980). "Two Animation Books: The Animated Raggedy Ann and Andy . John Canemaker. ; The Making of the Wizard of Oz . Aljean Harmetz" (PDF) . Film Quarterly. 33 (4): 45''47. doi:10.1525/fq.1980.33.4.04a00350. ISSN 0015-1386. ^ Smalling, Allen (1989). The Making of the Wizard of Oz: Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM. Hyperion. ISBN 978-0-7868-8352-3. ^ Interview of Ray Bolger (1990). The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: 50 Years of Magic. Jack Haley Jr Productions. ^ Leopold, Ted (August 25, 2014). " ' The Wizard of Oz' at 75: Did you know...?". CNN . Retrieved September 1, 2017 . Margaret Hamilton's copper-based makeup as the Wicked Witch was poisonous, so she lived on a liquid diet during the film, and the makeup was carefully cleaned off her each day. ^ Aylesworth, Thomas (1984). History of Movie Musicals. New York City: Gallery Books. pp. 97. ISBN 978-0-8317-4467-0. ^ Hejzlar, Zdenek; Worlund, John (2007), "Chapter 1: Scope of Phase I Environmental Site Assessments", Technical Aspects of Phase I/II Environmental Site Assessments: 2nd Edition, ASTM International, pp. 15''15''11, doi:10.1520/mnl11243m, ISBN 978-0803142732 ^ Miller, Ron (2006). Special Effects: An Introduction to Movie Magic. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0-7613-2918-3. ^ Hogan, David J. (June 1, 2014). The Wizard of Oz FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Life, According to Oz. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4803-9719-4. ^ a b Harmetz, Aljean (2013). The Making of The Wizard of Oz. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-61374-835-0. ^ Scarfone, Jay; Stillman, William (2004). The Wizardry of Oz. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-1-61774-843-1. ^ November 25, CBS/AP; 2014; Am, 11:15. " " The Wizard of Oz" Cowardly Lion costume fetches $3 million at auction" . Retrieved August 23, 2018 . CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Rushdie, Salman (1992). The Wizard of Oz. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-85170-300-8. ^ Eschner, Kat. "The Crazy Tricks Early Filmmakers Used To Fake Snow". Smithsonian . Retrieved August 21, 2018 . ^ McCulloch, Jock; Tweedale, Geoffrey (2008). Defending the Indefensible: The Global Asbestos Industry and its Fight for Survival. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-156008-8. ^ The Wizard of Oz 70th Anniversary News Archived May 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ "The Wizard of Oz [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] '' Original Soundtrack '' Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. ^ The Wizard of Oz: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' The Deluxe Edition, 2-CD set, original recording remastered, Rhino Records # 71964 (July 18, 1995) ^ Warner Bros. 2005 The Wizard of Oz Deluxe DVD edition, program notes and audio extras. ^ The Making of the Wizard of Oz '' Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM '' and the Miracle of Production #1060, 10th Edition, Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc./Random House, 1989. ^ Jim's "Wizard of Oz" Website Directory. " " The Wizard of Oz"... A Movie Timeline". geocities.com. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007 . Retrieved September 10, 2007 . ^ "AFI|Catalog". catalog.afi.com . Retrieved September 3, 2019 . ^ Down The Yellow Brick Road: The Making of The Wizard Of Oz"McClelland, 1976 Publisher Pyramid Publications (Harcourt Brace Jonavich) ^ Williams, Scott (July 21, 2009). "Hello, yellow brick road". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved October 21, 2011 . John Fricke, a historian who has written books about The Wizard of Oz, said that MGM executives arranged advance screenings in a handful of small communities to find out how audiences would respond to the musical adventure, which cost nearly $3 million to produce. Fricke said he believes the first showings were on the 11th, one day before Oconomowoc's preview, on Cape Cod in Dennis, Massachusetts, and in another southeastern Wisconsin community, Kenosha. ^ a b Cisar, Katjusa (August 18, 2009). "No Place Like Home: 'Wizard of Oz' premiered here 70 years ago". Madison.com . Retrieved October 21, 2011 . Oconomowoc's Strand Theatre was one of three small-town movie theaters across the country where "Oz" premiered in the days prior to its official Hollywood opening on Aug. 15, 1939 ... It's possible that one of the other two test sites '' Kenosha and the Cape Cinema in Dennis, Massachusetts '' screened the film a day earlier, but Oconomowoc is the only one to lay claim and embrace the world premiere as its own. ^ "Beloved movie's premiere was far from L.A. limelight". Wisconsin State Journal. August 12, 2009. p. a2. ^ "Grauman's Chinese Makeover: How the Hollywood Landmark Will Be Revamped". The Hollywood Reporter. ^ Chan. (November 7, 1956). "Television reviews: Wizard of Oz". Variety. p. 33 . Retrieved October 27, 2019 '' via Archive.org. ^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2003). "Ford Star Jubilee". The Complete Directory to Prime Time Cable and Network Shows 1946 '' present. Ballantine Books. p. 425. ISBN 978-0-345-45542-0. Last telecast: November 3, 1956 ... The last telecast of Ford Star Jubilee, however, was really something special. It was the first airing of what later became a television tradition '' Garland's classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, with Judy's 10-year-old daughter Liza Minnelli and Lahr (the Cowardly Lion from the film) on hand to introduce it. ^ a b "Hit Movies on U.S. TV Since 1961". Variety. January 24, 1990. p. 160. ^ "WOO Super 8" . Retrieved July 7, 2014 . ^ "Home video timeline for The Wizard of Oz". Twilight Sparkle's Retro Media Library . Retrieved June 2, 2020 . ^ "MGM/CBS Home Video ad". Billboard. November 22, 1980 . Retrieved April 20, 2011 . ^ Julien Wilk (February 28, 2010). "LaserDisc Database '' Search: Wizard of Oz". Lddb.com . Retrieved March 6, 2010 . ^ "WOO CED Exclusive" . Retrieved July 7, 2014 . ^ "The Wizard of Oz (1939) 3D". Prime Focus World. ^ "Off To See The Wizards: HDD Gets An In Depth Look at the Restoration of 'The Wizard of Oz ' ". Highdefdigest.com. September 11, 2009 . Retrieved March 6, 2010 . ^ The Wizard of Oz Blu-ray Release Date December 1, 2009 , retrieved March 5, 2020 ^ The Wizard of Oz DVD Release Date March 16, 2010 , retrieved March 5, 2020 ^ a b " ' Wizard of Oz' coming back to theaters for IMAX 3D run" . Retrieved June 4, 2013 . ^ " ' Wizard of Oz' Goes 3D for W.B. 90th Celebration". ETonline.com . Retrieved November 2, 2012 . ^ "WOO Best Buy SteelBook Exclusive". Archived from the original on July 15, 2014 . Retrieved July 7, 2014 . ^ "WOO Target Exclusive" . Retrieved July 7, 2014 . ^ The Wizard of Oz 4K Blu-ray. Blu-ray.com. 23 August 2019. ^ Cruz, Gilbert (August 30, 2010). "The Wizard of Oz". Time . Retrieved January 21, 2011 . ^ "The Wizard of Oz (1939, U.S.)". Kiddiematinee.com. November 3, 1956. Archived from the original on January 12, 2010 . Retrieved March 6, 2010 . ^ "The Wizard of Oz (2002 re-issue) (2002)". boxofficemojo.com. ^ "The Wizard of Oz 70th Anniversary Encore Event". Creative Loading. ^ Graser, Marc (August 28, 2013). "Warner Bros. Plans $25 Million Campaign Around 'The Wizard of Oz ' ". Variety . Retrieved September 11, 2013 . ^ "The Wizard of Oz (3D/IMAX) (2013)". Box Office Mojo. October 17, 2013 . Retrieved August 25, 2017 . ^ Hicks, Chris (August 14, 2013). "Chris Hicks: 'The Wizard of Oz' reissue could signal the end of the G rating". ^ "TCM Presents The Wizard of Oz". Variety . Retrieved September 6, 2015 . ^ " ' Wizard of Oz' is returning to theaters for its 80th anniversary". ^ a b c Nugent, Frank S. (August 18, 1939). "The Wizard of Oz, Produced by the Wizards of Hollywood, Works Its Magic on the Capitol's Screen". The New York Times . Retrieved October 21, 2011 . ^ Flinn, John C. (August 16, 1939). "Review: 'The Wizard of Oz ' ". Variety . Retrieved September 22, 2015 . ^ "The Wizard of Oz". Harrison's Reports. New York: Harrison's Reports, Inc.: 134 August 26, 1939. ^ "Reviews: The Wizard of Oz". Film Daily: 6. August 10, 1939. ^ Overbey, Erin (March 8, 2013). "The Allure of Oz". The New Yorker . Retrieved September 22, 2015 . ^ Meyerson, Harold; Harburg, Ernie (1995). Who Put the Rainbow in the Wizard of Oz?: Yip Harburg, lyricist. University of Michigan Press. pp. 156''157. ISBN 978-0-472-08312-1. ^ " " Ten Best" of 1939". Film Daily: 1. January 12, 1940. ^ Ebert, Roger (December 22, 1996). "The Wizard of Oz (1939)". rogerebert.com . Retrieved August 30, 2012 . ^ Rushdie, Salman (2000). The Wizard of Oz. BFI Pub. ISBN 978-0-85170-300-8 . Retrieved August 30, 2012 . ^ a b "Step Across This Line". Penguin Random House Higher Education . Retrieved June 2, 2020 . ^ LaSalle, Mick (October 30, 2009). "Thoughts on 'The Wizard of Oz' at 70". The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 25, 2010 . ^ "The Wizard of Oz". Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 23, 2020 . ^ "The Wizard of Oz Reviews". Metacritic . Retrieved December 20, 2013 . ^ Finch, Christofer (1975). Rainbow: The Stormy Life Of Judy Garland. Ballantine Books. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-345-28407-5. ^ "The 12th Academy Awards (1940) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 23, 2014 . ^ "Top 10 Fantasy". American Film Institute . Retrieved June 18, 2008 . ^ "accessed 3/18/2018" (PDF) . ^ "100 Maverick Movies in 100 Years from Rolling Stone". Filmsite.org . Retrieved March 6, 2010 . ^ "The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time by Entertainment Weekly". Filmsite.org . Retrieved March 6, 2010 . ^ "100 Best Films '' Village Voice". Filmsite.org. January 4, 2000. Archived from the original on March 31, 2014 . Retrieved March 6, 2010 . ^ "Sight & Sound | Top Ten Poll 2002 '' The rest of the directors' list". BFI. September 5, 2006 . Retrieved March 6, 2010 . ^ Total Film (October 24, 2005). "Film news Who is the greatest?". TotalFilm.com . Retrieved March 6, 2010 . ^ "The 100 Scariest Movie Moments". Bravotv.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2006 . Retrieved January 23, 2014 . ^ "Total Film's 23 Weirdest Films of All Time on Lists of Bests". Listsofbests.com. April 6, 2007. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009 . Retrieved March 6, 2010 . ^ "UNESCO chooses The Wizard of Oz as USA's Memory of the World". UNESCO . Retrieved January 23, 2014 . ^ The Observer Music Monthly (March 18, 2007). "The 50 Greatest Film Soundtracks". The Guardian. London . Retrieved September 10, 2007 . ^ "50 films to see by age 15 '' UPDATED". British Film Institute . Retrieved June 2, 2020 . ^ "The Wizard of Oz Production Timeline". The first official sequel to The Wizard of Oz is released, an animated film titled Journey Back to Oz. ^ Abramowitz, Jack (December 2012). "The Secrets of Oz Revealed". Back Issue! #61. TwoMorrows Publishing. ^ Maslin, Janet (June 21, 1985). "Film: A New 'Oz' Gives Dorothy New Friends". The New York Times . Retrieved March 8, 2013 . Instead of the Wizard of Oz sequel that its title suggests, Return to Oz... is more of a grim variation. This time, in a story derived largely from L. Frank Baum's The Land of Oz [sic] and Ozma of Oz, a pint-sized Dorothy has been brought to the screen with a different set of sidekicks; for instance, instead of traveling to Oz with Toto, Dorothy is this time accompanied by a different Baum creation, Billina the Chicken. Once there, she meets a whole new set of friends ... ^ Geraghty, Lincoln (2011). American Hollywood. Intellect Books. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-84150-415-5. ^ "Flashback Exclusive: A 'Return to Oz ' ". ET Online. March 5, 2013 . Retrieved March 15, 2013 . ^ Tom and Jerry & The Wizard of Oz Blu-ray Blu-ray, Retrieved June 17, 2016 ^ TOM AND JERRY: BACK TO OZ Warnerbros.com, Retrieved June 18, 2016 ^ "Oz The Great and Powerful (2013)". Box Office Mojo. August 28, 2013. ^ "Oz the Great and Powerful (2013)". Rotten Tomatoes. March 5, 2013 . Retrieved June 17, 2016 . ^ Tampubolon, Rama (May 7, 2013). "3D Animated Movie, LEGENDS OF OZ: DOROTHY'S RETURN, Voice Starring Lea Michele, Opens May 9, 2014 And It's Coming To Cannes". Rama's Screen . Retrieved May 9, 2014 . ^ "The Wizard of Oz: An American Fairy Tale". April 21, 2000. ^ Harmetz, Aljean (1998). The Making of the Wizard of Oz: Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM. ISBN 978-0-7868-8352-3. ^ Dwight Blocker Bowers (January 2010). "The Ruby Slippers: Inventing an American Icon". The Lemelson Center. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010 . Retrieved April 28, 2010 . ^ Burke, Monte (December 3, 2008). "Inside The Search For Dorothy's Slippers". Forbes . Retrieved April 28, 2010 . ^ Frank), Baum, L. Frank (Lyman; Wallace, Denslow, William; Albert), Hamlin, Fred (Frederic; Yipsel), Harburg, E. Y. (Edgar; Harold, Arlen (April 21, 2000). "To See the Wizard '' The Wizard of Oz: An American Fairy Tale '' Exhibitions '' Library of Congress". www.loc.gov. ^ "Debbie Reynolds Auction Breaks Up Historic Hollywood Collection". Archived from the original on March 18, 2014 . Retrieved January 23, 2014 . Bibliography [ edit ] Memories of a Munchkin: An Illustrated Walk Down the Yellow Brick Road by Meinhardt Raabe and Daniel Kinske (Back Stage Books, 2005), ISBN 0-8230-9193-7The Ruby Slippers of Oz by Rhys Thomas (Tale Weaver, 1989), ISBN 0-942139-09-7, 978-0-942139-09-9The Wizardry of Oz: The Artistry And Magic of the 1939 MGM Classic '' Revised and Expanded by Jay Scarfone and William Stillman (Applause Books, 2004), ISBN 0-517-20333-2, 978-0-517-20333-0The Munchkins of Oz by Stephen Cox (Cumberland House, 1996) ISBN 1-58182-269-3, 978-1-58182-269-4"Did these stories really happen?" by Michelle Bernier (Createspace, 2010) ISBN 1-4505-8536-1Green, Stanley (1999) Hollywood Musicals Year by Year (2nd ed.), pub. Hal Leonard Corporation ISBN 0-634-00765-3 pages 88''89.External links [ edit ] The Wizard of Oz essay [1] by Peter Keough at National Film RegistryThe Wizard of Oz essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2010 ISBN 0826429777, pages 292-293 [2] Official website The Wizard of Oz on IMDbThe Wizard of Oz at the American Film Institute CatalogThe Wizard of Oz at Box Office MojoThe Wizard of Oz at Rotten TomatoesThe Judy Garland MuseumFinding aid author: John N. Gillespie (2013). "The Wizard of Oz recordings and recording logs". Prepared for the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Provo, UT. Retrieved May 16, 2016.The Wizard of Oz on Lux Radio Theater: December 25, 1950Character drawings for The Wizard of Oz, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and SciencesBroadway plays choreographedFilms directed42nd Street (musical numbers, 1933)She Had to Say Yes (1933)Footlight Parade (musical numbers, 1933)Dames (musical numbers, 1934)Fashions of 1934 (musical numbers, 1934)Gold Diggers of 1935 (1935)Bright Lights (1935)I Live for Love (1935)In Caliente (musical numbers, 1935)Stars Over Broadway (musical numbers, 1935)Stage Struck (1936)Varsity Show (finale, 1937)The Singing Marine (musical numbers, 1937)Gold Diggers of 1937 (musical numbers, 1937)The Go Getter (1937)Hollywood Hotel (1937)Men Are Such Fools (1938)Gold Diggers in Paris (musical numbers, 1938)Garden of the Moon (1938)Comet Over Broadway (1938)Broadway Serenade (finale, 1939)They Made Me a Criminal (1939)Fast and Furious (1939)Babes in Arms (1939)The Wizard of Oz (scenes cut, 1939)Forty Little Mothers (1940)Strike Up The Band (1940)Blonde Inspiration (1941)Lady Be Good (musical numbers, 1941)Ziegfeld Girl (musical numbers, 1941)Babes on Broadway (1941)For Me and My Gal (1942)Born to Sing (finale, 1942)Cabin in the Sky ("Shine" seqence, 1943)The Gang's All Here (1943)Girl Crazy ("I Got Rhythm" sequence, 1943)Cinderella Jones (1946)Take Me Out to the Ball Game (1949)Annie Get Your Gun (scenes cut, 1950)Filmschoreographed only
  • George Soros
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Fri, 12 Jun 2020 21:10
    •  
    • Search https://www.georgesoros.com/
    • BiographyBooksEssaysPhilanthropyPress ResourcesSearch https://www.georgesoros.com/
    • Mailing ListReceive George Soros' articles and essays by mail.
    • Email address:
    • Leave this field empty if you're human: ''A full and fair discussion is essential to democracy.''George Soros has been a prominent international supporter of democratic ideals and causes for more than 30 years. His philanthropic organization, the
    • Open Society Foundations, supports democracy and human rights in more than 100 countries.
    • EssaysPerpetual Bonds Could Save the European UnionInterview Given to De Telegraaf, May 22, 2020See all Essays '†'
    • BooksIn Defense of Open SocietySee All Books '†'
    • Open Society FoundationsThe Open Society Foundations work to build vibrant and tolerant democracies whose governments are accountable to their citizens.
    • 10 Lessons from HIV for the COVID-19 ResponseJune 12, 2020
    • Q&A: Designing for Human RightsJune 2, 2020
    • How the Law Can Empower Victims of COVID-19May 29, 2020
  • Jacob Frey - Wikipedia
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Fri, 12 Jun 2020 20:54
    •  
    • Mayor of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
    • Jacob Lawrence Frey ( FRY ;[1] born July 23, 1981) is the mayor of Minneapolis, Minnesota. A member of the Minnesota Democratic''Farmer''Labor Party, he served on the Minneapolis City Council from 2013 until his election as mayor.[2] Elected mayor in 2017, he was sworn in on January 2, 2018.[3]
    • Early life and education Frey grew up in Oakton, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C. His parents were both professional modern ballet dancers; his mother was born Jewish, and his father converted to Judaism.[4][5]
    • After graduating from Oakton High School in Vienna, Virginia, Frey attended the College of William & Mary, where he was a distance runner on the track and field team and all-Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) cross-country runner.[6][7] Frey won the 2002 CAA 5,000-meter title in track.[7]
    • Frey graduated from William & Mary in 2004 with a B.A. in government.[8][9] After graduation, he received a contract from a shoe company to run professionally and competed for Team USA in the 2007 Pan American Games marathon, finishing in fourth place.[10] Frey also pursued a Juris Doctor at the Villanova University School of Law, graduating cum laude in 2009 and giving the student address at commencement.[11][8]
    • Career Early career Frey moved to Minneapolis in 2009 after graduating from Villanova University Law School,[12] and joined the law firm Faegre & Benson (now Faegre Baker Daniels) to practice employment and civil rights law before moving on to the law firm Halunen & Associates.[11][13][14]
    • Frey has been active in community causes since moving to Minneapolis. After a tornado struck North Minneapolis in 2011, Frey provided legal services to tenants who lost their homes. In 2012, before running for elected office, Frey founded and organized the first Big Gay Race, a 5K charity race to raise money for Minnesotans United for All Families, a political group organizing for marriage equality.[15]
    • Minneapolis City Council Frey ran in the 2013 Minneapolis City Council election to represent Ward 3. He received the Democratic''Farmer''Labor endorsement, as well as endorsements from more than 40 elected officials and organizations.[16] Frey's platform promised better constituent services,[16] to spur residential development,[16] increase the number and variety of small and local businesses, and push for full funding of affordable housing and address climate change. He defeated incumbent Diane Hofstede with more than 60% of the vote and took office on January 2, 2014.
    • Minneapolis City Council Ward 3 election, 2013[17]Political party/principleCandidate% 1st ChoiceRound 1DFLJacob Frey61.313,722DFLDiane Hofstede26.591,614LibertarianMichael Katch5.98363Green Party of MinnesotaKristina Gronquist5.88357N/AWrite-ins0.2515Maximum possible threshold3,104Valid votes6,071Undervotes132Overvotes3Turnout30.99%6,206Registered voters[18]20,027As a City Council member, Frey focused on affordable housing, environmental policy, workplace regulations, and voting access. He authored an amendment to the 2015 budget that increased funding for the city's Affordable Housing Trust Fund.[19]
    • In 2016, Frey authored an ordinance requiring polluters to pay fees based on the amount of pollution they produce. The fees are used to support green business improvements. Since the program's launch, emissions linked to climate change have declined substantially. Frey and the City of Minneapolis were honored at the 2018 U.S. Conference of Mayors for the program's success.[20]
    • Frey was involved in drafting the council's 2016 paid sick leave ordinance and the 2017 minimum wage ordinance. He was one of the first council members to support a minimum wage ordinance.[21] Frey authored the amendment to the minimum wage ordinance that gave small businesses a longer phase-in than large businesses for implementing the minimum wage.[22]
    • As chair of the council's Elections Committee, Frey led the effort to pass an ordinance requiring landlords to provide tenants with voter registration information. The ordinance has served as a national model, with cities like Seattle and St. Paul following suit. A federal district court judge later struck down the ordinance as unconstitutional.[23] Frey also led the effort to expand early voting access in Minneapolis ahead of the 2016 election, increasing the number of early voting sites in Minneapolis from one to five.[24]
    • Mayor of Minneapolis Frey announced his candidacy for mayor of Minneapolis on January 3, 2017,[25] and won the November 7 election.[26][27] He was sworn into office on January 2, 2018.[3]
    • Frey is Minneapolis's second Jewish mayor, and its second-youngest after Al Hofstede, who was 34 when he was elected mayor in 1973.[28] Frey campaigned on a platform of increasing support for affordable housing and improving police-community relations.
    • Frey rolled out reforms to the Minneapolis Police Department's body camera policy in April 2018. The changes tied non-compliance to stricter disciplinary consequences for the first time. Following the changes, officer compliance with the body camera policy reached record highs.[29] In 2019, Frey announced during his State of the City address the banning of "Warrior" Training for police officers, which had been taken by the officer who killed Philando Castile.[30] But Frey has faced protests from community groups for increases to the police department budget and the lack of significant investment in community-led safety alternatives.[31][32][33]
    • The first budget Frey authored as mayor focused heavily on affordable housing. Its $40 million allocation to affordable housing was triple what the city previously spent on affordable housing.[34]
    • As mayor, Frey is pushing for a plan that would allow the building of four-plexes in every part of the city. Two-thirds of Minneapolis is zoned exclusively for single-family homes.[35]
    • In 2018, the Minneapolis City Council voted for Minneapolis 2040, a comprehensive rezoning reform plan.[36][37] According to Slate, the plan would "permit three-family homes in the city's residential neighborhoods, abolish parking minimums for all new construction, and allow high-density buildings along transit corridors."[38] Slate wrote that by implementing the plan, "Minneapolis will become the first major U.S. city to end single-family home zoning, a policy that has done as much as any to entrench segregation, high housing costs, and sprawl as the American urban paradigm over the past century."[38]
    • 2020 killing of George Floyd On May 27, 2020, following and during protests sparked from the killing of George Floyd, Frey backed the firing of four police officers involved in the death, saying, "Being black in America should not be a death sentence. For five minutes we watched as a white police officer pressed his knee into the neck of a black man. For five minutes. When you hear someone calling for help, you are supposed to help."[39] The next day, Frey called for criminal charges to be filed against Derek Chauvin, the arresting officer who pressed his knee on Floyd's neck, saying, "We cannot turn a blind eye. It is on us as leaders to see this for what it is and call it what it is. George Floyd deserves justice'', and "If you had done it or I had done it, we would be behind bars right now. I cannot come up with a good answer to that question.''[40]
    • Chauvin was later charged with third-degree murder, which was later upgraded to second-degree murder.[41][42] On June 5, 2020, Frey approved a temporary restraining order and directed changes to the Minneapolis Police Department where approved by the Minneapolis City Council to go into effect immediately.[43] Reforms that were given to the Minneapolis Police Department include banning chokeholds and neck restraints, requiring police officers to report and intervene against the use of excessive force by other officers, and requiring authorization from the police chief or deputy police chiefs before using crowd-control weapons such as chemical agents and rubber bullets.[44][45]
    • On June 6, 2020, a march was held in Minneapolis pushing for the abolition of the Minneapolis Police Department. With thousands in attendance, protesters asked the mayor if he would commit to defunding the Minneapolis Police Department, to which he answered, "I do not support the full abolition of police." Frey was met with chants of disapproval as he left following his answer.[46][47]
    • Personal life Jacob Frey married his first wife, Michelle Lilienthal, in 2009.[48][49] They divorced in early 2014.[50]
    • Frey met his second wife, Sarah Clarke, through community organizing in Minneapolis. The couple married in July 2016. Clarke is a lobbyist for Hylden Advocacy & Law, where she represents several business, nonprofits, and community organizations at the Minnesota legislature and executive branch agencies.[51] As of March 2020[update], they are expecting a child in September.[52]
    • Frey is a Reform Jew and attends two Reform synagogues in Minneapolis, Temple Israel and Shir Tikvah, together with his wife, who converted to Judaism.[53]
    • See also List of mayors of the 50 largest cities in the United StatesReferences ^ Jacob Frey for Our City (February 5, 2013). Where in the Ward is Jacob Frey?. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017 . Retrieved October 29, 2017 . ^ Helal, Liala (November 7, 2013) "Minneapolis demographics change; younger candidates shape new City Council" Archived August 8, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, MPR News. ^ a b Belz, Adam (January 2, 2018). "New Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey says he has 'hit the ground running very hard ' ". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on January 2, 2018. ^ Tevlin, Jon (June 2, 2015). "No martinis here: An alligator lunch with Minneapolis Council Member Jacob Frey". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017 . Retrieved November 8, 2017 . ^ https://tcjewfolk.com/folk-mayorelect-jacob-frey/ ^ "Track & Field: Current Roster". TribeAthletics.com. College of William & Mary. Archived from the original on April 9, 2004. ^ a b "William & Mary Men's Track & Field" (PDF) . College of William & Mary. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2005. ^ a b Villanova University School of Law Commencement Pr ersity School of Law Commencement Program - Class of 2009. Villanova University. 2009. pp. 1, 14. ^ "About Jacob Frey". Minneapolis City Council. Archived from the original on September 11, 2017. ^ "Jacob Frey Finishes Fourth in the 2007 Pan-Am Marathon". College of William & Mary Athletics. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017 . Retrieved January 11, 2017 . ^ a b McKenzie, Sarah (March 18, 2013). "Third Ward candidate profile: Jacob Frey". The Journal. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. ^ "My Outdoor Life: Minneapolis council member's life on the run". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020 . Retrieved May 27, 2020 . ^ Black, Sam (November 28, 2014). "Q&A: Jacob Frey, Minneapolis City Council". Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017 . Retrieved February 15, 2017 . ^ Gers, Charlie. "Reflections from Mayor Frey on his Early Days in Office". The Minnesota Republic . Retrieved May 31, 2020 . ^ Godar, Bryna. " ' Always running,' Frey sets sights on council". Minnesota Daily. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017 . Retrieved January 11, 2017 . ^ a b c Gusso, Alexi (November 6, 2013). "Frey unseats Hofstede as Minneapolis Ward 3 council member". Twin Cities Daily Planet . Retrieved June 25, 2018 . ^ "2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 3". City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013 . Retrieved November 5, 2013 . ^ "Municipal Canvass Report". City of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 6, 2014 . ^ "2015 budget in City Council's court". Archived from the original on November 3, 2018 . Retrieved November 3, 2018 . ^ "12th Anniversary Winners Mayors' Climate Protection Awards" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on November 3, 2018 . Retrieved November 3, 2018 . ^ "Minneapolis mayor does not back citywide minimum wage increase". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on March 6, 2020 . Retrieved May 27, 2020 . ^ "Minneapolis council approves $15 an hour minimum wage". MPR News. Archived from the original on November 3, 2018 . Retrieved November 3, 2018 . ^ Navratil, Liz (March 3, 2020). "Judge strikes down Minneapolis St. Paul rules requiring landlords to provide info on voting". Star Tribune . Retrieved May 30, 2020 . ^ "Jacob Frey, Mpls. City Council member, will run for mayor". MPR News. Archived from the original on November 3, 2018 . Retrieved November 3, 2018 . ^ Belz, Adam (January 3, 2017). "Council Member Jacob Frey announces bid for mayor of Minneapolis". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017 . Retrieved February 15, 2017 . ^ Belz, Adam (November 9, 2017). "Jacob Frey wins mayor election in Minneapolis". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017 . Retrieved November 8, 2017 . ^ "2017 Mayor Election Results Tabulation - Minneapolis Elections & Voter Services". vote.minneapolismn.gov. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017 . Retrieved November 8, 2017 . ^ Belz, Adam (November 9, 2017). "Jacob Frey wins mayor election in Minneapolis". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on February 4, 2018 . Retrieved April 5, 2018 . ^ "Mpls. mayor touts 'stronger, clearer, more precise' body cam policy". MPR News. Archived from the original on November 3, 2018 . Retrieved November 3, 2018 . ^ "Minneapolis to ban 'warrior' training for police, Mayor Jacob Frey says". Star Tribune . Retrieved May 31, 2020 . ^ "St. Paul, Minneapolis struggle to build budgets that can rein in the violence". MPR News . Retrieved May 31, 2020 . ^ "Police Funding Criticized In Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey's Proposed 2020 Budget". December 4, 2019 . Retrieved May 31, 2020 . ^ "Two cities, two mayors' budgets '-- and now it's up to two city councils". MinnPost. August 16, 2019 . Retrieved May 31, 2020 . ^ "How Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey plans to spend $40 million on affordable housing". MinnPost. September 7, 2018. Archived from the original on November 4, 2018 . Retrieved November 3, 2018 . ^ Murphy, Esme (May 22, 2018). "Mpls. 2040 Plan Proposes 4-Plexes In Every Part Of City". CBS Minnesota. Archived from the original on May 24, 2018 . Retrieved May 24, 2018 . ^ "Minneapolis City Council approves 2040 comprehensive plan on 12-1 vote". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on December 7, 2018 . Retrieved December 8, 2018 . ^ Capps, Kriston. "In Minneapolis, an Ambitious Rezoning Plan Scores a Historic Win". CityLab. Archived from the original on December 8, 2018 . Retrieved December 8, 2018 . ^ a b Grabar, Henry (December 7, 2018). "Minneapolis Just Passed the Most Important Housing Reform in America". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on December 7, 2018 . Retrieved December 8, 2018 . ^ "Minnesota violence: Clashes over death of black man in police custody". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020 . Retrieved May 27, 2020 . ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 28, 2020 . Retrieved May 27, 2020 . CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Derek Chauvin is charged with second-degree murder" . Retrieved June 7, 2020 . ^ "Former MPD Officer Derek Chauvin In Custody, Charged With Murder In George Floyd's Death". May 29, 2020 . Retrieved May 30, 2020 . ^ " ' Layers Of Accountability': Mayor Jacob Frey Signs Temporary Restraining Order Forcing Immediate Reforms In Mpls. Police Dept". CBS Minnesota. June 5, 2020. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020 . Retrieved June 10, 2020 . ^ Monserud, Andy (June 5, 2020). "Minneapolis Bans Police Chokeholds in First Step of Reforms". Courthouse News Service. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020 . Retrieved June 10, 2020 . ^ "Minneapolis to ban police chokeholds in wake of Floyd death". Minnesota Public Radio News. Associated Press. June 5, 2020 . Retrieved June 10, 2020 . ^ "Minneapolis Mayor Frey tells 'DefundMPD' marchers he favors reforms over disbanding". Star Tribune . Retrieved June 7, 2020 . ^ "Minneapolis Mayor Booed Out of BLM Protest: 'Go Home, Jacob, Go Home! ' ". Mediaite. June 6, 2020 . Retrieved June 7, 2020 . ^ Gambaccini, Peter (April 3, 2010). "Q&A With Michelle Frey". Runner's World . Retrieved May 26, 2020 . ^ "AthleteBiz". www.athletebiz.us. Archived from the original on October 8, 2019 . Retrieved October 8, 2019 . ^ Writer, Steve CraigStaff (May 30, 2014). "Lilienthal keeps same dreams in a new state". Press Herald. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020 . Retrieved May 26, 2020 . ^ "Campaign Finance and Public Disclosure Board - Lobbyist data for Clarke, Sarah". February 13, 2017. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017 . Retrieved February 15, 2017 . ^ Mullen, Mike. "Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey and wife Sarah Clarke are having a baby [VIDEO]". City Pages. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020 . Retrieved May 26, 2020 . ^ Dolsten, Josefin (October 25, 2019). "Jewish Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey on Trump and becoming a sex symbol". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020 . Retrieved May 31, 2020 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacob Frey . Official website Campaign websiteBill de Blasio (D)New York City, NYEric Garcetti (D)Los Angeles, CALori Lightfoot (D)Chicago, ILSylvester Turner (D)Houston, TXKate Gallego (D)Phoenix, AZJim Kenney (D)Philadelphia, PARon Nirenberg (I) San Antonio, TXKevin Faulconer (R)San Diego, CAEric Johnson (D)Dallas, TXSam Liccardo (D)San Jose, CASteve Adler (D)Austin, TXLenny Curry (R)Jacksonville, FLLondon Breed (D)San Francisco, CAAndrew Ginther (D)Columbus, OHBetsy Price (R)Fort Worth, TXJoe Hogsett (D)Indianapolis, INVi Lyles (D)Charlotte, NCJenny Durkan (D)Seattle, WAMichael Hancock (D)Denver, COMuriel Bowser (D)Washington, DCMarty Walsh (D)Boston, MADee Margo (R)El Paso, TXMike Duggan (D)Detroit, MIJohn Cooper (D)Nashville, TNJim Strickland (D)Memphis, TNTed Wheeler (D)Portland, ORDavid Holt (R)Oklahoma City, OKCarolyn Goodman (I)Las Vegas, NVGreg Fischer (D)Louisville, KYJack Young (D)Baltimore, MDTom Barrett (D)Milwaukee, WITim Keller (D)Albuquerque, NMRegina Romero (D)Tucson, AZLee Brand (R)Fresno, CADarrell Steinberg (D)Sacramento, CAJohn Giles (R)Mesa, AZQuinton Lucas (D)Kansas City, MOKeisha Lance Bottoms (D)Atlanta, GARobert Garcia (D)Long Beach, CAJean Stothert (R)Omaha, NEMary-Ann Baldwin (D)Raleigh, NCJohn Suthers (R)Colorado Springs, COFrancis X. Suarez (R)Miami, FLBobby Dyer (R)Virginia Beach, VALibby Schaaf (D)Oakland, CAJacob Frey (D)Minneapolis, MNG. T. Bynum (R)Tulsa, OKJeff Williams (R)Arlington, TXLaToya Cantrell (D)New Orleans, LABrandon Whipple (D)Wichita, KS
  • Minneapolis City Council unanimously votes to replace the police department
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Fri, 12 Jun 2020 18:48
    •  
    • The Minneapolis City Council on Friday unanimously passed a resolution to replace the police departmentThe council will pursue a community-led public safety system as a replacementCouncil members signing the resolution said reform of the police would not work and a full replacement of the current system was necessary'No amount of reforms will prevent lethal violence and abuse by some members of the Police Department against members of our community,' it said The move comes days after a veto-proof majority of the council voted to disband the police department The decision follows weeks of protests over the death of George Floyd at the hands of the city's police The Minneapolis City Council on Friday unanimously passed a resolution to replace the city's police department with a community-led public safety system.
    • The move comes days after a veto-proof majority of the council voted to disband the police department after the country erupted in protest over the killing of George Floyd, a black man who died when a white police officer knelt on his neck for nearly nine minutes.
    • The Minneapolis vote was cast as New York City Council pushed to cut $1billion from the NYPD's budget.
    • The gigantic cut to the Big Apple police department's $6billion annual budget could see a reduction in the size of the force from 36,000 to 33,000, while removing functions like school safety and homeless outreach from the police.
    • The Minneapolis Police Department is to be disbanded and replaced with a community-led public safety system, the city council voted Friday. Pictured, member of the MPD stand in a line on May 27 while facing protesters demonstrating against the death of George Floyd The City of Minneapolis announced on Friday that it has voted to begin the process of replacing the police department with a community-led public safety system What will Minneapolis look like without a police department? There is no short-term plan to scrap the Minneapolis police department, the city council says
    • As of Friday, the council have started a year-long process to find recommendations for what will replace it
    • The replacement is set to be a community-led public safety system that will redirect funds from the department and channel them into community services aimed at preventing crime
    • Money could be redirected to mental health services, social services, jobs programs, and arts groups
    • Jobs such as traffic stops, overdose call-outs and mental health calls may be taken away from officers
    • One recommendation from activists involves a smaller, more-specialized force of 'public servants' who would deal with solving violent crimes
    • County sheriffs, whose jurisdiction includes Minneapolis, could be used as a stop-gap police force
    • In Minneapolis, the council voted for the community-led replacement Friday as members felt that the police department as it stands is past reform.
    • 'The murder of George Floyd on May 25, 2020, by Minneapolis police officers is a tragedy that shows that no amount of reforms will prevent lethal violence and abuse by some members of the Police Department against members of our community, especially Black people and people of color,' five council members wrote in the resolution.
    • It added that Floyd's death was one in a 'tragically long list' of people killed by the city's police that had led to 'wave of protests and uprisings across the United States and across the world and has led to thousands of voices asking for change'.
    • 'Today's unanimous City Council resolution advances our shared commitment to transformative change in how Minneapolis approaches public safety so that every member of our community can be truly safe,' said City Council President Lisa Bender.
    • 'As we respond to demands for immediate action to reduce police violence and support community safety, we will invite our community to help shape long-term transformative change, centering the voices of those most impacted by community violence and police violence.'
    • According to the resolution, the city council will now begin a year-long process of engaging 'with every willing community member in Minneapolis' to come up with a new public safety model.
    • It added that the process would center on 'the voices of Black people, American Indian people, people of color, immigrants, victims of harm, and other stakeholders who have been historically marginalized or under-served by our present system'.
    • 'Together, we will identify what safety looks like for everyone,' the resolution reads.
    • Click here to resize this module
    • City Council President Lisa Bender, pictured, said Friday that the resolution 'advances our shared commitment to transformative change in how Minneapolis approaches public safety' The Minneapolis City Council on Friday voted for the city's police department, pictured, to be replaced with a community-led public safety systemThe council also commissioned a new work group named the Future of Community Safety Work Group to deliver recommendations by July 24 on how to engage with community stakeholders to transform the public safety system.
    • It will be made up of staff from the Office of Violence Prevention, the Department of Civil Rights, and the City Coordinator's Office, in coordination with the 911 Working Group, the Division of Race and Equity, Neighborhood and Community Relations and other relevant departments.
    • 'American democracy is an experiment, each generation has an opportunity to move this experiment forward, toward living out the true meaning of its creed,' said City Council Vice President Andrea Jenkins.
    • 'This resolution represents our moment to contribute to the progression of equality and freedom of every resident of the City of Minneapolis.
    • The city's mayor, Jacob Frey, has stopped short of vying to abolish the police department, although he said this week he supported 'massive structural reform to revise a structurally racist system'.
    • Friday's resolution said that the council would continue to work will willing partners such as Mayor Frey and Minneapolis Police Chief Medaria Arradondo as the process of establishing the replacement continues.
    • Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey, pictured, does not support the disbanding of the police department but has called for a different kind of reform to improve accountabilit New York City Council is pushing to cut the NYPD budget by up to $1billion that could see a reduction in the size of the force from 36,000 to 33,000Elsewhere in New York City, the city council is pushing to cut the force's budget by up to $1billion, according to New York Daily News.
    • The reduced budget could result in a hiring freeze that will decrease the number in the force by 3,000.
    • 'We believe that we can and should work to get to $1 billion in cuts to New York City's police spending in the Fiscal 2021 budget, an unprecedented reduction that would not only limit the scope of the NYPD, but also show our commitment towards moving away from the failed policing policies of the past,' said Council Speaker Corey Johnson in a joint statement with the chairs of the Black, Latino and Asian Caucus.
    • The Council's Budget Negotiating Team presented to prospective changes to the council members of Thursday and Friday.
    • However, Mayor Bill de Blasio has opposed such a large reduction, New York Daily News reports.
    • A source told the paper that the council was still making a decision over how the money would redistributed as the city faces a massive loss in tax revenue as a result of the coronavirus shutdown.
    • 'We're still negotiating,' they said. 'The key areas obviously would be summer youth employment, education, health care '-- all of the things that created the disparities around COVID-19.'
    • The budget must be approved by the council and the mayor by June 30.
    • New York City Council Speaker Corey Johnson has supported a $1billion cut to New York City's police spending in the 2021 budget, a move he said would help the city to 'show our commitment towards moving away from the failed policing policies of the past' Protesters demanding change in the wake of the death of George Floyd outside the Minnesota State Capitol Friday where a special session of the legislature was about to beginThe Minneapolis city council's decision came as key Republican lawmakers in the Minnesota state Senate that they'll block most of the ambitious changes Democrats want to make to policing in the state where Floyd died.
    • Senate Majority Leader Paul Gazelka and the chairman of the Senate judiciary committee, Warren Limmer, laid out their agenda shortly before the Legislature convened for a special session.
    • They said there's only a limited amount of time to act because they intend to adjourn next Friday no matter what.
    • That would effectively force the state House to adjourn too, but Gazelka said lawmakers would continue to work on bigger changes.
    • 'Minnesota has the opportunity to lead the way for the whole nation for reconciliation of the races and some of the problems we're addressing,' Gazelka said. 'Let's begin here.'
    • Minnesota is one of several states where Democratic lawmakers and governors are hoping to harness the anger over Floyd´s death to remake law enforcement, including by adding new restrictions on the use of force.
    • The movement to 'defund the police,' as some advocates have termed it, predates the current protests.
    • State legislatures have been slow to tackle those issues, however, since they were thrust into the spotlight by a wave of police killings of young black men in 2014, including Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri.
    • Yet the movement has won new support since a video of Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin pressing his knee to the neck of Floyd horrified viewers around the world.
  • Michelle Alexander - Wikipedia
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Fri, 12 Jun 2020 18:43
    •  
    • Michelle Alexander (born October 7, 1967)[1] is a writer, civil rights advocate, and visiting professor at Union Theological Seminary (New York City).[2] She is best known for her 2010 book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness and its 2020 edition, and is an opinion columnist for The New York Times.
    • Early life Edit Alexander was born in Chicago, Illinois to an interracial couple, John Alexander and Sandra Alexander (Huck) who were wed in 1965. She attended high school in Ashland, Oregon with her younger sister, Dr. Leslie Alexander who is a professor of History and African American Studies, and is the author of 2008's African or American? Black Identity in New York City, 1784''1861.[3]
    • Alexander earned a B.A. degree from Vanderbilt University, where she received a Truman Scholarship. She earned a J.D. degree from Stanford Law School.[4]
    • Career Edit Alexander served as director of the Racial Justice Project at the ACLU of Northern California from 1998 until 2005 [5], which led a national campaign against racial profiling by law enforcement. She directed the Civil Rights Clinic at Stanford Law School and was a law clerk for Justice Harry Blackmun at the U. S. Supreme Court and for Chief Judge Abner Mikva on the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. As an associate at Saperstein, Goldstein, Demchak & Baller, she specialized in plaintiff-side class action suits alleging race and gender discrimination.[6]
    • Alexander sits on the faculty of Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York, as a Visiting Professor of Social Justice.[7]
    • In 2018, she was hired as an opinion columnist at The New York Times.[8]
    • The New Jim Crow Edit Alexander published her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness in 2010. In it, she argued that systemic racial discrimination in the United States resumed following the Civil Rights Movement, and that the resumption is embedded in the US War on Drugs and other governmental policies and is having devastating social consequences. She considered the scope and impact of this to be comparable with that of the Jim Crow laws of the 19th and 20th centuries. Her book concentrated on the high rate of incarceration of African-American men for various crimes.[9] Alexander wrote, "Race plays a major role-indeed, a defining role '' in the current system, but not because of what is commonly understood as old-fashioned, hostile bigotry. This system of control depends far more on racial indifference (defined as a lack of compassion and caring about race and racial groups) than racial hostility '' a feature it actually shares with its predecessors."[10]The New Jim Crow described how she believes oppressed minorities are "subject to legalized discrimination in employment, housing, public benefits, and jury service, just as their parents, grandparents, and great-grandparents once were". Alexander argued the harsh penalty of how "people whose only crime is drug addiction or possession of a small amount of drugs for recreational use find themselves locked out of the mainstream society'--permanently'--and also highlights the inequality presented from the fact that "blacks are admitted to prison on drug charges at a rate from twenty to fifty-seven times greater than that of white men".[citation needed ]
    • The New Jim Crow was re-released in paperback in 2012. As of March 2012 it had been on The New York Times Best Seller list for six weeks[11] and it also reached number 1 on the Washington Post bestseller list in 2012. The book has also been the subject of scholarly debate and criticism.[12][13][14][15]
    • In the fall of 2015, all freshmen enrolled at Brown University read The New Jim Crow as part of the campus's First Readings Program initiated by the Office of the Dean of the College and voted on by the faculty.[16]
    • Yale University clinical law professor James Forman Jr., while acknowledging many similarities and insights in the Jim Crow analogy, has argued that Alexander overstates her case for decarceration, and leaves out important ways in which the newer system of mass incarceration is different. Forman Jr. identifies Alexander as one of a number of authors who have overstated and misstated their case.[17] He asserts that her framework over-emphasizes the War on Drugs, and ignores violent crimes, asserting that Alexander's analysis is demographically simplistic.
    • Alexander refers to electronic ankle monitoring practices as the ''Newest Jim Crow,'' increasingly segregating people of color under bail reform laws that "look good on paper" but are based on a presumption of guilt and replace bail with shackles as pre-trial detainees consent to electronic monitoring in order to be released from jail.[18]
    • Hidden Colors 2 Edit Alexander appeared in a 2012 documentary Hidden Colors 2: The Triumph of Melanin, in which she discussed the impact of mass incarceration in melanoid communities. Alexander said: "Today there are more African American adults, under correctional control, in prison or jail, on probation or parole than were enslaved in 1850 a decade before the Civil War began.[19]
    • Personal life Edit In 2002, Alexander married Carter Mitchell Stewart, a graduate of Stanford University and Harvard Law School.[20] Stewart at the time was a senior associate at McCutchen, Doyle, Brown & Enersen, a San Francisco law firm,[1] and later was the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Ohio.[21][22] They have three children.[23] Her father-in-law is a former member of the board of directors of The New York Times.[1]
    • In a 2019 opinion piece for The New York Times, written subsequent to the passing of the Ohio "Heartbeat Bill", Alexander wrote of being raped during her first semester of law school, becoming pregnant as a result, and then aborting the pregnancy.[24]
    • Awards Edit 2005 Soros Justice Fellowship of the Open Society Institute.[25]2016, 21st Annual Heinz Award in Public Policy[26]2017, The Ohio State University, Office of Diversity and Inclusion's Frank W. Hale Jr. Black Cultural Center's MLK Dreamer Award.[27]See also Edit List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United StatesReferences Edit ^ a b c "Weddings; Michelle Alexander, Carter Stewart" (limited no-charge access), The New York Times, March 24, 2002. Retrieved January 16, 2012. ^ "Michelle Alexander, Union Theological Seminar Faculty Web Page" . Retrieved December 24, 2019 . ^ https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/64skb3rz9780252033360.html ^ "Michelle Alexander | Americans Who Tell The Truth". www.americanswhotellthetruth.org . Retrieved December 1, 2016 . ^ {{Cite web|url=https://www.aclunc.org/blog/black-history-month-honoring-michelle-alexander%7Ctitle=Black History Month: Honoring Michelle Alexander | American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California|webstite=www.aclunc.org|access-date=April 21, 2020] ^ Alexander webpage at Ohio State Archived April 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Link text, additional text. ^ "Michelle Alexander Joins The New York Times Opinion Pages as Columnist". The New York Times Company. June 21, 2018 . Retrieved June 21, 2018 . ^ Alexander, Michelle, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: The New Press, 2010), ISBN 978-1-59558-103-7. ^ Alexander, The New Jim Crow, p. 198. ^ Jennifer Schuessler (March 6, 2012). "Drug Policy as Race Policy: Best Seller Galvanizes the Debate". New York Times . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . ^ James Forman Jr. (February 26, 2012). "Radical Critiques of Mass Incarceration Beyond the New Jim Crow" (PDF) . Radical Critiques. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2013 . Retrieved May 8, 2012 . ^ Joseph D. Osel (April 7, 2012). "Black Out: Michelle Alexander's Operational Whitewash" (PDF) . International Journal of Radical Critique . Retrieved May 8, 2012 . ^ Greg Thomas (April 26, 2012). "Why Some Like The New Jim Crow So Much". Vox Union. Archived from the original on April 27, 2013 . Retrieved May 8, 2012 . ^ Joseph D. Osel (December 15, 2012). "Toward D(C)tournement of The New Jim Crow, or, The Strange Career of The New Jim Crow" (PDF) . International Journal of Radical Critique . Retrieved December 20, 2012 . ^ "About The Book", Brown University Library. ^ Forman, Jr., James (February 26, 2012). "Racial Critiques of Mass Incarceration: Beyond the New Jim Crow". Racial Critiques. 87: 101''146. ^ "Michelle Alexander Warns of Digital Surveillance as Next-Gen Jim Crow". Non Profit News | Nonprofit Quarterly. November 13, 2018 . Retrieved May 23, 2020 . ^ Davu, Amarii (February 19, 2014). "Tariq Nasheed Reveals Our Hidden Colors". The Source. ^ "Hall of Fame entry for 2012 Michelle Alexander, JD '92". Black Community Services Center, Student Affairs. Stanford University. 2017 . Retrieved February 2, 2017 . ^ Carter Stewart Archived August 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Main Justice. ^ http://www.justice.gov/usao/ohs/meetattorney.html ^ Alexander, The New Jim Crow, p. ix. ^ "My Rapist Apologized I still needed an abortion.", by Michelle Alexander, May 23, 2019. Retrieved May 27, 2019. ^ "OSI Awards More Than $1.25 Million Nationwide to New Leaders in Criminal Justice Reform", Open Society foundations, January 31, 2005. ^ "The Heinz Awards :: Recipients". www.heinzawards.net . Retrieved September 27, 2016 . ^ "MLK Dreamer Award :: Recipients". www.odi.osu.edu. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017 . Retrieved February 3, 2017 . Videos Edit Michelle Alexander appearances on C-SPAN.org.External links Edit Tomgram: Michelle AlexanderTRNN Town Hall: In Conversation with Michelle Alexander at The Real News Network"Why Hillary Clinton Doesn't Deserve the Black Vote". Michelle Alexander for The Nation. February 10, 2016."Who We Want to Become: Beyond the New Jim Crow", On Being, April 21, 2016

• Clips
  • 20. The Death of George Floyd A Timeline NBC News 3.mp3
  • 21. Protests erupt outside CNN headquarters in Atlanta 1.mp3
  • 22. Mysterious piles of bricks discovered at riots, protests in US cities Rpt 1.mp3
  • 23. CBC News - No, bricks aren’t being planted for protesters 1.mp3
  • 24. Atlanta police bodycam video shows arrest of Morehouse and Spelman students during protests 1.mp3
  • 25. The Death of George Floyd A Timeline NBC News 4.mp3
  • 26. Malcolm X Political Tricks 2.mp3
  • 27. How New York City Stopped Crime By Repairing Windows.mp3
  • 28. Atlanta mayor tells protesters Go home! Full video 1.mp3
  • 29. Man charged with murder of retired St. Louis police captain David Dorn 1.mp3
  • 30. TBC038 - The Heritage of Slavery (1968) w Fannie Lou Hamer & Lerone Bennett, Jr. (Massa Speaks) 3.mp3
  • 31. Malcolm X Who taught u Black Coffee with Cream Analogy 1.mp3
  • 32. Billy Porter Is Calling Out The Black Community 1.mp3
  • 33. CNN Sesame Street Town Hall Standing Up To Racism Full Video 😎😍❤♥💟 1.mp3
  • 34. Message from Our Sponors (DONATION).mp3
  • 35. Is Alice in Wonderland About Mind Control Jay Dyer 1.mp3
  • 36. The Wiz (1978) movie review - Sneak Previews with Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel 1.mp3
  • 37. Street leading to White House renamed to Black Lives Matter Plaza.mp3
  • 38. The Color Yellow.mp3
  • 39. White People Hijacked Black Lives Matter Protest Andrew Schulz and Akaash Singh 1.mp3
  • 40. Cops and Cupid Montage.mp3
  • 99. The Wiz - What Would I Do If I Could Feel.mp3
  • 00. Organized Noize Productions – Sesame Street (Instrumental).mp3
  • 01. Show Topic Iso.mp3
  • 02. The Death of George Floyd A Timeline NBC News 1.mp3
  • 03. Powerful Opening statement by Judge Jeanine Pirro on Death of George Floyd N Capt David Dorn- 6 6 20 1.mp3
  • 04. Powerful Opening statement by Judge Jeanine Pirro on Death of George Floyd N Capt David Dorn- 6 6 20 2.mp3
  • 05. Powerful Opening statement by Judge Jeanine Pirro on Death of George Floyd N Capt David Dorn- 6 6 20 3.mp3
  • 06. Powerful Opening statement by Judge Jeanine Pirro on Death of George Floyd N Capt David Dorn- 6 6 20 4.mp3
  • 07. Powerful Opening statement by Judge Jeanine Pirro on Death of George Floyd N Capt David Dorn- 6 6 20 5.mp3
  • 08. Minneapolis Mayor emotional after man dies while being restrained by officer 1.mp3
  • 09. The Death of George Floyd A Timeline NBC News 2.mp3
  • 10. TBC07 - Darren Seals speaks out about Black Lives Matter movement.mp3
  • 11. TBC07 - Lord Jamar I Don't Support Black Lives Matter, It's Not Our Movement 1.mp3
  • 12. TBC07 - Dave Pakman - Is Anti-Bernie Sanders 'Black Lives Matter' Soros-Funded Pro-Hillary Astroturf.mp3
  • 13. Rev. Al Sharpton speaks about George Floyd's death 1.mp3
  • 14. Rev. Al Sharpton speaks about George Floyd's death 2.mp3
  • 15. Malcolm X Political Tricks 1.mp3
  • 16. Malcolm X White Liberals and Conservatives 1.mp3
  • 17. Malcolm X White Liberals and Conservatives 2.mp3
  • 18. Bob Woodson - ATLeaders -2- Abuse of demographics hidden by 'Institutional Racism.mp3
  • 19. Bob Woodson - ATLeaders -3- Social Justice - White Guilt is the real racism problem - Hurts police recruitment.mp3

• Music in this episode
  • Intro: Organized Noize Productions - Sesame Street | 26 seconds
  • Outro: The Wiz - What would I do if I could feel? | 5 seconds

• ShowNotes Archive

• Donate to the show at moefundme.com

• Search for us in your podcast directory or use this link to subscribe to the feed

• Podcast Feed

• For more information: MoeFactz.com