• Moe Factz with Adam Curry for April 3d 2021, Episode number 61

• "Mark My Words"

• Description
  • Adam and Moe Touch the third rail

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• Big Baller
  • Jackie Greene

• Executive Producers:
  • Jackie Greene
  • phillip ballou
  • Colin Preston
  • Christopher Di Biase
  • Gretchen Wittig
  • Buddy Arceneaux
  • David Roll
  • Reanne Furney
  • Andy Benz

• Associate Executive Producers:
  • Collin
  • Jennifer Buchanan
  • DANNY SHADIX
  • Connor Lawrence
  • Janae Ervin
  • Joshua marmino
  • brian burgess
  • Thomas Starkweather
  • christopher heck

• Episode 61 Club Members
  • Jennifer Buchanan
  • DANNY SHADIX

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  • Florida mosquitoes: 750 million genetically modified insects to be released - BBC News
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    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 03 Apr 2021 19:29
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    • image copyright Getty Images
    • image caption The aim is to reduce the population of Aedes aegypti mosquitoesLocal officials in Florida have approved the release of 750 million mosquitoes that have been genetically modified to reduce local populations.
    • The aim is to reduce the number of mosquitoes that carry diseases like dengue or the Zika virus.
    • The green-lighting of a pilot project after years of debate drew a swift outcry from environmental groups, who warned of unintended consequences.
    • One group condemned the plan as a public "Jurassic Park experiment".
    • Activists warn of possible damage to ecosystems, and the potential creation of hybrid, insecticide-resistant mosquitoes.
    • But the company involved says there will be no adverse risk to humans or the environment, and points to a slate of government-backed studies.
    • The plan to release the mosquitoes in 2021 in the Florida Keys, a string of islands, comes months after the modified mosquitoes were approved by federal regulators.
    • In May, the US Environmental Agency granted permission to the British-based, US-operated company Oxitec to produce the genetically engineered, male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are known as OX5034.
    • Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are known to spread deadly diseases to humans such dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever.
    • image copyright Getty Images
    • image caption A biologist in Brazil releases mosquitoes to combat a Zika outbreakOnly female mosquitoes bite humans because they need blood to produce eggs. So the plan is to release the male, modified mosquitoes who will then hopefully breed with wild female mosquitoes.
    • However the males carry a protein that will kill off any female offspring before they reach mature biting age. Males, which only feed on nectar, will survive and pass on the genes.
    • Over time, the aim is to reduce the population of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the area and thereby reduce the spread of disease to humans.
    • On Tuesday, officials in the Florida Keys Mosquito Control District (FKMCD) gave final approval to release 750 million of the modified mosquitoes over a two-year period.
    • The plan has many critics, including nearly 240,000 people who signed a petition on Change.org slamming Oxitec's plan to use US states "as a testing ground for these mutant bugs".
    • According to Oxitec's website, the company has found positive results conducting field trials in Brazil. It also plans to deploy them in Texas beginning in 2021 and has gained federal approval, but not state or local approval, according to reports.
    • In a statement denouncing the project, environmental group Friends of the Earth said: "The release of genetically engineered mosquitoes will needlessly put Floridians, the environment and endangered species at risk in the midst of a pandemic."
    • But an Oxitec scientist told AP news agency: "We have released over a billion of our mosquitoes over the years. There is no potential for risk to the environment or humans".
    • The Aedes aegypti is invasive to southern Florida, and are commonly found in urban areas where they live in standing pools of water. In many areas, including the Florida Keys, they have developed a resistance to pesticides.
    • You might also be interested in:
    • media caption Why is this African village letting mosquitoes in?
  • Diary of a Mad Black Woman - Wikipedia
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    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 03 Apr 2021 19:01
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    • Diary of a Mad Black Woman is a 2005 romantic comedy-drama[2] film written by and starring Tyler Perry, which was inspired by the play of the same name. It is Perry's debut feature film, and the first entry in the Tyler Perry film franchise. Directed by Darren Grant, the film was released in the US on February 25, 2005. It is the only Tyler Perry scripted film not directed by Tyler Perry. It was filmed almost entirely in Fairburn, Georgia.
    • The sequel, Madea's Family Reunion, was released on February 24, 2006.
    • Plot [ edit ] Helen (Kimberly Elise) and Charles McCarter (Steve Harris) have money, success, and a fine home. Their lives are perfect '' on the surface. Charles, an attorney, is distant, verbally abusive, and has been having multiple affairs, while Helen is unemployed, bored at home, and desperately trying to make her marriage work. On the evening of their 18th wedding anniversary, Helen arrives home to find all her belongings in a U-Haul, and that Charles is kicking her out for Brenda (Lisa Marcos), his young mistress and the mother of his two sons.
    • Helen kicks the driver, Orlando (Shemar Moore), out of the truck and visits her intimidating grandmother, Madea (Tyler Perry). Madea takes Helen in and helps her get back on her feet, to the dismay of Madea's brother, Joe (also Tyler Perry). Joe's son, Brian (also Tyler Perry), acts as Madea and Helen's attorney after Charles and Brenda catch the pair breaking into and vandalizing Charles' mansion. Because Madea is a repeat offender, Judge Mablean Ephriam places her under house arrest and sets a $5,000 property or cash bond for Helen.
    • Brian kicks his addict wife, Debrah (Tamara Taylor), out of their home, causing him to have a strained relationship with his daughter, Tiffany (Tiffany Evans), who wants to join the church choir. Fearing that Tiffany will turn to drugs like her mother, Brian refuses until Madea convinces him otherwise, encouraging him to also fix his relationship with Debrah. Helen cultivates a relationship with Orlando. Meanwhile, career criminal Jamison Milton Jackson (Gary Anthony Sturgis) asks Charles to be his defense attorney in his trial for shooting an undercover cop during a drug deal and to possibly bribe the judge $300,000 to rule in his favor. This forces the revelation that Charles received most of his money through drug deals and buying off judges.
    • In court for divorce, Helen lets Charles keep all the money and property, provided he pay Brian's attorney fees and continue paying for her mother, Myrtle Jean's (Cicely Tyson) stay in a nursing home since he made her place her there; Charles agrees to both terms. In the shooting case, despite Charles' efforts, the jury finds Jamison guilty. As Jamison is being led out of the courtroom, he snatches the bailiff's gun and shoots Charles in the back for failing to get him acquitted.
    • Orlando proposes to Helen, but before she can respond, she sees the shooting on the news and goes to the hospital with Brian. They run into Brenda upon arriving. The doctor says Charles might be paralyzed for life and asks if they should resuscitate him if things deteriorate. Brenda chooses to let Charles perish, but Helen, still Charles's legal wife, tells the doctor to do everything they can for him.
    • Charles recovers, returns home with Helen, and resumes verbally abusing her, but Helen takes the opportunity to retaliate for years of neglect, verbal, and emotional abuse by not only physically humiliating him, but also by revealing that Brenda has emptied Charles' bank account during his hospitalization and left with their boys, and their maid, Christina, has left as well because Charles has no money to pay her. Additionally, Helen reveals all of Charles' friends, associates, and connections have abandoned him now that he has been left crippled and penniless.
    • Helen and Orlando argue when he learns she has moved back in with Charles to look after him, and he leaves angrily. Charles realizes his mistakes and apologizes to Helen, realizing that she was the only one who truly cared for him. He becomes a kinder man, while she helps him recover. He regains his ability to walk one day in church, where Debrah, now clean and sober after going into rehab, reconciles with Brian. Charles hopes to start over with Helen, but during a family dinner, she gives him her wedding ring and signed divorce papers and tells him she will always be his friend. She finds Orlando, asks him to propose again, and accepts when he does.
    • Cast [ edit ] Kimberly Elise as Helen Simmons-McCarterSteve Harris as Charles McCarterShemar Moore as OrlandoCicely Tyson as Myrtle SimmonsLisa Marcos as Brenda MarcosTamara Taylor as Debrah SimmonsTiffany Evans as Tiffany SimmonsTyler Perry as Mabel "Madea" Simmons, Uncle Joe Simmons, and Brian SimmonsGary Anthony Sturgis as Jamison Milton JacksonTamela Mann as Cora SimmonsChandra Currelley as herself (Chandra the club singer)Wilbur Fitzgerald as JudgeJudge Mablean Ephriam as herselfMusic [ edit ] The soundtrack was released by Motown Records on April 19, 2005.
    • Reception [ edit ] Critical response [ edit ] Professional film critics were mostly negative in their evaluation of Diary of a Mad Black Woman. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 16% based on 114 reviews. The site's consensus reads "Tyler Perry's successful play can't make the move to the screen; this mix of slapstick, melodrama and spirituality lacks a consistent tone."Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 36% based on reviews from 30 critics, which the site considers "generally unfavorable reviews".[3] Audience polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare "A+" grade, on a scale from A-F.[4]
    • Roger Ebert gave the film one out of four stars, arguing that the Madea character "is not remotely plausible [and] not merely wrong for the movie, but fatal to it." Ebert also wrote that Elise, Tyson and Harris offered effective performances and that "[t]here's a good movie buried beneath the bad one."[5]
    • Box office [ edit ] On its opening weekend, the film arrived at number 1 on the box office rankings, with takings of $21.9 million. The film grossed an estimated $50.6 million in the United States and Canada, with an additional $19,000 internationally, for an estimated worldwide total of $50.7 million.[1]
    • Controversy [ edit ] In early 2008, playwright Donna West filed suit against Perry, contending that he stole material from her 1991 play, Fantasy of a Black Woman. Veronica Lewis, Perry's attorney, said there was no need for her client to appropriate the work of others.[6]
    • On December 9, 2008, the case was tried before Judge Leonard Davis in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. The jury returned an 8''0 verdict in favor of Perry.[7]
    • Difference from the play [ edit ] [original research? ]
    • Helen and Charles have been married for 18 years in the movie, but in the play they were married for 20 years.In the play, during their divorce, Helen keeps the house and $2,000 a month, but in the movie he throws her out of the house with no money for herself.When Charles got paralyzed in the play, Helen didn't want to see him and said that he got what he deserved. In the movie, she and Brian went to see him.The characters in the play, Angelo, Willie, and Daddy Charles don't exist. Daddy Charles may exist but was put in a home prior to the movie. Joe and Miltred acted similarly.In the movie, Myrtle was put in a home prior to the movie, but in the play she hasn't been put in a home and she visits Helen now and then (due to her being played by Tamela Mann in the play version)In the play, Charles and Helen make amends and get back together after he heals from his injury and learns the error of his ways. In the movie, although she forgave him, they amicably split for good and she accepts Orlando's proposal. In the play, however, Orlando and Helen's relationship didn't grow as strong.Home video [ edit ] The film was released on DVD and VHS June 28, 2005 by Lions Gate Home Entertainment.
    • References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Official website Diary of a Mad Black Woman at IMDbDiary of a Mad Black Woman at Box Office Mojo
  • CRISPR - Wikipedia
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    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 03 Apr 2021 18:30
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    • This article is about the prokaryotic antiviral system. For the use in editing genes, see
    • CRISPR gene editing.
    • Family of DNA sequences found in prokaryotic organisms
    • Cascade (CRISPR-associated complex for antiviral defense)CRISPR Cascade protein (cyan) bound to CRISPR RNA (green) and phage DNA (red)
    • [1]Organism Escherichia coli SymbolCRISPRPDB4QYZCRISPR () (which is an acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea.[2] These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that had previously infected the prokaryote. They are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections. Hence these sequences play a key role in the antiviral (i.e. anti-phage) defense system of prokaryotes and provide a form of acquired immunity.[2][3][4][5] CRISPR are found in approximately 50% of sequenced bacterial genomes and nearly 90% of sequenced archaea.[6]
    • Diagram of the CRISPR prokaryotic antiviral defense mechanism
    • [7]Cas9 (or "CRISPR-associated protein 9") is an enzyme that uses CRISPR sequences as a guide to recognize and cleave specific strands of DNA that are complementary to the CRISPR sequence. Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences form the basis of a technology known as CRISPR-Cas9 that can be used to edit genes within organisms.[8] This editing process has a wide variety of applications including basic biological research, development of biotechnological products, and treatment of diseases.[9][10] The development of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique was recognized by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020 which was awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna.[11][12]
    • History [ edit ] Repeated sequences [ edit ] The discovery of clustered DNA repeats occurred independently in three parts of the world. The first description of what would later be called CRISPR is from Osaka University researcher Yoshizumi Ishino and his colleagues in 1987. They accidentally cloned part of a CRISPR sequence together with the "iap" gene (isozyme conversion of alkaline phosphatase)[13] that was their target. The organization of the repeats was unusual. Repeated sequences are typically arranged consecutively, without interspersed different sequences.[13][10] They did not know the function of the interrupted clustered repeats.
    • In 1993, researchers of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Netherlands published two articles about a cluster of interrupted direct repeats (DR) in that bacterium. They recognized the diversity of the sequences that intervened the direct repeats among different strains of M. tuberculosis[14] and used this property to design a typing method that was named spoligotyping, which is still in use today.[15][16]
    • Francisco Mojica at the University of Alicante in Spain studied repeats observed in the archaeal organisms of Haloferax and Haloarcula species, and their function. Mojica's supervisor surmised at the time that the clustered repeats had a role in correctly segregating replicated DNA into daughter cells during cell division because plasmids and chromosomes with identical repeat arrays could not coexist in Haloferax volcanii. Transcription of the interrupted repeats was also noted for the first time; this was the first full characterization of CRISPR.[16][17] By 2000, Mojica performed a survey of scientific literature and one of his students performed a search in published genomes with a program devised by himself. They identified interrupted repeats in 20 species of microbes as belonging to the same family.[18] In 2001, Mojica and Ruud Jansen, who were searching for additional interrupted repeats, proposed the acronym CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) to alleviate the confusion stemming from the numerous acronyms used to describe the sequences in the scientific literature.[17][19] In 2002, Tang, et al. showed evidence that CRISPR repeat regions from the genome of Archaeoglobus fulgidus were transcribed into long RNA molecules that were subsequently processed into unit-length small RNAs, plus some longer forms of 2, 3, or more spacer-repeat units.[20][21]
    • In 2005, yogurt researcher Rodolphe Barrangou, discovered that Streptococcus thermophilus, after iterative phage challenges, develops increased phage resistance, and this enhanced resistance is due to incorporation of additional CRISPR spacer sequences.[22] The Danish food company Danisco, which at that time Barrangou worked for, then developed phage resistant S. thermophilus strains for use in yogurt production. Danisco was later bought out by DuPont, which "owns about 50 percent of the global dairy culture market" and the technology went mainstream.[23]
    • CRISPR-associated systems [ edit ] A major addition to the understanding of CRISPR came with Jansen's observation that the prokaryote repeat cluster was accompanied by a set of homologous genes that make up CRISPR-associated systems or cas genes. Four cas genes (cas 1''4) were initially recognized. The Cas proteins showed helicase and nuclease motifs, suggesting a role in the dynamic structure of the CRISPR loci.[24] In this publication the acronym CRISPR was used as the universal name of this pattern. However, the CRISPR function remained enigmatic.
    • Simplified diagram of a CRISPR locus. The three major components of a CRISPR locus are shown:
    • cas genes, a leader sequence, and a repeat-spacer array. Repeats are shown as gray boxes and spacers are colored bars. The arrangement of the three components is not always as shown.
    • [25][26] In addition, several CRISPRs with similar sequences can be present in a single genome, only one of which is associated with
    • cas genes.
    • [27]In 2005, three independent research groups showed that some CRISPR spacers are derived from phage DNA and extrachromosomal DNA such as plasmids.[28][29][30] In effect, the spacers are fragments of DNA gathered from viruses that previously tried to attack the cell. The source of the spacers was a sign that the CRISPR/cas system could have a role in adaptive immunity in bacteria.[25][31] All three studies proposing this idea were initially rejected by high-profile journals, but eventually appeared in other journals.[32]
    • The first publication[29] proposing a role of CRISPR-Cas in microbial immunity, by Mojica and collaborators at the University of Alicante, predicted a role for the RNA transcript of spacers on target recognition in a mechanism that could be analogous to the RNA interference system used by eukaryotic cells. Koonin and colleagues extended this RNA interference hypothesis by proposing mechanisms of action for the different CRISPR-Cas subtypes according to the predicted function of their proteins.[33]
    • Experimental work by several groups revealed the basic mechanisms of CRISPR-Cas immunity. In 2007, the first experimental evidence that CRISPR was an adaptive immune system was published.[10][4] A CRISPR region in Streptococcus thermophilus acquired spacers from the DNA of an infecting bacteriophage. The researchers manipulated the resistance of S. thermophilus to different types of phage by adding and deleting spacers whose sequence matched those found in the tested phages.[34][35] In 2008, Brouns and Van der Oost identified a complex of Cas proteins (called Cascade) that in E. coli cut the CRISPR RNA precursor within the repeats into mature spacer-containing RNA molecules called CRISPR RNA (crRNA), which remained bound to the protein complex.[36] Moreover, it was found that Cascade, crRNA and a helicase/nuclease (Cas3) were required to provide a bacterial host with immunity against infection by a DNA virus. By designing an anti-virus CRISPR, they demonstrated that two orientations of the crRNA (sense/antisense) provided immunity, indicating that the crRNA guides were targeting dsDNA. That year Marraffini and Sontheimer confirmed that a CRISPR sequence of S. epidermidis targeted DNA and not RNA to prevent conjugation. This finding was at odds with the proposed RNA-interference-like mechanism of CRISPR-Cas immunity, although a CRISPR-Cas system that targets foreign RNA was later found in Pyrococcus furiosus.[10][34] A 2010 study showed that CRISPR-Cas cuts both strands of phage and plasmid DNA in S. thermophilus.[37]
    • Cas9 [ edit ] Researchers studied a simpler CRISPR system from Streptococcus pyogenes that relies on the protein Cas9. The Cas9 endonuclease is a four-component system that includes two small molecules: crRNA and trans-activating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA).[38][39] Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier re-engineered the Cas9 endonuclease into a more manageable two-component system by fusing the two RNA molecules into a "single-guide RNA" that, when combined with Cas9, could find and cut the DNA target specified by the guide RNA. This contribution was so significant that it was recognized by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020. By manipulating the nucleotide sequence of the guide RNA, the artificial Cas9 system could be programmed to target any DNA sequence for cleavage.[40] Another group of collaborators comprising Virginijus Å ikÅnys together with GasiÅnas, Barrangou and Horvath showed that Cas9 from the S. thermophilus CRISPR system can also be reprogrammed to target a site of their choosing by changing the sequence of its crRNA. These advances fueled efforts to edit genomes with the modified CRISPR-Cas9 system.[16]
    • Groups led by Feng Zhang and George Church simultaneously published descriptions of genome editing in human cell cultures using CRISPR-Cas9 for the first time.[10][41][42] It has since been used in a wide range of organisms, including baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae),[43][44][45] the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans,[46][47] zebrafish (Danio rerio),[48] fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster),[49][50] ants (Harpegnathos saltator[51] and Ooceraea biroi[52]), mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti[53]), nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans),[54] plants,[55] mice,[56][57] monkeys[58] and human embryos.[59]
    • CRISPR has been modified to make programmable transcription factors that allow scientists to target and activate or silence specific genes.[60]
    • The CRISPR-Cas9 system has shown to make effective gene edits in Human tripronuclear zygotes first described in a 2015 paper by Chinese scientists P. Liang and Y. Xu. The system made a successful cleavage of mutant Beta-Hemoglobin (HBB) in 28 out of 54 embryos. 4 out of the 28 embryos were successfully recombined using a donor template given by the scientists. The scientists showed that during DNA recombination of the cleaved strand, the homologous endogenous sequence HBD competes with the exogenous donor template. DNA repair in human embryos is much more complicated and particular than in derived stem cells.[61]
    • Cas12a (formerly Cpf1) [ edit ] In 2015, the nuclease Cas12a (formerly known as Cpf1[62]) was characterized in the CRISPR/Cpf1 system of the bacterium Francisella novicida.[63][64] Its original name, from a TIGRFAMs protein family definition built in 2012, reflects the prevalence of its CRISPR-Cas subtype in the Prevotella and Francisella lineages. Cas12a showed several key differences from Cas9 including: causing a 'staggered' cut in double stranded DNA as opposed to the 'blunt' cut produced by Cas9, relying on a 'T rich' PAM (providing alternative targeting sites to Cas9) and requiring only a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) for successful targeting. By contrast Cas9 requires both crRNA and a transactivating crRNA (tracrRNA).
    • These differences may give Cas12a some advantages over Cas9. For example, Cas12a's small crRNAs are ideal for multiplexed genome editing, as more of them can be packaged in one vector than can Cas9's sgRNAs. As well, the sticky 5'² overhangs left by Cas12a can be used for DNA assembly that is much more target-specific than traditional Restriction Enzyme cloning.[65] Finally, Cas12a cleaves DNA 18''23 base pairs downstream from the PAM site. This means there is no disruption to the recognition sequence after repair, and so Cas12a enables multiple rounds of DNA cleavage. By contrast, since Cas9 cuts only 3 base pairs upstream of the PAM site, the NHEJ pathway results in indel mutations that destroy the recognition sequence, thereby preventing further rounds of cutting. In theory, repeated rounds of DNA cleavage should cause an increased opportunity for the desired genomic editing to occur.[66] A distinctive feature of Cas12a, as compared to Cas9, is that after cutting its target, Cas12a remains bound to the target and then cleaves other ssDNA molecules non-discriminately.[67] This property is called "collateral cleavage" or "trans-cleavage" activity and has been exploited for the development of various diagnostic technologies.[68][69]
    • Cas13 (formerly C2c2) [ edit ] In 2016, the nuclease Cas13a (formerly known as C2c2) from the bacterium Leptotrichia shahii was characterized. Cas13 is an RNA-guided RNA endonuclease, which means that it does not cleave DNA, but only single-stranded RNA. Cas13 is guided by its crRNA to a ssRNA target and binds and cleaves the target. Similar to Cas12a, the Cas13 remains bound to the target and then cleaves other ssRNA molecules non-discriminately. [70] This collateral cleavage property has been exploited for the development of various diagnostic technologies. [71][72][73]
    • Locus structure [ edit ] Repeats and spacers [ edit ] The CRISPR array is made up of an AT-rich leader sequence followed by short repeats that are separated by unique spacers.[74] CRISPR repeats typically range in size from 28 to 37 base pairs (bps), though there can be as few as 23 bp and as many as 55 bp.[75] Some show dyad symmetry, implying the formation of a secondary structure such as a stem-loop ('hairpin') in the RNA, while others are designed to be unstructured. The size of spacers in different CRISPR arrays is typically 32 to 38 bp (range 21 to 72 bp).[75] New spacers can appear rapidly as part of the immune response to phage infection.[76] There are usually fewer than 50 units of the repeat-spacer sequence in a CRISPR array.[75]
    • CRISPR RNA structures [ edit ] Cas genes and CRISPR subtypes [ edit ] Small clusters of cas genes are often located next to CRISPR repeat-spacer arrays. Collectively the 93 cas genes are grouped into 35 families based on sequence similarity of the encoded proteins. 11 of the 35 families form the cas core, which includes the protein families Cas1 through Cas9. A complete CRISPR-Cas locus has at least one gene belonging to the cas core.[77]
    • CRISPR-Cas systems fall into two classes. Class 1 systems use a complex of multiple Cas proteins to degrade foreign nucleic acids. Class 2 systems use a single large Cas protein for the same purpose. Class 1 is divided into types I, III, and IV; class 2 is divided into types II, V, and VI.[78] The 6 system types are divided into 19 subtypes.[79] Each type and most subtypes are characterized by a "signature gene" found almost exclusively in the category. Classification is also based on the complement of cas genes that are present. Most CRISPR-Cas systems have a Cas1 protein. The phylogeny of Cas1 proteins generally agrees with the classification system.[77] Many organisms contain multiple CRISPR-Cas systems suggesting that they are compatible and may share components.[80][81] The sporadic distribution of the CRISPR/Cas subtypes suggests that the CRISPR/Cas system is subject to horizontal gene transfer during microbial evolution.
    • This table
    • is missing information about UniProt and InterPro cross-reference.
    • Please expand the table to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page.
    • ( October 2020 )Signature genes and their putative functions for the major and minor CRISPR-cas types.ClassCas typeCas subtypeSignature proteinFunctionReference1I'--Cas3Single-stranded DNA nuclease (HD domain) and ATP-dependent helicase[82][83] I-A Cas8a, Cas5Cas8 is a Subunit of the interference module that is important in targeting of invading DNA by recognizing the PAM sequence. Cas5 is required for processing and stability of crRNAs[77][84] I-B Cas8b I-C Cas8c I-D Cas10dcontains a domain homologous to the palm domain of nucleic acid polymerases and nucleotide cyclases[85][86] I-E Cse1, Cse2 I-F Csy1, Csy2, Csy3Not determined[77] I-G [Note 1]GSU0054[87]III'--Cas10Homolog of Cas10d and Cse1. Binds CRISPR target RNA and promotes stability of the interference complex[86][88] III-A Csm2Not Determined[77] III-B Cmr5Not Determined[77] III-C Cas10 or Csx11[77] [88] III-D Csx10[77] III-E [87] III-F [87]IV'--Csf1[87] IV-A [87] IV-B [87] IV-C [87]2II'--Cas9Nucleases RuvC and HNH together produce DSBs, and separately can produce single-strand breaks. Ensures the acquisition of functional spacers during adaptation.[89][90] II-A Csn2Ring-shaped DNA-binding protein. Involved in primed adaptation in Type II CRISPR system.[91] II-B Cas4Endonuclease that works with cas1 and cas2 to generate spacer sequences[92] II-C Characterized by the absence of either Csn2 or Cas4[93]V'--Cas12Nuclease RuvC. Lacks HNH.[78][94] V-A Cas12a (Cpf1)[87] V-B Cas12b (C2c1)[87] V-C Cas12c (C2c3)[87] V-D Cas12d (CasY)[87] V-E Cas12e (CasX)[87] V-F Cas12f (Cas14, C2c10)[87] V-G Cas12g[87] V-H Cas12h[87] V-I Cas12i[87] V-K [Note 2]Cas12k (C2c5)[87] V-U C2c4, C2c8, C2c9[87]VI'--Cas13RNA-guided RNase[78][95] VI-A Cas13a (C2c2)[87] VI-B Cas13b[87] VI-C Cas13c[87] VI-D Cas13d[87]Mechanism [ edit ] The stages of CRISPR immunity for each of the three major types of adaptive immunity. (1) Acquisition begins by recognition of invading DNA by
    • Cas1 and Cas2 and cleavage of a protospacer. (2) The protospacer is ligated to the direct repeat adjacent to the leader sequence and (3) single strand extension repairs the CRISPR and duplicates the direct repeat. The crRNA processing and interference stages occur differently in each of the three major CRISPR systems. (4) The primary CRISPR transcript is cleaved by cas genes to produce crRNAs. (5) In type I systems Cas6e/Cas6f cleave at the junction of ssRNA and dsRNA formed by hairpin loops in the direct repeat. Type II systems use a trans-activating (tracr) RNA to form dsRNA, which is cleaved by
    • Cas9 and RNaseIII. Type III systems use a Cas6 homolog that does not require hairpin loops in the direct repeat for cleavage. (6) In type II and type III systems secondary trimming is performed at either the 5' or 3' end to produce mature crRNAs. (7) Mature crRNAs associate with Cas proteins to form interference complexes. (8) In type I and type II systems, interactions between the protein and PAM sequence are required for degradation of invading DNA. Type III systems do not require a PAM for successful degradation and in type III-A systems basepairing occurs between the crRNA and mRNA rather than the DNA, targeted by type III-B systems.
    • The CRISPR genetic locus provides bacteria with a defense mechanism to protect them from repeated phage infections.
    • Transcripts of the CRISPR Genetic Locus and Maturation of pre-crRNA
    • 3D Structure of the CRISPR-Cas9 Interference Complex
    • CRISPR-Cas9 as a Molecular Tool Introduces Targeted Double Strand DNA Breaks.
    • Double Strand DNA Breaks Introduced by CRISPR-Cas9 Allows Further Genetic Manipulation By Exploiting Endogenous DNA Repair Mechanisms.
    • CRISPR-Cas immunity is a natural process of bacteria and archaea.[96] CRISPR-Cas prevents bacteriophage infection, conjugation and natural transformation by degrading foreign nucleic acids that enter the cell.[34]
    • Spacer acquisition [ edit ] When a microbe is invaded by a bacteriophage, the first stage of the immune response is to capture phage DNA and insert it into a CRISPR locus in the form of a spacer. Cas1 and Cas2 are found in both types of CRISPR-Cas immune systems, which indicates that they are involved in spacer acquisition. Mutation studies confirmed this hypothesis, showing that removal of cas1 or cas2 stopped spacer acquisition, without affecting CRISPR immune response.[97][98][99][100][101]
    • Multiple Cas1 proteins have been characterised and their structures resolved.[102][103][104] Cas1 proteins have diverse amino acid sequences. However, their crystal structures are similar and all purified Cas1 proteins are metal-dependent nucleases/integrases that bind to DNA in a sequence-independent manner.[80] Representative Cas2 proteins have been characterised and possess either (single strand) ssRNA-[105] or (double strand) dsDNA-[106][107] specific endoribonuclease activity.
    • In the I-E system of E. coli Cas1 and Cas2 form a complex where a Cas2 dimer bridges two Cas1 dimers.[108] In this complex Cas2 performs a non-enzymatic scaffolding role,[108] binding double-stranded fragments of invading DNA, while Cas1 binds the single-stranded flanks of the DNA and catalyses their integration into CRISPR arrays.[109][110][111] New spacers are usually added at the beginning of the CRISPR next to the leader sequence creating a chronological record of viral infections.[112] In E. coli a histone like protein called integration host factor (IHF), which binds to the leader sequence, is responsible for the accuracy of this integration.[113] IHF also enhances integration efficiency in the type I-F system of Pectobacterium atrosepticum.[114] but in other systems different host factors may be required[115]
    • Protospacer adjacent motifs [ edit ] Bioinformatic analysis of regions of phage genomes that were excised as spacers (termed protospacers) revealed that they were not randomly selected but instead were found adjacent to short (3''5 bp) DNA sequences termed protospacer adjacent motifs (PAM). Analysis of CRISPR-Cas systems showed PAMs to be important for type I and type II, but not type III systems during acquisition.[30][116][117][118][119][120] In type I and type II systems, protospacers are excised at positions adjacent to a PAM sequence, with the other end of the spacer cut using a ruler mechanism, thus maintaining the regularity of the spacer size in the CRISPR array.[121][122] The conservation of the PAM sequence differs between CRISPR-Cas systems and appears to be evolutionarily linked to Cas1 and the leader sequence.[120][123]
    • New spacers are added to a CRISPR array in a directional manner,[28] occurring preferentially,[76][116][117][124][125] but not exclusively, adjacent[119][122] to the leader sequence. Analysis of the type I-E system from E. coli demonstrated that the first direct repeat adjacent to the leader sequence, is copied, with the newly acquired spacer inserted between the first and second direct repeats.[100][121]
    • The PAM sequence appears to be important during spacer insertion in type I-E systems. That sequence contains a strongly conserved final nucleotide (nt) adjacent to the first nt of the protospacer. This nt becomes the final base in the first direct repeat.[101][126][127] This suggests that the spacer acquisition machinery generates single-stranded overhangs in the second-to-last position of the direct repeat and in the PAM during spacer insertion. However, not all CRISPR-Cas systems appear to share this mechanism as PAMs in other organisms do not show the same level of conservation in the final position.[123] It is likely that in those systems, a blunt end is generated at the very end of the direct repeat and the protospacer during acquisition.
    • Insertion variants [ edit ] Analysis of Sulfolobus solfataricus CRISPRs revealed further complexities to the canonical model of spacer insertion, as one of its six CRISPR loci inserted new spacers randomly throughout its CRISPR array, as opposed to inserting closest to the leader sequence.[122]
    • Multiple CRISPRs contain many spacers to the same phage. The mechanism that causes this phenomenon was discovered in the type I-E system of E. coli. A significant enhancement in spacer acquisition was detected where spacers already target the phage, even mismatches to the protospacer. This 'priming' requires the Cas proteins involved in both acquisition and interference to interact with each other. Newly acquired spacers that result from the priming mechanism are always found on the same strand as the priming spacer.[101][126][127] This observation led to the hypothesis that the acquisition machinery slides along the foreign DNA after priming to find a new protospacer.[127]
    • Biogenesis [ edit ] CRISPR-RNA (crRNA), which later guides the Cas nuclease to the target during the interference step, must be generated from the CRISPR sequence. The crRNA is initially transcribed as part of a single long transcript encompassing much of the CRISPR array.[26] This transcript is then cleaved by Cas proteins to form crRNAs. The mechanism to produce crRNAs differs among CRISPR/Cas systems. In type I-E and type I-F systems, the proteins Cas6e and Cas6f respectively, recognise stem-loops[128][129][130] created by the pairing of identical repeats that flank the crRNA.[131] These Cas proteins cleave the longer transcript at the edge of the paired region, leaving a single crRNA along with a small remnant of the paired repeat region.
    • Type III systems also use Cas6, however their repeats do not produce stem-loops. Cleavage instead occurs by the longer transcript wrapping around the Cas6 to allow cleavage just upstream of the repeat sequence.[132][133][134]
    • Type II systems lack the Cas6 gene and instead utilize RNaseIII for cleavage. Functional type II systems encode an extra small RNA that is complementary to the repeat sequence, known as a trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA).[38] Transcription of the tracrRNA and the primary CRISPR transcript results in base pairing and the formation of dsRNA at the repeat sequence, which is subsequently targeted by RNaseIII to produce crRNAs. Unlike the other two systems the crRNA does not contain the full spacer, which is instead truncated at one end.[89]
    • CrRNAs associate with Cas proteins to form ribonucleotide complexes that recognize foreign nucleic acids. CrRNAs show no preference between the coding and non-coding strands, which is indicative of an RNA-guided DNA-targeting system.[5][37][97][101][135][136][137] The type I-E complex (commonly referred to as Cascade) requires five Cas proteins bound to a single crRNA.[138][139]
    • Interference [ edit ] During the interference stage in type I systems the PAM sequence is recognized on the crRNA-complementary strand and is required along with crRNA annealing. In type I systems correct base pairing between the crRNA and the protospacer signals a conformational change in Cascade that recruits Cas3 for DNA degradation.
    • Type II systems rely on a single multifunctional protein, Cas9, for the interference step.[89] Cas9 requires both the crRNA and the tracrRNA to function and cleaves DNA using its dual HNH and RuvC/RNaseH-like endonuclease domains. Basepairing between the PAM and the phage genome is required in type II systems. However, the PAM is recognized on the same strand as the crRNA (the opposite strand to type I systems).
    • Type III systems, like type I require six or seven Cas proteins binding to crRNAs.[140][141] The type III systems analysed from S. solfataricus and P. furiosus both target the mRNA of phages rather than phage DNA genome,[81][141] which may make these systems uniquely capable of targeting RNA-based phage genomes.[80] Type III systems were also found to target DNA in addition to RNA using a different Cas protein in the complex, Cas10.[142] The DNA cleavage was shown to be transcription dependent.[143]
    • The mechanism for distinguishing self from foreign DNA during interference is built into the crRNAs and is therefore likely common to all three systems. Throughout the distinctive maturation process of each major type, all crRNAs contain a spacer sequence and some portion of the repeat at one or both ends. It is the partial repeat sequence that prevents the CRISPR-Cas system from targeting the chromosome as base pairing beyond the spacer sequence signals self and prevents DNA cleavage.[144] RNA-guided CRISPR enzymes are classified as type V restriction enzymes.
    • Evolution [ edit ] The cas genes in the adaptor and effector modules of the CRISPR-Cas system are believed to have evolved from two different ancestral modules. A transposon-like element called casposon encoding the Cas1-like integrase and potentially other components of the adaptation module was inserted next to the ancestral effector module, which likely functioned as an independent innate immune system.[145] The highly conserved cas1 and cas2 genes of the adaptor module evolved from the ancestral module while a variety of class 1 effector cas genes evolved from the ancestral effector module.[146] The evolution of these various class 1 effector module cas genes was guided by various mechanisms, such as duplication events.[147] On the other hand, each type of class 2 effector module arose from subsequent independent insertions of mobile genetic elements.[148] These mobile genetic elements took the place of the multiple gene effector modules to create single gene effector modules that produce large proteins which perform all the necessary tasks of the effector module.[148] The spacer regions of CRISPR-Cas systems are taken directly from foreign mobile genetic elements and thus their long term evolution is hard to trace.[149] The non-random evolution of these spacer regions has been found to be highly dependent on the environment and the particular foreign mobile genetic elements it contains.[150]
    • CRISPR/Cas can immunize bacteria against certain phages and thus halt transmission. For this reason, Koonin described CRISPR/Cas as a Lamarckian inheritance mechanism.[151] However, this was disputed by a critic who noted, "We should remember [Lamarck] for the good he contributed to science, not for things that resemble his theory only superficially. Indeed, thinking of CRISPR and other phenomena as Lamarckian only obscures the simple and elegant way evolution really works".[152] But as more recent studies have been conducted, it has become apparent that the acquired spacer regions of CRISPR-Cas systems are indeed a form of Lamarckian evolution because they are genetic mutations that are acquired and then passed on.[153] On the other hand, the evolution of the Cas gene machinery that facilitates the system evolves through classic Darwinian evolution.[153]
    • Coevolution [ edit ] Analysis of CRISPR sequences revealed coevolution of host and viral genomes.[154] Cas9 proteins are highly enriched in pathogenic and commensal bacteria. CRISPR/Cas-mediated gene regulation may contribute to the regulation of endogenous bacterial genes, particularly during interaction with eukaryotic hosts. For example, Francisella novicida uses a unique, small, CRISPR/Cas-associated RNA (scaRNA) to repress an endogenous transcript encoding a bacterial lipoprotein that is critical for F. novicida to dampen host response and promote virulence.[155]
    • The basic model of CRISPR evolution is newly incorporated spacers driving phages to mutate their genomes to avoid the bacterial immune response, creating diversity in both the phage and host populations. To resist a phage infection, the sequence of the CRISPR spacer must correspond perfectly to the sequence of the target phage gene. Phages can continue to infect their hosts given point mutations in the spacer.[144] Similar stringency is required in PAM or the bacterial strain remains phage sensitive.[117][144]
    • Rates [ edit ] A study of 124 S. thermophilus strains showed that 26% of all spacers were unique and that different CRISPR loci showed different rates of spacer acquisition.[116] Some CRISPR loci evolve more rapidly than others, which allowed the strains' phylogenetic relationships to be determined. A comparative genomic analysis showed that E. coli and S. enterica evolve much more slowly than S. thermophilus. The latter's strains that diverged 250 thousand years ago still contained the same spacer complement.[156]
    • Metagenomic analysis of two acid-mine-drainage biofilms showed that one of the analyzed CRISPRs contained extensive deletions and spacer additions versus the other biofilm, suggesting a higher phage activity/prevalence in one community than the other.[76] In the oral cavity, a temporal study determined that 7''22% of spacers were shared over 17 months within an individual while less than 2% were shared across individuals.[125]
    • From the same environment a single strain was tracked using PCR primers specific to its CRISPR system. Broad-level results of spacer presence/absence showed significant diversity. However, this CRISPR added 3 spacers over 17 months,[125] suggesting that even in an environment with significant CRISPR diversity some loci evolve slowly.
    • CRISPRs were analysed from the metagenomes produced for the human microbiome project.[157] Although most were body-site specific, some within a body site are widely shared among individuals. One of these loci originated from streptococcal species and contained '‰15,000 spacers, 50% of which were unique. Similar to the targeted studies of the oral cavity, some showed little evolution over time.[157]
    • CRISPR evolution was studied in chemostats using S. thermophilus to directly examine spacer acquisition rates. In one week, S. thermophilus strains acquired up to three spacers when challenged with a single phage.[158] During the same interval the phage developed single nucleotide polymorphisms that became fixed in the population, suggesting that targeting had prevented phage replication absent these mutations.[158]
    • Another S. thermophilus experiment showed that phages can infect and replicate in hosts that have only one targeting spacer. Yet another showed that sensitive hosts can exist in environments with high phage titres.[159] The chemostat and observational studies suggest many nuances to CRISPR and phage (co)evolution.
    • Identification [ edit ] CRISPRs are widely distributed among bacteria and archaea[85] and show some sequence similarities.[131] Their most notable characteristic is their repeating spacers and direct repeats. This characteristic makes CRISPRs easily identifiable in long sequences of DNA, since the number of repeats decreases the likelihood of a false positive match.[160]
    • Analysis of CRISPRs in metagenomic data is more challenging, as CRISPR loci do not typically assemble, due to their repetitive nature or through strain variation, which confuses assembly algorithms. Where many reference genomes are available, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to amplify CRISPR arrays and analyse spacer content.[116][125][161][162][163][164] However, this approach yields information only for specifically targeted CRISPRs and for organisms with sufficient representation in public databases to design reliable polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. Degenerate repeat-specific primers can be used to amplify CRISPR spacers directly from environmental samples; amplicons containing two or three spacers can be then computationally assembled to reconstruct long CRISPR arrays.[164]
    • The alternative is to extract and reconstruct CRISPR arrays from shotgun metagenomic data. This is computationally more difficult, particularly with second generation sequencing technologies (e.g. 454, Illumina), as the short read lengths prevent more than two or three repeat units appearing in a single read. CRISPR identification in raw reads has been achieved using purely de novo identification[165] or by using direct repeat sequences in partially assembled CRISPR arrays from contigs (overlapping DNA segments that together represent a consensus region of DNA)[157] and direct repeat sequences from published genomes[166] as a hook for identifying direct repeats in individual reads.
    • Use by phages [ edit ] Another way for bacteria to defend against phage infection is by having chromosomal islands. A subtype of chromosomal islands called phage-inducible chromosomal island (PICI) is excised from a bacterial chromosome upon phage infection and can inhibit phage replication.[167] PICIs are induced, excised, replicated and finally packaged into small capsids by certain staphylococcal temperate phages. PICIs use several mechanisms to block phage reproduction. In first mechanism PICI-encoded Ppi differentially blocks phage maturation by binding or interacting specifically with phage TerS, hence blocks phage TerS/TerL complex formation responsible for phage DNA packaging. In second mechanism PICI CpmAB redirect the phage capsid morphogenetic protein to make 95% of SaPI-sized capsid and phage DNA can package only 1/3rd of their genome in these small capsid and hence become nonviable phage.[168] The third mechanism involves two proteins, PtiA and PtiB, that target the LtrC, which is responsible for the production of virion and lysis proteins. This interference mechanism is modulated by a modulatory protein, PtiM, binds to one of the interference-mediating proteins, PtiA, and hence achieving the required level of interference.[169]
    • One study showed that lytic ICP1 phage, which specifically targets Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1, has acquired a CRISPR/Cas system that targets a V. cholera PICI-like element. The system has 2 CRISPR loci and 9 Cas genes. It seems to be homologous to the I-F system found in Yersinia pestis. Moreover, like the bacterial CRISPR/Cas system, ICP1 CRISPR/Cas can acquire new sequences, which allows phage and host to co-evolve.[170]
    • Certain archaeal viruses were shown to carry mini-CRISPR arrays containing one or two spacers. It has been shown that spacers within the virus-borne CRISPR arrays target other viruses and plasmids, suggesting that mini-CRISPR arrays represent a mechanism of heterotypic superinfection exclusion and participate in interviral conflicts.[164]
    • Applications [ edit ] CRISPR gene editing [ edit ] CRISPR technology has been applied in the food and farming industries to engineer probiotic cultures and to immunize industrial cultures (for yogurt, for instance) against infections. It is also being used in crops to enhance yield, drought tolerance and nutritional value.[171]
    • By the end of 2014 some 1000 research papers had been published that mentioned CRISPR.[172][173] The technology had been used to functionally inactivate genes in human cell lines and cells, to study Candida albicans, to modify yeasts used to make biofuels and to genetically modify crop strains.[173] CRISPR can also be used to change mosquitos so they cannot transmit diseases such as malaria.[174] CRISPR-based approaches utilizing Cas12a have recently been utilized in the successful modification of a broad number of plant species.[175]
    • In July 2019, CRISPR was used to experimentally treat a patient with a genetic disorder. The patient was a 34-year-old woman with sickle cell disease.[176]
    • In February 2020, progress was made on HIV treatments with 60-80% of the DNA removed in mice and some being completely free from the virus after edits involving both LASER ART, a new anti-retroviral therapy, and CRISPR.[177]
    • In March 2020, CRISPR-modified virus was injected into a patient's eye in an attempt to treat Leber congenital amaurosis.[178]
    • In the future, CRISPR gene editing could potentially be used to create new species or revive extinct species from closely related ones.[179]
    • CRISPR-based re-evaluations of claims for gene-disease relationships have led to the discovery of potentially important anomalies.[180]
    • CRISPR as diagnostic tool [ edit ] CRISPR associated nucleases have shown to be useful as a tool for molecular testing due to their ability to specifically target nucleic acid sequences in a high background of non-target sequences. In 2016, the Cas9 nuclease was used to deplete unwanted nucleotide sequences in next-generation sequencing libraries while requiring only 250 picograms of initial RNA input.[181] Beginning in 2017, CRISPR associated nucleases were also used for direct diagnostic testing of nucleic acids, down to single molecule sensitivity.[182][183]
    • By coupling CRISPR-based diagnostics to additional enzymatic processes, the detection of molecules beyond nucleic acids is possible. One example of a coupled technology is SHERLOCK-based Profiling of IN vitro Transcription (SPRINT). SPRINT can be used to detect a variety of substances, such as metabolites in patient samples or contaminants in environmental samples, with high throughput or with portable point-of-care devices.[184] CRISPR/Cas platforms are also being explored for detection [185][186][187][188][189] and inactivation of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. [190]
    • Schematic flowchart of molecular detection methods for COVID-19 virus; doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10180
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"Co-transcriptional DNA and RNA Cleavage during Type III CRISPR-Cas Immunity". Cell. 161 (5): 1164''1174. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.027. PMC 4594840 . PMID 25959775. ^ a b c Marraffini LA, Sontheimer EJ (January 2010). "Self versus non-self discrimination during CRISPR RNA-directed immunity". Nature. 463 (7280): 568''571. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..568M. doi:10.1038/nature08703. PMC 2813891 . PMID 20072129. ^ Krupovic M, B(C)guin P, Koonin EV (August 2017). "Casposons: mobile genetic elements that gave rise to the CRISPR-Cas adaptation machinery". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 38: 36''43. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2017.04.004. PMC 5665730 . PMID 28472712. ^ Koonin EV, Makarova KS (May 2013). "CRISPR-Cas: evolution of an RNA-based adaptive immunity system in prokaryotes". RNA Biology. 10 (5): 679''686. doi:10.4161/rna.24022. PMC 3737325 . PMID 23439366. ^ Koonin EV, Makarova KS, Zhang F (June 2017). "Diversity, classification and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems". 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"The small, slow and specialized CRISPR and anti-CRISPR of Escherichia and Salmonella". PLOS ONE. 5 (6): e11126. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511126T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011126. PMC 2886076 . PMID 20559554. ^ a b c Rho M, Wu YW, Tang H, Doak TG, Ye Y (2012). "Diverse CRISPRs evolving in human microbiomes". PLOS Genetics. 8 (6): e1002441. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002441. PMC 3374615 . PMID 22719260. ^ a b Sun CL, Barrangou R, Thomas BC, Horvath P, Fremaux C, Banfield JF (February 2013). "Phage mutations in response to CRISPR diversification in a bacterial population". Environmental Microbiology. 15 (2): 463''470. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02879.x. PMID 23057534. ^ Kuno S, Sako Y, Yoshida T (May 2014). "Diversification of CRISPR within coexisting genotypes in a natural population of the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa". Microbiology. 160 (Pt 5): 903''916. doi:10.1099/mic.0.073494-0. PMID 24586036. ^ Sorek R, Kunin V, Hugenholtz P (March 2008). "CRISPR'--a widespread system that provides acquired resistance against phages in bacteria and archaea". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 6 (3): 181''186. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1793. PMID 18157154. S2CID 3538077. Table 1: Web resources for CRISPR analysis ^ Pride DT, Salzman J, Relman DA (September 2012). "Comparisons of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and viromes in human saliva reveal bacterial adaptations to salivary viruses". Environmental Microbiology. 14 (9): 2564''2576. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02775.x. PMC 3424356 . PMID 22583485. ^ Held NL, Herrera A, Whitaker RJ (November 2013). "Reassortment of CRISPR repeat-spacer loci in Sulfolobus islandicus". Environmental Microbiology. 15 (11): 3065''3076. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12146. PMID 23701169. ^ Held NL, Herrera A, Cadillo-Quiroz H, Whitaker RJ (September 2010). "CRISPR associated diversity within a population of Sulfolobus islandicus". PLOS ONE. 5 (9): e12988. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...512988H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012988. PMC 2946923 . PMID 20927396. ^ a b c Medvedeva S, Liu Y, Koonin EV, Severinov K, Prangishvili D, Krupovic M (November 2019). "Virus-borne mini-CRISPR arrays are involved in interviral conflicts". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 5204. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.5204M. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13205-2. PMC 6858448 . PMID 31729390. ^ Skennerton CT, Imelfort M, Tyson GW (May 2013). "Crass: identification and reconstruction of CRISPR from unassembled metagenomic data". Nucleic Acids Research. 41 (10): e105. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt183. PMC 3664793 . PMID 23511966. ^ Stern A, Mick E, Tirosh I, Sagy O, Sorek R (October 2012). "CRISPR targeting reveals a reservoir of common phages associated with the human gut microbiome". Genome Research. 22 (10): 1985''1994. doi:10.1101/gr.138297.112. PMC 3460193 . PMID 22732228. ^ Novick RP, Christie GE, Penad(C)s JR (August 2010). "The phage-related chromosomal islands of Gram-positive bacteria". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 8 (8): 541''551. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2393. PMC 3522866 . PMID 20634809. ^ Ram G, Chen J, Kumar K, Ross HF, Ubeda C, Damle PK, Lane KD, Penad(C)s JR, Christie GE, Novick RP (October 2012). "Staphylococcal pathogenicity island interference with helper phage reproduction is a paradigm of molecular parasitism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (40): 16300''16305. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10916300R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1204615109. PMC 3479557 . PMID 22991467. ^ Ram G, Chen J, Ross HF, Novick RP (October 2014). "Precisely modulated pathogenicity island interference with late phage gene transcription". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (40): 14536''14541. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11114536R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1406749111. PMC 4209980 . PMID 25246539. ^ Seed KD, Lazinski DW, Calderwood SB, Camilli A (February 2013). "A bacteriophage encodes its own CRISPR/Cas adaptive response to evade host innate immunity". Nature. 494 (7438): 489''491. Bibcode:2013Natur.494..489S. doi:10.1038/nature11927. PMC 3587790 . PMID 23446421. ^ "What is CRISPR and How does it work?". Livescience.Tech . Retrieved 2019-12-14 . ^ Doudna JA, Charpentier E (November 2014). "Genome editing. The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9". Science. 346 (6213): 1258096. doi:10.1126/science.1258096. PMID 25430774. S2CID 6299381. ^ a b Ledford H (June 2015). "CRISPR, the disruptor". Nature. 522 (7554): 20''24. Bibcode:2015Natur.522...20L. doi:10.1038/522020a . PMID 26040877. ^ Alphey L (2016). "Can CRISPR-Cas9 gene drives curb malaria?". Nature Biotechnology. 34 (2): 149''150. doi:10.1038/nbt.3473. PMID 26849518. S2CID 10014014. ^ Bernab(C)-Orts JM, Casas-Rodrigo I, Minguet EG, Landolfi V, Garcia-Carpintero V, Gianoglio S, et al. (April 2019). "Assessment of Cas12a-mediated gene editing efficiency in plants". Plant Biotechnology Journal. 17 (10): 1971''1984. doi:10.1111/pbi.13113. PMC 6737022 . PMID 30950179. ^ "In A 1st, Doctors In U.S. Use CRISPR Tool To Treat Patient With Genetic Disorder". NPR.org . Retrieved 2019-07-31 . ^ Abuse, National Institute on Drug (2020-02-14). "Antiretroviral Therapy Combined With CRISPR Gene Editing Can Eliminate HIV Infection in Mice". National Institute on Drug Abuse . Retrieved 2020-11-15 . ^ In A 1st, Scientists Use Revolutionary Gene-Editing Tool To Edit Inside A Patient ^ The-Crispr (2019-07-15). "Listen Radiolab CRISPR podcast". The Crispr . Retrieved 2019-07-15 . ^ Ledford H (2017). "CRISPR studies muddy results of older gene research". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.21763. S2CID 90757972. ^ Gu W, Crawford ED, O'Donovan BD, Wilson MR, Chow ED, Retallack H, DeRisi JL (March 2016). 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"Enhancement of trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a with engineered crRNA enables amplified nucleic acid detection". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 4906. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18615-1 . PMID 32999292. ^ Konwarh R (September 2020). "Can CRISPR/Cas Technology Be a Felicitous Stratagem Against the COVID-19 Fiasco? Prospects and Hitches". Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 7: 557377. doi:10.3389/fmolb.2020.557377 . PMC 7511716 . PMID 33134311. Further reading [ edit ] Doudna J, Mali P (23 March 2016). CRISPR-Cas: A Laboratory Manual. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 978-1-62182-131-1. Mohanraju P, Makarova KS, Zetsche B, Zhang F, Koonin EV, van der Oost J (August 2016). "Diverse evolutionary roots and mechanistic variations of the CRISPR-Cas systems" (PDF) . Science. 353 (6299): aad5147. doi:10.1126/science.aad5147. hdl:1721.1/113195. PMID 27493190. S2CID 11086282. Sander JD, Joung JK (April 2014). "CRISPR-Cas systems for editing, regulating and targeting genomes". Nature Biotechnology. 32 (4): 347''355. doi:10.1038/nbt.2842. PMC 4022601 . PMID 24584096. Slaymaker IM, Gao L, Zetsche B, Scott DA, Yan WX, Zhang F (January 2016). "Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity". Science. 351 (6268): 84''88. Bibcode:2016Sci...351...84S. doi:10.1126/science.aad5227. PMC 4714946 . PMID 26628643. Terns RM, Terns MP (March 2014). "CRISPR-based technologies: prokaryotic defense weapons repurposed". Trends in Genetics. 30 (3): 111''118. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2014.01.003. PMC 3981743 . PMID 24555991. Westra ER, Buckling A, Fineran PC (May 2014). "CRISPR-Cas systems: beyond adaptive immunity". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 12 (5): 317''326. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3241. PMID 24704746. S2CID 36575361. Andersson AF, Banfield JF (May 2008). "Virus population dynamics and acquired virus resistance in natural microbial communities". Science. 320 (5879): 1047''1050. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1047A. doi:10.1126/science.1157358. PMID 18497291. S2CID 26209623. Hale C, Kleppe K, Terns RM, Terns MP (December 2008). "Prokaryotic silencing (psi)RNAs in Pyrococcus furiosus". RNA. 14 (12): 2572''2579. doi:10.1261/rna.1246808. PMC 2590957 . PMID 18971321. van der Ploeg JR (June 2009). "Analysis of CRISPR in Streptococcus mutans suggests frequent occurrence of acquired immunity against infection by M102-like bacteriophages" (PDF) . Microbiology. 155 (Pt 6): 1966''1976. doi:10.1099/mic.0.027508-0. PMID 19383692. van der Oost J, Brouns SJ (November 2009). "RNAi: prokaryotes get in on the act". Cell. 139 (5): 863''865. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.11.018. PMID 19945373. S2CID 11863610. Karginov FV, Hannon GJ (January 2010). "The CRISPR system: small RNA-guided defense in bacteria and archaea". Molecular Cell. 37 (1): 7''19. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2009.12.033. PMC 2819186 . PMID 20129051. Pul U, Wurm R, Arslan Z, Geissen R, Hofmann N, Wagner R (March 2010). "Identification and characterization of E. coli CRISPR-cas promoters and their silencing by H-NS". Molecular Microbiology. 75 (6): 1495''1512. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07073.x. PMID 20132443. S2CID 37529215. D­ez-Villase±or C, Almendros C, Garc­a-Mart­nez J, Mojica FJ (May 2010). "Diversity of CRISPR loci in Escherichia coli". Microbiology. 156 (Pt 5): 1351''1361. doi:10.1099/mic.0.036046-0 . PMID 20133361. Deveau H, Garneau JE, Moineau S (2010). "CRISPR/Cas system and its role in phage-bacteria interactions". Annual Review of Microbiology. 64: 475''493. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134123. PMID 20528693. Koonin EV, Makarova KS (December 2009). "CRISPR-Cas: an adaptive immunity system in prokaryotes". F1000 Biology Reports. 1: 95. doi:10.3410/B1-95. PMC 2884157 . PMID 20556198. "The age of the red pen". The Economist. August 22, 2015. ISSN 0013-0613 . Retrieved 2015-08-25 . Ran AF, Hsu PD, Wright J, Agarwala V, Scott DA, Zhang F (2013). "Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system". Nature Protocols. 8 (11): 2281''2308. doi:10.1038/nprot.2013.143. PMC 3969860 . PMID 24157548. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to CRISPR .Advanced Gene Editing: CRISPR-Cas9 Congressional Research ServiceJennifer Doudna talk: Genome Engineering with CRISPR-Cas9: Birth of a Breakthrough TechnologyOverview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q46901 (CRISPR system Cascade subunit CasA) at the PDBe-KB.Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P76632 (CRISPR system Cascade subunit CasB) at the PDBe-KB.Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q46899 (CRISPR system Cascade subunit CasC) at the PDBe-KB.Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q46898 (CRISPR system Cascade subunit CasD) at the PDBe-KB.Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q46897 (CRISPR system Cascade subunit CasE) at the PDBe-KB.
  • The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (film) - Wikipedia
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    • Cicely Tyson as Jane Pittman, 1974.
    • The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman is a 1974 American television film based on the novel of the same name by Ernest J. Gaines. The film was broadcast on CBS.
    • The film was directed by John Korty; the screenplay was written by Tracy Keenan Wynn and executive produced by Roger Gimbel.[1][2] It stars Cicely Tyson in the lead role, as well as Michael Murphy, Richard Dysart, Katherine Helmond, and Odetta. The film was shot in Baton Rouge, Louisiana[3] and was notable for its use of very realistic special effects makeup by Stan Winston and Rick Baker for the lead character, who is shown from ages 23 to 110.[4] The film is distributed through Classic Media.
    • Synopsis [ edit ] The time is the early 1960s Civil Rights Movement. Jane, a former slave, is celebrating her 110th birthday. Two men tell her that a little girl is going to a segregated water fountain; she gets arrested because she's black. The next day Jane is interviewed by a journalist and she tells the story of her life. The climax of the story shows Jane going to the water fountain to desegregate it; her lifespan has bridged the time of slavery and the Civil Rights Movement.
    • Cast [ edit ] Cicely Tyson as Jane PittmanRichard Dysart as Master BryantOdetta as Big LauraMichael Murphy as Quentin LernerRod Perry as Joe PittmanArnold Wilkerson as JimmyWill Hare as Albert CluveauKatherine Helmond as Lady at HouseThalmus Rasulala as Ned DouglasBarbara Chaney as Amma DeanAwards [ edit ] Directors Guild of America AwardNine Emmy Awards[5]Actress of the Year (Cicely Tyson)Best Directing in DramaBest Lead Actress in a DramaBest Music Composition for a Special Program (Fred Karlin)Best Writing in Drama (Tracy Keenan Wynn)Outstanding Achievement in Costume Design (Bruce Walkup and Sandra Stewart)Outstanding Achievement in Makeup (Stan Winston and Rick Baker)Outstanding Special - Comedy or DramaOutstanding Achievement in Any Area of Creative Technical Crafts (Lynda Gurasich, hairstylist)Nominated for a BAFTA awardSee also [ edit ] Mama Flora's Family, 1998 historical fiction film in which Tyson also leads the castReferences [ edit ] ^ "Passings: Roger Gimbel, 86, producer of made-for-TV movies; John Cossette, 54, longtime Grammy Awards' executive producer; W. Barclay Kamb, 79, Caltech professor specialized in glacial sciences". Los Angeles Times. April 29, 2011 . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ "Roger Gimbel, Emmy-winning TV producer, dies at 86; worked with Bing Crosby, Sophia Loren". Newser. Associated Press. April 28, 2011. Archived from the original on May 4, 2011 . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, New York Times. ^ Timpone, Anthony (1996). Men, makeup, and monsters: Hollywood's masters of illusion and FX. Macmillan. p. 40. ISBN 0-312-14678-7. ^ IMDB Awards External links [ edit ] The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman at IMDb
  • Cicely Tyson - Wikipedia
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    • Sat, 03 Apr 2021 17:47
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    • American actress from New York
    • Cicely Tyson (December 19, 1924 '' January 28, 2021) was an American actress and fashion model. In a career which spanned more than seven decades, she became known for her portrayal of strong African-American women.[1][2] Tyson received three Primetime Emmy Awards, four Black Reel Awards, one Screen Actors Guild Award, one Tony Award, an honorary Academy Award, and a Peabody Award.
    • Having appeared in minor film and television roles early in her career, Tyson garnered widespread attention and critical acclaim for her performance as Rebecca Morgan in Sounder (1972); she was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Actress and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture '' Drama for her work in the film. Tyson's portrayal of the title role in the 1974 television film The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, based on the book by Ernest J. Gaines, won her further praise; among other accolades, the role won her two Emmy Awards and a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role.
    • Tyson continued to act on film and television in the 21st century. In 2011, she played the role of Constantine Jefferson in the award-winning film The Help. She also played the recurring role of Ophelia Harkness in the legal drama TV series How to Get Away With Murder since the show's inception in 2014, for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series five times.
    • In addition to her screen career, Tyson appeared in various theater productions. She received a Vernon Rice Award in 1962 for her Off-Broadway performance in Moon on a Rainbow Shawl. Tyson also starred as Carrie Watts in the Broadway play The Trip to Bountiful, winning the Tony Award, the Outer Critics Award, and the Drama Desk Award for Best Actress in a Play in 2013. Tyson was named a Kennedy Center honoree in 2015. In November 2016, Tyson received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, which is the highest civilian honor in the United States. In 2020, she was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame.
    • Early life [ edit ] She was born in East Harlem on December 19, 1924, the daughter of Fredericka (Huggins) Tyson, a domestic worker, and William Augustine Tyson, who worked as a carpenter and painter.[3] She was one of three children.[4] Her parents were immigrants from Nevis in the West Indies.[5][6] Her father arrived in New York City at age 21 and was processed at Ellis Island on August 4, 1919.[7]
    • Tyson grew up in a religious atmosphere. She sang in the choir and attended prayer meetings at an Episcopal church in East Harlem. Tyson's mother was opposed to her becoming an actress and would not speak to her for a time. She changed her mind when she saw Cicely appear on stage.[8]
    • Career [ edit ] Early work [ edit ] Tyson was discovered by a photographer for Ebony magazine and became a successful fashion model. Her first acting role was on the NBC television series Frontiers of Faith in 1951.[9] Tyson played her first film role in Carib Gold in 1956.[10] She had small roles in the 1959 films Odds Against Tomorrow and The Last Angry Man, Her first stage appearance was in Vinnette Carroll's production of Dark of the Moon at the Harlem YMCA in 1958.[8]
    • In the early 1960s, Tyson appeared in the original cast of French playwright Jean Genet's The Blacks. She played the role of Stephanie Virtue Secret-Rose Diop; other notable cast members included; Maya Angelou, James Earl Jones, Godfrey Cambridge, Louis Gossett Jr., and Charles Gordone.[11] The show was the longest running off-Broadway non-musical of the decade, running for 1,408 performances.[12] She won the 1961-1962 Vernon Rice Award (later known as the Drama Desk Award) for her performance in another off-Broadway production, Moon on a Rainbow Shawl.[8][13]
    • Tyson, who once worked for a social services agency, was spotted by producer David Susskind in The Blacks and in Tiger, Tiger, Burning Bright, and was cast for a role in the CBS TV series East Side/West Side (1963''1964), playing the secretary of a social worker played by George C. Scott.[8] She was at the time the only African American regular member of a TV cast,[14][15] The show was noted for its treatment of social issues, and one of its episodes, on an African-American couple in Harlem (played by James Earl Jones and Diana Sands), was blacked out in Atlanta and Shreveport, Louisiana.[15]
    • In the mid-1960s she had a recurring role in the soap opera The Guiding Light.[16] She appeared with Sammy Davis Jr. in the film A Man Called Adam (1966)[17][18] and starred in the film version of The Comedians (1967) based on the Graham Greene novel.[19] In 1968 Tyson had a featured role in The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter.[20]
    • Stardom [ edit ] In 1972, Tyson played the role of Rebecca Morgan in the film Sounder. She was nominated for both the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her work in Sounder,[21] and also won the NSFC Best Actress and NBR Best Actress Awards.[22][23]
    • In 1974, Tyson played the title role in the television film The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman. Tyson's portrayal of a centenarian black woman's life from slavery until her death before the Civil rights movement won her a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress '' Miniseries or a Movie and an Emmy Award for Actress of the Year '' Special. Tyson was also nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her work in this television film.[24]
    • Tyson's television roles included; Binta in the 1977 miniseries Roots, for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress '' Miniseries or a Movie; Coretta Scott King in the 1978 miniseries King, for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress '' Miniseries or a Movie; Marva Collins in the 1981 television film The Marva Collins Story, for which she received an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress '' Miniseries or a Movie,[21] and Muriel in the 1986 television film Samaritan: The Mitch Snyder Story, for which she received an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special.[25]
    • Later career [ edit ] In 1989, Tyson appeared in the television miniseries, The Women of Brewster Place.[26] In 1991, Tyson appeared in Fried Green Tomatoes as Sipsey.[27] In the 1994''95 television series, Sweet Justice, Tyson portrayed a civil rights activist and attorney named Carrie Grace Battle, a character she modeled after Washington, D.C. civil rights and criminal defense lawyer Dovey Johnson Roundtree.[28] Her other notable film roles include the dramas Hoodlum (1997) and Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005), and the television films Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All (1994) (for which she received her third Emmy Award) and A Lesson Before Dying (1999).[29] In 2005, Tyson co-starred in Because of Winn-Dixie.[30]
    • In 2010, Tyson appeared in Why Did I Get Married Too? and narrated the Paul Robeson Award-winning documentary, Up from the Bottoms: The Search for the American Dream. In 2011, Tyson appeared in her first music video in Willow Smith's 21st Century Girl. That same year, she played Constantine Jefferson, a maid in Jackson, Mississippi, in the critically acclaimed period drama The Help.[31] Set in the backdrop of the Civil Rights Movement, the film won the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Acting Ensemble and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.[32][33]
    • At the 67th Tony Awards, on June 9, 2013, Tyson won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance as Miss Carrie Watts in The Trip to Bountiful. Upon winning, the 88-year-old actress became the oldest recipient of the Best Actress Tony Award.[34][35] She also won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play and the Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play for the role.[36][37]
    • In 2013, Tyson played a supporting role in the horror film The Haunting in Connecticut 2: Ghosts of Georgia.[38] Beginning in 2014, Tyson guest-starred on How to Get Away with Murder as Ophelia Harkness, the mother of main character Annalise Keating (Viola Davis); for this role, she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020. In 2020, she starred in the popular movie A Fall From Grace which was featured on Netflix.[39]
    • Honors [ edit ] In addition to her Screen Actor Guild Award, her Tony Award, her Emmy Awards, and her Black Reel Awards, Tyson received several other honors. In 1977, Tyson was inducted into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame. In 1980, she received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[40] In 1982, Tyson was awarded the Women in Film Crystal Award. The award is given to outstanding women who, through their endurance and the excellence of their work, have helped to expand the role of women within the entertainment industry.[41] In 1988, Tyson received a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women.[42] In 1997, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[43]
    • In 2005, Tyson was honored at Oprah Winfrey's Legends Ball. She was also honored by the Congress of Racial Equality, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the National Council of Negro Women.[44][45] Tyson was awarded the NAACP's 2010 Spingarn Medal for her contribution to the entertainment industry, her modeling career, and her support of civil rights.[46][47][48] Tyson was a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors in 2015.[49] She was awarded the United States' highest civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, by President Barack Obama in November 2016.[50] In September 2018, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that Tyson would receive an Academy Honorary Award.[51] On November 18, 2018, Tyson became the first African-American woman to receive an honorary Oscar.[52] In 2018, Tyson was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.[53] One of 12 soundstages was named after Tyson in her honor at Tyler Perry Studios. She was chosen to be inducted into the Television Academy's Hall of Fame in 2020.[54]
    • Tyson received honorary degrees from Clark Atlanta University,[55] Columbia University;[56] Howard University;[57] and Morehouse College, an all-male historically black college.[58] The Cicely Tyson School of Performing and Fine Arts, a magnet school in East Orange, New Jersey, was named after her in 2009.[59]
    • Personal life and death [ edit ] Tyson had a daughter when she was 17 years old.[60] At the age of 18, Tyson married Kenneth Franklin on December 27, 1942.[61] According to her divorce decree, her husband abandoned her after less than eighteen months of marriage. The marriage was formally dissolved in 1956.[62][63]
    • Tyson began dating jazz trumpeter Miles Davis in the 1960s when he was in the process of divorcing dancer Frances Davis.[64] Davis used a photo of Tyson for his 1967 album, Sorcerer. Davis told the press in 1967 that he intended to marry Tyson in March 1968 after his divorce was finalized,[65] but he married singer Betty Davis that September.[66]
    • Tyson and Davis rekindled their relationship in 1978. They were married on November 26, 1981, in a ceremony conducted by Atlanta mayor Andrew Young at the home of actor Bill Cosby. Their marriage was tumultuous due to Davis' volatile temper and infidelity.[67] Davis credited Tyson with saving his life and helping him overcome his cocaine addiction.[67] They resided in Malibu, California, and New York City, until she filed for divorce in 1988.[68] Their divorce was finalized in 1989, two years before Davis died in 1991.[67]
    • Tyson was godmother to the singer Lenny Kravitz, having been friends with his mother, actress Roxie Roker, as well as to Denzel Washington's daughter Katia; and Tyler Perry's son Aman.[69]
    • Tyson was an honorary member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority.[70] She was a vegetarian.[71] She was also a first-cousin of Louis Farrakhan, a longtime leader of the Nation of Islam.[72]
    • Tyson's memoir, Just As I Am, was published on January 26, 2021,[73] and she promoted the book during the last weeks of her life. When she was asked how she wanted to be remembered in an interview with Gayle King, Tyson said, "I've done my best. That's all."[74]
    • Tyson died on January 28, 2021, at the age of 96.[73] Her funeral was held February 16 at the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem, and was attended by Tyler Perry, her godson Lenny Kravitz, and Bill and Hillary Clinton.[75]
    • Filmography [ edit ] Sources:[76][77][78]
    • Film [ edit ] Television [ edit ] YearTitleRoleNotes1961Frontiers of Faith"The Bitter Cup"[76]1962The NursesBetty Ann WarnerEpisode: "Frieda"[76]1963To Tell the TruthDecoy contestantEpisode: March 25, 1963 (decoy for Shirley Abicair)[80]Naked CityEpisode: "Howard Running Bear Is a Turtle"[76]1963''1964East Side/West SideJane Foster26 episodes1965Slattery's PeopleSarah BrookmanEpisode: "Question: Who You Taking to the Main Event, Eddie?"[76]1965''1966I SpyPrincess AmaraVickie HarmonEpisode: "So Long, Patrick Henry"Episode: "Trial by Treehouse"[76]1966Guiding LightMartha Frazier[76]1967Cowboy in AfricaJulie AndersonEpisode: "Tomorrow on the Wind"[76]Judd for the DefenseLucille EvansEpisode: "Commitment"[76]1968''1969The F.B.I.Julie HarmonLainey HarberEpisode: "The Enemies"Episode: "Silent Partners"[76]1969Medical CenterSusan WileyEpisode: "The Last 10 Yards"[76]The Courtship of Eddie's FatherBetty KellyEpisode: "Guess Who's Coming for Lunch"[76]1970GunsmokeRachel BiggsEpisode: "The Scavengers"[76]Mission: ImpossibleAlma RossEpisode: "Death Squad"[76]The Bill Cosby ShowMildred HermosaEpisode: "Blind Date"[76]Here Come the BridesPrincess LucendaEpisode: "A Bride for Obie Brown"[76]1971Marriage: Year OneEmma Teasley[76]Neighbors[76]1972Emergency!Mrs. JohnsonEpisode: "Crash"[76]Soul Train[76]Wednesday Night Out[76]1974The Autobiography of Miss Jane PittmanJane PittmanPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress '' Miniseries or a MovieEmmy Award for Actress of the Year '' Special[76]Nominated '-- BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleFree to Be'... You and MeHerself[76]1976Just an Old Sweet SongPriscilla Simmons[76]1977RootsBintaMiniseries[76]Nominated '-- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress '' Miniseries or a MovieWilmaBlanche Rudolph[76]1978KingCoretta Scott KingMiniseries[76]Nominated '-- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress '' Miniseries or a MovieA Woman Called MosesHarriet Ross Tubman[76]1979Saturday Night LiveHerself (host)Episode: "Cicely Tyson/Talking Heads"[76]1981The Body Human: Becoming a WomanHost[76]The Marva Collins StoryMarva CollinsNAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic SpecialNominated '-- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress '' Miniseries or a Movie1982Benny's PlaceOdessa[76]1985Playing with FireCarol Phillips[76]1986Intimate EncountersDr. Claire Dalton[76]Acceptable RisksJanet Framm[76]Samaritan: The Mitch Snyder StoryMurielNAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special1989 The Women of Brewster Place Mrs. Browne[76]1990The Kid Who Loved ChristmasEtta[76]B.L. StrykerRuth HastingsEpisode: "Winner Takes All"[76]Heat WaveRuthana RichardsonCableACE Award for Actress in a Movie or Miniseries1991ClippersDonnaShort[76]1992DuplicatesDr. Randolph[76]When No One Would ListenSarah[76]1993House of SecretsEvangeline[76]1994Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells AllCastralia, Marsden Family House Slave/MaidPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress '' Miniseries or a MovieNominated '-- NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama SeriesNominated '-- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie1994''1995Sweet JusticeCarrie Grace BattleNominated '-- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress '' Drama SeriesNominated '-- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series1996 The Road to Galveston Jordan RooseveltNAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic SpecialLone Star Film & Television Award for Best TV Actress[81]Nominated '-- CableACE Award for Actress in a Movie or Miniseries[82]Nominated '-- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie1997Bridge of TimeGuardian[76]RiotMaggieSegment: "Homecoming Day"Nominated '-- CableACE Award for Supporting Actress in a Movie or Miniseries[83]Ms. ScroogeMs. Ebenita Scrooge[76]The Price of Heaven (Blessed Assurance)Vesta Lotte Battle[76]1998Always OutnumberedLuvia[76]Mama Flora's FamilyMama FloraNAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special1999A Lesson Before DyingTante LouBlack Reel Award for Network/Cable '' Best Supporting ActressNominated '-- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress '' Miniseries or a MovieNominated '-- NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic SpecialAftershock: Earthquake in New YorkEmily Lincoln[76]2000Touched by an AngelAbigail Peabody-JacksonEpisode: "Living the Rest of My Life"[76]The Outer LimitsJustice Gretchen ParkhurstEpisode: "Final Appeal"[76]2001JewelCathedral[76]The Proud FamilyMrs. Maureen Parker (voice)Episode: "Behind Family Lines"[84]2002The Rosa Parks StoryLeona Edwards McCauleyBlack Reel Award for Network/Cable '' Best Supporting Actress2005Higglytown HeroesGreat Aunt Shirley HeroEpisode: "Wayne's 100 Special Somethings"[76]2009Relative StrangerPearlNominated '-- NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic SpecialNominated '-- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress '' Miniseries or a MovieLaw & Order: Special Victims UnitOndine BurdettEpisode: "Hell"[85]2014The Trip to BountifulMrs. Carrie WattsTV movieBlack Reel Award for Best Actress: T.V. Movie/CableNAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic SpecialOnline Film & Television Association Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture or Miniseries
    • Nominated '-- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie (executive producer) Nominated '-- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a MovieNominated '-- Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Movie/MiniseriesNominated '-- Satellite Award for Best Actress in a Miniseries or TV FilmNominated '-- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie2015''2020How to Get Away with MurderOphelia Harkness10 episodes: "Mama's Here Now", "There's My Baby", "Anna Mae", "Go Cry Somewhere Else", "I'm Going Away", "Lahey v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania", "Where Are Your Parents", "Are You The Mole" '' [voice only], "The Reckoning", "Stay"Nominated '-- Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Drama SeriesNominated '-- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series (2015, 2017''2020)Nominated '-- NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (2016''2017)2016House of CardsDoris Jones3 episodes[86]2019Madam SecretaryFlo AveryEpisode: "Leaving the Station"[87]2020Cherish the DayMiss Luma Lee LangstonSeries regular[88]Theatre [ edit ] Radio [ edit ] Awards and nominations [ edit ] Academy Awards [ edit ] Note: The year given is the year of the ceremony
    • Golden Globe Awards [ edit ] Note: The year given is the year of the ceremony
    • Emmy Award [ edit ] Sources.[107]
    • Tony Awards [ edit ] Note: The year given is the year of the ceremony
    • Peabody Awards [ edit ] Note: The year given is the year of the ceremony
    • YearAwardPerformanceResult2020Career Achievement Peabody[109]''WonTelevision Hall of Fame [ edit ] Note: The year given is the year of the ceremony
    • References [ edit ] ^ "Cicely Tyson". Britannica . Retrieved April 23, 2019 . ^ Melton, Lori (December 7, 2015). "Cicely Tyson: Legendary Portrait Of Beauty, Courage And Strength". CBS Sacramento . Retrieved September 19, 2018 . ^ McFadden, Robert D. (January 29, 2021). "Cicely Tyson, an Actress Who Shattered Stereotypes, Dies at 96". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved January 30, 2021 . ^ Anika Myers Palm. "Cicely Tyson, iconic and influential actress, dies at 96". CNN . Retrieved January 29, 2021 . ^ "Cicely Tyson: Bah, Humbug? Actress Stars as Ms. Scrooge. (Living)". The Cincinnati Post. republished online at Highbeam.com. November 28, 1997. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. ^ Klemesrud, Judy (October 1, 1972). "Cicely, the Looker From 'Sounder'; Cicely, the Looker". The New York Times . Retrieved April 30, 2010 . ^ The Staue of Liberty '' Ellis Island Foundation, Inc, Ellisisland.org; retrieved August 9, 2013. ^ a b c d Messina, Matt (September 8, 1963). "Actress Finds TV Role Strikes Familiar Note". Daily News. p. 10 . Retrieved January 29, 2021 '' via Newspapers.com. ^ "Cicely Tyson: Legendary Portrait Of Beauty, Courage And Strength". December 7, 2015. ^ "At 94, The Legendary Cicely Tyson Remains An 'Optimist ' ". The Charleston Chronicle. ^ Genet, Jean; Frechtman, Bernard (November 24, 1960). "The blacks : a clown show". New York: Grove Press, Inc. '' via Internet Archive. ^ Gussow, Mel (April 16, 1986). "Jean Genet, The Playwright, Dies at 75". The New York Times '' via NYTimes.com. ^ "Off-Broadway Awards Presented". The New York Times. May 15, 1962. p. 49. ^ "Cicely Tyson Biography (1924-2021)". Biography.com . Retrieved February 28, 2019 . In 1963 Tyson became the first African American star of a TV drama in the series East Side/West Side... ^ a b Cosham, Ralph H. (November 25, 1963). "Negro Comes to Television; Sponsors Happy". Nashville Banner. United Press International. p. 29 . Retrieved January 29, 2021 '' via Newspapers.com. '...only one dramatic program features a Negro as a regular member of the cast. She is Cicely Tyson, who portrays a social worker in the new CBS series East Side, West Side. ^ Kantrowitz, Barbara (September 3, 2009). "After 72 Years, Springfield Gets a Stop Sign (Published 2009)" '' via NYTimes.com. ^ Obenson, Tambay (August 27, 2019). " ' How to Get Away with Murder': Cicely Tyson and Glynn Turman on the Honor of Acting". ^ "What's on TV Monday: 'The Bachelor: The Greatest Seasons Ever ' ". Los Angeles Times. June 8, 2020. ^ "The Comedians | TV Guide". TVGuide.com. ^ Adler, Renata (August 1, 1968). "Screen: 'The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter':Alan Arkin Starred in McCullers Story Dean Martin Western Is at Local Houses". The New York Times '' via NYTimes.com. ^ a b Haylock, Zoe (January 28, 2021). "Cicely Tyson: 10 of Her Most Memorable Performances". The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 29, 2021 . ^ "Past Awards". National Society of Film Critics. December 19, 2009 . Retrieved January 30, 2021 . ^ "Best Actress Archives". National Board of Review . Retrieved January 30, 2021 . ^ "Cicely Tyson, award-winning American actress noted for playing strong characters '' obituary". The Telegraph. January 29, 2021. ISSN 0307-1235 . Retrieved January 29, 2021 . ^ "Cicely Tyson". Contemporary Theatre, Film and Television . Retrieved January 30, 2021 . ^ Searles, Jourdain (February 25, 2019). "How The Women Of Brewster Place Revolutionized the Depiction of Black Women on TV". Thrillist. ^ "Cicely Tyson". Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 29, 2021 . ^ Fox, Margalit (May 21, 2018). "Dovey Johnson Roundtree, Barrier-Breaking Lawyer, Dies at 104". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved January 30, 2021 . ^ Fries, Laura (May 21, 1999). "A Lesson Before Dying". Variety . Retrieved January 30, 2021 . ^ "Because of Winn-Dixie". February 18, 2005 . Retrieved January 30, 2021 . ^ "The Help" . Retrieved November 4, 2014 . ^ "17th Annual Critics' Choice Movie Awards (2012) '' Best Picture: The Artist". Critics Choice Association . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ Grossman, Emily (December 14, 2018). "Inside Every Recent Film Ensemble SAG Award Winner". Backstage . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ Purcell, Carey (June 9, 2013). "Kinky Boots, Vanya and Sonia, Pippin and Virginia Woolf? Are Big Winners at 67th Annual Tony Awards". Playbill. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013 . Retrieved June 10, 2013 . ^ McFadden, Robert D. (January 29, 2021). "Cicely Tyson, an Actress Who Shattered Stereotypes, Dies at 96". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved January 29, 2021 . ^ Hetrick, Adam (May 19, 2013). "Billy Porter, Andrea Martin, Pippin, Matilda, Vanya and Sonia Win Drama Desk Awards". Playbill. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013 . Retrieved May 20, 2013 . ^ Gans, Andrew (May 13, 2013). "Pippin Is Big Winner of 2012''13 Outer Critics Circle Awards". Playbill . Retrieved May 13, 2013 . ^ "Director Tom Elkins: Awakening the "GHOSTS OF GEORGIA " ". Fangoria. January 3, 2013. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017 . Retrieved February 28, 2017 . ^ "A Fall from Grace | Netflix Official Site". www.netflix.com . Retrieved March 7, 2020 . ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. ^ Women in Film website Archived June 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Wif.org. Retrieved August 9, 2013. ^ "Candace Award Recipients 1982''1990". NCBW.org. National Coalition of 100 Black Women. p. 3. Archived from the original on March 14, 2003. ^ "Cicely Tyson". walkoffame.com. Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved January 29, 2021 . ^ "CICELY TYSON TO RECEIVE CRYSTAL STAIR AWARD". Sugarcane Magazine. October 24, 2017 . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ Pedersen, Erik (January 28, 2021). "Cicely Tyson Dies: Pioneering 'Sounder' Oscar Nominee & 'Autobiography Of Miss Jane Pittman' Emmy Winner Was 96". Deadline . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ "NAACP Spingarn Medal". NAACP.org. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Archived from the original on July 7, 2010 . Retrieved August 9, 2013 . ^ "NAACP Names Cicely Tyson 95th Spingarn Medalist". NAACP.org. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011 . Retrieved March 8, 2016 . ^ Outten, Bridgette. "NAACP Honors Cicely Tyson with Spingarn Medal, Wraps Up Convention". Politic365.com. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016 . Retrieved March 8, 2016 . ^ "Cicely Tyson". Britannica.com . Retrieved January 21, 2018 . ^ Kennedy, Merrit (November 16, 2016). "These Are The 21 People Receiving The Nation's Highest Civilian Honor". NPR.org . Retrieved March 16, 2017 . ^ a b Bahr, Lindsay (September 5, 2018). "Cicely Tyson, Kathleen Kennedy among film academy honorees". APNews.com . Retrieved September 19, 2018 . ^ Sinha-Roy, Piya (November 19, 2018). "Cicely Tyson, Kathleen Kennedy break new ground with honorary Oscars". EW.com . Retrieved November 19, 2018 . ^ Gans, Andrew (November 12, 2018). "Cicely Tyson, Christine Baranski, David Henry Hwang, More Inducted Into Theater Hall of Fame November 12". Playbill . Retrieved December 26, 2018 . ^ "Cicely Tyson, Seth MacFarlane joining TV Hall of Fame". APNews.com. December 3, 2019. ^ Willis, Cortney (January 29, 2021). "7 Reasons Cicely Tyson Deserves All Our Respect". Yahoo News. ^ "Honorary degree bestowed on Cicely Tyson". news.columbia.edu. Columbia University. Archived from the original on June 25, 2015 . Retrieved June 3, 2015 . ^ Cox, Timothy (May 19, 2016). "President Obama draws rock-star reactions at Howard University commencement". The Chronicle. Winston-Salem, North Carolina . Retrieved September 19, 2018 . ^ "Morehouse College". Morehouse.edu. Archived from the original on December 14, 2017 . Retrieved August 4, 2018 . ^ Bondy, Halley (September 25, 2009). "Cicely Tyson comes to East Orange to dedicate new school named for her". The Star-Ledger . Retrieved January 30, 2021 . ^ Reed, Anika (January 26, 2021). "Cicely Tyson's death comes days after her memoir was released. These are the book's most poignant moments". USA Today . Retrieved January 28, 2021 . ^ "Marriage License". Ancestry. New York City Department of Records & Information Services . Retrieved April 19, 2020 . ^ "Join Ancestry.com". ancestry.com. ^ "Abstract of Divorce Decree" . Ancestry.com. October 17, 1957 . Retrieved January 13, 2021 . ^ "Miles Davis And Wife Now 'Miles Apart ' ". Jet. 33 (19): 23. February 15, 1968. ^ "Miles Davis To Make March Merger With Cicely Tyson". Jet. 33 (4): 56. November 2, 1967. ^ "One Of Sexiest Men Alive". Jet. 35 (2): 48. October 17, 1968. ^ a b c Davis, Miles; Troupe, Quincy (1990). Miles: The Autobiography . Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-72582-2. ^ "Cicely Tyson To Divorce Trumpeter Miles Davis". Jet. 73 (21): 13. February 22, 1988. ^ "Pioneering US actress Cicely Tyson dies aged 96". BBC News. January 29, 2021 . Retrieved January 29, 2021 . ^ Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. [@dstinc1913] (February 18, 2019). "The legendary Cicely Tyson graces the cover of TIME Magazine's second Optimism issue out this month. Tyson has been acting since 1956. She has received several honors and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. She's an Honorary Member of Delta Sigma Theta" (Tweet) '' via Twitter. ^ Armstrong, David. (1991). The Great American Medicine Show. Prentice Hall. p. 62. ISBN 978-0133640274 ^ Lane, Carl L. (January 29, 2021). "Actress, Cicely Tyson, Lived So Black Children Could Dream". Medium . Retrieved March 6, 2021 . ^ a b Dagan, Carmel (January 28, 2021). "Cicely Tyson, Pioneering Hollywood Icon, Dies at 96". Variety . Retrieved January 28, 2021 . ^ Italie, Hillel; Kennedy, Mark (January 29, 2021). "Cicely Tyson, her memoir just out, was active to the end". Winston-Salem Journal '' via Associated Press. ^ "Cicely Tyson and the Enduring Legacy of Arthur Mitchell's Dance Theatre of Harlem". Pointe. February 24, 2021 . Retrieved February 25, 2021 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp McCann, Bob (December 21, 2009). Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television. McFarland, Inc., Publishers. pp. 334''336. ISBN 9780786458042 . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ "Cicely Tyson". Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ "Cicely Tyson". TV Guide . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ "Last Angry Man, The (1959) '' We Want the Doctor!". Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ Kovalchik, Kara (June 10, 2016). "10 Stand-Up Facts About To Tell the Truth". MentalFloss . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ "Oscar nominee Uno to meet with locals on Saturday". VietnamNet. May 6, 2014 . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ "CableACE Award Nominations Announced". Associated Press. September 10, 1996 . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ "CableAce Awards". Variety. November 16, 1997 . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ Smith, Da'Shan (March 1, 2019). "This 2002 The Proud Family Episode Got Refreshingly Honest About Classism in Black Families". TV Guide . Retrieved February 2, 2021 . ^ O'Connor, Mickey (February 19, 2009). "SVU Exclusive: Oscar Nominee Cicely Tyson Will Guest". TV Guide . Retrieved February 2, 2021 . ^ McConville, Kylie (March 4, 2016). "Who Plays Doris Jones On 'House Of Cards'? Cicely Tyson Is A Problem For Claire Underwood". Romper . Retrieved February 2, 2021 . ^ Keveney, Bill (December 8, 2019). " ' Madam Secretary' finale celebration: A wedding, an amendment, soccer champs, celeb cameos". USA Today . Retrieved February 2, 2021 . ^ Petski, Denise (August 13, 2019). "Cicely Tyson To Star In Ava DuVernay's 'Cherish The Day' Anthology Series On OWN" . Retrieved February 2, 2021 . ^ a b c d e f g Harrison, Paul Carter; Andrews, Bert (1989). In the Shadow of the Great White Way: Images from the Black Theatre. Thunder's Mouth Press. ^ "Jolly's Progress". Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved December 3, 2009 . ^ "The Cood World". Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved December 3, 2009 . ^ "The Blacks: A Clown Show". Lortel Archives: The Internet off-Broadway Database. Archived from the original on October 2, 2007 . Retrieved December 3, 2009 . ^ "Tiger, Tiger Burning Bright". United States: Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved December 3, 2009 . ^ "The Blue Boy in Black". Lortel Archives: The Internet off-Broadway Database. Archived from the original on September 22, 2007 . Retrieved December 3, 2009 . ^ "Trumpets of the Lord". Lortel Archives: The Internet off-Broadway Database. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012 . Retrieved December 3, 2009 . ^ "A Hand Is on the Gate". Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved December 3, 2009 . ^ "Carry Me Back to Morningside Heights". Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved December 3, 2009 . ^ "To Be Young, Gifted and Black". New York, New York: Lortel Archives: The Internet off-Broadway Database. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007 . Retrieved December 3, 2009 . ^ "Trumpets of the Lord". New York, New York: Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved December 3, 2009 . ^ "The Corn Is Green". Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved December 3, 2009 . ^ "The Corn Is Green". Internet Theatre Database . Retrieved December 3, 2009 . ^ "Cicely Tyson Returns to Broadway in 'The Trip to Bountiful ' ". The Hollywood Reporter. December 3, 2012 . Retrieved May 11, 2020 . ^ Stasio, Marilyn (October 14, 2015). "Broadway Review: 'The Gin Game' with Cicely Tyson, James Earl Jones". Variety . Retrieved May 11, 2020 . ^ Dunning, John (1998). The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 603. ISBN 9780199840458 . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ Helsel, Phil (January 28, 2021). "Cicely Tyson, legendary actor known for 'Sounder' and other roles, dies at 96". NBC . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ "Cicely Tyson". Golden Globes . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ "Cicely Tyson". Television Academy . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ Viagas, Robert (January 28, 2021). "Cicely Tyson, Tony-Winning Star of The Trip to Bountiful and More, Is Dead at 96". Playbill . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ Schneider, Michael (June 10, 2020). " ' Stranger Things,' 'When They See Us,' 'Watchmen' Among This Year's Peabody Award Winners". Variety . Retrieved June 10, 2020 . ^ Hipes, Patrick (December 3, 2019). "TV Academy Hall Of Fame Adding Bob Iger, Geraldine Laybourne, Seth MacFarlane, Jay Sandrich & Cicely Tyson". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020 . Retrieved December 3, 2019 . External links [ edit ] Awards for Cicely Tyson
    • 1928''1950Warner Bros. / Charlie Chaplin (1928)Walt Disney (1932)Shirley Temple (1934)D. W. Griffith (1935)The March of Time / W. Howard Greene and Harold Rosson (1936)Edgar Bergen / W. Howard Greene / Museum of Modern Art Film Library / Mack Sennett (1937)J. Arthur Ball / Walt Disney / Deanna Durbin and Mickey Rooney / Gordon Jennings, Jan Domela, Devereaux Jennings, Irmin Roberts, Art Smith, Farciot Edouart, Loyal Griggs, Loren L. Ryder, Harry D. Mills, Louis Mesenkop, Walter Oberst / Oliver T. Marsh and Allen Davey / Harry Warner (1938)Douglas Fairbanks / Judy Garland / William Cameron Menzies / Motion Picture Relief Fund (Jean Hersholt, Ralph Morgan, Ralph Block, Conrad Nagel)/ Technicolor Company (1939)Bob Hope / Nathan Levinson (1940)Walt Disney, William Garity, John N. A. Hawkins, and the RCA Manufacturing Company / Leopold Stokowski and his associates / Rey Scott / British Ministry of Information (1941)Charles Boyer / Nol Coward / Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (1942)George Pal (1943)Bob Hope / Margaret O'Brien (1944)Republic Studio, Daniel J. Bloomberg, and the Republic Studio Sound Department / Walter Wanger / The House I Live In / Peggy Ann Garner (1945)Harold Russell / Laurence Olivier / Ernst Lubitsch / Claude Jarman Jr. (1946)James Baskett / Thomas Armat, William Nicholas Selig, Albert E. Smith, and George Kirke Spoor / Bill and Coo / Shoeshine (1947)Walter Wanger / Monsieur Vincent / Sid Grauman / Adolph Zukor (1948)Jean Hersholt / Fred Astaire / Cecil B. DeMille / The Bicycle Thief (1949)Louis B. Mayer / George Murphy / The Walls of Malapaga (1950)1951''19751976''20002001''present
  • Kizzy - Roots Cast | HISTORY
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    • Sat, 03 Apr 2021 17:23
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    • CastThe cherished and smart only child of Kunta Kinte and Belle who maintains her family pride and warrior spirit. She is trained to be a warrior by her father, remembering every story about Africa that her father ever told her. She is taught to read by her slave master's daughter, Missy. After being raped by her slave master, Tom Lea, she gives birth to her only son, George, the only grandchild of Kunta Kinte. She perpetuates the dreams and teachings of her father in the rearing of her son. Young Kizzy (Age 15) Featured in Night 2 is played by E'myri Lee Crutchfield.
  • Madea - Wikipedia
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    • Not to be confused with
    • Medea.
    • MadeaFirst appearanceLast appearanceCreated byTyler PerryPortrayed byTyler PerryFull nameMabel Earlene SimmonsFamily"Big Mabel" Murphy(mother)
    • Frederick (brother)Joe (brother)Irene Andrews (sister; deceased)Heathrow (brother)Helen McCarter (granddaughter)Orlando (grandson in law; via Helen)Gina (granddaughter)Maylene "Maylee" Griffith (granddaughter)Vianne (granddaughter)Bobby (grandson in-law) via VianneLisa (granddaughter)Tina (granddaughter)Jackie (granddaughter)LaKeisha Griffith (great-granddaughter)Shemar (great-granddaughter)SpouseJohnny Simmons (deceased)16 unnamed husbandsChildrenMichelle Griffin (deceased)William Simmons (deceased)Suga "Mama" SimmonsCora Jean SimmonsRelativesAunt Bam (cousin)Vickie (niece)Shirley (niece)Angela (niece)Mike (great-nephew)Sonny (nephew)Brian Simmons (nephew)Tiffany Simmons (great-niece)BJ Simmons (great-nephew)Victoria Breaux (niece)Lisa Breaux (great-niece)Vanessa Breaux-Henderson (great-niece)Nima (great-niece)Jonathan (great-nephew)Ruby (aunt)Eileen Murphy (niece)Lacey Murphy (great-niece)Mabel "Madea" Earlene Simmons was a character created and portrayed by Tyler Perry. She is a tough, elderly African-American woman.[1]
    • Madea is based on Perry's mother and his aunt. In Perry's own words Madea is "exactly the PG version of my mother and my aunt, and I loved having an opportunity to pay homage to them. She would beat the hell out of you but make sure the ambulance got there in time to make sure they could set your arm back".[2]
    • Fictional biography [ edit ] Early years [ edit ] Madea was born in Greensburg, Louisiana,[3] on June 26, 1935, and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana. Her maiden name is unknown, but it is presumably either Baker or Murphy as they were the last names of her father and mother, respectively. (Madea was 65 in the first play, I Can Do Bad All by Myself, as well as Madea's Class Reunion. Her ages in the other plays are unknown because they take place between these two plays, and there's no continuity offered. In Madea Goes to Jail, Madea was around 75). In "I Can Do Bad All by Myself," she reveals she once lived in Cleveland, Ohio, but later returned to Atlanta. Madea was a hooker and a stripper.
    • Madea was brought up in poverty and grew up living in a shotgun house with her parents and siblings. Madea has stated that although her family didn't have much, they had love.[4]She even claimed that her daddy would go outside and hunt for dogs and cook them on the stove to eat for dinner.According to Family Reunion, Madea's mother, "Big Mabel" Murphy, was a hooker during Madea's childhood and was not at all religious. As a result, Madea grew up with little knowledge of religion (as an elderly woman, Madea has a tendency to misquote the Bible).
    • She attended Booker T. Washington High School, where she served as a cheerleader. When Madea was 16, her parents moved her and the rest of her immediate family to Atlanta, Georgia, in a barn house. It was reported in Madea's book, Don't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings, that Madea's mother and father wouldn't allow her to go out at all until she turned 18.
    • Criminal background [ edit ] Madea's criminal record began at age 9 with a charge of theft. She was charged with her first felony at this age, and her crimes began progressing to illegal gambling at age 18, which later evolved into check fraud, identity theft, insurance fraud (related to her nine deceased husbands), assault, attempted murder, and vehicle theft.
    • In Diary of a Mad Black Woman alone, Madea and her granddaughter Helen McCarter were both charged with "criminal trespassing, reckless endangerment, criminal possession of a handgun, assault with a deadly weapon, [driving on a] suspended license, expired registration, reckless driving, and a broken taillight", which placed Madea on house arrest, while her granddaughter was bailed for $5,000.
    • Media and entertainment featuring Madea [ edit ] Madea has appeared in several plays (some of which have been recorded for repeated viewing), fully produced films, a couple of television programs (guest appearances), one book and one animated film. The character made her first appearance in the 1999 play I Can Do Bad All by Myself, later appearing in numerous other plays by Perry, then appearing in films based on those plays.
    • Plays (including recorded plays) [ edit ] I Can Do Bad All By Myself'--2000Diary of a Mad Black Woman'--2001Madea's Family Reunion'--2002Madea's Class Reunion'--2003Madea Goes to Jail'--2006Madea's Big Happy Family'--2010A Madea Christmas'--2011Madea Gets a Job'--2012Madea's Neighbors from Hell'--2013Madea on the Run'--2015Madea's Farewell'--2019Films [ edit ] Diary of a Mad Black Woman'-- 2005Madea's Family Reunion'--2006Meet the Browns (cameo)'--2008Madea Goes to Jail'--2009I Can Do Bad All by Myself (cameo)'--2009Madea's Big Happy Family'--2011Madea's Witness Protection'--2012A Madea Christmas'--2013Boo! A Madea Halloween'--2016Boo 2! A Madea Halloween'--2017A Madea Family Funeral'--2019[5]Animated film [ edit ] Madea's Tough Love'--2015Television series [ edit ] House of Payne (guest appearances) [ edit ] In the TBS comedy-drama House of Payne pilot episode "Bully and the Beast", Madea was the foster mother of Nikki. She factored into the plot through a school altercation between her adopted daughter and Curtis Payne's (the series' protagonist) great-nephew Malik. Curtis takes a particular disliking to Madea, who is not in the least bit intimidated by Curtis at all. Rather conversely, Curtis became intimidated by Madea and had nightmares about her.[6]
    • In the episode "The Wench Who Saved Christmas", Curtis tries to discourage everyone from having the Christmas spirit. He later fell asleep and dreamt that Madea was the ghost of Christmas past, present, and future. In this form, she tried to teach him a lesson about his killjoy behavior.[7]
    • In the episode "Wife Swap", Curtis' wife Ella chastises him for taking her for granted. That night, Curtis has an extended nightmare where he is married to Madea instead of Ella.[8]
    • Meet the Willams (mentioned) [ edit ] On another TBS series, Meet the Browns, Mable is said to be the mother of Cora Simmons as a result of a one-night stand with the show's lead character, She is an unseen character throughout the series.[9]
    • Love Thy Neighbor (guest appearance) [ edit ] On January 21, 2015, Madea made a special guest appearance in the Oprah Winfrey Network comedy series, Love Thy Neighbor. The episode titled "Madea's Pressure Is Up" aired as part of the 3rd season of Love Thy Neighbor.
    • Cast and characters [ edit ] List indicator(s)
    • This table shows the principal characters and the actors who have portrayed them throughout the franchise.A dark grey cell indicates that the character did not appear or that the character's presence has yet to be announced.A Y indicates a role as a younger version of character portrayed by another actor.A U indicates an uncredited role.A P indicates a photographic role.A C indicates a cameo role.A V indicates a voice-only role.An A indicates an appearance through archival footage or stills.Book [ edit ] Don't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings: Perry wrote the book in the character's persona. The book was published on April 11, 2006.
    • Reception [ edit ] Praise [ edit ] In 2009, Entertainment Weekly put the character on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Whether she's going to jail or just opening up a can of whupass, Tyler Perry's Madea is the profane, gun-toting granny you never had but (maybe) wish you did."[10]
    • Parody and satire [ edit ] In early December 2012, Madea was parodied on Saturday Night Live by actor Jamie Foxx.[11]In the American Dad! episode "Spelling Bee My Baby," Steve Smith deliberately misspelled his words in a spelling bee so as to express his love for Akiko (who was also competing), instead spelling random Tyler Perry/Madea films.[12]The character was parodied on The Boondocks episode "Pause", in which a thinly disguised version of Perry named Winston Jerome plays a similar character to Madea called Ma Duke.[13]The character, and Perry himself, were both spoofed on South Park in the Season 15 episode Funnybot as an unfunny comedian who was the secret pleasure of Token and Barack Obama, two African Americans, and who was the only comedian who Jimmy Valmer was confident would show up for a faux-award at a comedy showMadea was spoofed in the film Scary Movie 5.[14]In A Haunted House 2, the church ladies say they're going to see Madea's latest film, Madea Goes to Mars.A few episodes of The Cleveland Show feature a character named Auntie Momma, who is a large, loud woman, who is later revealed to be the cross-dressing alter ego of Donna's uncle Kevin. Orlando Jones's April Fools prank [ edit ] On April 1, 2013, Orlando Jones pulled an April Fools' Day prank, informing the public via his Huffington Post account that he would be replacing Perry as Madea. Jones led the public to believe that the decision had come amid Perry's prior obligations, assisting Oprah Winfrey with her struggling OWN network. As part of the prank, Jones released a photo of himself to the public in which he was impersonating Madea. In addition, he incorporated several pretend quotes seemingly issued by Perry, both acknowledging the news and giving Jones his blessing to continue on with the character. Unaware of the prank, fans responded with outrage and criticism. As result of increasing outcries from fans, Perry informed the public on April 15, 2013, that the news was untrue. Perry was quoted as stating, "That was an April Fool's joke that HE did. Not true. And not funny. When I'm done with Madea, she is done."[15]
    • Criticism [ edit ] Perry has been accused of minstrelsy and playing into black stereotypes with the Madea character, most notably by fellow black director Spike Lee. Perry's argument with Lee dates back to a 2009 interview in which Lee referred to Perry's films as "coonery buffoonery".[16] Lee equated the Madea movies with the old-time minstrel shows which lampooned black people as dim-witted, lazy, buffoonish, superstitious and happy-go-lucky,[17][18] and further stated that if a white director made a movie depicting black people in such a manner he would be ostracized.[16]
    • Perry responded by stating that his films were meant as entertainment and should not be taken so seriously, saying, "I am sick of him talking about me. I am sick of him saying, 'This is a coon, this is a buffoon.' I am sick of him talking about black people going to see movies. This is what he said: 'You vote by what you see''--as if black people don't know what they want to see. I am sick of him. He talked about Whoopi, he talked about Oprah, he talked about me, he talked about Clint Eastwood. Spike needs to shut the hell up!"[19]
    • See also [ edit ] Cross-gender actingMrs. Brown's BoysReferences [ edit ] ^ Austerlitz, Saul (2010). Another Fine Mess: A History of American Film Comedy . Chicago Review Press. p. 444 . Retrieved 2012-12-30 . Madea avenging. ^ "Tyler Perry Transforms: From Madea To Family Man". NPR. 2012-10-15 . Retrieved 2013-01-17 . ^ Parks, Sheri (23 March 2010). Fierce Angels: The Strong Black Woman in American Life and Culture - Sheri Parks - Google Books. ISBN 9780345512598 . Retrieved 2013-01-08 . ^ Perry, Tyler (6 February 2007). Don't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings: Madea's Uninhibited ... - Tyler Perry - Google Books. ISBN 9781101218037 . Retrieved 2013-01-08 . ^ McNary, Dave (22 June 2017). "Two Tyler Perry Movies Get 2018 Release Dates". ^ "Tyler Perry's House of Payne, Vol. 1: Episodes 1-20 [3 Discs] - DVD". Bestbuy.com. 2007-12-04 . Retrieved 2013-01-23 . ^ "Preview: Tyler Perry's Madea visits House of Payne - Today's News: Our Take". TVGuide.com. 2007-12-05 . Retrieved 2013-01-23 . ^ TV.com (2008-05-08). "Tyler Perry's House Of Payne - Season 4, Episode 1: Wife Swap". TV.com . Retrieved 2013-01-23 . ^ "Meet the Browns TV show | canceled + renewed TV shows". TV Series Finale. 2011-11-18 . Retrieved 2013-01-23 . ^ Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; Nashawaty, Chris; Pastorek, Whitney; Rice, Lynette; Rottenberg, Josh; Schwartz, Missy; Slezak, Michael; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; Stroup, Kate; Tucker, Ken; Vary, Adam B.; Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Ward, Kate (December 11, 2009), "The 100 Greatest Movies, TV Shows, Albums, Books, Characters, Scenes, Episodes, Songs, Dresses, Music Videos, and Trends That Entertained Us Over the Past 10 Years". Entertainment Weekly. (1079/1080):74-84 ^ McGlynn, Katla (2012-12-09). "Tyler Perry's Madea Meets 'Alex Cross' On Jamie Foxx 'SNL' Episode (Video)". Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2013-01-08 . ^ McFarland, Kevin (2013-04-29). " " The Full Cognitive Redaction Of Avery Bullock By The Coward Stan Smith" | American Dad | TV Club | TV". The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2013-05-25 . ^ Braxton, Greg (2010-06-21). "Aaron McGruder's Boondocks' lampoons Tyler Perry". The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010-06-22 . ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0795461/fullcredits/ ^ Scott, Tracy. "Tyler Perry calls Orlando Jones' news 'not true and not funny ' ". S2SMagazine.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-28 . Retrieved 2013-04-16 . ^ a b Spike Lee on Black Enterprise . Retrieved 2012-12-29 '' via YouTube. ^ The Coon Character, Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, Ferris State University. Retrieved 9 November 2011. ^ John Kenrick, A History of the Musical: Minstrel Shows, musicals101.com. 1996, revised 2003. Retrieved 9 November 2011. ^ Yamato, Jen (2011-04-20). "Madea's Tyler Perry Blasts Spike Lee: 'Spike Can Go Straight to Hell! ' ". Movieline . Retrieved 2012-12-29 . External links [ edit ] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Madea Tyler Perry official website
  • Medea - Wikipedia
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    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 03 Apr 2021 17:12
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    • Daughter of King Aetes of Colchis in Greek mythology
    • Not to be confused with
    • Madea.
    • MedeaParentsAetes and IdyiaSiblingsAbsyrtus, ChalciopeConsortJason, AegeusChildrenVary according to tradition, names include Alcimenes, Thessalus, Tisander, Mermeros, Pheres, Eriopis, and MedusIn Greek mythology, Medea (; Ancient Greek: Î'ήδεια , MÄ'deia means "well-counselled") is the daughter of King Aetes of Colchis, a niece of Circe and the granddaughter of the sun god Helios. Medea figures in the myth of Jason and the Argonauts, appearing in Hesiod's Theogony around 700 BC,[1] but best known from Euripides's tragedy Medea and Apollonius of Rhodes' epic Argonautica. Medea is known in most stories as a sorceress and is often depicted as a priestess of the goddess Hecate.
    • She aids Jason in his search for the Golden Fleece out of love, assisting him with her magic and saving his life in several quests, playing the role of an archetypal helper-maiden, before abandoning her native Colchis, marrying him, and fleeing with him westwards where they eventually settle in Corinth. Euripides' 5th century BC tragedy Medea, arguably the best known adaptation of the Medea myth, depicts the ending of said union with Jason, when after ten years of marriage, Jason abandons her to wed king Creon's daughter Creusa while Medea and her sons by Jason are to be banished from Corinth. In revenge, she murders Creusa and the king with poisoned gifts, and later murders her own sons by Jason before fleeing for Athens,[2] where she eventually marries king Aegeus. Other traditions mention several other causes of death for Medea's sons.
    • What happened afterwards varies according to several accounts. Herodotus in his Histories mentions that she ended up leaving Athens and settling in the Iranian plateau among the Aryans, who subsequently changed their name to the Medes.[3]
    • Genealogy and divinity [ edit ] There have been many different accounts of Medea's family tree. One of the only uncontested facts is that she is a direct descendant of the sun god Helios (son of the Titan Hyperion) through her father King Aetes of Colchis. According to Hesiod (Theogony 956''962), Helios and the Oceanid Perseis produced two children Circe and Aeetes. Aetes then married the Oceanid Idyia and Medea was their child. This is where scholars have begun to question the rest of Medea's genealogy. By some accounts, Aetes and Idyia only had two daughters, Medea and Chalciope (or Chalkiope) and Apsyrtus (or Apsyrtos) was the son of Aetes through Asterodea. According to others, Idyia gave birth to Medea and Apsyrtus and Asterodea gave birth to Chalciope. Medea then marries Jason, although the number and names of their children are contested by different scholars. Euripides mentions two unnamed sons (whom Medea kills), others have suggested three sons (Thessalus, Alcimenes, and Tisander) two sons (Mermerus and Pheres) or a son and a daughter (Medeius and Eriopis). After Medea leaves Jason in Corinth, she marries the king of Athens (Aegeus) and bears him a son. Scholars have questioned whether her son Medeius is the son of Jason or of Aegeus, but Medeius goes on to become the ancestor of the Medes by conquering their lands.
    • The importance of Medea's genealogy is to help define what level of divinity she possessed. By some accounts, like the Argonautica, she is depicted as a young, mortal woman. She is directly influenced by the Greek gods (through Hera and Aphrodite) and while she possesses magical abilities, she is still a mortal with divine ancestry. Other accounts, like Euripides' play Medea, focus on her mortality, although she transcends the mortal world at the end of the play with the help of her grandfather Helios and his sun chariot. Hesiod's Theogony places her marriage to Jason on the list of marriages between mortals and divine, suggesting that she is predominantly divine. She also has connections with Hecate,[4] who was the goddess of magic, which could be one of the main sources from which she draws her magical ties.
    • Mythology [ edit ] Jason and Medea [ edit ] Medea's role began after Jason came from Iolcus to Colchis, to claim his inheritance and throne by retrieving the Golden Fleece. In the most complete surviving account, the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes, Medea fell in love with him and promised to help him, but only on the condition that if he succeeded, he would take her with him and marry her. Jason agreed. In a familiar mythic motif, Aetes promised to give him the fleece, but only if he could perform certain tasks. First, Jason had to plough a field with fire-breathing oxen that he had to yoke himself; Medea gave him an unguent with which to anoint himself and his weapons, to protect them from the bulls' fiery breath. Next, Jason had to sow the teeth of a dragon in the ploughed field (compare the myth of Cadmus), and the teeth sprouted into an army of warriors; Jason was forewarned by Medea, however, and knew to throw a rock into the crowd. Unable to determine where the rock had come from, the soldiers attacked and killed each other. Finally, Aetes made Jason fight and kill the sleepless dragon that guarded the fleece; Medea put the beast to sleep with her narcotic herbs. Jason then took the fleece and sailed away with Medea, as he had promised. Apollonius says that Medea only helped Jason in the first place because Hera had convinced Aphrodite or Eros to cause Medea to fall in love with him. Medea distracted her father as they fled by killing her brother Absyrtus.
    • In some versions, Medea was said to have dismembered her brother's body and scattered his parts on an island, knowing her father would stop to retrieve them for proper burial; in other versions, it was Absyrtus himself who pursued them and was killed by Jason. During the fight, Atalanta, a member of the group helping Jason in his quest for the fleece, was seriously wounded, but Medea healed her. In the Argonautica, Medea and Jason stopped on her aunt Circe's island so that she could be cleansed after murdering her brother, relieving her of blame for the deed.
    • On the way back to Thessaly, Medea prophesied that Euphemus, the helmsman of Jason's ship, the Argo, would one day rule over all of Libya. This came true through Battus, a descendant of Euphemus.
    • The Argo then reached the island of Crete, guarded by the bronze man, Talos (Talus). Talos had one vein which went from his neck to his ankle, bound shut by a single bronze nail. According to Apollodorus, Talos was slain either when Medea drove him mad with drugs, deceived him that she would make him immortal by removing the nail, or was killed by Poeas's arrow (Apollodorus 1.140). In the Argonautica, Medea hypnotized him from the Argo, driving him mad so that he dislodged the nail, ichor flowed from the wound, and he bled to death (Argonautica 4.1638). After Talos died, the Argo landed.
    • Jason, celebrating his return with the Golden Fleece, noted that his father Aeson was too aged and infirm to participate in the celebrations. Medea withdrew the blood from Aeson's body, infused it with certain herbs, and returned it to his veins, invigorating him.[5] The daughters of king Pelias saw this and wanted the same service for their father.
    • While Jason searched for the Golden Fleece, Hera, who was still angry at Pelias, conspired to make Jason fall in love with Medea, who, Hera hoped, would kill Pelias. When Jason and Medea returned to Iolcus, Pelias still refused to give up his throne, so Medea conspired to have Pelias' own daughters kill him. She told them she could turn an old ram into a young ram by cutting up the old ram and boiling it in magic herbs. During her demonstration, a live, young ram jumped out of the pot. Excited, the girls cut their father into pieces and threw him into a pot. Having killed Pelias, Jason and Medea fled to Corinth.
    • Various sources state that Jason and Medea had between one and fourteen children, including sons Alcimenes, Thessalus, Tisander, Mermeros and Pheres, Medus, and Argos, and a daughter, Eriopis.[6] They were married for 10 years in Corinth.
    • Various versions' endings [ edit ] Medea murders one of her children (Louvre)
    • In Corinth, Jason abandoned Medea for the king's daughter, Glauce. Before the fifth century BC, there seem to have been two variants of the myth's conclusion. According to the poet Eumelus, to whom the fragmentary epic Korinthiaka is usually attributed, Medea killed her children by accident.[8] She buried them alive in the Temple of Hera, believing this would make them immortal.[9] The poet Creophylus, however, blamed their murders on the citizens of Corinth.[10]
    • According to Euripides' version, Medea took her revenge by sending Glauce a dress and golden coronet, covered in poison. This resulted in the deaths of both the princess and the king, Creon, when he went to save his daughter. Medea then continued her revenge, murdering two of her children herself and refusing to allow Jason to hold the bodies. Afterward, she left Corinth and flew to Athens in a golden chariot driven by dragons sent by her grandfather, Helios, god of the sun.
    • Although Jason in Euripides calls Medea most hateful to gods and men, the fact that the chariot is given to her by Helios indicates that she still has the gods on her side. As Bernard Knox points out, Medea's last scene with concluding appearances parallels that of a number of indisputably divine beings in other plays by Euripides. Just like these gods, Medea ''interrupts and puts a stop to the violent action of the human being on the lower level, '... justifies her savage revenge on the grounds that she has been treated with disrespect and mockery, '... takes measures and gives orders for the burial of the dead, prophesies the future,'' and ''announces the foundation of a cult.''[11]
    • This deliberate murder of her children by Medea appears to be Euripides' invention, although some scholars believe Neophron created this alternate tradition.[12] Her filicide would go on to become the standard for later writers.[13] Pausanias, writing in the late 2nd century AD, records five different versions of what happened to Medea's children after reporting that he has seen a monument for them while traveling in Corinth.[14]
    • Medea flying on her chariot (Cleveland Museum)
    • Fleeing from Jason, Medea made her way to Thebes, where she healed Heracles (the former Argonaut) from the curse of Hera (that led him to slay his sons).[15]
    • She then fled to Athens, where she met and married Aegeus. They had one son, Medus, although Hesiod makes Medus the son of Jason.[16] Her domestic bliss was once again shattered by the arrival of Aegeus' long-lost son, Theseus. Determined to preserve her own son's inheritance, Medea convinced her husband that Theseus was a threat and that he should be disposed of. As Medea handed Theseus a cup of poison, Aegeus recognized the young man's sword as his own, which he had left behind many years previously for his newborn son, to be given to him when he came of age. Knocking the cup from Medea's hand, Aegeus embraced Theseus as his own.
    • Medea then returned to Colchis and, finding that Aetes had been deposed by his brother Perses, promptly killed her uncle and restored the kingdom to her father. Herodotus reports another version, in which Medea and her son Medus fled from Athens, on her flying chariot, to the Iranian plateau and lived among the Aryans, who then changed their name to the Medes.[3]
    • Recounting the many variations of Medea's story, the 1st century BC historian Diodorus Siculus wrote, "Speaking generally, it is because of the desire of the tragic poets for the marvelous that so varied and inconsistent an account of Medea has been given out."[15]
    • Personae of Medea [ edit ] In Euripides' play Medea she is a woman scorned, rejected by her husband Jason and seeking revenge. Deborah Boedeker writes about different images and symbolism used in Euripides' play to invoke responses from his original Athenian audience.[17] The Nurse gives descriptions of Medea in the prologue, highlighting comparisons to great forces of nature and different animals. There are also many nautical references throughout the play either used by other characters when describing Medea or by Medea herself. By including these references, Boedeker argues that these comparisons were used to create connections to the type of woman Medea was. She holds great power (referred to by the comparisons to forces of nature), she relies on her basic animal-like instincts and emotions (connections to different animals like bulls and lions), and it draws the audience back her original myth of Jason's quest for the Golden Fleece and the sea voyage taken by Jason, Medea, and the Argonauts.
    • Emma Griffiths also adds to the analysis of Medea's character in Euripides's play by discussing the male/female dichotomy created by Euripides.[4] Medea does not fit into the mold of a ''normal woman'' according to Athenian philosophy. She is depicted as having great intelligence and skill, something typically viewed as a masculine trait by Euripides' original audience. On the other hand, she uses that cunning in order to manipulate the men around her, and manipulation of other people would have been a negative female trait to the Athenian audience. There is also the paradox of how she chooses to murder her victims in the play. She poisons the princess, which would have been seen as a feminine way of murder, yet kills her children in cold blood, which is seen as more masculine. She also has dialogue about her children and shows a strong maternal love and connection to them, something that was essential to ''normal women'' in Athenian society. Yet at the end of the play she is able to kill her children as part of her revenge. It is through these opposites that Euripides creates a complicated character for his protagonist.
    • Marianne McDonald argues that "Medea's anger turns to violent action, which can make her into a symbol of freedom, and emblem for the colonized turning the tables on the colonizer. Euripides, more than all other tragedians, has predicted many of the horrors that occur in the modern world, showing both the glory and the monstrosity of the oppressed turned oppressor".[18]
    • Although not the first depiction of Medea, the Argonautica by Apollonios Rhodios gives a fuller description of events that lead up to Euripides's play, mainly surrounding Jason's quest for the Golden Fleece. In this literary work, Medea is presented not as a powerful woman seeking justice rather she is a young woman who is desperately in love with Jason. So much in love that she decides to defy her father and kill her brother in order to help him. James J. Clauss writes about this version of Medea, attempting to unearth another version of this character for scholarship and discussion.[19] He looks into different passages in the original text to define the meaning and draw connection to the different feelings Medea was going through. He argues the feelings of Medea's initial love for Jason, the shame she feels for loving him and for going against her family, and final agreement to help Jason in his quest.
    • Multiple scholars have discussed Medea's use as a ''helper maiden'' to Jason's quest. A helper maid is typically personified as a young woman who helps on a hero's quest usually out of love. Instead of being the center of the story like she is in Euripides' Medea, this version of Medea is reduced to a supporting role. Her main purpose is to help the hero with his quest. Jason would never have been successful on his quest without Medea's help, something that is pointed out and referenced many times in ancient texts and contemporary scholarly work.
    • Other, non-literary traditions guided the vase-painters,[20] and a localized, chthonic presence of Medea was propitiated with unrecorded emotional overtones at Corinth, at the sanctuary devoted to her slain children,[21] or locally venerated elsewhere as a foundress of cities.[22]
    • Cultural depictions [ edit ] Written sources [ edit ] Ovid[23]Heroides XIIMetamorphoses VII, 1-450Tristia iii.9Euripides, Medea Neophron, Medea (fragments from the play)Hyginus, Fabulae 21-26Pindar, Pythian Odes, IVSeneca: Medea (tragedy)Bibliotheca I, 23-28Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca HistoricaApollonius Rhodius, ArgonauticaGaius Valerius Flaccus Argonautica (epic)Herodotus, Histories I.2 and VII.62iHesiod, Theogony 1000-2See also [ edit ] MedusaMedusMedea geneMedesReferences [ edit ] ^ Hesiod Theogony 993-1002 ^ Euripides, Medea ^ a b Herodotus Histories VII.62i ^ a b Griffiths, Emma (2006). Medea. London: New York: Routledge. ^ Godwin, William (1876). "Lives of the Necromancers". p. 41. ^ Smith, William (1870). "Medeia". A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology: Vol 2. p. 1004 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Her children are, according to some accounts, Mermerus, Pheres or Thessalus, Alcimenes and Tisander, and, according to others, she had seven sons and seven daughters, while others mention only two children, Medus (some call him Polyxemus) and Eriopis, or one son Argos. ^ As noted in a scholium to Pindar's Olympian Ode 13.74; cf. Pausanias 2.3.10-11. ^ West, M. L. (2007). "A New Musical Papyrus: Carcinus, Medea". Zeitschrift f¼r Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 161: 1''10. JSTOR 20191275. ^ As noted in the scholium to Medea 264. ^ B.M.W. Knox. Word and Action: Essays on the Ancient Theatre. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979, p. 303. ^ See McDermott 1985, 10-15. ^ Hyginus Fabulae 25; Ovid Met. 7.391ff.; Seneca Medea; Bibliotheca 1.9.28 favors Euripides' version of events, but also records the variant that the Corinthians killed Medea's children in retaliation for her crimes. ^ Pausanias 2.3.6-11 ^ a b Diodorus Siculus, 4.55-4.56 ^ Hesiod Theogony 1000-2 ^ Boedeker, Deborah (1997). Medea: Essays on Medea in Myth, Literature, Philosophy, and Art. Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press. pp. 127''148. ^ Clauss, James J. (1997). Medea: Essays on Medea in Myth, Literature, Philosophy, and Art. Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press. p. 304. ^ Clauss, James J. (1997). Medea: Essays on Medea in Myth, Literature, Philosophy, and Art. Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press. pp. 149''177. ^ As on the bell krater at the Cleveland Museum of Art (91.1) discussed in detail by Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood, "Medea at a Shifting Distance: Images and Euripidean tragedy", in Clauss and Johnston 1997, pp 253-96. ^ Edouard Will, Corinth 1955. "By identifying Medea, Ino and Melikertes, Bellerophon, and Hellotis as pre-Olympianprecursors of Hera, Poseidon, and Athena, he could give to Corinth a religious antiquity it did not otherwise possess", wrote Nancy Bookidis, "The Sanctuaries of Corinth", Corinth 20 (2003) ^ "Pindar shows her prophesying the foundation of Cyrene; Herodotus makes her the legendary eponymous founder of the Medes; Callimachus and Apollonius describe colonies founded by Colchians originally sent out in pursuit of her" observes Nita Krevans, "Medea as foundation heroine", in Clauss and Johnston 1997 pp 71-82 (p. 71). ^ Ovid also wrote a full play called Medea from which only a few lines are preserved. Bibliography [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Medea .Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921.Clauss, J. J. and S. I. Johnston (eds), Medea: Essays on Medea in Myth, Literature, Philosophy and Art. (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1997). ISBN 9780691043760.Grant, Michael, and John Hazel.Who's Who in Classical Mythology. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973.Griffiths, Emma. Medea. London; New York: Routledge, 2006.Knox, B.M.W.. Word and Action: Essays on the Ancient Theatre. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979.McDermott, Emily, Euripides' Medea: The Incarnation of Disorder. (University Park, PA, Penn State University Press, 1985). ISBN 9780271006475.Mossman, Judith, Medea: Introduction, Translation and Commentary. Aris & Phillips, Warminster 2011) ISBN 9780856687884Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. London (1873). "Medeia or Medea"Wygant, Amy. Medea, Magic, and Modernity in France: Stages and Histories, 1553-1797. (Aldershot, Ashgate, 2007). ISBN 9780754659242
  • Karen (pejorative) - Wikipedia
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    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 03 Apr 2021 16:45
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    • Pejorative term used in several English-speaking countries
    • This article is about the pejorative term. For the name itself, see
    • Karen (name). For other uses, see
    • Karen.
    • Karen is a pejorative term for a woman seeming to be entitled or demanding beyond the scope of what is normal. The term also refers to memes depicting white women who use their privilege to demand their own way.[1][2] Depictions also may include demanding to "speak to the manager", being racist or sporting a particular bob cut hairstyle.[3] The term has been criticized for being sexist, ageist, misogynistic, or seeking to control female behavior.[3] As of 2020, the term was increasingly being used in media and on social media as a general-purpose term for middle-aged white women, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic and Black Lives Matter protests.[1] The term has also been applied to male behavior.[3][4] The Guardian called 2020 "the year of Karen".[5]
    • Origin There are several possible origins of the term.[6] One theory is that it is a term developed among Black people in the United States to refer to "these unreasonable white women."[7] The term was popularized on Black Twitter as a meme used to describe white women who "tattle{s} on Black kids' lemonade stands"[8] or who unleash the "violent history of white womanhood."[9] Bitch described it as a term that originated with Black women but was co-opted by white men.[10]
    • University of Virginia media researcher Meredith Clark has said that the idea of a white woman in the vicinity of whom Blacks need to be careful because she won't hesitate to use her "privilege" at the expense of others "has always been there; it just hasn't always been so specific to one person's name.[11] Karen has gone by different names. In the early 1990s, when "Baby Got Back" came out, it was Becky."[11] As late as 2018, before the use of Karen caught on, names matching particular incidents were used, such as "Barbecue Becky", "Cornerstore Caroline" and "Permit Patty".[12] Karen Grigsby Bates agrees, saying "Karens are part of a lineage of entitled white women going back a couple of centuries in this country" and "Karen is part of a continuum...before there were Karens and Beckys, there was Miss Ann."[13] According to Clark, Miss Ann was a Jim Crow-era "cheeky, in-group shorthand amongst Black people" for white people who used their privilege as a weapon.[11]
    • According to Grigsby Bates, the concept of Karen, as Black people had been using the term, became clear to whites when Saturday Night Live did a Black Jeopardy sketch with Chadwick Boseman playing as his Black Panther character T'Challa. Grigsby Bates said, "And T'Challa is getting all his answers wrong in Jeopardy because the game is based on Black American idioms, which he doesn't get at all because, duh, he's from Wakanda. But at the last minute, he's asked about someone named Karen bringing her potato salad to his cookout." T'Challa gets the last question right, telling Karen "Aw, hell no, Karen. Keep your bland-ass potato salad to yourself"; Clark "says this moment and a few others like it is when the nation kind of got it, too."[13][14]
    • Contemporary Karens have been compared to Carolyn Bryant (the white woman who accused 14-year-old Emmett Till of offending her in a grocery store which resulted in him being lynched by white men) and Mayella Ewell.[5] Time called the meme "Internet shorthand...for a particular kind of racial violence white women have instigated for centuries'--following a long and troubling legacy of white women in the country weaponizing their victimhood."[15]
    • Andre Brock, a Georgia Tech professor of Black digital culture, connected the virality of the meme in the summer of 2020 with the coronavirus pandemic, the killing of George Floyd, and the Central Park birdwatching incident, noting that both incidents had occurred the same weekend during a period when much of the world had been forced to stay home and had plenty of free time to watch the videos.[15] He said the virality of the two videos was the result of an "interest convergence" in which the pandemic "intersected with collective outrage over police brutality" and "highlighted the extreme violence'--and potentially fatal consequences'--of a white woman selfishly calling the cops out of spite and professed fear."[15]
    • Another origin theory relates to Reddit, where Karen memes regarding entitled women date from December 2017, the earliest being from user karmacop9, whose rants about his ex-wife, Karen, went viral. The posts led to the creation of the subreddit r/FuckYouKaren, containing memes about the posts, and inspiring spinoffs including r/karen and r/EntitledKarens dedicated to criticizing Karens.[16][17] Other uses of Karen as a joke punchline include Dane Cook's 2005 sketch "The Friend Nobody Likes" on his album Retaliation,[17] the airheaded character Karen from the 2004 film Mean Girls, and a 2016 Internet meme regarding a woman in an ad for the Nintendo Switch console who exhibits antisocial behavior and is given the nickname "antisocial Karen."[16][18]
    • Meaning and use Kansas State University professor Heather Suzanne Woods, whose research interests include memes, said a Karen's defining characteristics are "entitlement, selfishness, a desire to complain", and that a Karen "demands the world exist according to her standards with little regard for others, and she is willing to risk or demean others to achieve her ends."[11] Rachel Charlene Lewis, writing for Bitch, agrees, saying a Karen "sees no one as an individual, instead moving through the world prepared to fight faceless conglomerate of lesser-than people who won't give her what she wants and feels she deserves. She'll wield the power that, yes, might be very different from that of a white man, as she makes her demands. And that feeling of entitlement is what makes her, undeniably, a Karen."[10]
    • The meme carries several stereotypes, the most notable being that a Karen will demand to "speak with the manager" of a hypothetical service provider.[16][21] Other stereotypes include anti-vaccination beliefs,[11][16][22][3][23] racism,[24] excessive use of Facebook, and a particular bob haircut with blond highlights. Pictures of Kate Gosselin and Jenny McCarthy's bob cut are often used to depict Karen,[19] and their bobs are sometimes called the "can-I-speak-to-your-manager?" haircut.[17][16][25][21]
    • In December 2020, The Guardian expanded on the links between the term and racism with an article titled, The year of Karen: how a meme changed the way Americans talked about racism, and saying "The image of a white woman calling police on Black people put the lie to the myth of racial innocence".[5]
    • A university in Michigan included 'Karen' on a list of words people should stop using, as it is used as a "misogynist umbrella term for critiquing the perceived overemotional behavior of women".[26][27]
    • Apryl Williams of the University of Michigan said the meme was ultimately beneficial in helping people recognize problematic behaviors and provide evidence of those behaviors being recognized and placed it within a genre she refers to as "Black activist memes".[15]
    • Male context The term is generally used to refer to white women, but The Atlantic noted that "a man can easily be called a Karen", with staff writer David A. Graham calling President Donald Trump the "Karen in chief".[4][28] Similarly, in November 2020, a tweet calling Elon Musk "Space Karen" over comments he made regarding the effectiveness of COVID-19 testing became viral.[29][30] Numerous names for a male equivalent of Karen have been floated, with little agreement on a single name.[31][32] The Jim Crow era male equivalent to Miss Ann was Mister Charlie.[33]
    • Criticism The term has been called a racial slur, since it only refers to white women.[22] Matt Walsh of the Daily Wire wrote "A racial slur is a racial slur. They are all bad '-- even when used against white people, believe it or not."[34][better source needed ] Karen Attiah argues that it lacks the historical context to be a slur, and that calling it one trivializes actual discrimination.[35] Others argue that the targets of the term have immense privilege, and that "an epithet that lacks the power to discriminate is just an insult."[22]
    • The term has also been called sexist and anti-woman, with Hadley Freeman arguing that use of the meme has become less about describing behavior than controlling it and "telling women to shut up".[36] Jennifer Weiner, writing in the New York Times during the COVID-19 pandemic, said the meme had succeeded in silencing her, saying she had had to balance her desire to complain about a nearby man coughing into the open air, hawking and spitting on the sidewalk, with her fear of being called a Karen.[37] In August 2020, Helen Lewis wrote in The Atlantic, "Karen has become synonymous with woman among those who consider woman an insult. There is now a market, measured in attention and approbation, for anyone who can sniff out a Karen."[3] Lewis also noted what she called the "finger trap" of the term, saying "What is more Karen than complaining about being called "Karen"? There is a strong incentive to be cool about other women being Karened, lest you be Karened yourself."[3]
    • British journalist and feminist Julie Bindel asked, "Does anyone else think the 'Karen' slur is woman-hating and based on class prejudice?"[38][23] Freeman replied, saying it was "sexist, ageist, and classist, in that order". Kaitlyn Tiffany, writing in The Atlantic, asked, "Is a Karen just a woman who does anything at all that annoys people? If so, what is the male equivalent?", saying the meme was being called misogynistic.[11] Nina Burleigh wrote that the memes "are merely excuses to heap scorn on random middle-aged white women".[39] Matt Schimkowitz, a senior editor at Know Your Meme, stated to Business Insider in 2019 that the term "just kind of took over all forms of criticism towards white women online", and that it had risen to popularity due to that demographic being seen as entitled.[17] Adam Downer, and associate editor at Know Your Meme, said that while the 2017 Reddit version of the meme had started out primarily as a joke, the meaning had evolved to "[speak] to the sobering real-life consequences".[15] Williams warned that treating the subject in a joking manner downplayed the threat posed to Black and brown people.[15]
    • Notable examples The mid-2019 formation of Tropical Storm Karen in the Atlantic hurricane basin led to memes likening the storm to the stereotype; several users made jokes about the storm wanting to "speak with the manager", with images photoshopped to include the "Karen haircut" on either the hurricane or its forecast path.[40]
    • In November 2019, an anonymous woman was recorded from inside a vehicle on the West Side Highway boulevard in Manhattan, New York, after she pulled over in a traffic accident and confronted a driver in the vehicle for "almost running over [her] children," and the passenger for "acting like a bitch." She justified her language by exclaiming, "My kids can't hear me because they're listening to Kidz Bop." She was mocked all throughout social media for the strange body language, facial expressions, attitude, and claims she made in the video, being dubbed the "Kidz Bop Karen."[41][42] She eventually tried to explain the situation and told TMZ that she "deserved the online mockery for [her] bad behavior on tape."[43]
    • In December 2019, Australian media reported that in the town of Mildura, a woman named Karen had been filmed trying to pull down an Aboriginal Flag being displayed by her neighbors. She was unable to pull it down, leading to a Twitter hashtag #TooStrongForYouKaren and other social media responses.[44][45]
    • During the COVID-19 pandemic, the term was used to describe women abusing Asian-American health workers due to the virus's origins in China,[46] those hoarding essential supplies such as toilet paper, and both those who policed others' behavior to enforce quarantine[37] and those who protested the continuance of the restrictions because they prevented them visiting hair salons,[11] as well as over being forced to wear face masks inside of stores, prompting one critic to ask whether the term had devolved into a all-purpose term of disapproval or criticism for middle-aged white women.[11] Use of the term increased from 100,000 mentions on social media in January 2020 to 2.7 million in May 2020.[39]
    • In May 2020, Christian Cooper, writing about the Central Park birdwatching incident, said Amy Cooper's "inner Karen fully emerged and took a dark turn" when he started recording the encounter.[47] He recorded her calling the police and telling them that an "African-American man" was threatening her and her dog.[48][47] In July 2020 a video of "Permit Karen", a New Jersey woman calling the police to report her Black neighbors were putting in a stone patio without a permit, went viral.[49] A San Diego woman who posted a photo of the barista who refused her service because she wasn't wearing a mask was labelled a Karen; she later announced she was planning to sue the barista for half of donations raised on his behalf after her post went viral.[50]
    • In July 2020, "Whitefish Karen" was arrested after a video of her, unmasked, showed her coughing intentionally in people's faces after being asked to put on a mask.[51][52][53] "Kroger Karen" stood in front of a Black woman's car to block her from leaving a Detroit grocery store parking lot while she called police to report that the woman's child had stood on a shelf to take down an item too high for the child to reach.[51][54] "San Francisco Karen" called the police to report a Filipino man stenciling "Black Lives Matter" on a retaining wall on his property.[15][51][55] "Bunnings Karen" threatened to sue the Melbourne, Australia, hardware store Bunnings for requiring her to wear a mask.[56]
    • In July 2020 an internet meme in the form of a parody advertisement for a fictional Girl of the Year character depicted as a personification of the "Karen" stereotype, wearing a track suit, bob haircut and openly carrying a semi-automatic pistol while defiantly violating face mask guidelines mandated due to the COVID-19 pandemic, provoked criticism from American Girl who took umbrage to the use of their name and trade dress, stating that they were "disgusted" by a post from brand strategist Adam Padilla under the online persona "Adam the Creator", and "are working with the appropriate teams at American Girl to ensure this copyright violation is handled appropriately."[57] Boing Boing however expressed doubts over the merits of American Girl's proposed legal action against the "Karen" parodies citing the Streisand effect, though it has also noted the debate on whether the satirical intent of the parody advertisement is protected by law.[58]
    • In July 2020, Domino's Pizza ran an ad in Australia and New Zealand offering free pizzas to "nice Karens";[23] the company later apologized.[23][56]
    • The BBC called the Wall of Moms "a good example of mainly middle-class, middle-aged white women explicitly not being Karens. Instead, the Wall of Moms is seen by activists as using their privilege to protest against the very same systemic racism and classism that Karens actively seek to exploit."[23]
    • In February 2021, Juliana Carlos, a social media influencer, along with her husband Chris Carlos, were kicked out of a Lakers game after an altercation with Lebron James. This followed an exchange of words between the athlete and the couple, where Mrs. Carlos pulled down her mask and exchanged more words. Aside from the disruption, this violated NBA rules, where all spectators must wear a face covering at all times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Carlos has later submitted an apology video via social media. She has been dubbed as "Courtside Karen", where James tweeted this that same night after the incident.[59]
    • Legislation In July 2020, San Francisco Supervisor Shamann Walton introduced the Caution Against Racially Exploitative Non-Emergencies (CAREN) Act. It would change the San Francisco Police Code to prohibit the fabrication of racially biased emergency reports.[60] The Act passed unanimously in October of that year.[61] Noting this, Williams said "these memes are actually doing logical and political work of helping us get to legal changes".[15]
    • See also References ^ a b Nagesh, Ashitha (July 30, 2020). "What exactly is a 'Karen' and where did the meme come from?". BBC News. BBC . Retrieved November 22, 2020 . ^ Greenspan, Rachel (October 26, 2020). "How the name 'Karen' became a stand-in for problematic white women and a hugely popular meme". Insider. Insider . Retrieved November 22, 2020 . ^ a b c d e f Lewis, Helen (August 19, 2020). "The Mythology of Karen". The Atlantic. ISSN 1072-7825 . Retrieved August 22, 2020 . ^ a b Graham, David A. (May 28, 2020). "The Karen in Chief". The Atlantic . Retrieved October 12, 2020 . ^ a b c Wong, Julia Carrie (December 27, 2020). "The year of Karen: how a meme changed the way Americans talked about racism". The Guardian . Retrieved December 27, 2020 . ^ Greenspan, Rachel (May 27, 2020). "How the name Karen became a stand-in for problematic white women and a hugely popular meme". Business Insider . Retrieved July 17, 2020 . While there are many origin stories for the Karen meme, it's not completely clear where it came from '-- as is the case with many popular memes. 'The origins of Karen are kind of really hard to pin down,' Schimkowitz said. ^ "A Brief History of 'Karen ' ". New York Times . Retrieved February 6, 2021 . ^ https://time.com/5857023/karen-meme-history-meaning/Tiffany, Kaitlyn (May 6, 2020). "How 'Karen' Became a Coronavirus Villain". The Atlantic . Retrieved May 20, 2020 . ^ "How the 'Karen Meme' Confronts the Violent History of White Womanhood". Time Magazine . Retrieved February 23, 2021 . / ^ a b Lewis, Rachel Charlene (April 10, 2020). " ' Karen' Isn't a Slur '' It's A Critique of Entitled White Womanhood". Bitch Media . Retrieved April 21, 2020 . ^ a b c d e f g h Tiffany, Kaitlyn (May 6, 2020). "How 'Karen' Became a Coronavirus Villain". The Atlantic . Retrieved May 20, 2020 . ^ Narizhnaya, Khristina; Lapin, Tamar; Brown, Ruth (October 12, 2018). " ' Cornerstore Caroline' says she's not racist, apologizes to kids". New York Post . Retrieved October 23, 2020 . ^ a b "What's In A 'Karen'? : Code Switch". NPR.org . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ "What's in a Karen? (Transcript)". July 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h Lang, Cady (July 6, 2020). "How the Karen Meme Confronts History of White Womanhood". Time . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ a b c d e f Romano, Aja (February 5, 2020). "Karen: The anti-vaxxer soccer mom with speak-to-the-manager hair, explained". Vox . Retrieved April 21, 2020 . ^ a b c d Greenspan, Rachel (May 27, 2020). "How the name Karen became a stand-in for problematic white women and a hugely popular meme". Business Insider . Retrieved May 29, 2020 . ^ Frank, Allegra (October 25, 2016). "Nintendo Switch's best, most revealing meme is antisocial 'Karen ' ". Polygon . Retrieved June 13, 2020 . ^ a b Abcarian, Robin (May 23, 2020). "Column: Is the 'Karen' meme sexist? Maybe, but it's also apt". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 13, 2020 . ^ Tourjee, Dianna (October 9, 2018). "Can I Speak to Your Manager?: The Beauty & Necessity of A Notorious Haircut". Vice News. ^ a b "10+ Memes of Karen, the Infamous 'Speak to the Manager' Haircut". Know Your Meme . Retrieved May 30, 2020 . ^ a b c "Is calling someone 'Karen' a slur? An investigation". The Philadelphia Inquirer. May 27, 2020 . Retrieved June 2, 2020 . ^ a b c d e "What exactly is a 'Karen' and where did the meme come from?". BBC News. July 30, 2020 . Retrieved October 12, 2020 . ^ Asmelash, Leah (May 30, 2020). "How Karen became a meme, and what real-life Karens think about it". CNN . Retrieved May 30, 2020 . ^ Dozier, Rob (August 21, 2018). "Why Memes Making Fun of White People Demanding to 'Speak to the Manager!' Are So Popular Right Now". Slate . Retrieved April 21, 2020 . ^ "Banished Words List". Lake Superior State University . Retrieved January 5, 2021 . ^ Press, Associated (December 31, 2020). " ' Unprecedented': Michigan university releases annual list of banned words, phrases for 2021". WDIV . Retrieved January 5, 2021 . ^ Queen, Robin (June 16, 2020). "How 'Karen' went from a popular baby name to a stand-in for white entitlement". NZ Herald . Retrieved October 12, 2020 . ^ Rahman, Khaleda (November 16, 2020). "Scientist's "Space Karen" response to Elon Musk goes viral". Newsweek . Retrieved November 16, 2020 . ^ Geske, Dawn (November 16, 2020). "Why Elon Musk Is Being Called 'Space Karen' After Latest Launch". International Business Times. IBT Media . Retrieved November 16, 2020 . ^ "The Internet Attempts to Name the Male 'Karen ' ". MSN/RADIO.Com. June 23, 2020. ^ Matt Berical (December 11, 2020). "What Is the Male Version of a Karen?". Fatherly. ^ Jaynes, Gerald David (2005). Encyclopedia of African American society, Volume 2. Sage Publications. p. 551. ISBN 9780761927648. ^ "Walsh: Karen is an anti-white racial slur". Daily Wire. February 1, 2020. ^ "After racial violence in the U.S., writer Karen Attiah re-examines the 'Karen' meme". CBC. May 27, 2020 . Retrieved June 2, 2020 . ^ Freeman, Hadley (April 13, 2020). "The 'Karen' meme is everywhere '' and it has become mired in sexism". The Guardian. London . Retrieved April 21, 2020 . ^ a b Weiner, Jennifer (April 14, 2020). "Opinion: The Seductive Appeal of Pandemic Shaming". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved June 13, 2020 . ^ Parsons, Vic (April 6, 2020). "In these trying times, lesbian radical feminist Julie Bindel is debating whether 'Karen' is a slur. Yes, really". PinkNews . Retrieved April 21, 2020 . ^ a b Burleigh, Nina (May 28, 2020). "How the Karen Meme Benefits the Right". Medium . Retrieved June 13, 2020 . ^ Mansoor, Sanya (September 22, 2019). "Tropical Storm Karen Has the Internet Saying the Storm 'Wants to Speak to a Manager ' ". Time . Retrieved April 21, 2020 . ^ " " Kidz Bop Karen" Speaks Out After Road Rage Outburst Goes Viral; Passenger Shares Her Side". Baller Alert. November 8, 2019 . Retrieved March 8, 2021 . ^ Dedaj, Paulina (November 6, 2019). " ' Kidz Bop Karen' contacts NJ woman following viral road rage incident: 'Congrats on your 15 mins of fame ' ". Fox News . Retrieved March 8, 2021 . ^ " ' Kidz Bop Karen' went viral for on-camera road rage. The Lyft passenger she targeted calls the tirade 'scary. ' ". Washington Post. ^ "Mildura woman attempts to tear down Aboriginal flag in viral video". SBS World News. Sydney. December 15, 2019 . Retrieved June 26, 2020 . ^ Testa, Christopher (December 22, 2019). "#toostrongforyoukaren viral video prompts anti-racism rally in Mildura". Mildura, Victoria, Australia: ABC Mildura Swan Hill . Retrieved June 26, 2020 . ^ Elliott, Josh K. (April 20, 2020). " ' Go to China!': 'Nurses' hailed for blocking anti-quarantine 'Karen' at coronavirus protest". Global News . Retrieved May 1, 2020 . ^ a b Nir, Sarah Maslin (May 26, 2020). "White Woman Is Fired After Calling Police on Black Man in Central Park". The New York Times . Retrieved May 26, 2020 . ^ Perper, Rosie (May 25, 2020). "A woman in a video appears to call the police claiming there's an 'African American man threatening my life' '' he apparently had asked her to put her dog on a leash". Insider . Retrieved May 26, 2020 . ^ Martin, Julia. "Video of white woman calling police on Black neighbor causes stir in Montclair". North Jersey Media Group . Retrieved July 23, 2020 . ^ "Woman who refused to wear a mask in Starbucks now wants half of $100,000 donated to barista". CBS News . Retrieved July 27, 2020 . ^ a b c Goldblatt, Henry (July 31, 2020). "A Brief History of 'Karen ' ". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved September 4, 2020 . ^ "Video shows 'Whitefish Karen' coughing on couple in parking lot". The Daily Dot. July 20, 2020 . Retrieved September 4, 2020 . ^ "Whitefish Karen - WOMAN COUGHS ON COUPLE in Parking Lot of Super 1 Grocery Store in Montana". D-railed Radio. July 20, 2020. ^ Jordan, Jerilyn. "Metro Detroit's own 'Kroger Karen' prevents Black customer from leaving the parking lot in viral video". Detroit Metro Times . Retrieved September 4, 2020 . ^ "SF 'Karen' Filmed Confronting Pacific Heights Man Over Writing 'Black Lives Matter' on His Property". SFist - San Francisco News, Restaurants, Events, & Sports. June 14, 2020 . Retrieved September 4, 2020 . ^ a b "Domino's Pizza drops 'free pizza for Karen' offer". BBC News. July 31, 2020 . Retrieved October 12, 2020 . ^ McCarter, Reid. "American Girl calls manager over "Karen" doll parody". News . Retrieved July 7, 2020 . ^ Beschizza, Rob (July 6, 2020). "I found out about this amusing Karen parody of American Girl dolls because they want it taken down". Boing Boing. ^ https://people.com/sports/influencer-dubbed-courtside-karen-apologizes-after-yelling-at-lebron-james/ ^ Bauman, Anna (July 7, 2020). "SF supe proposes CAREN Act to prohibit 'false racially biased emergency reports ' ". San Francisco Chronicle. ^ Har, Janie (October 21, 2020). " ' CAREN Act': San Francisco officials let people sue over racist 911 calls". Mercury News. Associated Press . Retrieved October 21, 2020 . External links Karen entry at Know Your Meme
  • Cupid - Wikipedia
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Sat, 03 Apr 2021 16:41
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    • Ancient Roman god of desire, affection and erotic love
    • In classical mythology, Cupid (Latin CupÄdō [kʊËpiːdoː] , meaning "passionate desire") is the god of desire, erotic love, attraction and affection. He is often portrayed as the son of the love goddess Venus and the god of war Mars. He is also known in Latin as Amor ("Love"). His Greek counterpart is Eros.[1]Although Eros is generally portrayed as a slender winged youth in Classical Greek art, during the Hellenistic period, he was increasingly portrayed as a chubby boy. During this time, his iconography acquired the bow and arrow that represent his source of power: a person, or even a deity, who is shot by Cupid's arrow is filled with uncontrollable desire. In myths, Cupid is a minor character who serves mostly to set the plot in motion. He is a main character only in the tale of Cupid and Psyche, when wounded by his own weapons, he experiences the ordeal of love. Although other extended stories are not told about him, his tradition is rich in poetic themes and visual scenarios, such as "Love conquers all" and the retaliatory punishment or torture of Cupid.His powers are similar, though not identical, to Kamadeva the Hindu god of human love.
    • In art, Cupid often appears in multiples as the Amores, or amorini in the later terminology of art history, the equivalent of the Greek erotes. Cupids are a frequent motif of both Roman art and later Western art of the classical tradition. In the 15th century, the iconography of Cupid starts to become indistinguishable from the putto.
    • Cupid continued to be a popular figure in the Middle Ages, when under Christian influence he often had a dual nature as Heavenly and Earthly love. In the Renaissance, a renewed interest in classical philosophy endowed him with complex allegorical meanings. In contemporary popular culture, Cupid is shown drawing his bow to inspire romantic love, often as an icon of Valentine's Day.[2]
    • Etymology [ edit ] The name CupÄdō ('passionate desire') is a derivative of Latin cupiō, cupiere ('to desire'), stemming from Proto-Italic *kupi, *kupei ('to desire'), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kup(e)i ('to tremble, desire').
    • Origins and birth [ edit ] The Romans reinterpreted myths and concepts pertaining to the Greek Eros for Cupid in their own literature and art, and medieval and Renaissance mythographers conflate the two freely. In the Greek tradition, Eros had a dual, contradictory genealogy. He was among the primordial gods who came into existence asexually; after his generation, deities were begotten through male-female unions.[4] In Hesiod's Theogony, only Chaos and Gaia (Earth) are older. Before the existence of gender dichotomy, Eros functioned by causing entities to separate from themselves that which they already contained.[5]
    • At the same time, the Eros who was pictured as a boy or slim youth was regarded as the child of a divine couple, the identity of whom varied by source. The influential Renaissance mythographer Natale Conti began his chapter on Cupid/Eros by declaring that the Greeks themselves were unsure about his parentage: Heaven and Earth,[6] Ares and Aphrodite,[7] Night and Ether,[8] or Strife and Zephyr.[9] The Greek travel writer Pausanias, he notes, contradicts himself by saying at one point that Eros welcomed Aphrodite into the world, and at another that Eros was the son of Aphrodite and the youngest of the gods.[10]
    • In Latin literature, Cupid is usually treated as the son of Venus without reference to a father. Seneca says that Vulcan, as the husband of Venus, is the father of Cupid.[11] Cicero, however, says that there were three Cupids, as well as three Venuses: the first Cupid was the son of Mercury and Diana, the second of Mercury and the second Venus, and the third of Mars and the third Venus. This last Cupid was the equivalent of Anteros, "Counter-Love," one of the Erotes, the gods who embody aspects of love.[12] The multiple Cupids frolicking in art are the decorative manifestation of these proliferating loves and desires. During the English Renaissance, Christopher Marlowe wrote of "ten thousand Cupids"; in Ben Jonson's wedding masque Hymenaei, "a thousand several-coloured loves ... hop about the nuptial room".[13]
    • In the later classical tradition, Cupid is most often regarded as the son of Venus and Mars, whose love affair represented an allegory of Love and War.[14] The duality between the primordial and the sexually conceived Eros accommodated philosophical concepts of Heavenly and Earthly Love even in the Christian era.[15]
    • Attributes and themes [ edit ] Cupid is winged, allegedly because lovers are flighty and likely to change their minds, and boyish because love is irrational. His symbols are the arrow and torch, "because love wounds and inflames the heart." These attributes and their interpretation were established by late antiquity, as summarized by Isidore of Seville (d. 636 AD) in his Etymologiae.[16] Cupid is also sometimes depicted blindfolded and described as blind, not so much in the sense of sightless'--since the sight of the beloved can be a spur to love'--as blinkered and arbitrary. As described by Shakespeare in A Midsummer Night's Dream (1590s):[17]
    • Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mindAnd therefore is winged Cupid painted blind.Nor hath love's mind of any judgement taste;Wings and no eyes figure unheedy haste.And therefore is love said to be a childBecause in choice he is so oft beguiled.[18]
    • In Botticelli's Allegory of Spring (1482), also known by its Italian title La Primavera, Cupid is shown blindfolded while shooting his arrow, positioned above the central figure of Venus.[19]
    • Particularly in ancient Roman art, cupids may also carry or be surrounded by fruits, animals, or attributes of the Seasons or the wine-god Dionysus, symbolizing the earth's generative capacity.[20]
    • Having all these associations, Cupid is considered to share parallels with the Hindu god Kama.[21]
    • Cupid's arrows [ edit ] The god of love (Cupid) shoots an arrow at the lover. From a 14th-century text of
    • Roman de la Rose.
    • Cupid carries two kinds of arrows, or darts, one with a sharp golden point, and the other with a blunt tip of lead. A person wounded by the golden arrow is filled with uncontrollable desire, but the one struck by the lead feels aversion and desires only to flee. The use of these arrows is described by the Latin poet Ovid in the first book of his Metamorphoses. When Apollo taunts Cupid as the lesser archer, Cupid shoots him with the golden arrow, but strikes the object of his desire, the nymph Daphne, with the lead. Trapped by Apollo's unwanted advances, Daphne prays to her father, the river god Peneus, who turns her into a laurel, the tree sacred to Apollo. It is the first of several unsuccessful or tragic love affairs for Apollo.[22]
    • A variation is found in The Kingis Quair, a 15th-century poem attributed to James I of Scotland, in which Cupid has three arrows: gold, for a gentle "smiting" that is easily cured; the more compelling silver; and steel, for a love-wound that never heals.[23]
    • Cupid and the bees [ edit ] In the tale of Cupid the honey thief, the child-god is stung by bees when he steals honey from their hive. He cries and runs to his mother Venus,[24] complaining that so small a creature shouldn't cause such painful wounds. Venus laughs, and points out the poetic justice: he too is small, and yet delivers the sting of love.
    • The story was first told about Eros in the Idylls of Theocritus (3rd century BC).[25] It was retold numerous times in both art and poetry during the Renaissance. The theme brought the Amoretti poetry cycle (1595) of Edmund Spenser to a conclusion,[26] and furnished subject matter for at least twenty works by Lucas Cranach the Elder and his workshop.[27] The German poet and classicist Karl Philipp Conz (1762''1827) framed the tale as Schadenfreude ("taking pleasure in someone else's pain") in a poem by the same title.[28] In a version by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, a writer of the German Enlightenment, the incident prompts Cupid to turn himself into a bee:
    • Through this sting was Amor made wiser.The untiring deceiverconcocted another battle-plan:he lurked beneath the carnations and rosesand when a maiden came to pick them,he flew out as a bee and stung her.[29]
    • The image of Cupid as a bee is part of a complex tradition of poetic imagery involving the flower of youth, the sting of love as a deflowering, and honey as a secretion of love.[30]
    • Cupid and dolphins [ edit ] In both ancient and later art, Cupid is often shown riding a dolphin. On ancient Roman sarcophagi, the image may represent the soul's journey, originally associated with Dionysian religion.[31] A mosaic from late Roman Britain shows a procession emerging from the mouth of the sea god Neptune, first dolphins and then sea birds, ascending to Cupid. One interpretation of this allegory is that Neptune represents the soul's origin in the matter from which life was fashioned, with Cupid triumphing as the soul's desired destiny.[32]
    • In other contexts, Cupid with a dolphin recurs as a playful motif, as in garden statuary at Pompeii that shows a dolphin rescuing Cupid from an octopus, or Cupid holding a dolphin. The dolphin, often elaborated fantastically, might be constructed as a spout for a fountain.[33] On a modern-era fountain in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence, Italy, Cupid seems to be strangling a dolphin.[34]
    • Dolphins were often portrayed in antiquity as friendly to humans, and the dolphin itself could represent affection. Pliny records a tale of a dolphin at Puteoli carrying a boy on its back across a lake to go to school each day; when the boy died, the dolphin grieved itself to death.[35]
    • In erotic scenes from mythology, Cupid riding the dolphin may convey how swiftly love moves,[36] or the Cupid astride a sea beast may be a reassuring presence for the wild ride of love.[37] A dolphin-riding Cupid may attend scenes depicting the wedding of Neptune and Amphitrite or the Triumph of Neptune, also known as a marine thiasos.
    • Demon of fornication [ edit ] To adapt myths for Christian use, medieval mythographers interpreted them morally. In this view, Cupid might be seen as a "demon of fornication".[38] The innovative Theodulf of Orleans, who wrote during the reign of Charlemagne, reinterpreted Cupid as a seductive but malicious figure who exploits desire to draw people into an allegorical underworld of vice.[39] To Theodulf, Cupid's quiver symbolized his depraved mind, his bow trickery, his arrows poison, and his torch burning passion. It was appropriate to portray him naked, so as not to conceal his deception and evil.[40]
    • Sleeping Cupid [ edit ] Bronze
    • Cupid Sleeping on a lion skin (1635''40), signed
    • F, based on the marble attributed to
    • PraxitelesCupid sleeping became a symbol of absent or languishing love in Renaissance poetry and art, including a Sleeping Cupid (1496) by Michelangelo that is now lost.[41] The ancient type was known at the time through descriptions in classical literature, and at least one extant example had been displayed in the sculpture garden of Lorenzo de' Medici since 1488.[42] In the 1st century AD, Pliny had described two marble versions of a Cupid (Eros), one at Thespiae and a nude at Parium, where it was the stained object of erotic fascination.[43]
    • Michelangelo's work was important in establishing the reputation of the young artist, who was only twenty at the time. At the request of his patron, he increased its value by deliberately making it look "antique",[44] thus creating "his most notorious fake".[45] After the deception was acknowledged, the Cupid Sleeping was displayed as evidence of his virtuosity alongside an ancient marble, attributed to Praxiteles, of Cupid asleep on a lion skin.[46]
    • In the poetry of Giambattista Marino (d. 1625), the image of Cupid or Amore sleeping represents the indolence of Love in the lap of Idleness. A madrigal by his literary rival Gaspare Murtola exhorted artists to paint the theme. A catalogue of works from antiquity collected by the Mattei family, patrons of Caravaggio, included sketches of sleeping cupids based on sculpture from the Temple of Venus Erycina in Rome. Caravaggio, whose works Murtola is known for describing, took up the challenge with his 1608 Sleeping Cupid, a disturbing depiction of an unhealthy, immobilized child with "jaundiced skin, flushed cheeks, bluish lips and ears, the emaciated chest and swollen belly, the wasted muscles and inflamed joints." The model is thought to have suffered from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.[47] Caravaggio's sleeping Cupid was reconceived in fresco by Giovanni da San Giovanni, and the subject recurred throughout Roman and Italian work of the period.[48]
    • Love Conquers All [ edit ] Earlier in his career, Caravaggio had challenged contemporary sensibilities with his "sexually provocative and anti-intellectual" Victorious Love, also known as Love Conquers All (Amor Vincit Omnia), in which a brazenly naked Cupid tramples on emblems of culture and erudition representing music, architecture, warfare, and scholarship.[49]
    • The motto comes from the Augustan poet Vergil, writing in the late 1st century BC. His collection of Eclogues concludes with what might be his most famous line:[50]
    • Omnia vincit Amor: et nos cedamus Amori.Love conquers all, and so let us surrender ourselves to Love.[51]
    • The theme was also expressed as the triumph of Cupid, as in the Triumphs of Petrarch.[52]
    • Roman Cupid [ edit ] Fragmentary base for an altar of Venus and Mars, showing cupids handling the weapons and
    • chariot of the war god, from the reign of
    • Trajan (98''117 AD)
    • The ancient Roman Cupid was a god who embodied desire, but he had no temples or religious practices independent of other Roman deities such as Venus, whom he often accompanies as a side figure in cult statues.[14] A Cupid might appear among the several statuettes for private devotion in a household shrine,[53] but there is no clear distinction between figures for veneration and those displayed as art or decoration.[54] Roman temples often served a secondary purpose as art museums, and Cicero mentions a statue of "Cupid" (Eros) by Praxiteles that was consecrated at a sacrarium and received religious veneration jointly with Hercules.[55] An inscription from Crtama in Roman Spain records statues of Mars and Cupid among the public works of a wealthy female priest (sacerdos perpetua), and another list of benefactions by a procurator of Baetica includes statues of Venus and Cupid.[56]
    • Cupid became more common in Roman art from the time of Augustus, the first Roman emperor. After the Battle of Actium, when Antony and Cleopatra were defeated, Cupid transferring the weapons of Mars to his mother Venus became a motif of Augustan imagery.[57] In the Aeneid, the national epic of Rome by the poet Virgil, Cupid disguises himself as Iulus, the son of Aeneas who was in turn the son of Venus herself, and in this form he beguiles Queen Dido of Carthage to fall in love with the hero. She gives safe harbor to Aeneas and his band of refugees from Troy, only to be abandoned by him as he fulfills his destiny to found Rome. Iulus (also known as Ascanius) becomes the mythical founder of the Julian family from which Julius Caesar came. Augustus, Caesar's heir, commemorated a beloved great-grandson who died as a child by having him portrayed as Cupid, dedicating one such statue at the Temple of Venus on the Capitoline Hill, and keeping one in his bedroom where he kissed it at night.[58] A brother of this child became the emperor Claudius, whose mother Antonia appears in a surviving portrait-sculpture as Venus, with Cupid on her shoulder.[59] The Augustus of Prima Porta is accompanied by a Cupid riding a dolphin.[60] Cupids in multiples appeared on the friezes of the Temple of Venus Genetrix (Venus as "Begetting Mother"), and influenced scenes of relief sculpture on other works such as sarcophagi, particularly those of children.[61]
    • Aeneas Introducing Cupid Dressed as Ascanius to Dido (1757) by
    • TiepoloAs a winged figure, Cupido shared some characteristics with the goddess Victoria.[62] On coinage issued by Sulla the dictator, Cupid bears the palm branch, the most common attribute of Victory.[63] "Desire" in Roman culture[64] was often attached to power as well as to erotic attraction. Roman historians criticize cupido gloriae, "desire for glory," and cupido imperii, "desire for ruling power".[65] In Latin philosophical discourse, cupido is the equivalent of Greek pothos, a focus of reflections on the meaning and burden of desire. In depicting the "pious love" (amor pius) of Nisus and Euryalus in the Aeneid, Vergil has Nisus wonder:
    • Is it the gods who put passion in men's mind, Euryalus, or does each person's fierce desire (cupido) become his own God?[66]
    • In Lucretius' physics of sex, cupido can represent human lust and an animal instinct to mate, but also the impulse of atoms to bond and form matter.[67] An association of sex and violence is found in the erotic fascination for gladiators, who often had sexualized names such as Cupido.[68]
    • Cupid was the enemy of chastity, and the poet Ovid opposes him to Diana, the virgin goddess of the hunt who likewise carries a bow but who hates Cupid's passion-provoking arrows.[69] Cupid is also at odds with Apollo, the archer-brother of Diana and patron of poetic inspiration whose love affairs almost always end disastrously. Ovid blames Cupid for causing him to write love poetry instead of the more respectable epic.[70]
    • Cupid and Psyche [ edit ] Psych(C) et l'amour (1626''29) by
    • Simon Vouet: Psyche lifts a lamp to view the sleeping Cupid.
    • The story of Cupid and Psyche appears in Greek art as early as the 4th century BC, but the most extended literary source of the tale is the Latin novel Metamorphoses, also known as The Golden Ass, by Apuleius (2nd century AD). It concerns the overcoming of obstacles to the love between Psyche ("Soul" or "Breath of Life") and Cupid, and their ultimate union in marriage.
    • The fame of Psyche's beauty threatens to eclipse that of Venus herself, and the love goddess sends Cupid to work her revenge. Cupid, however, becomes enamored of Psyche, and arranges for her to be taken to his palace. He visits her by night, warning her not to try to look upon him. Psyche's envious sisters convince her that her lover must be a hideous monster, and she finally introduces a lamp into their chamber to see him. Startled by his beauty, she drips hot oil from the lamp and wakes him. He abandons her. She wanders the earth looking for him, and finally submits to the service of Venus, who tortures her. The goddess then sends Psyche on a series of quests. Each time she despairs, and each time she is given divine aid. On her final task, she is to retrieve a dose of Proserpina's beauty from the underworld. She succeeds, but on the way back can't resist opening the box in the hope of benefitting from it herself, whereupon she falls into a torpid sleep. Cupid finds her in this state, and revives her by returning the sleep to the box. Cupid grants her immortality so the couple can be wed as equals.
    • The story's Neoplatonic elements and allusions to mystery religions accommodate multiple interpretations,[71] and it has been analyzed as an allegory and in light of folktale, M¤rchen or fairy tale, and myth.[72] Often presented as an allegory of love overcoming death, the story was a frequent source of imagery for Roman sarcophagi and other extant art of antiquity. Since the rediscovery of Apuleius's novel in the Renaissance, the reception of Cupid and Psyche in the classical tradition has been extensive. The story has been retold in poetry, drama, and opera, and depicted widely in painting, sculpture, and various media.[73]
    • Modern inspirations [ edit ] La Belle et la Bªte [ edit ] Better known as "The Beauty and the Beast", it was originally written by Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve and abridged and later published by French author Jeanne Marie Leprince de Beaumont in 1740.[74] The story over the years has gained international acclaim and in 1991 inspired the Disney movie Beauty and the Beast. It has been said that Gabrielle was inspired[75][76] by the tale Cupid and Psyche.[77] The tale is about a beautiful yet lonely woman with a heart of gold that is held captive by a hideous beast who has invisible servants to aid her in anything she desires within the confines of the castle walls. She eventually falls in love with him despite his appearance and breaks the curse placed on him to reveal a handsome prince.
    • Depictions [ edit ] On gems and other surviving pieces, Cupid is usually shown amusing himself with adult play, sometimes driving a hoop, throwing darts, catching a butterfly, or flirting with a nymph. He is often depicted with his mother (in graphic arts, this is nearly always Venus), playing a horn. In other images, his mother is depicted scolding or even spanking him due to his mischievous nature. He is also shown wearing a helmet and carrying a buckler, perhaps in reference to Virgil's Omnia vincit amor or as political satire on wars for love, or love as war.
    • CupidCupid the Honey Thief (1514) by D¼rer
    • Allegory with Venus, Mars, Cupid and Time (ca. 1625): in the unique interpretation of Guercino, winged Time points an accusing finger at baby Cupid, held in a net that evokes the snare in which Venus and Mars were caught by her betrayed husband Vulcan.[78]
    • Cupid draws his bow as the river god Peneus averts his gaze in Apollo and Daphne (1625) by Poussin.
    • See also [ edit ] Apollo and DaphneCherubCupid's bowLove dartKamadevaReferences [ edit ] ^ Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia, The Book People, Haydock, 1995, p. 215. ^ This introduction is based on the entry on "Cupid" in The Classical Tradition, edited by Anthony Grafton, Glenn W. Most, and Salvatore Settis (Harvard University Press, 2010), pp. 244''246. ^ Leonard Muellner, The Anger of Achilles: Má>>…nis in Greek Epic (Cornell University Press, 1996), pp. 57''58; Jean-Pierre Vernant, "One ... Two ... Three: Erōs," in Before Sexuality: The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World (Princeton University Press, 1990), p. 467. ^ Vernant, "One ... Two ... Three: Erōs," p. 465ff. ^ Sappho, fragment 31. ^ Simonides, fragment 54. ^ Acusilaus, FGrH 1A 3 frg. 6C. ^ Alcaeus, fragment 13. Citations of ancient sources from Conti given by John Mulryan and Steven Brown, Natale Conti's Mythologiae Books I''V (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2006), vol. 1, p. 332. ^ Natale Conti, Mythologiae 4.14. ^ Seneca, Octavia 560. ^ Cicero, De Natura Deorum 3.59''60. ^ M.T. Jones-Davies and Ton Hoenselaars, introduction to Masque of Cupids, edited and annotated by John Jowett, in Thomas Middleton: The Collected Works (Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 1031. ^ a b "Cupid," The Classical Tradition, p. 244. ^ Entry on "Cupid," The Classical Tradition, p. 244. ^ Isidore, Etymologies 8.11.80. ^ Geoffrey Miles, Classical Mythology in English Literature: A Critical Anthology (Routledge, 1999), p. 24. ^ Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream 1.1.234''239. ^ Jennifer Speake and Thomas G. Bergin, entry on "Cupid," Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation (Market House Books, rev. ed. 2004), p. 129. ^ Jean Sorabella, "A Roman Sarcophagus and Its Patron," Metropolitan Museum Journal 36 (2001), p. 75. ^ Roshen Dalal (2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. ISBN 9788184752779. Entry: "Kama" ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.463''473. ^ The Kingis Quair, lines 92''99; Walter W. Skeat, Chaucerian and Other Pieces (Oxford University Press, 1897, 1935), sup. vol., note 1315, p. 551. ^ Susan Youens, Hugo Wolf and His M¶rike Songs (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 118: "When he runs crying to his mother Venus". ^ Theocritus, Idyll 19. It also appears in Anacreontic poetry. ^ Jane Kingsley-Smith, Cupid in Early Modern Literature and Culture (Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 12. ^ Charles Sterling et al., Fifteenth- to Eighteenth-Century European Paintings in the Robert Lehman Collection: France, Central Europe, The Netherlands, Spain, and Great Britain (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998), pp. 43''44. ^ Youens, Hugo Wolf and His M¶rike Songs, p. 119. ^ Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Die Biene; Youens, Hugo Wolf and His M¶rike Songs, p. 119. ^ Youens, Hugo Wolf and His M¶rike Songs, pp. 117''120. ^ Janet Huskinson, Roman Children's Sarcophagi: Their Decoration and Its Social Significance (Oxford University Press, 1996), passim; Joan P. Alcock, "Pisces in Britannia: The Eating and Portrayal of Fish in Roman Britain," in Fish: Food from the Waters. Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1997 (Prospect Books, 1998), p. 25. ^ Dominic Perring, "'Gnosticism' in Fourth-Century Britain: The Frampton Mosaics Reconsidered," Britannia 34 (2003), p. 108. ^ Anthony King, "Mammals: Evidence from Wall Paintings, Sculpture, Mosaics, Faunal Remains, and Ancient Literary Sources," in The Natural History of Pompeii (Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 419''420. ^ "Archaeological News," American Journal of Archaeology 11.2 (1896), p. 304. ^ Pliny, Natural History 9.8.24; Alcock, "Pisces in Britannia," p. 25. ^ Marietta Cambareri and Peter Fusco, catalogue description for a Venus and Cupid, Italian and Spanish Sculpture: Catalogue of the J. Paul Getty Museum Collection (Getty Publications, 2002), p. 62. ^ Thomas Puttfarken, Titian and Tragic Painting: Aristotle's Poetics And the Rise of the Modern Artist (Yale University Press, 2005), p. 174. ^ Daemon fornicationis in Isidore of Seville, moechiae daemon in Theodulf of Orleans; Jane Chance, Medieval Mythography: From Roman North Africa to the School of Chartres, A.D. 433''1177 (University Press of Florida, 1994), p. 129ff., especially p. 138. ^ Theodulf of Orleans, De libris, carmen 45; Chance, Medieval Mythography, p. 133. ^ Theodulf, De libris 37''38; Chance, Medieval Mythography, pp. 137, 156, 585. Similar views are expressed by the Second Vatican Mythographer (II 46/35) and Remigius of Auxerre, Commentary on Martianus Capella 8.22. ^ "Cupid," The Classical Tradition, p. 245; Stefania Macioe, "Caravaggio and the Role of Classical Models," in The Rediscovery of Antiquity: The Role of the Artist (Collegium Hyperboreum, 2003), pp. 437''438. ^ Rona Goffen, Renaissance Rivals: Michelangelo, Leonardo, Raphael, Titian (Yale University Press, 2002, 2004), p. 95. ^ Pliny, Natural History 36.22, describes it as on a par with the Cnidian Venus both in its nobility and in the wrong it had endured, as a certain main from Rhodes had fallen in love with it and left a visible trace of his love (vestigium amoris); Goffen, Renaissance Rivals, p. 96. ^ Deborah Parker, Michelangelo and the Art of Letter Writing (Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 11. ^ Goffen, Renaissance Rivals, p. 95. ^ Estelle Lingo, Fran§ois Duquesnoy and the Greek Ideal (Yale University Press, 2007), p. 61. ^ John L. Varriano, Caravaggio (Penn State Press, 2006), pp. 57, 130. ^ Macioe, "Caravaggio and the Role of Classical Models," p. 436''438. ^ Varriano, Caravaggio, pp. 22, 123. ^ David R. Slavitt, Eclogues and Georgics of Virgil (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971, 1990), p. xvii. ^ Vergil, Eclogues 10.69. ^ Aldo S. Bernardo, Petrarch, Laura, and the Triumphs (State University of New York, 1974), p. 102ff.; Varriano, Caravaggio, p. 123. ^ Annemarie Kaufmann-Heinimann, "Religion in the House," in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 199. ^ John R. Clarke, Art in the Lives of Ordinary Romans: Visual Representation and Non-Elite Viewers in Italy, 100 B.C.-A.D. 315 (University of California Press, 2003), p. 89. ^ Cicero, Against Verres 4.2''4; David L. Balch, "From Endymion in Roman Domus to Jonah in Christian Catacombs: From Houses of the Living to Houses for the Dead. Iconography and Religion in Transition," in Commemorating the Dead: Texts and Artifacts in Context. Studies of Roman (De Gruyter, 2008), p. 281; Anna Clark, Divine Qualities: Cult and Community in Republican Rome (Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 177. ^ Leonard A. Curchin, "Personal Wealth in Roman Spain," Historia 32.2 (1983), p. 230. ^ Charles Brian Rose, "The Parthians in Augustan Rome," American Journal of Archaeology 109.1 (2005), pp. 27''28 ^ Suetonius, Caligula 7; Robert Turcan, The Gods of Ancient Rome (Routledge, 2001; originally published in French 1998), p. 18. ^ Susann S. Lusnia, "Urban Planning and Sculptural Display in Severan Rome: Reconstructing the Septizodium and Its Role in Dynastic Politics," American Journal of Archaeology 108.4 (2004), p. 530. ^ J. C. McKeow, A Cabinet of Roman Curiosities (Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 210. ^ Janet Huskinson, Roman Children's Sarcophagi: Their Decoration and Its Social Significance (Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 41ff. ^ Clark, Divine Qualities, p. 199; Huskinson, Roman Children's Sarcophagi, passim. ^ J. Rufus Fears, "The Theology of Victory at Rome: Approaches and Problem," Aufstieg und Niedergang der r¶mischen Welt II.17.2 (1981), p. 791, and in the same volume, "The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology," p. 881. ^ In antiquity, proper nouns and common nouns were not distinguished by capitalization, and there was no sharp line between an abstraction such as cupido and its divine personification Cupido; J. Rufus Fears, "The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology," Aufstieg und Niedergang der r¶mischen Welt II.17.2 (1981), p. 849, note 69. ^ William V. Harris, War and Imperialism in Republican Rome: 327-70 B.C. (Oxford University Press, 1979, 1985), pp. 17''18; Sviatoslav Dmitrie, The Greek Slogan of Freedom and Early Roman Politics in Greece (Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 372; Philip Hardie, Rumour and Renown: Representations of Fama in Western Literature (Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 33, 172, 234, 275, 333ff. ^ As quoted by David Armstrong, Vergil, Philodemus, and the Augustans (University of Texas Press, 2004), p. 181; Aeneid 9.184''184: dine hunc ardorem mentibus addunt, / Euryale, an sua cuique deus fit dira cupido? ^ Diskin Clay, "De Rerum Natura: Greek Physis and Epicurean Physiologia (Lucretius 1.1''148)," Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 100 (1969), p. 37. ^ H.S. Versnel, "A Parody on Hymns in Martial V.24 and Some Trinitarian Problems," Mnemosyne 27.4 (1974), p. 368. ^ Tela Cupidinis odit: Ovid, Ars Amatoria 1.261; C.M.C. Green, "Terms of Venery: Ars Amatoria I," Transactions of the American Philological Association 126 (1996), pp. 242, 245. ^ Rebecca Armstrong, "Retiring Apollo: Ovid on the Politics and Poetics of Self-Sufficiency," Classical Quarterly 54.2 (2004) 528''550. ^ Stephen Harrison, entry on "Cupid," The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome (Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 338. ^ Hendrik Wagenvoort, "Cupid and Psyche," reprinted in Pietas: Selected Studies in Roman Religion (Brill, 1980), pp. 84''92. ^ Harrison, "Cupid and Psyche," in Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, p. 339. ^ "Beauty and the Beast" (PDF) . humanitiesresource.com. 2011. ^ Ness, Mari (January 2016). "Marriage Can Be Monstrous, or Wondrous: The Origins of "Beauty and the Beast " ". Tor Publishing. ^ Bottigheimer, Ruth B. (May 1989). "Cupid and Psyche vs Beauty and the Beast: The Milesian and the Modern". Merveilles & Contes. 3 (1): 4''14. JSTOR 41389987. ^ Longman, Allyn and Bacon (2003). "Allyn and Bacon Anthology of Traditional Literature: Cupid and Psyche" (PDF) . auburn.edu. ^ Edward Morris, Public Art Collections in North-West England: A History and Guide (Liverpool University Press), 2001, p. 19 Bibliography [ edit ] de Vaan, Michiel (2008). Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages. Brill. ISBN 9789004167971. Fabio Silva Vallejo, Mitos y leyendas del mundo (Spanish), 2004 Panamericana Editorial. ISBN 9789583015762External links [ edit ] Wikiquote has quotations related to: CupidWarburg Institute Iconographic Database (ca 2,400 images of Cupid)
  • Cupid Shuffle - Wikipedia
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    • Sat, 03 Apr 2021 16:36
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    • 2007 single by Cupid
    • "Cupid Shuffle" is a song by Cupid from his 2007 studio album Time for a Change. It has spawned a popular line dance and has drawn comparisons to DJ Casper's "Cha Cha Slide."
    • In the United States, the song peaked at number 66 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 21 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, both in the August 18, 2007 issue.
    • The Voice [ edit ] In 2012, Cupid chose the song for his audition to the third season of the American music competition show The Voice, broadcast on NBC. Although he gave a different version of the hit, none of the four judges pressed their "I Want You" button and he was automatically eliminated from further competition in the show. But after turning their chairs, judge Cee Lo Green recognized Cupid and asked him to perform another song to prove that "he can sing".
    • In popular culture [ edit ] The song and dance are featured in a scene at the end of the film Jumping the Broom.[1]In Week 5 of the 2008 NFL season, three Miami Dolphins, including running back Ronnie Brown, used the "Cupid Shuffle" dance as a celebratory dance after scoring a touchdown against the San Diego Chargers. The three were later fined as the celebration was deemed premeditated.[2]This song appears in Dance Central 3.This song was used in Philippine talent search Prot(C)g(C): The Battle for the Big Artista Break in 2012.The song appears in a party scene in Ginny and Georgia.Charts and certifications [ edit ] Weekly charts [ edit ] Certifications [ edit ] References [ edit ] ^ Cupid (2011). My Life. Apple. ^ Graham, Tim (October 8, 2008). "No love here: Three Dolphins each fined $10k for end zone celebration". ESPN. Associated Press . Retrieved September 9, 2011 . ^ "Cupid Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. August 18, 2007. Retrieved September 8, 2011. ^ "Cupid Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. September 15, 2007. Retrieved September 8, 2011. ^ "Cupid > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation . Retrieved September 8, 2011 . ^ "American single certifications '' Cupid '' Cupid Shuffle". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH. External links [ edit ] Cupid's official websiteCupid's MySpace pageCupid Shuffle is a selected dance at the CWDC 2010 European Line Dance ChampionshipsLyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
  • Henry W. Grady - Wikipedia
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