• Moe Factz with Adam Curry for August 22nd 2020, Episode number 47

• "Killer Wasp"

• Description
  • Adam and Moe Trace the history of Vaccinations in relation to race and caste

• Download the mp3

• Executive Producers:
  • The Incog Negro
  • Keegan Neer & Bridgeport PA Meetup
  • Sir Timothy in Plymouth Michigan

• Associate Executive Producers:
  • Sircuss Media
  • Fuse969 LLC
  • John P Smith
  • Theodora Dorinda Ongena

• Episode 46 Club Members
  • Lindsey Heitman

• ShowNotes
  • Can You Wear White After Labor Day? | Labor Day Fashion Rule
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    • Sat, 22 Aug 2020 22:40
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    • Edward Berthelot Getty Images
    • Heat waves are imminent, but before you know it, you'll be packing away your sundresses and summer sandals to make room for chunky sweaters and over-the-knee boots. But do you need to ship your cream-colored skirts and ivory pants off to storage? Yes, we're referring to the age-old question, "Can I wear white after Labor Day?" The short answer: Yes! In fact, the story behind this arbitrary dress code is unconvincingly feeble.
    • The history: In the late 19th century'--long before you could wear jeans to a Michelin-starred restaurant'--the society ladies were engaged in an invisible battle with the nouveau riche, one that could only be won by the subtle manipulation of fashion .
    • The "you can't wear white after Labor Day," rule was created to separate the old money elitists from the new money group. "It [was] insiders trying to keep other people out," according to Valerie Steele, director of the Museum at the Fashion Institute of Technology, in an interview with Time, "and outsiders trying to climb in by proving they know the rules."
    • Coco Chanel in 1969, sticking it to those 19th-century mean girls. Roland Schoor Getty Images
    • For those who had money and could leave the city during warmer months, white was considered vacation attire. "If you look at any photograph of any city in America in the 1930s, you'll see people in dark clothes," Charlie Scheips, author of American Fashion, has said. Meanwhile, white linen suits and Panama hats were considered the "look of leisure."
    • Some etiquette authorities like Judith Martin, rebuff this class theory, however, saying, "There are always people who want to attribute everything in etiquette to snobbery. There were many little rules that people did dream up in order to annoy those from whom they wished to disassociate themselves. But I do not believe this is one of them."
    • The true reason could be much simpler: After Labor Day, the first Monday of September, became a federal holiday in 1894, it came to mark the end of summer. Vacationers packed away their breezy white dresses and linen button-downs in favor of darker-hued clothing, like navy suits and gray sweaters. "There used to be a much clearer sense of re-entry," explained Steele. "You're back in the city, back at school, back doing whatever you're doing in the fall'--and so you have a new wardrobe."
    • Regardless of how this subjective rule really came about, no one in 2020 should feel the need to follow it. (I'm a fashion editor and I wear white year round, thankyouverymuch.)
    • Ahead, shop some white pieces to wear on or after Labor Day Weekend'--you can do whatever you please.Ric Rac Flare Sleeve Dress
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    • Pajama Set with Feathers
    • Sleeper shopbop.com$271.68
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  • Emily Post - Wikipedia
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    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 22 Aug 2020 22:39
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    • American etiquette expert
    • This article is about the writer on etiquette. For the logician, see
    • Emil Post.
    • Emily Post (c. October 27, 1872 '' September 25, 1960) was an American author and socialite, famous for writing about etiquette.
    • Brooklyn Museum '' Emily Post '' Emil Fuchs
    • Early life [ edit ] Post was born Emily Price in Baltimore, Maryland, possibly in October 1872[1] the precise date is unknown.[2][a] Her father was the architect Bruce Price and her mother was Josephine (Lee) Price of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. After being educated at home in her early years, Price attended Miss Graham's finishing school in New York after her family moved there.[3]
    • The New York Times ' Dinitia Smith reports, in her review of Laura Claridge's 2008 biography of Post,[4]
    • Emily was tall, pretty and spoiled. [...] She grew up in a world of grand estates, her life governed by carefully delineated rituals like the cotillion with its complex forms and its dances '-- the Fan, the Ladies Mocked, Mother Goose '-- called out in dizzying turns by the dance master.[1]
    • Marriage to Post [ edit ] Price met her future husband, Edwin Main Post, a prominent banker, at a ball in a Fifth Avenue mansion. Following their wedding in 1892 and a honeymoon tour of Europe, they lived in New York's Washington Square. They also had a country cottage, named "Emily Post Cottage", in Tuxedo Park, which was one of four Bruce Price Cottages she inherited from her father. The couple moved to Staten Island and had two sons, Edwin Main Post Jr. (1893) and Bruce Price Post (1895).[5]
    • Emily divorced Mr. Post in 1905 because of his affairs with chorus girls and fledgling actresses, which made him the target of blackmail.[5]
    • Career [ edit ] When her two sons were old enough to attend boarding school, Post began to write. She produced newspaper articles on architecture and interior design, as well as stories and serials for magazines including Harper's, Scribner's, and The Century. She wrote five novels: Flight of a Moth (1904), Purple and Fine Linen (1905), Woven in the Tapestry (1908), The Title Market (1909), and The Eagle's Feather (1910).[3] In 1916, she published By Motor to the Golden Gate '' a recount of a road trip she made from New York to San Francisco with her son Edwin and another companion.[6].
    • Post wrote in various styles, including humorous travel books, early in her career. She published her first etiquette book Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics, and at Home (1922, frequently referenced as Etiquette) when she was 50;[1] it became a best-seller, with updated versions continued to be popular for decades, and it made her career.[7] After 1931, Post spoke on radio programs and wrote a column on good taste for the Bell Syndicate; it appeared daily in some 200 newspapers after 1932.[citation needed ]
    • In her review of Claridge's 2008 biography of Post,[4] The New York Times ' Dinitia Smith explains the keys to Post's popularity:[1]
    • Such books had always been popular in America: the country's exotic mix of immigrants and newly rich were eager to fit in with the establishment. Men had to be taught not to blow their noses into their hands or to spit tobacco onto ladies' backs. Arthur M. Schlesinger, who wrote ''Learning How to Behave: A Historical Study of American Etiquette Books'' in 1946, said that etiquette books were part of ''the leveling-up process of democracy,'' an attempt to resolve the conflict between the democratic ideal and the reality of class. But Post's etiquette books went far beyond those of her predecessors. They read like short-story collections with recurring characters, the Toploftys, the Eminents, the Richan Vulgars, the Gildings and the Kindharts.
    • In 1946, Post founded The Emily Post Institute, which continues her work.
    • Death [ edit ] Post died in 1960 in her New York City apartment at the age of 87.
    • Notable descendants [ edit ] Peggy Post, the wife of Emily's great-grandson, is the current spokeswoman for The Emily Post Institute and writes etiquette advice for Good Housekeeping magazine, succeeding her mother-in-law, Elizabeth Post. Peggy Post is the author of more than 12 books.[8]Peter Post, Emily's great-grandson, writes the Sunday edition of The Boston Globe column Etiquette at Work. He's authored the best-selling book Essential Manners for Men, and of Essential Manners for Couples, and co-authored The Etiquette Advantage in Business, in its third edition.Anna Post is Emily Post's great-great-granddaughter. She is the author of Do I Have to Wear White? Emily Post Answers America's Top Wedding Questions (2009),[9] as well as Emily Post's Wedding Parties: Smart Ideas for Stylish Parties, From Engagement to Reception and Everything in Between. She is the wedding etiquette expert for Brides.com and Inside Weddings magazine. Additionally, she speaks at bridal shows and other venues providing wedding etiquette advice and tips.Lizzie Post, another of Emily's great-great-granddaughters, is the first member of the fourth generation of Posts. Her book is titled How Do You Work This Life Thing? (2007).[10] Lizzie also writes about twenty-something life and etiquette on her blog Not Gonna Lie.... Anna and Lizzie co-authored Great Get-Togethers: Casual Gatherings & Elegant Parties at Home (2010), which presents techniques for hosting social gatherings for any sizes of groups.[11]Legacy [ edit ] Emily Post's name has become synonymous, at least in North America, with proper etiquette and manners. More than half a century after her death, her name is still used in titles of etiquette books.[12] Laura Claridge wrote a book addressing that topic: Emily Post: Daughter of the Gilded Age, Mistress of American Manners (2008), the first full-length biography of the author.[13]
    • Emil Fuchs' portrait of Post (ca.1906) is on display at the Brooklyn Museum.[14]
    • Frank Tashlin featured Post's caricature (emerging from her etiquette book and scolding England's King Henry VIII about his lack of manners) in his cartoon Have You Got Any Castles? (1938).
    • In the 1939 Three Stooges short: Three Sappy People, Moe reminds Larry of Emily Post manners while dining.
    • On the 1943 Warner Bros. cartoon: A Corny Concerto, on the section "Tales from the Vienna Woods", Bugs Bunny shows a book entitled Emily Post Etiquette, then turns to a page that states "It ain't polite to point!" at which he then slams the book shut on a hound's nose.
    • In 1950, Pageant named her the second most powerful woman in America, after Eleanor Roosevelt.[1]
    • On May 28, 1998, the USPS issued a 32 stamp featuring Post as part of the Celebrate the Century stamp sheet series.[14]
    • See also [ edit ] Adolph Freiherr KniggeAmy VanderbiltBook of the Civilized ManBrad Templeton '-- who posted Emily Postnews Answers Your Questions on netiquette on UsenetLetitia BaldrigeMiss MannersMiss Porter's SchoolNotes [ edit ] ^ Primary documents conflict with the birthdate she usually gave, October 27, 1872. The burial records of her brother, William Lee Price, who died in infancy, give his dates as 18 April 1873''6 December 1875. But he can't have been born five months and 21 days after his sister. That she was born six months after him is equally unlikely. So something is awry, and it's unresolvable from primary records. However, it seems less likely that a contemporary burial record of a two-year-old got his birth year wrong than that an adult used an erroneous birth date. References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e Smith, Dinitia (October 16, 2008). "BOOKS OF THE TIMES: She Fine-Tuned the Forks of the Richan Vulgars". The New York Times. ^ Claridge, Laura (2008). Emily Post: Daughter of the Gilded Age, Mistress of American Manners. Random House. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-375-50921-6. ^ a b Greenberg, Brian; Watts, Linda S.; Greenwald, Richard A.; Reavley, Gordon; George, Alice L.; Beekman, Scott; Bucki, Cecelia; Ciabattari, Mark; Stoner, John C.; Paino, Troy D.; Mercier, Laurie; Hunt, Andrew; Holloran, Peter C.; Cohen, Nancy (October 23, 2008). "Social History of the United States [10 volumes]". ABC-CLIO '' via Google Books. ^ a b Claridge, Laura (2008). Emily Post: Daughter of the Gilded Age, Mistress of American Manners. Random House. ^ a b Claridge, Laura (2008). Emily Post. New York: Random House. pp. 3''5, 165''70. ISBN 978-0-375-50921-6. ^ Post, Emily (1916). By Motor to the Golden Gate. New York and London: D. Appleton and Company. ^ "Emily Post". InfoPlease. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. ^ Post, Peggy. "Books by Peggy Post". Amazon.com . Retrieved January 4, 2015 . ^ Post, Anna (2009). Do I Have to Wear White? Emily Post Answers America's Top Wedding Questions. Collins. ^ Post, Lizzie (2007). How Do You Work This Life Thing?. Collins. ^ "Emily Post's Great Get-Togethers". ^ "Weddings". EmilyPost.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2007. ^ Kolbert, Elizabeth (October 20, 2008). "Place Settings". The New Yorker. ^ a b https://https Archived August 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine External links [ edit ] "The Emily Post Institute". EmilyPost.com. Works by Emily Post at Project GutenbergWorks by or about Emily Post at Internet ArchiveWorks by Emily Post at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Post, Emily (1922). Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home. Bartleby.com. Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home. Gutenberg. 1922. Emily Post at Find a GraveEmily Post's Etiquette: Suicide Notes
  • Germany extends Holocaust compensation to include survivor spouses | News | DW | 02.07.2019
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    • Sat, 22 Aug 2020 22:00
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    • Until now, payments to Holocaust survivors stopped when they died '-- often leaving their spouses without a major source of income. The German government has now agreed for the first time to extend compensation.
    • The spouses of Holocaust survivors who have passed away will now be able to receive compensation payments from the German government, according to the organization that handles claims for Jewish Holocaust survivors.
    • The New York-based Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany released a statement on Monday, saying that Berlin agreed to continue paying a pension to the surviving spouse for up to nine months after their partner's death.
    • A total of 30,000 people are expected to qualify, with some 14,000 spouses expected to be granted the payment retroactively, Claims Conference negotiator Greg Schneider told the Associated Press.
    • "We have survivors who have been just getting by for many years," Schneider said. "This extra nine months of income gives a cushion for the family of the survivor to figure out how to deal with their new circumstances," he added.
    • Previously, the compensation payments were halted when the Holocaust survivor died, which often left their spouse without a major source of income.
    • Since 1952, the German government has paid over $80 billion ('‚¬71 billion) in pensions and social welfare payments to Jews who suffered under the Nazi regime.
    • Jewish memorials in Berlin The Holocaust MemorialA huge field of stelae in the center of the German capital was designed by New York architect Peter Eisenmann. The almost 3,000 stone blocks commemorate the six million Jewish people from all over Europe who were murdered by the National Socialists.
    • Jewish memorials in Berlin The "Stumbling Stones"Designed by German artist Gunther Demnig, these brass plates are very small '-- only 10 by 10 centimeters (3.9 x 3.9 inches). The stumbling stones mark the homes and offices from which people were deported by the Nazis. More than 7,000 of them have been placed across Berlin, 70,000 across Europe, and in 2017 the first stones were also laid in outside Europe, in Buenos Aires.
    • Jewish memorials in Berlin The Wannsee Conference HouseFifteen high-ranking Nazi officials met in this villa on the Wannsee Lake on January 20, 1942 to discuss the systematic murder of European Jews, which they termed the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question". Today the house is a memorial that informs visitors about the unimaginable dimension of the genocide that was decided here.
    • Jewish memorials in Berlin Track 17 MemorialWhite roses on track 17 at Grunewald station remember the more than 50,000 Berlin Jews who were sent to their deaths from here. 186 steel plates show the date, destination and number of deportees. The first train went to the Litzmannstadt ghetto (Lodz, Poland) on October 18, 1941; the last train to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp on January 5, 1945.
    • Jewish memorials in Berlin Otto Weidt's Workshop for the BlindToday, the Hackesche H¶fe in Berlin Mitte are mentioned in every travel guide. They are a backyard labyrinth in which many Jewish people lived and worked '-- for example in the brush factory of the German entrepreneur Otto Weidt. During the Nazi era he employed many blind and deaf Jews and saved them from deportation and death. The workshop of the blind is now a museum.
    • Jewish memorials in Berlin Fashion Center HausvogteiplatzThe heart of Berlin's fashion metropolis once beat here. A memorial sign made of high mirrors recalls the Jewish fashion designers and stylists who made clothes for the whole of Europe at Hausvogteiplatz. The National Socialists expropriated the Jewish owners and handed over the fashion stores to Aryan employees. Berlin's fashion center was irretrievably destroyed during the Second World War.
    • Jewish memorials in Berlin Memorial at KoppenplatzBefore the Holocaust, 173,000 Jews lived in Berlin; in 1945 there were only 9,000. The monument "Der verlassene Raum" (The Deserted Room) is located in the middle of the Koppenplatz residential area in Berlin's Mitte district. It is a reminder of the Jewish citizens who were taken from their homes without warning and never returned.
    • Jewish memorials in Berlin The Jewish MuseumArchitect Daniel Libeskind chose a dramatic design: viewed from above, the building looks like a broken Star of David. The Jewish Museum is one of the most visited museums in Berlin, offering an overview of the turbulent centuries of German Jewish history.
    • Jewish memorials in Berlin Weissensee Jewish CemeteryThere are still eight remaining Jewish cemeteries in Berlin, the largest of them in the Weissensee district. With over 115,000 graves, it is the largest Jewish cemetery in Europe. Many persecuted Jews hid in the complex premises during the Nazi era. On May 11, 1945, only three days after the end of the Second World War, the first postwar Jewish funeral service was held here.
    • Jewish memorials in Berlin The New SynagogueWhen the New Synagogue on Oranienburger Strasse was first consecrated in 1866 it was considered the largest and most magnificent synagogue in Germany. The only one of Berlin's 13 synagogues to survive the Kristallnacht pogroms, it later burned down due to Allied bombs. It was reconstructed and opened again in 1995. Since then, the 50-meter-high golden dome once again dominates Berlin's cityscape.
    • Author: Kerstin Schmidt
    • Payments for those who saved Jews
    • In another first, the German government also agreed to pay into the Claims Conference fund for so-called Righteous Gentiles '-- non-Jews who helped Jewish people survive the Holocaust.
    • Around 277 Righteous Gentiles are still alive today, according to Schneider, adding that many are in need of financial assistance in their old age.
    • The German government also agreed to give an additional '‚¬44 million ($49.7 million) in funding for social welfare services '-- amounting to a total of '‚¬524 million for 2020.
    • Those funds provide financial assistance for some 132,000 Jewish Holocaust survivors around the world, including in-home care for over 78,000 people, the Claims Conference said.
    • "These increased benefits achieved by the hard work of our negotiations delegation, including additional compensation and greater funding for social services, will help ensure dignity in survivors' final years," Claims Conference President Julius Berman said in a statement.
    • "It remains our moral imperative to keep fighting as long as there are still survivors with us," he added.
    • Every evening, DW's editors send out a selection of the day's hard news and quality feature journalism. You can sign up to receive it directly here.
  • White Trash by Nancy Isenberg: 9780143129677 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books
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    • ''Formidable and truth-dealing'...necessary.'' '' The New York Times''This eye-opening investigation into our country's entrenched social hierarchy is acutely relevant.'' ''O Magazine
    • ''A gritty and sprawling assault on'...American mythmaking.'' '--Washington Post
    • ''An eloquent synthesis of the country's history of class stratification.'' ''The Boston Globe
    • ''A bracing reminder of the persistent contempt for the white underclass.'' ''The Atlantic
    • ''[White Trash] sheds bright light on a long history of demagogic national politicking, beginning with Jackson. It makes Donald Trump seem far less unprecedented than today's pundits proclaim.'''--Slate
    • ''Isenberg . . . has written an important call for Americans to treat class with the same care that they now treat race'...Her work may well help that focus lead to progress.'' '--TIME
    • ''With her strong academic background and accessible voice, Isenberg takes pains to reveal classism's deep-seated roots.''''Entertainment Weekly
    • ''Carefully researched'...deeply relevant.'' ''Christian Science Monitor
  • White Trash: The 400-Year Untold History of Class in America by Nancy Isenberg
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    • Sat, 22 Aug 2020 21:57
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    • In her groundbreaking history of the class system in America, extending from colonial times to the present, Nancy Isenberg takes on our comforting myths about equality, uncovering the crucial legacy of the ever-present, always embarrassing''''if occasionally entertaining''''"poor white trash."The wretched and landless poor have existed from the time of the earliest British col
    • In her groundbreaking history of the class system in America, extending from colonial times to the present, Nancy Isenberg takes on our comforting myths about equality, uncovering the crucial legacy of the ever-present, always embarrassing''''if occasionally entertaining''''"poor white trash."The wretched and landless poor have existed from the time of the earliest British colonial settlement. They were alternately known as ''waste people,'' ''offals,'' ''rubbish,'' ''lazy lubbers,'' and ''crackers.'' By the 1850s, the downtrodden included so-called ''clay eaters'' and ''sandhillers,'' known for prematurely aged children distinguished by their yellowish skin, ragged clothing, and listless minds.
    • Surveying political rhetoric and policy, popular literature and scientific theories over four hundred years, Isenberg upends assumptions about America's supposedly class-free society''''where liberty and hard work were meant to ensure real social mobility. Poor whites were central to the rise of the Republican Party in the early nineteenth century, and the Civil War itself was fought over class issues nearly as much as it was fought over slavery.
    • Reconstruction pitted "poor white trash" against newly freed slaves, which factored in the rise of eugenics''-a widely popular movement embraced by Theodore Roosevelt that targeted poor whites for sterilization. These poor were at the heart of New Deal reforms and LBJ's Great Society; they haunt us in reality TV shows like Here Comes Honey Boo Boo and Duck Dynasty. Marginalized as a class, "white trash" have always been at or near the center of major political debates over the character of the American identity.
    • We acknowledge racial injustice as an ugly stain on our nation's history. With Isenberg's landmark book, we will have to face the truth about the enduring, malevolent nature of class as well.
  • White Anglo-Saxon Protestants - Wikipedia
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    • Sat, 22 Aug 2020 21:51
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    • "White Anglo-Saxon Protestants" ("WASPs") is a term for upper-class,[1] white, American Protestants, usually of British descent. WASP elites dominated American society, culture, and politics for most of the history of the United States, maintaining a monopoly through intermarriage, inheritance, and nepotism. Although the social influence of wealthy WASPs has declined since the 1940s, the group continues to dominate some financial and philanthropic fields and politics.[2]
    • During the latter half of the twentieth century, Americans increasingly criticized the WASP hegemony and disparaged them as the epitome of "the Establishment". The 1998 Random House Unabridged Dictionary says the term is "sometimes disparaging and offensive".[3][4][5]
    • Sociologists sometimes use the term to broadly include all Protestant Americans of Northern European or Northwestern European ancestry, regardless of their British ancestry.[6] The term is also used in Australia, New Zealand, and Canada.[7][8][9][10]
    • Naming Historically, Anglo-Saxon referred to the language of indigenous inhabitants of England before 1066, especially in contrast to Norman-French influence after that. Since the 19th century, Anglo-Saxon has been in common use in the English-speaking world, but not in Britain itself, to refer to Protestants of principally English descent.[11] The W and P were added in the 1950s to form a humorous epithet to imply "waspishness" or someone likely to make sharp, slightly cruel remarks.[12]
    • The first published mention of the term WASP in its acronym form was provided by political scientist Andrew Hacker in 1957, referring to the class of Americans that held "national power in its economic, political, and social aspects";[13] here the W stands for 'wealthy' rather than 'white':
    • These 'old' Americans possess, for the most part, some common characteristics. First of all, they are 'WASPs''--in the cocktail party jargon of the sociologists. That is, they are wealthy, they are Anglo-Saxon in origin, and they are Protestants (and disproportionately Episcopalian).[13]
    • The term was popularized by sociologist and University of Pennsylvania professor E. Digby Baltzell, himself a WASP, in his 1964 book The Protestant Establishment: Aristocracy and Caste in America. Baltzell stressed the closed or caste-like characteristic of the group by arguing that "There is a crisis in American leadership in the middle of the twentieth century that is partly due, I think, to the declining authority of an establishment which is now based on an increasingly castelike White-Anglo Saxon-Protestant (WASP) upper class."[14] The term is also used in Australia and Canada for similar elites.[7][8][9][10]
    • Anglo-Saxon in modern usage The concept of Anglo-Saxonism and especially Anglo-Saxon Protestantism evolved in the late 19th century, especially among American Protestant missionaries eager to transform the world. Historian Richard Kyle says:
    • Protestantism had not yet split into two mutually hostile camps '' the liberals and fundamentalists. Of great importance, evangelical Protestantism still dominated the cultural scene. American values bore the stamp of this Anglo-Saxon Protestant ascendancy. The political, cultural, religious, and intellectual leaders of the nation were largely of a Northern European Protestant stock, and they propagated public morals compatible with their background.[15]
    • Before WASP came into use in the 1960s, the term Anglo-Saxon served some of the same purposes. Like the newer term WASP, the older term Anglo-Saxon was used derisively by writers hostile to an informal alliance between Britain and the U.S. The negative connotation was especially common among Irish Americans and writers in France. Anglo-Saxon, meaning in effect the whole Anglosphere, remains a term favored by the French, used disapprovingly in contexts such as criticism of the Special Relationship of close diplomatic relations between the U.S. and the UK and complaints about perceived "Anglo-Saxon" cultural or political dominance. It remains in use in Ireland as a term for the British or English, and sometimes in Scottish Nationalist discourse. Irish-American humorist Finley Peter Dunne popularized the ridicule of "Anglo-Saxons", even calling President Theodore Roosevelt one. Roosevelt insisted he was Dutch.[16] "To be genuinely Irish is to challenge WASP dominance", argues California politician Tom Hayden.[17] The depiction of the Irish in the films of John Ford was a counterpoint to WASP standards of rectitude. "The procession of rambunctious and feckless Celts through Ford's films, Irish and otherwise, was meant to cock a snoot at WASP or 'lace-curtain Irish' ideas of respectability."[18]
    • In Australia, Anglo or Anglo-Saxon refers to people of English descent, while Anglo-Celtic includes people of Irish, Welsh, and Scottish descent.[19]
    • In France, Anglo-Saxon refers to the combined impact of Britain and the United States on European affairs. Charles de Gaulle repeatedly sought to "rid France of Anglo-Saxon influence".[20] The term is used with more nuance in discussions by French writers on French decline, especially as an alternative model to which France should aspire, how France should adjust to its two most prominent global competitors, and how it should deal with social and economic modernization.[21]
    • Outside of Anglophone countries, the term Anglo-Saxon and its translations are used to refer to the Anglophone peoples and societies of Britain, the United States, and countries such as Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Variations include the German Angelsachsen,[22] French le mod¨le anglo-saxon, Spanish anglosaj"n,[24] Dutch Angelsaksisch model,[25] and Italian Paesi anglosassoni.[26]
    • 19th-century Anglo-Saxonism In the nineteenth century, Anglo-Saxons was often used as a synonym for all people of English descent and sometimes more generally, for all the English-speaking peoples of the world. It was often used in implying superiority, much to the annoyance of outsiders. For example, Josiah Strong boasted in 1890:
    • In 1700 this race numbered less than 6,000,000 souls. In 1800, Anglo-Saxons (I use the term somewhat broadly to include all English-speaking peoples) had increased to about 20,500,000, and now, in 1890, they number more than 120,000,000.[27]
    • In 1893, Strong envisioned a future "new era" of triumphant Anglo-Saxonism:
    • Is it not reasonable to believe that this race is destined to dispossess many weaker ones, assimilate others, and mould the remainder until... it has Anglo-Saxonized mankind?[28]
    • Other European ethnicities WASPs traditionally have been associated with Episcopal (or Anglican), Presbyterian, United Methodist, Congregationalist, and other mainline Protestant denominations; but the term has expanded to include other Protestant denominations.[29] In 1969 Time stated that "purists like to confine Wasps to descendants of the British Isles; less exacting analysts are willing to throw in Scandinavians, Netherlanders and Germans."[30] The popular usage of the term has sometimes expanded to include not just Anglo-Saxon or English-American elites but also to people of other Protestant Northwestern European origin, including Protestant Dutch Americans, Scottish Americans,[2] German Americans, and Scandinavian Americans.[6][31] The sociologist Charles H. Anderson writes, "Scandinavians are second-class WASPs" but know it is "better to be a second-class WASP than a non-WASP".[32]
    • Sociologists William Thompson and Joseph Hickey described a further expansion of the term's meaning:
    • The term WASP has many meanings. In sociology it reflects that segment of the U.S. population that founded the nation and traced their heritages to...Northwestern Europe. The term...has become more inclusive. To many people, WASP now includes most 'white' people who are not ... members of any minority group.[33]
    • Apart from Protestant English, German, Dutch, and Scandinavian Americans, other ethnic groups frequently included under the label of WASP include Americans of French Huguenot descent,[31] Scotch-Irish American, or Ulster Scots Americans,[34] Scottish Americans,[35] Protestant Americans of Germanic Northwestern European descent,[36] and established Protestant American families of "vague" or "mixed" Germanic Northwestern European heritage.[37]
    • Culture Education Expensive, private prep schools and universities have historically been associated with WASPs. Colleges such as the Ivy League, the Little Ivies, and the Seven Sisters colleges are particularly intertwined with the culture.[39] Until roughly World War II, Ivy League universities were composed largely of white Protestants. While admission to these universities is generally based upon merit, there is a history of "legacy" admissions for the children of alumni. These legacy admissions allowed for the continuation of WASP influence on important sectors of the US.[40]
    • Members of Protestant denominations associated with WASPs have some of the highest proportions of graduate and post-graduate degrees of any religious denomination in the United States. Examples include the Episcopal Church with 76% of those polled having some college and the Presbyterian Church with 64%.[41][42][43]
    • According to Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United State by Harriet Zuckerman, between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American Nobel Prize Laureates have come from a Protestant background, while Protestants made up roughly 67% of the US population during that period.[44] Of Nobel prizes awarded to Americans between 1901 and 1972, 84.2% of those in Chemistry,[44] 60% in Medicine,[44] and 58.6% in Physics[44] were awarded to Protestants.
    • Politics From 1854 until about 1964, white Protestants were predominantly Republicans.[14] More recently, the group is split more evenly between the Republican and Democratic parties.[45]
    • Wealth Episcopalians and Presbyterians are among the wealthiest religious groups and are disproportionately represented in American business, law, and politics.[13][46][47] Some of the wealthiest and most affluent American families such as the Vanderbilts, Astors, Rockefellers, Du Ponts, Roosevelts, Forbes, Whitneys, and Morgans are white primarily Mainline Protestant families.[46]
    • Location Like other ethnic groups, WASPs tend to concentrate within close proximity of each other. These areas are often exclusive and associated with top schools, high incomes, well-established church communities, and high real-estate values.[48][failed verification ]
    • For example, in the Detroit area, WASPs predominantly possessed the wealth that came from the industrial capacity of the automotive industry. After the 1967 Detroit riot, they tended to congregate in the Grosse Pointe suburbs. In Chicagoland, white Protestants primarily reside in the North Shore suburbs, the Barrington area in the northwest suburbs, and in Oak Park and DuPage County in the western suburbs.[49]
    • David Brooks, a columnist for The New York Times who attended an Episcopal prep school, writes that WASPs took pride in "good posture, genteel manners, personal hygiene, pointless discipline, the ability to sit still for long periods of time."[50] According to the essayist Joseph Epstein, WASPs developed a style of understated quiet leadership.[51]
    • A common practice of WASP families is presenting their daughters of marriageable age (traditionally at the age of 17 or 18 years old) at a d(C)butante ball, such as the International Debutante Ball at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City.[52]
    • America's social elite was a small, closed group. The leadership was well-known to the readers of newspaper society pages, but in larger cities it was hard to remember everyone, or to keep track of the new debutantes and marriages.[53] The solution was the Social Register, which listed the names and addresses of about 1 percent of the population. Most were WASPs, and they included families who mingled at the same private clubs, attended the right teas and cotillions, worshipped together at prestige churches, funded the proper charities, lived in exclusive neighborhoods, and sent their daughters to finishing schools[54] and their sons away to prep schools.[55] In the heyday of WASP dominance, the Social Register delineated high society. According to The New York Times, its influence had faded by the late 20th century:
    • Once, the Social Register was a juggernaut in New York social circles... Nowadays, however, with the waning of the WASP elite as a social and political force, the register's role as an arbiter of who counts and who doesn't is almost an anachronism. In Manhattan, where charity galas are at the center of the social season, the organizing committees are studded with luminaries from publishing, Hollywood and Wall Street and family lineage is almost irrelevant.[56]
    • The Social Registers were designed as directories of the social elite in Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, New York, Philadelphia,[57] Pittsburgh, Portland (Oregon), Providence, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington, D.C., as well as ones for "Southern Cities".[58]
    • Fashion In 2007, The New York Times reported that there was a rising interest in the WASP culture.[59] In their review of Susanna Salk's A Privileged Life: Celebrating WASP Style, they stated that Salk "is serious about defending the virtues of WASP values, and their contribution to American culture."[59]
    • By the 1980s, brands such as Lacoste and Ralph Lauren and their logos became associated with the preppy fashion style which was associated with WASP culture.[60]
    • Social and political influence The term WASP became associated with an upper class in the United States due to over-representation of WASPs in the upper echelons of society. Until the mid''20th century, industries such as banks, insurance, railroads, utilities, and manufacturing were dominated by WASPs.[63]
    • The Founding Fathers of the United States were mostly educated, well-to-do, of British ancestry, and Protestants. According to a study of the biographies of signers of the Declaration of Independence by Caroline Robbins:
    • The Signers came for the most part from an educated elite, were residents of older settlements, and belonged with a few exceptions to a moderately well-to-do class representing only a fraction of the population. Native or born overseas, they were of British stock and of the Protestant faith.[64][65]
    • Catholics in the Northeast and the Midwest'--mostly immigrants and their descendants from Ireland and Germany as well as southern and eastern Europe'--came to dominate Democratic Party politics in big cities through the ward boss system. Catholic politicians were often the target of WASP political hostility.[66]
    • Political scientist Eric Kaufmann argues that "the 1920s marked the high tide of WASP control". In 1965 Canadian sociologist John Porter, in The Vertical Mosaic, argued that British origins were disproportionately represented in the higher echelons of Canadian class, income, political power, the clergy, the media, etc. However, more recently Canadian scholars have traced the decline of the WASP elite.[8]
    • Post''World War II According to Ralph E. Pyle:
    • A number of analysts have suggested that WASP dominance of the institutional order has become a thing of the past. The accepted wisdom is that after World War II, the selection of individuals for leadership positions was increasingly based on factors such as motivation and training rather than ethnicity and social lineage.[63]
    • Many reasons have been given for the decline of WASP power, and books have been written detailing it.[68] Self-imposed diversity incentives opened the country's most elite schools.[69] The GI Bill brought higher education to new ethnic arrivals, who found middle class jobs in the postwar economic expansion. Nevertheless, white Protestants remain influential in the country's cultural, political, and economic elite. Scholars supporting this idea[who? ] agree that the group's influence has waned since the end of World War II in 1945, with the growing influence of other ethnic groups.[2]
    • After 1945, Catholics and Jews made strong inroads in getting jobs in the federal civil service, which was once dominated by those from Protestant backgrounds, especially the Department of State. Georgetown University, a Catholic school, made a systematic effort to place graduates in diplomatic career tracks. By the 1990s there were "roughly the same proportion of WASPs, Catholics, and Jews at the elite levels of the federal civil service, and a greater proportion of Jewish and Catholic elites among corporate lawyers."[70] The political scientist Theodore P. Wright, Jr., argues that while the Anglo ethnicity of the U.S. presidents from Richard Nixon through George W. Bush is evidence for the continued cultural dominance of WASPs, assimilation and social mobility, along with the ambiguity of the term, has led the WASP class to survive only by "incorporating other groups [so] that it is no longer the same group" that existed in the mid-20th century.
    • Two famous confrontations signifying a decline in WASP dominance were the 1952 Senate election in Massachusetts where John F. Kennedy, a Catholic of Irish descent, defeated WASP Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.,[72] and the 1964 challenge by Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater'--an Episcopalian[73] who had solid WASP credentials through his mother but whose father was Jewish and was seen by some as part of the Jewish community[74]'--to Nelson Rockefeller and the Eastern Republican establishment,[75] which led to the liberal Rockefeller Republican wing of the party being marginalized by the 1980s, overwhelmed by the dominance of Southern and Western conservatives.[76] However, asking "Is the WASP leader a dying breed?", journalist Nina Strochlic in 2012 pointed to eleven WASP top politicians ending with Republicans G.H.W. Bush, elected in 1988, his son George W. Bush, elected in 2000 and 2004, and John McCain, who was nominated but defeated in 2008.[77]
    • In the 1970s, a Fortune magazine study found one-in-five of the country's largest businesses and one-in-three of its largest banks was run by an Episcopalian.[46] More recent studies indicate a still-disproportionate, though somewhat reduced, influence of WASPs among economic elites.[63]
    • Prior to the late 20th century, all U.S. Supreme Court justices were of WASP or Protestant Germanic heritage (with the exceptions of Jewish-American Louis Brandeis, appointed in 1916, Benjamin N. Cardozo, of Iberian Jewish descent, appointed in 1932,[78] and Catholic justices Roger B. Taney, Edward Douglass White, Pierce Butler, Joseph McKenna, Frank Murphy, Sherman Minton, and William J. Brennan). Since the 1960s, an increasing number of non-WASP justices have been appointed to the Court (notably Jewish and Catholic).[79][80] For the first time in U.S. history, after the 2010 retirement of John Paul Stevens (appointed 1975), the U.S. Supreme Court had no Protestant members, until the appointment of Neil Gorsuch in 2017.[81]
    • The University of California, Berkeley, once a WASP stronghold, has changed radically: only 30% of its undergraduates in 2007 were of European origin (including WASPs and all other Europeans), and 63% of undergraduates at the University were from immigrant families (where at least one parent was an immigrant), especially Asian.[82]
    • A significant shift of American economic activity toward the Sun Belt during the latter part of the 20th century and an increasingly globalized economy have also contributed to the decline in power held by Northeastern WASPs. While WASPs are no longer solitary among the American elite, members of the Patrician class remain markedly prevalent within the current power structure.[29]
    • Other analysts have argued that the extent of the decrease in WASP dominance has been overstated. In response to increasing claims of fading WASP dominance, James D. Davidson, using data on American elites in political and economic spheres, concludes that, while the WASP and Protestant establishment has lost some of its earlier prominence, WASPs and Protestants are still vastly overrepresented among America's elite.[83]
    • In the 21st century, WASP is often applied as a derogatory label to those with social privilege who are perceived to be snobbish and exclusive, such as being members of restrictive private social clubs.[63] A number of popular jokes ridicule those thought to fit the stereotype.[84] Occasionally, a writer praises the WASP contribution, as conservative historian Richard Brookhiser did in 1991 when he said the "uptight, bland, and elitist" stereotype obscures the "classic WASP ideals of industry, public service, family duty, and conscience to revitalize the nation."[85][86]
    • In media American films, including Annie Hall and Meet the Parents, have used the conflicts between WASP families and urban Jewish families for comedic effect.[87]
    • The 1939 Broadway play Arsenic and Old Lace, later adapted into a Hollywood film released in 1944, ridiculed the old American elite. The play and film depict "old-stock British Americans" a decade before they were tagged as WASPS.[88][improper synthesis? ]
    • The playwright A. R. Gurney (1930-2017), himself of WASP heritage, has written a series of plays that have been called "penetratingly witty studies of the WASP ascendancy in retreat".[89] Gurney told the Washington Post in 1982:
    • WASPs do have a culture '' traditions, idiosyncrasies, quirks, particular signals and totems we pass on to one another. But the WASP culture, or at least that aspect of the culture I talk about, is enough in the past so that we can now look at it with some objectivity, smile at it, and even appreciate some of its values. There was a closeness of family, a commitment to duty, to stoic responsibility, which I think we have to say weren't entirely bad.[90]
    • In Gurney's play The Cocktail Hour (1988), a lead character tells her playwright son that theater critics "don't like us... They resent us. They think we're all Republicans, all superficial and all alcoholics. Only the latter is true."[89]
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Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "The Goldwaters | Southwest Jewish Archives". swja.arizona.edu. Archived from the original on August 19, 2018 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ Gregory L. Schneider, ed. (2003). Conservatism in America Since 1930: A Reader. NYU Press. pp. 289''. ISBN 9780814797990. Archived from the original on June 27, 2014 . Retrieved February 19, 2016 . CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) ^ Nicol C. Rae, The Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans: From 1952 to the Present (1989) ^ Nina Strochlic, "George Washington to George W. Bush: 11 WASPs Who Have Led America," Daily Beast Aug. 16, 2012 Archived 2017-09-06 at the Wayback Machine ^ John Richard Schmidhauser, Judges and justices: the Federal Appellate Judiciary (1979), p. 60. ^ "Religious Affiliation of the U.S. Supreme Court". Adherents.com. 2006 . Retrieved June 14, 2019 . ^ Paulson, Michael (May 26, 2009). "Catholicism: Sotomayor would be sixth Catholic". Boston Globe. ^ Frank, Robert. "That Bright, Dying Star, the American WASP Archived 2017-07-16 at the Wayback Machine." Wall Street Journal 15 May 2010. ^ John Aubrey Douglass, Heinke Roebken, and Gregg Thomson. "The Immigrant University: Assessing the Dynamics of Race, Major and Socioeconomic Characteristics at the University of California." (November 2007) online edition Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine ^ Davidson, James D. (December 1994). "Religion Among America's Elite: Persistence and Change in the Protestant Establishment". Sociology of Religion. 55 (4): 419''440. doi:10.2307/3711980. JSTOR 3711980. Archived from the original on September 28, 2017. ^ Martin, Holly E. (2011). Writing Between Cultures: A Study of Hybrid Narratives in Ethnic Literature of the United States. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. p. 117 (footnote). ISBN 978-0-78-646660-3. ^ Brookhiser, Richard (1991). The Way of the WASP: How It Made America and How It Can Save It, So to Speak. New York, N.Y.: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-904721-7. [page needed ] ^ See also Tad Friend, Cheerful Money: Me, My Family, & the Last Days of Wasp Splendor (2009)(Author) ^ Wilmington, Michael. 'Meet the Parents' Finds Success by Marrying Classic Themes to Modern Tastes Archived 2015-09-25 at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times, November 6, 2000. Accessed March 30, 2010. ^ Furman, Robert (2015). Brooklyn Heights: The Rise, Fall and Rebirth of America's First Suburb. Charleston, S.C.: History Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-62-619954-5. ^ a b Teachout, Terry (January 7, 2016). " ' The Cocktail Hour' Review: Anatomy of a WASP". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017 . Retrieved December 14, 2017 . ^ Quoted in Schudel, Matt (June 15, 2017). "A.R. Gurney, playwright who portrayed the fading WASP culture, dies at 86". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018 . Retrieved July 13, 2018 . Further reading Allen, Irving Lewis (1975). "WASP'--From Sociological Concept to Epithet". Ethnicity. 2 (2): 153''162. Allen, Irving Lewis: Unkind Words: Ethnic Labeling from Redskin to Wasp (NY: Bergin & Garvey, 1990) ISBN 9780897892209Baltzell, E. Digby. Philadelphia Gentlemen: The Making of a New Upper Class (1958).Baltzell, E. Digby. The Protestant Establishment: Aristocracy & caste in America (Yale UP, 1987).Beckert, Sven. The monied metropolis: New York City and the consolidation of the American bourgeoisie, 1850-1896 (2003).Brooks, David. Bobos in paradise: The new upper class and how they got there (2010)Burt, Nathaniel. The Perennial Philadelphians: The Anatomy of an American Aristocracy (1999).Cookson, Peter W.; Persell, Caroline Hodges: Preparing for Power: America's Elite Boarding Schools (1985) ISBN 9780465062683Davis, Donald F. "The Price of Conspicious Production: The Detroit Elite and the Automobile Industry, 1900-1933." Journal of Social History 16.1 (1982): 21''46. onlineFarnum, Richard. "Prestige in the Ivy League: Democratization and discrimination at Penn and Columbia, 1890-1970." in Paul W. Kingston and Lionel S. Lewis, eds. The high-status track: Studies of elite schools and stratification (1990).Foulkes, Nick. High Society '' The History of America's Upper Class, (Assouline, 2008) ISBN 2759402886Fraser, Steve and Gary Gerstle, eds. Ruling America: A History of Wealth and Power in a Democracy, Harvard UP, 2005, ISBN 0-674-01747-1Friend, Tad. Cheerful Money: Me, My Family, and the Last Days of WASP Splendor (2009). ISBN 9780316003179Fussell, Paul. Class: A Guide Through the American Status System (1983) ISBN 9780671792251Ghent, Jocelyn Maynard, and Frederic Cople Jaher. "The Chicago Business Elite: 1830''1930. A Collective Biography." Business History Review 50.3 (1976): 288''328. onlineHood. Clifton. In Pursuit of Privilege: A History of New York City's Upper Class and the Making of a Metropolis (2016). Covers 1760''1970.Ingham, John N. The Iron Barons: A Social Analysis of an American Urban Elite, 1874-1965 (1978)Jaher, Frederic Cople, ed. The Rich, the Well Born, and the Powerful: Elites and Upper Classes in History (1973), essays by scholarsJaher, Frederick Cople. The Urban Establishment: Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Chicago, Charleston, and Los Angeles (1982).Jensen, Richard. "Family, Career, and Reform: Women Leaders of the Progressive Era." in Michael Gordon, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective,(1973): 267''80.Jensen, Richard. "Yankees" Encyclopedia of Chicago (2004) p 1391Kaufmann, Eric. "The Decline of the WASP in the United States and Canada." in Rethinking ethnicity: Majority groups and dominant minorities (2004): 61-83.Kaufmann, Eric P. The rise and fall of Anglo-America (Harvard UP, 2004).King, Florence: WASP, Where is Thy Sting? (1977)Lundberg, Ferdinand: The Rich and the Super-Rich: A Study in the Power of Money Today (1968)McConachie, Bruce A. "New York operagoing, 1825-50: creating an elite social ritual." American Music (1988): 181''192. onlineMaggor, Noam. Brahmin Capitalism: Frontiers of Wealth and Populism in America's First Gilded Age (Harvard UP, 2017); 304 pp. online reviewOstrander, Susan A. (1986). Women of the Upper Class. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-0-87722-475-4. Phillips, Kevin P. Wealth and Democracy: A Political History of the American Rich, Broadway Books 2003, ISBN 0-7679-0534-2Salk, Susanna. A Privileged Life: Celebrating WASP Style (2007)Schrag, Peter.: The Decline of the WASP (NY: Simon and Schuster, 1970)Story, Ronald. (1980) The forging of an aristocracy: Harvard & the Boston upper class, 1800-1870Synnott, Marcia. The half-opened door: Discrimination and admissions at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1900-1970 (2010).Useem, Michael. The Inner Circle: Large Corporations and the Rise of Business Political Activity in the U.S. and U.K. (1984)Williams, Peter W. Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression (2016), especially in New York CityExternal links Social Register Locater compiles all the major cities into one list35 Social Registers from major US cities early 20th century; online free
  • SAFE COUNCIL OR PRACTICAL EUGENICS TO WHICH IS ADDED THE STORY OF LIFE by B.G. JEFFERIS, AND J.L. NICHOLS - 1924
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    • Kessinger Publishing circa 2008. Near fine copy in Trade Paperback. Spine is faded . Very Good. Soft cover. Repr of 1926. 2008.
    • Grove Press, 1967. Hardcover. Very Good. No markings. Stated First Printing. Front flap is price-clipped. Spot Staining to page edges. 248 pages.
    • New York: Grove, 1967. Hardcover. Very Good/Very Good. First(review). Very good or better in a Very good plus dustwrapper. Minor wear to corners and edges of dustwrapper and cloth. Please Note: This book has been transferred to Between the Covers from another database and might not be described...
    • Naperville,Ill., J,L, Nichols, 1920. Hard Cover. 492 p., illus., 19 cm. First published in 1894, under title Search Lights on Health. A popular medical handbook which stesses pure living. Stock# 33,661. Vg/ no dj.
    • Naperville IL: J.L. Nichols Co., (1915). 37th Ed.. Hardcover. Very Good/None. 478 pages, b&w illustrations. Blind embossed maroon cloth covers, edges stained red. Top of spine with a sliver of cloth loss, fraying. Therwise very good. Record # 403949
    • Toronto: Coles Publishing, 1972. A reprint of the 1894 edition in very good condition, inscription on ffep and small mark to page edges which looks like binding glue otherwise a tight clean book. Illustrated boards with very little rubbing to edges.. Reprint. Card Covers. Very Good/No Jacket. 8...
  • Pastor Charles Lawson
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  • The Covid Vaccine has 666 Written All Over It'...and Why that Doesn't Matter According to Revelation
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    • Share on Facebook. Share on Google+ by Matthew L. Halsted, PhD
    • In an article published last week on theLAB, COVID-19 and The Mark of the Beast, I claimed that the mark of the beast (666) is most likely not a physical or visible mark (Rev. 13:16). The biggest objection I received from readers had to do with this very point: how could the mark be non-physical and invisible if having the mark was what allowed people to ''buy or sell'' things (Rev. 13:17)? Wouldn't the mark need to be visible in order to do that? Furthermore, isn't there enough evidence that the vaccine is the ''number'' of the beast, including a bill currently before the House of Representatives (6666) and the very letters ''C-O-R-O-N-A'' themselves? 1 These are good questions, and I think a response would be helpful. But first, we need to start from square one and do some background work.
    • Letter to the ChurchesFirst, we must remember that Revelation is a first-century letter to seven churches in Asia Minor (Rev. 1:4, 11). Letters in antiquity are much like modern letters'--situational, personal, and contextual. To understand a letter between two people (or groups of people), you really need to know a thing or two about what necessitated the sending of the letter in the first place. In other words, you need context. In order to rightly interpret the letter of Revelation, we need to investigate these churches' historical situation.
    • Many evangelicals tend to skip over this step and jump straight to application. This is a grave mistake. If we completely detach our modern-day applications from a text's original, historical context, we risk misapplying the text'--sometimes in embarrassing ways. Revelation 13:17 (''no one can buy or sell unless he has the mark, that is, the name of the beast or the number of its name,'' ESV) is one such text. In order to interpret it rightly, we need to know its context. We need some historical data from the letter's time period in order to gain clarity into its meaning. Is there any such data that might shed some light on this passage? As it turns out, there is.
    • Worshiping the EmperorIf you want to reconstruct the historical context of Christian people living in first-century Asia Minor, you must take into account the Roman imperial cult. There's simply no way around it. The cult itself presented clear challenges to early Christians. But what do I mean by ''imperial cult''?
    • For starters, Roman emperors were often deified after they died, becoming ''gods'' for Roman citizens to worship. For example, after Julius Caesar died, he was deified. His adopted son, Augustus, took for himself the title ''son of god.'' 2 The logic was simple. If his father became ''god,'' then he got to be called, well, you guessed it: ''son of god.''
    • Though it was true an emperor would be deified after he died, many Greeks living in various cities throughout the eastern parts of the empire jumped the gun; they would worship the Roman emperor while he was still alive. 3 It is interesting to note that this was true of Ephesus (just like the letter to the Ephesians). 4 The city of Pergamum, too, had long been a hotbed for imperial worship. 5 Smyrna needs to be thrown into the mix as well. 6 The list goes on. In fact, this was also true of the other four cities to which John directed his letter. 7
    • The more despotic emperors of the first century sought to be recognized as gods while they were still living. Nero was one such emperor; Domitian was another. 8 Suetonius, the well-known ancient historian, says Domitian demanded to be addressed as both ''Lord and God'' (Suetonius, Dom. 13). The situation was such that Domitian was ''everywhere hated and feared'' (Dom. 14).
    • Keep in mind that most scholars believe Revelation was written during the reign of one of these two tyrants. Either way, if you were a Christian, you very well might have been plagued with angst, fear, and uncertainty. After all, Nero was infamous for murdering his own mother, as well as killing innocent Christians by turning them into tar-covered human candles to light up the night. Suetonius tells a story of how Domitian once wined and dined his palace steward, lavishing on him kindness and generosity. Then the next day Domitian had him crucified. Why? Simply because he could (Dom. 11).
    • It is perhaps understandable, then, why other ancient texts came to refer to Nero and Domitian as a ''beast.'' This is documented in places like Pliny's Panegyricus, the Sybilline Oracles, and Vita Apollonii. 9 I'd say the shoe fits.
    • ''666'': The Number of the BeastYears ago, I remember hearing how some had taken President Reagan to be the end times ''beast.'' The reasoning went like this. When you take his full name, Ronald Wilson Reagan, you can see how each name contains exactly six letters. No wave of the wand or hat-trick was needed to see how that dreaded, mysterious number was embedded in the president's name. To say this is silly is an understatement. (How odd that John wrote in such a way that only a person who was familiar with both the English language and modern American politics could rightly interpret his message!) In order to avoid embarrassing interpretations like this one (and similar ones that seem to prevail in 2020), we must deal with the text's original context. Again, you can't simply jump to modern application without dealing with the historical context.
    • Scholars often associate ''the number of the beast'' with Nero Caesar. There's actually good reason for doing so. For instance, we know from Suetonius that many people were at the time toying with the numerical values of Nero's name (Nero 39). This practice, known as gematria, took a letter of the alphabet and assigned it an equivalent number. So, for example, in the case of Greek, the first letter alpha would be given the number one. The second letter beta would be understood as two, and so on. When you take Nero's name (Neron Kaisar) and transliterate it into Hebrew, the result is the number of the beast: 666. 10
    • The Image of the BeastRecall that in Revelation ''the mark of the beast'' is tied closely to the worship of the beast's image (Rev. 13:15; 20:4). Since we have a pretty good idea about the identity of the beast, is there any other historical data we could look to that would link the worship of the beast's image with the worship of Caesar's image? Again, the answer is yes. From the writings of Pliny, for example, we learn how professing Christians' faith were put to the test by having them worship the image of Caesar (Pliny, Letters, 10:96-97). 11
    • The emperor's image was everywhere, especially on coins. Modern folks are used to this. In my country, images of former national leaders are on our money. But Rome was slightly different. Caesar's image would be on coins along with his claim to divinity. Quite literally, the emperor's boast that he was in some way ''divine'' was etched (dare I say marked?) on money, decrees, and the like. One scholar observes that, ''One could do little in commerce . . . without handling such a 'mark,' because allusions to the emperor's divinity appeared on many coins and even shipping bills and other documents.'' 12 During this time period, involvement in local economies would have often required some sort of participation in pagan worship. For example, trade guilds often had feasts that centered around the worship of idols. If you were part of the guild, then your participation in these feasts would have been compulsory'--that is, only if you wanted to be able to buy and sell. 13
    • Buying and SellingWhat, then, can we conclude about that ''buy/sell passage''? When it comes to the beast, his mark, and the worship of the beast's image, the historical data seems to be pointing us in one direction: It's simply a reference to how the imperial cult impacted one's participation in the local economy. If the ''mark'' is an allusion to the emperor's claim to divinity (symbolized on Roman coins, statues, images, etc.), then a person in the first century could genuinely be said to ''take the mark of the beast'' by participating in the economy at the expense of their faith in Jesus. That last part is key. In other words, at certain times and in certain locations in the empire, the only way to be a good-standing citizen would have been to simply curse Christ and worship Caesar's image (see again Pliny, Letters, 10:96-97). Again, this would have been a particular problem for Christians in Asia Minor. They would often find it impossible to make a living and worship Christ exclusively.
    • Of course, a person could respond by saying, ''Yes, but the text says the 'mark' is placed on the 'right hand or the forehead.' Does this not therefore necessarily imply a physical mark?'' The answer is no. Craig Keener offers helpful thoughts on this point. He notes how ''the mark of the beast'' in Rev. 13 acts as a parallel to the ''seal'' that is placed on the foreheads of Christians in Rev. 7:3-4. This ''seal'' actually has an Old Testament basis, namely, in Ezekiel 9, where a ''mark'' was said to have been placed on the foreheads of God's people (Ez. 9:1-6). Keener also points to another Jewish text of the period (known as the Psalms of Solomon) that describes a mark placed on evil people. He observes how the two marks in Ezekiel and the Psalms of Solomon are clearly ''symbolic . . . visible only to God and his angels, not to people.'' 14 And so it is quite reasonable to conclude that the mark of the beast, like the seal of the Lamb, is also symbolic.
    • So is the Vaccine the 666 Mark of the Beast?Growing up, I never heard any of this stuff. I reckon that most people in my evangelical tradition haven't either. But without all the background information, people are being tossed to and fro by endless speculations and fears. Sadly, some people'--many of them sincere Christians'--are terrified that they will be forced to take the mark of the beast (no, it's not Bill Gates) in the near future. Could it be the vaccine? Is it a computer chip? What if I get tricked into taking it?
    • With these questions in mind, let me offer a few remarks about modern-day application. First, the historical data does not permit us to think the ''mark of the beast'' is something you can accidentally take. It's a mark of loyalty and worship, which requires full cognitive and heart-felt awareness of what you are doing (otherwise it's not worship). If there is some future mark imposed on people by some nefarious person, then to take that mark, you'll know exactly what you are doing'--namely, cursing Christ and pledging devotion to his enemy. Scripture and other ancient writings from that timeperiod point us in this direction and, quite frankly, there isn't much leeway on this point (although you can debate me in the comments, if you wish).
    • Second, be careful and wise with how you apply these texts. Let me give an example. Right now, in my own country (and it's been this way for a long time), a person might find it very tricky and difficult to operate within our local economies without a government-issued social security number. Let me be as clear as I possibly can about this: There is no biblical reason to think that accepting government-mandated social security numbers is the equivalent of taking the mark of the beast. Whatever the current issue may be (vaccines, SSN, chip implants, SIM cards, etc), we need to be careful about confusing our personal and/or political convictions with the meaning of a biblical text. Some public policy ideas are good; some are terrible. But either way, unless ''They'' require you to forsake your faith in Jesus as the exclusive object of your worship, They have no relation to the mark of the beast. Again, given what we know about the historical context of these biblical texts, the ''mark of the beast'' must be tied back into worship if it is to be applied properly.
    • To take all of these things into account allows a much-needed moratorium on all the pointless anxiety and fear-mongering. The message of Revelation beckons us away from angst and worry. It bids us to gaze upon the slain Lamb'--to worship him with loyalty, devotion, and commitment. Let's make Christ our focus, not endless speculations that, at the end of the day, have very little to do with the message of Revelation.
    • *Correction: An earlier version of this post stated that the Senate had a bill before it, when it is the House of Representatives.
    • Comments? Leave them below. Also be sure to read Dr. Halsted's earlier article, Covid-19 and the Mark of the Beast.
    • Share on Facebook. Share on Google+ I recently saw somebody construct a numerology from the word ''COVID'' that goes something like this:C = 3
    • O = 15
    • R = 18
    • O = 15
    • N = 14
    • A = 1
    • 6 66
    • Floyd O. Parker, '''Our Lord and God' in Rev 4,11: Evidence for the Late Date of Revelation,'' Biblica 82, no. 2 (2001): 213''14. Craig S. Keener, Revelation (The NIV Application Commentary; Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 37. See again Parker, '''Our Lord and God,''' 213''14. See also Tae Hun Kim ''The Anarthrous Yios Theou in Mark 15,39 and the Roman Imperial Cult.'' Biblica 79, no. 2 (1998): 221''241. Mark Wilson, ''The Early Christians in Ephesus and the Date of Revelation, Again,'' Neotestamenica 39, no. 1 (2005): 171. Duane Warden, ''Imperial Persecution and the Dating of 1 Peter and Revelation,'' JETS 34, no. 2 (June 1991): 211. Keener, Revelation, 37-38. On Nero, see Wilson, ''The Early Christians,'' 177''78. On Domitian, see Warden, ''Imperial Persecution,'' 207''8. Even taking into account Warden's cautions about overplaying Domitian's claims to divinity with respect to the dating of Revelation, his conclusions are still insightful. See also Keener, Revelation, 37. Wilson, ''The Early Christians,'' 185. See how the values work in Wilson, ''The Early Christians,'' 184. For a helpful introduction to ''666,'' I recommend Keener, Revelation, 354''56. Keener, Revelation, 351. Keener, Revelation, 352. Keener, Revelation, 353. Keener, Revelation, 353.
  • All Info - H.Res.666 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives on the ratification of the United Nations Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress
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    • Back to this bill
    • Tracker:This bill has the status Introduced
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    • IntroducedArray( [actionDate] => 2019-10-30 [displayText] => Introduced in House [externalActionCode] => 1000 [description] => Introduced [chamberOfAction] => House)
    • Agreed to in HouseThere is 1 version of this bill. View text
    • Click the check-box to add or remove the section, click the text link to scroll to that section. TitlesTitles Actions Overview All Actions Cosponsors CommitteesCommittees Related Bills SubjectsSubjects Latest SummaryLatest Summary All SummariesAll Summaries
    • Titles (1) Official Titles Official Title as IntroducedExpressing the sense of the House of Representatives on the ratification of the United Nations Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
    • Committees (1)Committees, subcommittees and links to reports associated with this bill are listed here, as well as the nature and date of committee activity and Congressional report number.
    • Committee / Subcommittee Date Activity Reports House Foreign Affairs10/30/2019 Referred to Latest Summary (1)Shown Here: Introduced in House (10/30/2019) This resolution expresses the sense that the Senate should give its advice and consent to the ratification of the United Nations Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
    • All Summaries (1)Shown Here: Introduced in House (10/30/2019) This resolution expresses the sense that the Senate should give its advice and consent to the ratification of the United Nations Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
  • Rubella | German Measles | Home | CDC
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    • Rubella is a contagious disease caused by a virus. Most people who get rubella usually have a mild illness, with symptoms that can include a low-grade fever, sore throat, and a rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body. Rubella can cause a miscarriage or serious birth defects in a developing baby if a woman is infected while she is pregnant. The best protection against rubella is MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) vaccine.
    • The best protection against rubella is the MMR (measles-mumps-and rubella) vaccine. Most people who get MMR vaccine will be protected against rubella.
    • Pregnant women who get rubella can have a miscarriage. Also, their babies can have birth defects, such as
    • heart problemsloss of hearing or eyesightintellectual disabilitiesliver or spleen damageIn 2015, the Pan American Health Organization of the World Health Organization announced that the Americas region is the world's first region to eliminate rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) external icon . In the United States, rubella and CRS were declared eliminated in 2004. That means the disease is no longer spread year-round in the Americas region or the United States.
    • However, rubella is still common in other parts of the world. People can get the disease in other countries and bring it home. That's why it's important for people to be up to date on their MMR vaccinations.
  • Unintended victims of Gates Foundation generosity - Los Angeles Times
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    • A neighbor shaved Matsepang Nyoba's head with an antiquated razor. Blood beaded on her scalp. Tears trickled down her cheeks, but not because of the pain. She was in mourning, and this was a ritual.
    • Two days earlier, her newborn baby girl had died in the roach-infested maternity ward of Queen Elizabeth II, a crumbling sprawl that is the largest hospital in Lesotho, a mountainous nation of 2.1 million people surrounded by South Africa.
    • Nyoba, 30, whose given name means ''mother, have hope,'' has AIDS. But that is not what killed her baby daughter, Mankuebe.
    • Nyoba owes her own life to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which has given $8.5 billion to global health causes. Through its grantees, including the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the foundation underwrites, inspires or directs major efforts to prevent, cure or treat those diseases. The fund pays for Nyoba's costly AIDS medicine.
    • But when she gave birth on a recent Sunday morning, her baby was suffering from a different kind of distress. The infant was limp and barely breathing. A nurse rushed her to the nursery, packed with sick babies, some two to a crib. Jury-rigged stethoscope tubes let six of the babies share lifesaving oxygen from a single valve.
    • There was no oxygen tube for Mankuebe. She asphyxiated for lack of a second valve. It would have cost $35.
    • The hospital, with no staff to move Mankuebe's remains to the morgue, placed her body on a shelf near the delivery room while her father arranged for burial. The tiny corpse was swaddled in a baby blanket. A handwritten death notice was stuck to the blanket with a used hypodermic needle.
    • The Gates Foundation, endowed by the personal fortunes of the Microsoft Corp. chairman, his wife and Berkshire Hathaway Inc. Chairman Warren E. Buffett, has given $650 million to the Global Fund. But the oxygen valve fell outside the priorities of the fund's grants to Lesotho.
    • Every day, nurses say, one or two babies at the hospital die as Mankuebe did -- bypassed in a place where AIDS overshadows other concerns.
    • Mixed effects
    • The Gates Foundation has targeted AIDS, TB and malaria because of their devastating health and economic effects in sub-Saharan Africa. But a Times investigation has found that programs the foundation has funded, including those of the Global Fund and the GAVI Alliance, which finances vaccines, have had mixed influences on key measures of societal health:
    • * By pouring most contributions into the fight against such high-profile killers as AIDS, Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care. The resulting staff shortages have abandoned many children of AIDS survivors to more common killers: birth sepsis, diarrhea and asphyxia.
    • * The focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation, undermining the effectiveness of the foundation's grants. Many AIDS patients have so little food that they vomit their free AIDS pills. For lack of bus fare, others cannot get to clinics that offer lifesaving treatment.
    • * Gates-funded vaccination programs have instructed caregivers to ignore -- even discourage patients from discussing -- ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent. This is especially harmful in outposts where a visit to a clinic for a shot is the only contact some villagers have with healthcare providers for years.
    • The Gates Foundation's largest grants for healthcare in Africa go to two organizations: the Global Fund and Geneva-based GAVI. The foundation formed GAVI and has given it $1.5 billion of more than $1.8 billion it has donated for vaccination programs. The Gates Foundation holds a seat on each group's board of directors and helps determine their policies and priorities.
    • Because of the generosity of the foundation and other donors, millions of children have been protected against scourges such as malaria and measles -- and AIDS deaths in much of Africa are finally leveling off. Dr. Mphu K. Ramatlapeng, Lesotho's health minister, echoed health authorities worldwide when she said this would have been impossible ''if it were not for the money from Bill Gates.''
    • But because of the overwhelming nature of AIDS, wartime disruptions and poor governance in some nations -- and because of the priorities of global health groups, including GAVI and the Global Fund -- key measures of societal health have stalled at appalling levels or worsened.
    • Dr. Peter Poore, a pediatrician who has worked in Africa for three decades, is a former Global Fund board member and consultant to GAVI (formerly the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization). He says they and other donors provide crucial help but overstate the impact of their programs. ''They can also do dangerous things,'' he said. ''They can be very disruptive to health systems -- the very things they claim they are trying to improve.''
    • In a recent editorial on the Global Fund, the British medical journal the Lancet Infectious Diseases wrote: ''Many believe that its tight remit is increasingly becoming a strait jacket.''
    • Joe McCannon, vice president of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, a U.S.-based nongovernmental aid organization, or NGO, with operations in Africa, said, ''You have to ask: 'Net, are we having a positive effect?' It's a haunting question.''
    • The Global Fund, GAVI and the Gates Foundation say that pockets of success in several African nations have shown that their approaches are sound and that in time overall health across the continent will improve.
    • ''The Global Fund is very young,'' having started in 2002, said its director, Dr. Michel Kazatchkine, a French physician who formerly led France's National Agency for AIDS Research. To see decades of neglect reversed, ''wait for two or three more years,'' he said.
    • Bill and Melinda Gates referred questions to Dr. Tadataka Yamada, president of the Gates Foundation's global health program. Yamada, a leading gastroenterologist and former research director at the drug company GlaxoSmithKline, said African nations themselves must do more to improve public health. They should spend less on weapons and more on doctors before they demand increased assistance, he said.
    • ''We're a catalyzer. What we can't do is fill the gaps in government budgets,'' Yamada said. ''It's not sustainable.''
    • Brain drain
    • During Mankuebe Nyoba's short life, no doctor was available in the maternity ward at ''Queen II.'' That was normal. Fifteen babies were born overnight. Those babies, 110 mothers and other infants were cared for by three nurse-midwives. That was normal.
    • One woman, Limpho Jobo, 24, lay on a bed screaming as the harried midwives cared for others. Suddenly, Jobo slid off the bed onto the bare floor. At that moment, her baby was born. Jobo's eyes rolled back.
    • Somehow, she and the baby survived.
    • After so frantic a night, no one at the hospital told Matsepang Nyoba or her husband why their baby had died. Suspicions were etched on Peo Nyoba's face. ''When we first arrived . . . . [Matsepang] was already in labor, but it took a long time before we were served . . . ,'' he said. ''It is not quite clear what really happened afterward. The way I see it, [the death] could have been avoided.''
    • Sub-Saharan African nations face desperate shortages of doctors and nurses. Some clinicians, including nurses and doctors, have died of AIDS -- in some cases caused when they were accidentally stuck with used needles. More than a dozen nurses interviewed throughout Lesotho said they would leave as soon as possible for safer, better-paying jobs in South Africa or Europe.
    • The narrow approach of the Global Fund and other aid groups compounds the problem, according to global health experts and African officials.
    • Ramatlapeng, the health minister, said her nation faced a conundrum. Donors won't help finance higher salaries for basic health workers. Yet the same groups refuse requests for other types of aid, citing concern that funds would not be spent effectively because of a dearth of staff.
    • The Global Fund pays for salary increases for clinicians who provide antiretroviral drug therapy, known as ART, for HIV/AIDS patients. Doctors and nurses move into AIDS care to receive these raises, creating a brain drain.
    • ''All over the country, people are furious about incentives for ART staff,'' said Rachel M. Cohen, mission chief in Lesotho for Doctors Without Borders, which operates health facilities in partnership with the government.
    • Because of the brain drain, responsibilities for education, triage and low-level nursing pass down to lay people, particularly in rural areas that rarely if ever see a clinician. In much of Africa, task-shifting is the key response to staff shortages.
    • ''But there are limits,'' Cohen said. ''Some things shouldn't be done by lay people.''
    • The situation is as bad or worse elsewhere in Africa.
    • In Rwanda, nurses often earn $50 to $100 a month if paid from a clinic's standard budget. They work beside Global Fund-supported nurses who earn $175 to $200 a month.
    • Florence Mukakabano, head nurse at the Central Hospital of Kigali, the capital of Rwanda, said she loses many of her staff nurses to United Nations agencies, NGOs and the hospital's own Global Fund-supported AIDS program.
    • The health personnel shortage in Africa could cost billions of dollars to fix. But in a small country such as Lesotho, major changes could be made for a fraction of the $59 million already committed by the Global Fund, Ramatlapeng said. With $7 million annually, she could raise the pay of every government health professional by two-thirds, sufficient to retain most of them.
    • In some cases, salary increases targeted to certain types of care ''may have had a distorting effect,'' Kazatchkine acknowledged. But the AIDS crisis justifies such dislocations, he said. ''We are a global fund for AIDS, TB and malaria. We are not a global fund that funds local health.''
    • He emphasized a key principle of the Global Fund: If the group took over from weak or inept governments, the result would be worse, because African countries would never develop their own expertise.
    • Botswana offers an example of how a special Gates initiative, narrowly applied to a specific disease, may have disrupted other healthcare.
    • In 2000, the Gates Foundation joined with the drug firm Merck & Co. and chose Botswana as a test case for a $100-million effort to prove that mass AIDS treatment and prevention could succeed in Africa.
    • Botswana is a well-governed, stable democracy with a small population and a relatively high living standard, but one of the highest HIV infection rates in the world.
    • By 2005, health expenditures per capita in Botswana, boosted by the Gates donations, were six times the average for Africa and 21 times the amount spent in Rwanda.
    • Deaths from AIDS fell sharply.
    • But AIDS prevention largely failed. HIV continued to spread at an alarming pace. A quarter of all adults were infected in 2003, and the rate was still that high in 2005, according to the U.N. Program on HIV/AIDS. In a 2005 survey, just one in 10 adults could say how to prevent sexual transmission of HIV, despite education programs.
    • Meanwhile, the rate of pregnancy-related maternal deaths nearly quadrupled and the child mortality rate rose dramatically. Despite improvements in AIDS treatment, life expectancy in Botswana rose just marginally, from 41.1 years in 2000 to 41.5 years in 2005.
    • Dean Jamison, a health economist who was editor of Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, a Gates Foundation-funded reference book, blamed the pressing needs of Botswana's AIDS patients. But he added that the Gates Foundation effort, with its tight focus on the epidemic, may have contributed to the broader health crisis by drawing the nation's top clinicians away from primary care and child health.
    • ''They have an opportunity to double or triple their salaries by working on AIDS,'' Jamison said. ''Maybe the health ministry replaces them, maybe not.
    • ''But if so, it is usually with less competent people.''
    • Yamada, the Gates Foundation official, said research was needed to determine whether ''vertical'' aid, such as the foundation's Botswana program, had contributed to brain drain and higher mortality.
    • To bolster basic healthcare in Africa, he proposed that universities in rich nations help found medical schools on the continent. And he challenged African nations to spend at least 15% of gross domestic product on health.
    • As of 2004, only 13 countries worldwide spent as much as 10%, and only one African country, Malawi, is among them.
    • Yamada said the foundation had asked Botswana to focus more on AIDS prevention -- including circumcision, which can reduce susceptibility to HIV.
    • ''I don't know what to do there, frankly,'' to reduce unsafe sex, short of ''changing the hearts and minds of the people,'' he said.
    • Issues of food and health
    • Malerotholi moleko says her problem is not AIDS. Thanks to the Global Fund, she gets medicine.
    • Her problems are transportation to a clinic to get her free AIDS pills, and hunger, which makes many patients vomit them.
    • ''After I've taken the pills, my appetite becomes bigger, and I don't have the food,'' Moleko said, hoisting her niece's baby on her back in a colorful blanket. It is the way women in the mountains of Lesotho carry their children and stay warm.
    • Moleko, 41, whose husband died of TB in 2004, supports eight children by doing laundry for neighbors. Four are hers, and four are from a niece who died of AIDS. For her own AIDS treatment, Moleko travels to Maseru from her home village of Sefikeng, about a 30-minute ride. The bus costs $3.25 -- more than the average daily wage for domestic servants.
    • After a recent trip to the clinic, Moleko walked home from the bus stop through steep, rugged pastures. In parts of Lesotho and Rwanda, patients must walk for as long as nine hours to reach the nearest clinics. Sometimes, Moleko said, she barely makes it. Many don't make it at all.
    • On most days Moleko's family eats only pappa, cornmeal mush. When possible, she adds a few wild greens from the rocky soil. Pellagra, a nutritional disease that can lead to dementia and death, is common here.
    • The Global Fund has used Gates Foundation money and other support to finance AIDS treatment for 1.1 million people and TB treatment for 2.8 million, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa.
    • ''The clinics,'' Moleko said, ''don't have what we need: food.''
    • Eyes brimming with tears of frustration, Majubilee Mathibeli, the nurse at Queen II hospital who gives Moleko her pills, said four out of five of her patients ate fewer than three meals a day.
    • ''Most of them,'' she said, ''are dying of hunger.''
    • In recent interviews in Lesotho and Rwanda, many patients described hunger so brutal that nausea prevented them from keeping their anti-AIDS pills down.
    • Mathibeli is grateful to the Global Fund for its AIDS grants but said the fund was out of touch. ''They have their computers in nice offices and are comfortable,'' she said, nervous about speaking bluntly. But ''they are not coming down to our level. We've got to tell the truth so something will be done.''
    • The Global Fund provides food for AIDS patients and their families, but only for a few months. When the food runs out, the hunger returns.
    • At that point, said Epiphanie Nizane, a lay counselor in Rwinkwavu, a village in eastern Rwanda, many women with AIDS turn to prostitution.
    • ''The Haitians have a saying: Giving a patient medicine without food is like washing your hands and drying them in the dirt,'' said Dr. Jennifer Furin, the Lesotho director for Partners in Health, a Boston-based NGO. ''You're consigning that person to death because they are poor.''
    • Partners in Health gives 10 months' worth of food to AIDS patients, their families and others who need it. The practice has put the group at odds with government officials who fear an endless cycle of dependence.
    • The imbalance between needs and Global Fund priorities is even more pronounced in Rwanda, where the AIDS problem is far less severe than in Lesotho or Botswana.
    • In Rwanda, only about 3% of adults are infected. But Dr. Innocent Nyaruhirira, minister of state for HIV/AIDS, said more than 50% of Rwanda's health budget, mostly from the Global Fund and other international sources, was designated for AIDS.
    • From 2000 to 2005, Rwanda's health budget increased dramatically due to foreign donations -- and deaths from AIDS and AIDS-linked TB dropped.
    • But despite the aid and strong national leadership, measures of health most dependent on the strength of the nation's overall system of clinics, hospitals and clinicians showed less encouraging results.
    • TB overall, and TB deaths among patients without HIV, rose dramatically. Child mortality -- mostly from diarrhea, sepsis and other killers rather than from AIDS, stalled at about one death in every five or six live births. Maternal mortality fell slightly, but remained at one of the highest rates in the world.
    • ''Health delivery systems in Africa are now weaker and more fragmented than they were 10 years ago,'' said a 2006 report commissioned by the Global Fund and the World Bank. The weakening has been ''exacerbated as the Global Fund and other programs now promote universal access to [AIDS] treatment.''
    • To turn this around, the report concluded, the Global Fund needs help from the World Bank to ''provide the human support needed to balance the massive financial contribution.''
    • Using the most authoritative available data, maternal and child mortality and life expectancy show no statistical relationship -- for better or worse -- to Global Fund grants or to overall Gates Foundation spending in Africa.
    • Key health measures in countries that received less money per capita have been just as likely to improve or decline as in countries that received more money, according to data from the World Health Organization, World Bank and UNICEF.
    • Mosilo Motene, the chief nurse at Queen II, expressed frustration with the Global Fund and other donors whose grants don't supply basic needs such as oxygen valves or 3-cent gloves to protect nurses from the AIDS virus. ''Conditions are going from bad to worse,'' she said, ''despite what is given.''
    • Pregnancy-related deaths often have been the highest in nations where most aid has gone to treat AIDS, TB and malaria, said Dr. Francis Omaswa, special advisor for human resources at the WHO. ''People find it easier to talk about AIDS, about malaria.''
    • Donations ''could be five times more beneficial,'' Omaswa said, if they better supported health systems.
    • ''Who chose the human right of universal treatment of AIDS over other human rights?'' asked economist William Easterly, co-director of the New York University Development Research Institute, in his book ''The White Man's Burden.'' He added: ''A nonutopian approach would make the tough choices to spend foreign aid resources in a way that reached the most people with their most urgent needs.''
    • The Global Fund has given 1% of its funds to strengthening overall health systems directly and says that almost half of its AIDS money goes for training, monitoring and evaluation, and administration -- indirectly strengthening basic healthcare.
    • In Rwanda, the Global Fund money has added buildings, refrigerators and power to rural clinics, supported universal health insurance and subsidized cellphones for lay health workers. In addition, some HIV/AIDS nurses whose salaries are paid for by the fund provide care for other ailments as well.
    • But benefits take time to trickle down. ''Everyone agrees to subscribe to fairy tales about how investments in this or that top-down mandate will lead to collateral benefits elsewhere,'' said Robert Steinglass, a 30-year global health veteran and now technical director of Immunizationbasics, a U.S.-funded project that operates in three African nations.
    • ''But much of the rhetoric is bogus,'' he said.
    • Should the Global Fund underwrite essentials such as food, exam gloves and oxygen valves? ''Yes, yes, yes,'' Kazatchkine, the director, said. ''Should, could, will,''
    • Last month, the fund invited new proposals for health systems support.
    • But the support had to directly attack AIDS, TB or malaria. In general, Kazatchkine said, health systems and food must be each government's responsibility, with the fund playing ''a catalytic role.'' The Global Fund ''cannot resolve all the problems of all the people.''
    • Yamada at the Gates Foundation called sustainable food supplies central to the foundation's strategy. It has a large research and development program to improve agriculture in Africa and has donated $70 million to the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, which uses market-based approaches to feed developing nations, including seven in sub-Saharan Africa. It also plans to boost research and development for early-childhood nutrition.
    • ''We want to have something that has a lasting impact,'' he said, ''for the countries to be able to support themselves.''
    • Beyond vaccinations
    • Unintended consequences also are a problem in vaccination drives.
    • Mamoraturoa Polaki trekked for hours down rocky paths to the mountain village of Semongkong, near the center of Lesotho, to get her son Huku, 2, a measles shot.
    • The boy was small, frail.
    • His shot was part of a vaccination drive that included vitamin A and deworming medicine. It was supported by the GAVI Alliance and managed by UNICEF, which has received $68 million from the Gates Foundation.
    • Thanks to such support, measles deaths in Africa have fallen about 90% since 2000. Indeed, measles was not Polaki's main concern. She was worried about Huku's frailty. Was it a sign of malnutrition?
    • Or was it something worse? Her husband has AIDS. She had tested negative for HIV. But what about the boy? Polaki could not get any answers. Nor did the clinic offer AIDS tests.
    • Most nurses would not talk about such things. Visitors were admonished not to discuss ailments other than measles. It might scare patients away.
    • At the very least, UNICEF said, such talk could slow down vaccination lines.
    • Polaki, however, was joined by many in her concerns. All of the six mothers and six nurses interviewed by a Times reporter volunteered deep worry about hunger, TB or AIDS.
    • The lack of AIDS tests seemed perverse given that free AIDS testing and treatment are widely available in Lesotho thanks largely to the Gates Foundation.
    • One nurse, Nthekelong Motsoane, mindful that mountain trails become impassible in winter or during bad weather, had tried to get authorities to piggyback other services onto the vaccination drive.
    • She was unsuccessful.
    • After their vaccinations, some patients left with their worst diseases unaddressed.
    • The GAVI vaccination day at Semongkong typified the narrow, paternalistic health programs seen throughout Africa, said Furin, the Lesotho director for Partners in Health. ''These [patients] are people who haven't seen a doctor in five years. Should they be satisfied with just a vaccination? I wouldn't be for my kids.
    • ''When powerful organizations like UNICEF say, 'Keep it simple or the people will run screaming from the room,' what do you think the ministry of health will say?'' Furin said. ''They are completely dependent on the big international agencies.''
    • As successful as vaccination drives have been in curbing targeted diseases, 2006 data, the most recent available, show a paradoxical relationship between GAVI funding in Africa and child mortality. Overall, child mortality improved more often in nations that received smaller than average GAVI grants per capita. In seven nations that received greater than average funding, child mortality rates worsened.
    • To be sure, malaria, wartime disruption and the relentlessness of AIDS play a big role. Restrictive health programs are to blame, as well, where they turn a blind eye to malnutrition and largely neglected diseases, such as diarrhea and pneumonia.
    • UNICEF supports health systems but discourages general screening during immunization drives, said Dr. Peter Salama, chief of the agency's health section. ''There is a risk of health workers raising expectations and [not] being able to deliver'' and of ''overburdening the campaign and getting poorer [vaccine] coverage.''
    • Dr. Julian Lob-Levyt, chief executive of GAVI, said his group disagreed with that approach and was committed to integrating general maternal-child health into vaccine drives. ''Some of these campaigns are so focused on their own results,'' he said, ''that maybe they don't see the bigger picture.''
    • Lob-Levyt predicted that UNICEF and other aid groups would move rapidly in the direction of more integrated efforts. ''We should be spending in all areas, in treatment and prevention,'' he said. ''It isn't . . . a zero-sum game.''
    • Eleven months ago, in response to demands by recipient governments, GAVI created a $500-million fund to expand its approach by improving general health delivery and training, as well as immunization services.
    • The program is designed for ''broader, integrated child survival,'' Lob-Levyt said. ''We're learning as we go.''
    • But he defended GAVI's vaccine emphasis, saying that research had shown that preventing one disease improved overall survival.
    • Vaccinations, widely seen as cost-effective, numbered more than 15 million in five years against measles, diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis, and 99 million against hepatitis B, yellow fever and hemophilus influenza B, which causes meningitis.
    • Bill Gates told CNBC earlier this year that GAVI vaccinations had ''saved several million lives.''
    • But experts in global vaccination programs said such claims were hard to validate because so many children in developing nations die of conditions for which no vaccine exists.
    • According to GAVI's website, most of the vaccinations were for prevention of hepatitis B, which can cause cancer and liver failure.
    • The vaccine was widely used, Lob-Levyt said, because it could be offered rapidly at reasonable cost. Hepatitis B, however, rarely kills children, and many African children die of other ailments long before the vaccine could have saved them.
    • ''You can't say any life was saved until they are older,'' said William Muraskin, a professor of urban studies at the City University of New York and author of a book about GAVI.
    • Citing a recent study in the Lancet, Yamada agreed that rates of child mortality in much of Africa had been flat to worse due to such problems as diarrhea, malaria and pneumonia.
    • ''We can't rest on our laurels,'' he said. ''The low-hanging fruit didn't necessarily have the outcome that we would have hoped.''
    • The foundation is supporting research on vaccines against pneumonia and diarrheal illnesses. If these become available, he said, ''you'll start to see an impact on child mortality that may be the next phase of GAVI's success story.''
    • The failure to support basic care as comprehensively as vaccines and research is a blind spot for the Gates Foundation, said Paul Farmer, recipient of a John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation fellowship, and founder of Partners in Health, which has received Gates Foundation funds for research and training.
    • ''It doesn't surprise me that as someone who has made his fortune on developing a novel technology, Bill Gates would look for magic bullets'' in vaccines and medicines, Farmer said. ''But if we don't have a solid delivery system, this work will be thwarted.
    • ''That's something that's going to be hard for the big foundations,'' he said. ''They treat tuberculosis. They don't treat poverty.''
    • Still, Farmer, who knows the Gateses, said they had a deep personal commitment to understanding and addressing the needs of developing countries. He said he expected the Gates Foundation to increase its support for health delivery systems.
    • Yamada called delivery of care ''a key strategic issue for us.'' The foundation will not provide care, he said, but has begun to study regulation, financing and how markets can improve delivery.
    • ''What we do is we catalyze'' -- develop tools to help governments improve, he said. ''We are not replacement mothers.''
    • charles.piller@latimes.com
    • doug.smith@latimes.com
    • Piller reported from Lesotho, Rwanda, Switzerland and Seattle; Smith reported from Los Angeles. Times staff writer Edmund Sanders, staff photographer Francine Orr, data analyst Sandra Poindexter and researcher Maloy Moore contributed to this report.

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• Music in this Episode
  • Intro: Wu Tang Killa Bees - Bastards 13 seconds
  • Outro: New Birth - Honey Bee 15 seconds

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