- Moe Factz with Adam Curry for April 27th 2021, Episode number 62
- Description
- Adam and Moe Break down the Chauvin trial and expose the proverbial Elephant in the room
- Associate Executive Producers:
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- ShowNotes
- Felony murder rule - Wikipedia
- "Felony murder" redirects here. For the general felony of murder, see
- The rule of felony murder is a legal doctrine in some common law jurisdictions that broadens the crime of murder: when an offender kills (regardless of intent to kill) in the commission of a dangerous or enumerated crime (called a felony in some jurisdictions), the offender, and also the offender's accomplices or co-conspirators, may be found guilty of murder.
- The concept of felony murder originates in the rule of transferred intent, which is older than the limit of legal memory. In its original form, the malicious intent inherent in the commission of any crime, however trivial, was considered to apply to any consequences of that crime regardless of intent.
- History [ edit ] While there is debate about the original scope of the rule, modern interpretations typically require that the offence be an inherently dangerous one, or one committed in an obviously dangerous manner. For this reason, the felony murder rule is often justified by its supporters as a means of deterring dangerous felonies.[1]
- According to some commentators, the common law rule dates to the twelfth century and took its modern form in the eighteenth century. The modern conception of the felony murder rule arose in 1716, with William Hawkins' Treatise of Pleas of the Crown, during his work on English criminal law. Hawkins reasoned that malice was implicit in a crime that "necessarily tends to raise Tumults and Quarrels, and consequently cannot but be attended with the danger of personal hurt." Thus, "this rule should extend to killings in the course of felonies fortiori."[2]
- Elements [ edit ] In most jurisdictions, to qualify as an underlying offense for a felony murder charge, the underlying offense must present a foreseeable danger to life, and the link between the offense and the death must not be too remote. For example, if the recipient of a forged check has a fatal allergic reaction to the ink, most courts will not hold the forger guilty of murder, as the cause of death is too remote from the criminal act.
- There are two schools of thought concerning whose actions can cause the defendant to be guilty of felony murder. Jurisdictions that hold to the "agency theory" admit only deaths caused by the agents of the crime. Jurisdictions that use the "proximate cause theory" include any death, even if caused by a bystander or the police, provided that it meets one of several proximate cause tests to determine if the chain of events between the offence and the death was short enough to have legally caused the death.[3]
- The merger doctrine excludes from the offenses that qualify as underlying offenses any felony that is presupposed by a murder charge. For example, nearly all murders involve some type of assault, but so do many cases of manslaughter. To count any death that occurred during the course of an assault as felony murder would obliterate a distinction that is carefully set by the legislature. However, merger may not apply when an assault against one person results in the death of a different person.[4]
- Felony murder is typically the same grade of murder as premeditated murder and carries the same sentence as is used for premeditated murder in the jurisdiction in question.[5]
- By country [ edit ] The felony murder rule has been abolished in England and Wales[6] and in Northern Ireland.[7] In Canada, it has been held to be unconstitutional, as breaching the principles of fundamental justice.[8][9] In some jurisdictions (such as Victoria, Australia), the common law felony murder (called constructive murder) rule has been abolished, but has been replaced by a similar statutory provision in the Crimes Act 1958.[10] Similarly, in NSW (New South Wales), common law has been overridden and the question needs only be dealt with through statutory construction and application.[11]
- Australia [ edit ] § 18(1)(a) of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) provides the statutory definition of 'constructive murder'. The act or omission causing death must be "done in an attempt to commit or during or immediately after the commission, by the accused, or some accomplice with him or her, of a crime punishable by imprisonment for life or for 25 years".[12] The rationale is to discourage acts of felony which are dangerous to human life.
- Ryan v R [13] clarifies the elements of constructive murder. The prosecution must prove beyond reasonable doubt: (1) a base offence with 25 years' imprisonment or more; and that (2) the act causing death occurred in attempt, during, or immediately after this base offence. This means that the prosecution must prove both the actus reus and mens rea of this base offence. R v Munro[14] confirmed that the mens rea of the act causing death is not required to prove constructive murder. For example, the accused may commit an act causing death in the course of robbery or armed robbery without any intention to kill, to inflict grievous bodily harm, or with reckless indifference to human life.
- Canada [ edit ] As Canadian criminal law aims to maintain proportionality between the stigma and punishment attached to a conviction and the moral blameworthiness of an offender, in R v Martineau the Supreme Court of Canada held that it is a principle of fundamental justice under sections 7 and 11(d) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms that a conviction for murder requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt of a subjective foresight of death. In so doing, the court declared sections 230 and 229(c) of the Criminal Code to be unconstitutional.[15]
- S. 230 provided that a conviction for murder would lie for any killing that was "objectively foreseeable as a result of the abominable nature of the predicate crimes ... inter alia ... coupled with intentional infliction of bodily harm".[15] This largely equated with a Canadian form of felony murder, though it is technically closer to constructive murder[further explanation needed ] in other jurisdictions.[16] Similarly, according to s. 229(c) it was sufficient for a person to do anything that he "ought to know is likely to cause death".
- Nevertheless, s. 229(c), as far as it provides for a form of constructive murder in situations where "an accused for an unlawful object did anything knowing that it was likely [on an objective standard] to cause someone's death" is still operative, as confirmed in a 1999 appellate court decision.[15]
- Bill C-39 has been introduced in 2017 in order to repeal s. 230 and modify s. 229(c).[17]
- Like other common law jurisdictions, Canada's Criminal Code specifically enumerates offences to account for instances where (a) person(s) is/are unintentionally killed during the commission of a crime (for example, criminal negligence causing death and impaired driving causing death). In cases where multiple deaths are caused by the same criminal act, the accused will face a separate charge for each death caused. While such charges are not considered to be murder under Canadian law, the maximum penalty for such offences is still life imprisonment '' although unlike murder this is not a mandatory sentence and is only very rarely imposed. The main difference between a sentence of life imprisonment for murder and a sentence of life imprisonment for an offence such as criminal negligence causing death is that in the latter case, the offender is eligible for parole after serving seven years.
- Ireland [ edit ] The rule was abolished in the Republic of Ireland by section 4 of the Criminal Justice Act 1964 which codified the mens rea for murder as intention to kill or seriously injure another person.
- United Kingdom [ edit ] England and Wales, Northern Ireland [ edit ] The rule was abolished in England and Wales by section 1 of the Homicide Act 1957, and in Northern Ireland by section 8 of the Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1966; but its effect is preserved by the application of the common law principle of joint enterprise. In England and Wales, the definition of murder requires only an intent to cause grievous bodily harm to the victim, rather than specific intent to kill; the effect is the same as that of the felony murder rule applied to crimes of personal violence, though not to all felonies.
- Scotland [ edit ] There is no equivalent to the felony murder rule in Scots law, which has also never had a specific concept of felonies in the previous style of English law. However, the Scots equivalent of joint enterprise, known as "art and part", also has a similar effect.
- United States [ edit ] As of August 2008[update], 46 states in the United States had a felony murder rule,[18] under which felony murder is generally first-degree murder. In 24 of those states, it is a capital offense.[19] When the government seeks to impose the death penalty on someone convicted of felony murder, the Eighth Amendment has been interpreted so as to impose additional limitations on the state power. The death penalty may not be imposed if the defendant is merely a minor participant and did not actually kill or intend to kill. However, the death penalty may be imposed if the defendant is a major participant in the underlying felony and exhibits extreme indifference to human life.[20]
- Most states recognize the merger doctrine, which holds that a criminal assault cannot serve as the predicate felony for the felony murder rule.[21]: 865
- To avoid the need for reliance upon common law interpretations of what felony conduct merges with murder, and what offenses do and do not qualify for felony murder, many U.S. jurisdictions explicitly list what offenses qualify in a felony murder statute. Federal law specifies additional crimes, including terrorism, kidnapping, and carjacking.[22]
- The American Law Institute's Model Penal Code does not include the felony murder rule, but allows the commission of a felony to raise a presumption of extreme indifference to the value of human life.[21]: 860 [23] The felony murder rule is effectively used as a rule of evidence. The Model Penal Code lists robbery, rape or forcible deviant sexual intercourse, arson, burglary, and felonious escape as predicate felonies upon which a charge of felony murder can be maintained.
- State law [ edit ] Kentucky [ edit ] In the state of Kentucky, the common law felony murder rule has been completely abolished.[27]
- KRS § 507.020 [ edit ] The Kentucky Legislature abolished the felony murder rule with the enactment of Kentucky Revised Statutes § 507.020. Recognizing that an automatic application of the rule could result in conviction of murder without a culpable mindset, the Kentucky Legislature instead allowed the circumstances of a case, like the commission of a felony, to be considered separately. The facts each case would be used to show the mental state of the defendant instead of using an automatic rule.[28]
- Criticism [ edit ] Critics of the felony murder rule argue that the rule is unjust because it requires no intent to kill.[29] In the United States, for example, 20-year-old Florida resident Ryan Holle was convicted of first-degree murder for lending his car to a friend after his friend told him that he intended to go beat an 18-year-old girl. The friend took the car and beat the girl to death.[30] In favor of the rule, it can be argued that the rule affirms the principle of the sanctity of human life by imposing harsher penalties for crimes that destroy human life.[29]
- Some commentators regard the rule of transferred intent as a legal fiction whereby the law pretends that the person who intended one wrongful act also intends all the consequences of that act, however unforeseen.[citation needed ] Others[weasel words ] regard it as an example of strict liability whereby a person who chooses to commit a crime is considered absolutely responsible for all possible consequences of that action. Lord Mustill regards the historical rule as a convergence of those views.[31]
- See also [ edit ] Common purposeReferences [ edit ] ^ Sidak, J. Gregory (2015). "Two Economics Rationales for Felony Murder" (PDF) . Cornell Law Review. 101: 51 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ^ Binder, Guyora (2011). "Making the Best of Felony Murder" (PDF) . Boston University Law Review. 91: 403 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ^ Hilliard, James W. (2001). "Felony Murder in Illinois The "Agency Theory" vs. the "Proximate Cause Theory": The Debate Continues". Southern Illinois University Law Journal. 25: 331 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ^ See, e.g., "State v. Huynh, 92 P. 3d 571, 278 Kan. 99 (2004)". Google Scholar . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ^ Fletcher, George P. (1980). "Reflections on Felony-Murder". Southwestern University Law Journal. 12: 413 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ^ The Homicide Act 1957 (5 & 6 Eliz.2 c.11), section 1 ^ See the Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1966, "Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1966". legislation.gov.uk. U.K. National Archives . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . (the Homicide Act 1957 did not extend to Northern Ireland, except in relation to courts-martial by section 17(3) of that Act) ^ R v Vaillancourt, [1987] 2 SCR 636. ^ R v Martineau, [1990] 2 SCR 633. ^ Crimes Act 1958 s.3A ^ Vincent Ryan v R [2001] HCA 21, (2001) 206 CLR 267 (3 May 2001), High Court (Australia). ^ Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) s 18(1)(a). ^ Robert Ryan v R [1967] HCA 2, (1967) 121 CLR 205 (3 March 1967), High Court (Australia). ^ R v Munro (1981) 4 A Crim R 67 Supreme Court (Full Court) (NSW, Australia). ^ a b c Edited case version in Stuart, Don; et al. (2009). ...Criminal Law. p.443-p.455. CS1 maint: location (link) [permanent dead link ] ^ See dissent by L'Heureux-Dub(C), Edited case, version in Stuart, Don; et al. (2009). ...Criminal Law. p.443-p.455. CS1 maint: location (link) [permanent dead link ] ^ Bill C-39: An Act to amend the Criminal Code (unconstitutional provisions) and to make consequential amendments to other Acts ^ Mays, G. Larry; Ball, Jeremy; Fidelie, Laura (2015). Criminal Law: Core Concepts. Publisher. p. 136. ISBN 978-1454846673 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ^ See "Enmund v. Florida, 458 US 782, 102 S. Ct. 3368, 73 L. Ed. 2d 1140 (1982)". Google Scholar . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ("Thirty-six state and federal jurisdictions presently authorize the death penalty. Of these, only eight jurisdictions authorize imposition of the death penalty solely for participation in a robbery in which another robber takes life.[5] Of the remaining 28 jurisdictions, in 4 felony murder is not a capital crime.") ^ Larson, Aaron (7 October 2016). "What Are Homicide and Murder". ExpertLaw . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ^ a b Bonnie, Richard J; Coughlin, Anne M; Jeffries Jr, John C; Low, Peter W (2004). Criminal Law (Second ed.). Foundation Press, New York, NY. ISBN 1587787202. ^ "18 U.S. Code § 1111 - Murder". Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law School . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ^ American Law Institute Model Penal Code, § 210.2(1)(b) (Official Draft, 1962) ^ Md. Code, Criminal Law Art., 2-201(A)(4). See "Maryland Code, Sec. 2-201". Code of Maryland. General Assembly of Maryland . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ^ Only for crimes punishable by death or life imprisonment. See "M.G.L., Part IV, Title I, Chpt. 265, Sec. 1: Murder defined". Massachusetts General Laws. General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ^ McCarthy, Kevin E. (February 13, 2008). "Felony Murder". Connecticut General Assembly. Office of Legal Research. OLR Research Report 2008-R-0087 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . Ohio has effectively eliminated the felony murder doctrine by enacting an involuntary manslaughter statute that covers what was previously felony murder. ^ Bonnie, Richard J; Coughlin, Anne M; Jeffries Jr, John C; Low, Peter W (2004). Criminal Law (Second ed.). Foundation Press, New York, NY. p. 860. ISBN 1587787202. ^ "Kentucky Revised Statutes § 507.020 Murder" (PDF). Kentucky General Assembly. ^ a b Crump, David (2009). "Reconsidering the Felony Murder Rule in Light of Modern Criticism: Doesn't the Conclusion Depend upon the Particular Rule at Issue". Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy: 1155 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ^ Liptak, Adam (12 April 2007). "Serving Life for Providing Car to Killers". The New York Times. ^ See statements of Lord Mustill, "Judgments - Attorney General's Reference No. 3 of 1994". www.parliament.uk. 24 July 1997 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Further reading [ edit ] R v Sern(C) (1887) 16 Cox CC 311.Binder, Guyora (October 2004). "The Origins of American Felony Murder Rules". Stanford Law Review. External links [ edit ] Curtis Brooks didn't kill anyone. He was still convicted of felony murder and sent to prison for life.New York Times on the felony murder rule as "a distinctively American legal doctrine"Prisons Foundation objections to the ruleArizona Supreme Court on the rule and the death penaltyThe case of Lisl Auman of Colorado, charged with felony murder for a killing that happened during an ongoing crime for which she was already in custody Jeff Kass, Rocky Mountain News March 18, 2001; "Lawyers debate centuries-old legal concept."
- Chauvinism | Definition of Chauvinism by Merriam-Webster
- chau·'vin·'ism | \ ËshÅ-vÉ-Ëni-zÉm \ 1 : an attitude of superiority toward members of the opposite sex male chauvinism also : behavior expressive of such an attitude
- 2 : undue partiality or attachment to a group or place to which one belongs or has belonged regional chauvinism
- 3 : excessive or blind patriotism '-- compare jingoism his fervent nationalism mutated into blatant chauvinism '-- Elizabeth Fuller Examples of chauvinism in a Sentence their ingrained chauvinism has blinded them to their country's faults
- Recent Examples on the Web Even for someone who had grown up in Serbia, where sexism and male chauvinism are deeply entrenched, the blowback was stunning, Stajnfeld said. '-- New York Times, "Her Film on Sex Assault Depicts Her Own and Fuels a #MeToo Moment," 24 Mar. 2021 This needs to stop''and this month, big names in the esports industry are once again working together to provide a voice to female gaming talent and continue to challenge the grim, ongoing reality of male chauvinism. '-- Matt Gardner, Forbes, "The Ugly Hatred Faced By Women In Esports, And How We Fight Back," 19 Mar. 2021 Critics denounced this language as rank chauvinism and cultural imperialism. '-- Nile Gardiner, National Review, "Churchill's Prophetic Warning: 'An Iron Curtain Has Descended'," 3 Mar. 2021 This early manifestation of mass sporting chauvinism dismayed George Orwell. '-- David Papineau, WSJ, "'Fans' Review: Fanfare for the Fanatic," 22 Feb. 2021 The magazine was fearless about spotlighting chauvinism, often naming names, and about excavating its underlying presumptions, as Ms. Nemser did in an essay published in April 1972. '-- New York Times, "Cindy Nemser, Advocate for Women Artists, Is Dead at 83," 7 Feb. 2021 Among them were a handful of men like Mr. Fisher, whose large online footprint suggests a fierce devotion to a hypermasculine ethos of chauvinism, grievance and misogyny. '-- Sarah Maslin Nir, New York Times, "The Misogynistic 'Dating Coach' Who Was Charged in the Capitol Riot," 4 Feb. 2021 Deplatforming white supremacy, chauvinism, and fascism is not antithetical to this battle for free speech, but a continuation. '-- Malkia Devich-cyril, Wired, "Banning White Supremacy Isn't Censorship, It's Accountability," 31 Jan. 2021 And on New Year's Day, Chloe Grace Moretz battles male chauvinism and an airborne monster in a World War II horror thriller. '-- Brian Truitt, USA TODAY, "What to stream during the holidays: 'Wonder Woman 1984' on HBO Max, Pixar's 'Soul' on Disney+," 23 Dec. 2020 These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'chauvinism.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback.
- See More First Known Use of chauvinism1851, in the meaning defined at sense 3
- History and Etymology for chauvinism French chauvinisme, from Nicolas Chauvin, character noted for his excessive patriotism and devotion to Napoleon in Th(C)odore and Hippolyte Cogniard's play La Cocarde tricolore (1831)
- Learn More about chauvinism Statistics for chauvinismCite this Entry
- ''Chauvinism.'' Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chauvinism. Accessed 27 Apr. 2021.
- More Definitions for chauvinism
- What made you want to look up chauvinism? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
- Chauvinism - Wikipedia
- Form of extreme patriotism and nationalism and a belief in national superiority and glory
- Chauvinism is the irrational belief in the superiority or dominance of one's own group or people, who are seen as strong and virtuous, while others are considered weak, unworthy or inferior.[1] It can be described as a form of extreme patriotism and nationalism, a fervent faith in national excellence and glory.[2]
- Chauvinism has extended from its original use to include fanatical devotion and undue partiality to any group or cause to which one belongs, especially when such partisanship includes prejudice against or hostility toward outsiders or rival groups and persists even in the face of overwhelming opposition.[2][3][4] This French quality finds its parallel in the English-language term jingoism, which has retained the meaning of chauvinism strictly in its original sense; that is, an attitude of belligerent nationalism.[4][5][6]
- In English, the word has come to be used in some quarters as shorthand for male chauvinism, a trend reflected in Merriam-Webster's Dictionary, which, as of 2018, begins its first example of use of the term chauvinism with "an attitude of superiority toward members of the opposite sex".[3][7][8]
- As nationalism [ edit ] In 1945, political theorist Hannah Arendt described the concept thus:
- Chauvinism is an almost natural product of the national concept in so far as it springs directly from the old idea of the "national mission." ... [A] nation's mission might be interpreted precisely as bringing its light to other, less fortunate peoples that, for whatever reason, have miraculously been left by history without a national mission. As long as this concept did not develop into the ideology of chauvinism and remained in the rather vague realm of national or even nationalistic pride, it frequently resulted in a high sense of responsibility for the welfare of backward people.[9]
- Male chauvinism [ edit ] Male chauvinism is the belief that men are superior to women. The first documented use of the phrase "male chauvinism" is in the 1935 Clifford Odets play Till the Day I Die.[10]
- In the workplace [ edit ] The balance of the workforce changed during World War II. As men left their positions to enlist in the military and fight in the war, women started replacing them. After the war ended, men returned home to find jobs in the workplace now occupied by women, which "threatened the self-esteem many men derive from their dominance over women in the family, the economy, and society at large."[11] Consequently, male chauvinism was on the rise, according to Cynthia B. Lloyd.[12]
- Lloyd and Michael Korda have argued that as they integrated back into the workforce, men returned to predominate, holding positions of power while women worked as their secretaries, usually typing dictations and answering telephone calls. This division of labor was understood and expected, and women typically felt unable to challenge their position or male superiors, argue Korda and Lloyd.[12][13]
- Causes [ edit ] Chauvinist assumptions are seen by some as a bias in the TAT psychological personality test. Through cross-examinations, the TAT exhibits a tendency toward chauvinistic stimuli for its questions and has the "potential for unfavorable clinical evaluation" for women.[14]
- An often cited study done in 1976 by Sherwyn Woods, Some Dynamics of Male Chauvinism, attempts to find the underlying causes of male chauvinism.
- Male chauvinism was studied in the psychoanalytic therapy of 11 men. It refers to the maintenance of fixed beliefs and attitudes of male superiority, associated with overt or covert depreciation of women. Challenging chauvinist attitudes often results In anxiety or other symptoms. It is frequently not investigated in psychotherapy because it is ego-syntonic, parallels cultural attitudes, and because therapists often share similar bias or neurotic conflict. Chauvinism was found to represent an attempt to ward off anxiety and shame arising from one or more of four prime sources: unresolved infantile strivings and regressive wishes, hostile envy of women, oedipal anxiety, and power and dependency conflicts related to masculine self-esteem. Mothers were more important than fathers in the development of male chauvinism, and resolution was sometimes associated with decompensation in wives.[15]
- Adam Jukes argues that a reason for male chauvinism is masculinity itself:
- For the vast majority of people all over the world, the mother is a primary carer...There's an asymmetry in the development of boys and girls. Infant boys have to learn how to be masculine. Girls don't. Masculinity is not in a state of crisis. Masculinity is a crisis. I don't believe misogyny is innate, but I believe it's inescapable because of the development of masculinity.[16]
- Female chauvinism [ edit ] Female chauvinism is the belief that women are morally superior to men, and is considered anti-feminist.[17]
- The term has been adopted by critics of some types or aspects of feminism; second-wave feminist Betty Friedan is a notable example.[18] Ariel Levy used the term in similar, but opposite sense in her book, Female Chauvinist Pigs, in which she argues that many young women in the United States and beyond are replicating male chauvinism and older misogynist stereotypes.[19]
- Karen Salmansohn described what female chauvinists believe in Psychology Today when she wrote, "female chauvinists believe that men can't be emotionally evolved enough to want to grow, communicate from the heart, empathize and validate [their] female partners," and then labeling this description of men the same as calling men "emotional bimbos."[20]
- See also [ edit ] References [ edit ] ^ Heywood, Andrew (2014). Global politics (2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-137-34926-2. OCLC 865491628. ^ a b "Chauvinism". Encyclop...dia Britannica. ^ a b "15 Words You Didn't Realize Were Named After People". Grammar Girl. ^ a b "Chauvinism". The Oxford English Dictionary. ^ "Jingoism". Encyclop...dia Britannica . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . ^ "Jingoism & Chauvinism". Word Histories. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . ^ "Chauvinism". Merriam-Webster's Dictionary. ^ The Columbia Guide to Standard American English . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Chauvinism is "fanatical, boastful, unreasoning patriotism" and by extension "prejudiced belief or unreasoning pride in any group to which you belong." Lately, though, the compounds "male chauvinism" and "male chauvinist" have gained so much popularity that some users may no longer recall the patriotic and other more generalized meanings of the words. ^ Arendt, Hannah (October 1945). "Imperialism, Nationalism, Chauvinism". The Review of Politics. 7 (4): 457. doi:10.1017/s0034670500001649. ^ Mansbridge, Jane; Katherine Flaster (2005). "Male Chauvinist, Feminist, Sexist, and Sexual Harassment: Different Trajectories in Feminist Linguistic Innovation". American Speech. 80 (3): 261. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.103.8136 . doi:10.1215/00031283-80-3-256. ^ Cooke, Lynn Prince. "Why Trump's male chauvinism appeals to some voters more than others". The Conversation . Retrieved 22 May 2020 . ^ a b Lloyd, Cynthia B., ed. Sex, Discrimination, and the Division of Labor. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975. Print. ^ Michael Korda, Male Chauvinism! How It Works. New York: Random House, 1973. Print. ^ Potkay, Charles R., Matthew R. Merrens. Sources of Male Chauvinism in the TAT. Journal of Personality Assessment, 39.5 (1975): 471-479. Web. 31 Jan 2012. ^ Woods, Sherwyn M. (January 1976). "Some Dynamics of Male Chauvinism". Archives of General Psychiatry. 33 (1): 63. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770010037007. PMID 1247365. ^ "Men hating women: A look into the psychology of misogyny". British GQ . Retrieved 22 May 2020 . ^ Brons, Lajos. "On gender chauvinism". ^ "If I were a man, I would strenuously object to the assumption that women have any moral or spiritual superiority as a class. This is [...] female chauvinism." Friedan, Betty. 1998. It Changed My Life: Writings on the Women's Movement. Harvard University Press ^ Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture, Ariel Levy, 2006, ISBN 0-7432-8428-3 ^ "Are You a Female Chauvinist?". Psychology Today . Retrieved 28 November 2020 . External links [ edit ] Look up chauvinism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- Excited delirium - Wikipedia
- Fallacious syndrome that presents with multiple, etiologies including psychomotor agitation and delirium
- Excited deliriumOther namesExcited delirium syndrome, agitated delirium, sudden death in restraint syndrome - no generally accepted definition in scientific literature.An example of physical restraints which may be used until chemical sedation takes effect.SpecialtyEmergency medicine, psychiatrySymptomsAgitation, delirium, sweating[1]ComplicationsRhabdomyolysis, high blood potassium[1]CausesSubstance use, mental illness[1]Differential diagnosisLow blood sugar, heat stroke, thyrotoxicosis, paranoid schizophrenia, bipolar disorder[1]TreatmentSedation, cooling, intravenous fluids[1]MedicationKetamine or midazolam and haloperidol[2]PrognosisRisk of death < 10%[1]FrequencyUnknown[1]Excited delirium (EXD), also known as agitated delirium, is a controversial syndrome described as a combination of psychomotor agitation, delirium, and sweating.[1] It may include attempts at violence, unexpected strength, and very high body temperature.[3]
- Excited delirium is not recognized by the vast majority of medical professionals, not by the World Health Organization, not the American Psychiatric Association, nor the American Medical Association, and therefore not listed as a medical condition in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.[4]
- The UK Independent Advisory Panel on Deaths in Custody (IAP) suggests that the syndrome should be termed ''Sudden death in restraint syndrome'' in order to enhance clarity.[5] Examples of deaths due to the condition are found primarily in restraint or attempted restraint situations, while medical preconditions and symptoms attributed to the syndrome are far more varied.[1][5]
- In the US a diverse group of neurologists wrote an article for Brookings Institution on how the medical terminology "excited delirium" is misappropriated by law enforcement to legitimize police brutality and to retroactively explain certain deaths occurring in police custody.[6]
- Definitions and symptoms [ edit ] EXD has been accepted by the American College of Emergency Physicians, who argue in a 2009 white paper that "excited delirium" may be described by several codes within the ICD-9.[7] A November 2012 The Journal of Emergency Medicine literature review says that the American College of Emergency Physicians Task Force reached consensus, based on "available evidence, that Excited Delirium Syndrome (EDS) is a "real syndrome with uncertain, likely multiple, etiologies."[1] Complications may include rhabdomyolysis or high blood potassium.[1]
- According to one 2020 publication, "excited delirium syndrome" is a "clinical diagnosis" with symptoms including delirium, psychomotor agitation, and hyperadrenergic autonomic dysfunction.[8]
- The diagnosis was not in the 2013 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 or the 1992 International Classification of Diseases.[1][9]
- Treatment and prognosis [ edit ] Treatment initially may include ketamine or midazolam and haloperidol injected into a muscle to sedate the person.[2] Rapid cooling may be required in those with high body temperature.[1] Other supportive measures such as intravenous fluids and sodium bicarbonate may be useful.[1] One of the benefits of ketamine is its rapid onset of action.[10]The risk of death among those affected is less than 10%.[1] If death occurs it is typically sudden and cardiac in nature.[1] Concern has been raised by some medical professionals about the increasing usage of a claim of excited delirium to justify tranquilizing persons during arrest, with requests for tranquilization often being made by law enforcement rather than medical professionals. Ketamine is the most commonly used drug in these cases.[11]
- Epidemiology [ edit ] How frequently cases occur is unknown.[1] Males account for more documented diagnoses than females.[12] Deaths associated with the condition are typically males with an average age of 36.[1] Often law enforcement has used tasers or physical measures in these cases, and death most frequently occurs after the person is forcefully restrained.[1]
- Signs and symptoms [ edit ] The signs and symptoms for excited delirium may include:[13][14][15][16]
- Severe panic or distress, often exhibiting paranoiaDisorientationDissociationAggressiveness and combativenessFast heart rateHallucinationDiaphoresis (profuse sweating)Incoherent speech or shoutingUnexpected strength (typically while trying to resist restraint)Hyperthermia (overheating)Inappropriately clothed e.g. having removed garmentsCause [ edit ] Excited delirium occurs most commonly in males with a history of serious mental illness or acute or chronic substance use disorder, particularly stimulant drugs such as cocaine and MDPV.[7][17][18] Alcohol withdrawal or head trauma may also contribute to the condition.[14] Physical struggle, especially if prolonged, has been shown to greatly exacerbate many of the harmful symptoms such as metabolic acidosis, hyperthermia, catecholamine surge, and tachycardia.[1] A majority of fatal cases involved men in a law enforcement or restraint situation.[1]
- People with excited delirium frequently have acute drug intoxication, generally involving PCP, methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), cocaine, or methamphetamine.[13] Other drugs that may contribute to death are antipsychotics.[19][20][21]
- The cause is often related to long-term substance use or mental illness.[1] Commonly involved drugs include cocaine, methamphetamine, or certain substituted cathinones.[3] In those with mental illness, rapidly stopping medications such as antipsychotics may trigger the condition.[1]
- Mechanisms [ edit ] The pathophysiology of excited delirium is unclear,[15] but likely involves multiple factors.[22] These may include positional asphyxia, hyperthermia, drug toxicity, and/or catecholamine-induced fatal abnormal heart rhythms.[22] The underlying mechanism may involve dysfunction of the dopamine system in the brain.[3]
- Diagnosis [ edit ] Key signs of excited delirium are aggression, altered mental status, and diaphoresis/hyperthermia.[23]
- Other conditions which can resemble excited delirium are mania, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, hypoglycemia, thyroid storm, and catatonia of the malignant or excited type.[24][23]
- History [ edit ] In 1849 a similar condition was described by Luther Bell as "Bell's mania".[1][25] The first use of the term "excited delirium" (EXD) was in a 1985 Journal of Forensic Sciences article, co-authored by coroner, Charles V. Wetli, entitled "Cocaine-induced psychosis and sudden death in recreational cocaine users".[26][27][1] The JFS article reported that in "five of the seven" cases they studied, deaths occurred while in police custody.[27]
- Charles' idea of excited delirium, however, has been under controversy, as in 1992, police announced they had found a serial killer responsible for deaths determined by Charles to be excited delirium: 36-year-old Charles Henry Williams. [28] The legitimacy of the condition has since been under controversy, with most of the medical community not recognizing it, and there is no official entry for it in the official Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Medical Disorders.
- Taser use [ edit ] Some civil-rights groups argue that excited delirium diagnoses are being used to absolve law enforcement of guilt in cases where alleged excessive force may have contributed to patient deaths.[29][30][31] In 2003, the NAACP argued that excited delirium is used to explain the deaths of minorities more often than whites.[31]
- In Canada, the 2007 case of Robert Dziekanski received national attention and placed a spotlight on the use of tasers in police actions and the diagnosis of excited delirium. Police psychologist Mike Webster testified at a British Columbia inquiry into taser deaths that police have been "brainwashed" by Taser International to justify "ridiculously inappropriate" use of the electric weapon. He called excited delirium a "dubious disorder" used by Taser International in its training of police.[32] In a 2008 report, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police argued that excited delirium should not be included in the operational manual for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police without formal approval after consultation with a mental-health-policy advisory body.[33]
- A 2010 systematic review published in the Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine argued that the symptoms associated with excited delirium likely posed a far greater medical risk than the use of tasers, and that it seems unlikely that taser use significantly exacerbates the symptoms of excited delirium.[34]
- [ edit ] The condition is not recognized by the American Psychiatric Association, American Medical Association or the World Health Organization.[35][36][37] Critics of excited delirium have stated that the condition is primarily attributed to deaths while in the custody of law enforcement and is disproportionately applied to black and Hispanic victims.[35][38][39] Eric Balaban of the American Civil Liberties Union argued in 2007 that the diagnosis served "as a means of white-washing what may be excessive use of force and inappropriate use of control techniques by officers during an arrest."[4]
- Elijah McClain '-- a Black man put in a stranglehold by officers in 2019 after a citizen called 911 about a masked driver '-- was injected with ketamine after first responders said he was experiencing excited delirium. He died. A medical examiner in concluded that Daniel Prude was in a state of excited delirium in 2020 when police put a hood over his head and pressed his naked body against the pavement. Prude, a Black man, lost consciousness and died. Excited delirium was cited by the defense in State v. Chauvin, a murder trial related to the killing of George Floyd in 2020.[40] With prosecutor Steve Schleicher refuting the defense suggestion that Floyd had "superhuman strength" during his arrest because he was suffering from "excited delirium". Underlining how hard Floyd fought just to be able to breathe, Schleicher showed the court photos of the injuries he suffered when he was pinned down.[41][42]
- See also [ edit ] Taser safety issuesAdrenergic stormSudden unexpected death syndromeDelirium tremensStimulant psychosisReferences [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Vilke GM, DeBard ML, Chan TC, Ho JD, Dawes DM, Hall C, et al. (November 2012). "Excited Delirium Syndrome (ExDS): defining based on a review of the literature". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 43 (5): 897''905. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.02.017. PMID 21440403. ^ a b Gerold KB, Gibbons ME, Fisette RE, Alves D (2015). "Review, clinical update, and practice guidelines for excited delirium syndrome". Journal of Special Operations Medicine. 15 (1): 62''9. PMID 25770800. ^ a b c Mash DC (2016). "Excited Delirium and Sudden Death: A Syndromal Disorder at the Extreme End of the Neuropsychiatric Continuum". Frontiers in Physiology. 7: 435. doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00435. PMC 5061757 . PMID 27790150. ^ a b Sullivan L. "Death by Excited Delirium: Diagnosis or Coverup?". NPR. Archived from the original on March 2, 2007 . Retrieved February 26, 2007 . You may not have heard of it, but police departments and medical examiners are using a new term to explain why some people suddenly die in police custody. It's a controversial diagnosis called excited delirium. But the question for many civil liberties groups is, does it really exist? ^ a b Baker D (December 1, 2018). "Making Sense of 'Excited Delirium' in Cases of Death after Police Contact". Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice. 12 (4): 361''371. doi:10.1093/police/pax028. ^ Joshua Budhu, M(C)abh O'Hare, and Altaf Saadi Monday, [How ''excited delirium'' is misused to justify police brutality], August 10, 2020 ^ a b ACEP Excited Delirium Task Force (September 10, 2009). "White Paper Report on Excited Delirium Syndrome" (PDF) . American College of Emergency Physicians. ^ Sekhon S, Fischer MA, Marwaha R (2020). "Excited (Agitated) Delirium". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 31536280 . Retrieved June 8, 2020 . ^ Vilke GM, Payne-James JJ (2016). Current Practice in Forensic Medicine. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 97''117. doi:10.1002/9781118456026.ch6. ISBN 9781118456026. ^ Mankowitz SL, Regenberg P, Kaldan J, Cole JB (November 2018). "Ketamine for Rapid Sedation of Agitated Patients in the Prehospital and Emergency Department Settings: A Systematic Review and Proportional Meta-Analysis". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 55 (5): 670''681. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.07.017. PMID 30197153. ^ Sidner S, Jones J. "Two strangers, with the same first name, and a terrifying story about ketamine in policing". CNN . Retrieved September 28, 2020 . ^ Gonin P, Beysard N, Yersin B, Carron PN (May 2018). "Excited Delirium: A Systematic Review". Academic Emergency Medicine. 25 (5): 552''565. doi:10.1111/acem.13330 . PMID 28990246. ^ a b Grant JR, Southall PE, Mealey J, Scott SR, Fowler DR (March 2009). "Excited delirium deaths in custody: past and present". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 30 (1): 1''5. doi:10.1097/PAF.0b013e31818738a0. PMID 19237843. S2CID 205910534. ^ a b Samuel E, Williams RB, Ferrell RB (2009). "Excited delirium: Consideration of selected medical and psychiatric issues". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 5: 61''6. doi:10.2147/ndt.s2883. PMC 2695211 . PMID 19557101. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. ^ a b Hoffman L (November 2009). "ACEP Recognizes Excited Delirium as Unique Syndrome". Emergency Medicine News. 31 (11): 4. doi:10.1097/01.EEM.0000340950.69012.8d. S2CID 220585342. ^ "Excited Delirium.org: For Law Enforcement". University of Miami. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011 . Retrieved July 1, 2011 . ^ SoRelle R (October 2010). "ExDS Protocol Puts Clout in EMS Hands". Emergency Medicine News. 32 (10): 1, 32. doi:10.1097/01.EEM.0000389817.48608.e4. ^ Penders TM, Gestring RE, Vilensky DA (November 2012). "Intoxication delirium following use of synthetic cathinone derivatives". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 38 (6): 616''7. doi:10.3109/00952990.2012.694535. PMID 22783894. S2CID 207428569. ^ Minns AB, Clark RF (November 2012). "Toxicology and overdose of atypical antipsychotics". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 43 (5): 906''13. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.03.002. PMID 22555052. ^ Levine M, Ruha AM (July 2012). "Overdose of atypical antipsychotics: clinical presentation, mechanisms of toxicity and management". CNS Drugs. 26 (7): 601''11. doi:10.2165/11631640-000000000-00000. PMID 22668123. S2CID 24628641. ^ Wang PS, Schneeweiss S, Setoguchi S, Patrick A, Avorn J, Mogun H, et al. (December 2007). "Ventricular arrhythmias and cerebrovascular events in the elderly using conventional and atypical antipsychotic medications". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 27 (6): 707''10. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e31815a882b. PMID 18004143. ^ a b Otahbachi M, Cevik C, Bagdure S, Nugent K (June 2010). "Excited delirium, restraints, and unexpected death: a review of pathogenesis". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 31 (2): 107''12. doi:10.1097/PAF.0b013e3181d76cdd. PMID 20190633. S2CID 38847396. [dead link ] ^ a b Vilke GM, Bozeman WP, Dawes DM, Demers G, Wilson MP (April 2012). "Excited delirium syndrome (ExDS): treatment options and considerations". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 19 (3): 117''21. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2011.12.009. PMID 22390995. ^ Samuel E, Williams RB, Ferrell RB (2009). "Excited delirium: Consideration of selected medical and psychiatric issues". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 5: 61''6. doi:10.2147/ndt.s2883. PMC 2695211 . PMID 19557101. ^ Kraines SH (July 1934). "Bell's mania". American Journal of Psychiatry. 91 (1): 29''40. doi:10.1176/ajp.91.1.29. ^ Truscott A (March 2008). "A knee in the neck of excited delirium". CMAJ. 178 (6): 669''70. doi:10.1503/cmaj.080210. PMC 2263095 . PMID 18332375. ^ a b Wetli CV, Fishbain DA (July 1985). "Cocaine-induced psychosis and sudden death in recreational cocaine users". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 30 (3): 873''80. doi:10.1520/JFS11020J. PMID 4031813 . Retrieved June 8, 2020 . ^ Garcia-Roberts, Gus (July 15, 2010). "Is excited delirium killing coked-up, stun-gunned Miamians?". Miami New Times . Retrieved April 18, 2021 . ^ Truscott A (March 2008). "A knee in the neck of excited delirium". CMAJ. 178 (6): 669''70. doi:10.1503/cmaj.080210. PMC 2263095 . PMID 18332375. ^ Paquette M (2003). Paquette M (ed.). "Excited delirium: does it exist?". Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 39 (3): 93''4. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6163.2003.00093.x. PMID 14606228. ^ a b Costello D (April 21, 2003). "Excited delirium' as a cause of death". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. ^ Hall N (May 14, 2008). "Police are 'brainwashed' by Taser maker; Psychologist blames instructions". Vancouver Sun. Canwest. pp. A1. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008 . Retrieved August 30, 2008 . ^ Kiedrowski J (June 5, 2008). "An Independent Review of the Adoption and Use of Conducted Energy Weapons by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police". Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Archived from the original on December 31, 2009. ^ Jauchem JR (January 2010). "Deaths in custody: are some due to electronic control devices (including TASER devices) or excited delirium?". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 17 (1): 1''7. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2008.05.011. PMID 20083043. ^ a b Santo A (June 4, 2020). "An Officer Suggested George Floyd Had "Excited Delirium." Experts Say That's Not a Real Thing". Slate . Retrieved June 17, 2020 . They note, for example, that it's disproportionately cited in cases where black and Hispanic men die in custody. ^ Goldman R (March 2, 2007). "Excited Delirium: Police Brutality vs. Sheer Insanity". ABC News. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008 . Retrieved March 13, 2007 . Police and defense attorneys are squaring off over a medical condition so rare and controversial it can't be found in any medical dictionary '-- excited delirium. Victims share a host of symptoms and similarities. They tend to be overweight males, high on drugs, and display extremely erratic and violent behavior. But victims also share something else in common. The disorder seems to manifest itself when people are under stress, particularly when in police custody, and is often diagnosed only after the victims die. ^ Singh M (July 2, 2020). "How America's broken autopsy system can mask police violence". The Guardian. ^ Wedell K, Kelly C. " ' Excited delirium' cited as factor in many fatal police restraint cases. Some say it's bogus". USA Today . Retrieved June 17, 2020 . For decades critics have pointed to the fact that the term is applied almost exclusively to in-custody deaths or that otherwise involve law enforcement. ^ Koerth M (June 8, 2020). "The Two Autopsies Of George Floyd Aren't As Different As They Seem". FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved June 17, 2020 . The dead people diagnosed with it tend to be young, black males who died in police custody, he said. ^ Police Repeatedly Cite 'Excited Delirium' In Killings, But It Has No Real Definition ^ https://apnews.com/article/derek-chauvin-closing-statement-excited-delirium-3b60b3930023a2668e7fc63f903fc3aa?utm ^ https://www.screenlately.com/index.php/2021/04/19/derek-chauvin-trial-prosecution-says-george-floyd-died-because-of-ex-cops-ego-and-pride/
- Derek Chauvin sentencing date set for June after murder conviction
- Former Minneapolis Police Officer Derek Chauvin is shown in a combination of police booking photos after a jury found him guilty on all counts in his trial for second-degree murder, third-degree murder and second-degree manslaughter in the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis, Minnesota, April 20, 2021.
- Minnesota Department of Corrections | via Reuters
- Floyd, a 46-year-old Black man, died after Chauvin kneeled on his neck for more than nine minutes. Video of the incident sparked a nationwide protest movement against police brutality and systemic racism.
- The most serious charge against Chauvin carries a maximum sentence of 40 years in prison, though sentencing guidelines often call for much less prison time than the maximum.
- Chauvin's sentencing date is scheduled to come more than eight weeks after the anonymous 12-member jury delivered its verdict, following about 10 hours of deliberation at the end of the three-week trial in Minnesota.
- Kevin Samuels Wikipedia, Age and Height: How Old Tall Is The Lifestyle Coach?
- The Image Consultant and the Lifestyle Coach, Kevin Samuels has an astounding social media presence. Here are a few things you need to know about him before jumping into his Youtube show, Life & Style by Kevin Samuels.
- Kevin Samuels is an American image consultant, lifestyle coach, and social media influencer. For the past few years, he has been giving people valuable tips on how to look good.
- For someone who believes that the way you look shapes your personality, Kevin was into fashion and lifestyle at a very young age. Despite his chemical engineering degree, the young boy chased his passion to become a lifestyle coach. Well, it occurred to be the best decision.
- So who is Kevin Samuels? How much do you know about him?
- Kevin Samuels: How Old Tall is the Lifestyle Coach? The Lifestyle expert, Kevin Samuels has not revealed his actual age. However, people try to guess his age now and again. As he maintains both fitness and outer look, Kevin Samuels looks very much younger than he actually is.
- Looking at his height, Kevin Samuels seems to be around 6 feet. However, the value once again is just speculative.
- Does Kevin Samuels have a Wikipedia bio? Given his reputation, one would think he might. But actually, Kevin Samuels doesn't have a Wikipedia biography until now.
- But one can easily find him on Instagram, Twitter, and Youtube. He has amassed hundreds of thousands of followers on these social media platforms. You can also book a meeting with him through his personal website.
- Is Kevin Samuels married? Everything on his wife and girlfriend The Lifestyle coach has not shared any information about his partner. His videos are mostly focused on fashion and lifestyle. Surprisingly, Kevin Samuels never talks about personal stuff on his Youtube videos.
- As per FameRanker, Kevin Samuels has an estimated net worth of $1.1 million as of 2021. A large portion of that net worth is from his online presence.
- Sigil Magic: How to Create Symbols That Manifest Your Destiny ' LonerWolf
- Sigils. I am enchanted by the simplicity and power of these little magical symbols.
- Sigils help you to achieve goals, co-create your reality, self-actualize your potential and fulfill your deepest dreams and desires.
- If you're at a place in your spiritual journey where you're thinking, ''I've done a LOT of inner work '... but now what?'' it's time to step out of your inner world into the outer world.
- What would you like to do with your life? What unconscious stories would you like to reprogram? What habits would you like to replace? What parts of you would you like to transform? How would you like to use your will, energy, and creativity?
- Sigil magic helps you to step into your power as a creator.
- If you are used to playing a passive (yin) role in your spiritual path, it's now time to experiment with an active (yang) role.
- What is a Sigil?A sigil is a symbol you create with the intention of changing your reality in accordance with your will. All sigils are encoded with a specific purpose, for example, to attract a romantic partner, to set strong boundaries, to be more financially prosperous, to heal your inner child '' the possibilities are limitless.
- While sigils were used in the past to symbolize and conjure up spirits, these days, sigils are used in a personal way to symbolically represent and manifest our own desires.
- What is Sigil Magic?Sigil magic is the formal practice of creating sigils (or intention-charged symbols) to change your reality. Those who practice sigil magic incorporate self-reflection, creativity, willpower, and ritual to manifest their desires. Sigil magic is based on the philosophy that we are co-creators of our reality. As such, we are empowered to make the changes we desire so long as they align with our ultimate destiny and the will of Life.
- 11 Benefits of Creating SigilsSigils are quickly becoming one of my top five most used spiritual tools. Here's what I have observed from my own experience and others who have experimented with sigils:
- You feel empoweredYou feel more responsible for your life, choices, and actionsYou become more aware of the interconnected nature of realityYou get to express your creative sideYou become more decisive and intentionalYou feel more motivatedYou learn the difference between lust and desire (more on this in the ''shadow side of sigils'' section below)You recognize yourself as a conscious co-creator of your lifeYou feel connected with Life/Divine more deeplyYou develop more hope knowing that most situations can change if you will them toAnd of course '...Your life can change dramatically and drastically in accordance with your intent!Please know that spirituality isn't meant to be solely about passivity, surrender, and the destruction of the ego '' it can also be about creation. As always, I prefer to follow the path of the middle and have balance in my own spiritual practice.
- How Do Sigils Work?Sigils are essentially like little seeds that are planted within the unconscious mind.
- Many things enter the depths of our minds, but not all of them are placed there intentionally or take root. What gives sigils their power is the energy and intention behind them '' and that is what helps them to sprout and blossom into manifestation. The symbolic nature of the sigil also helps bypass the rational (skeptical) mind and enter the unconscious where possibilities are endless.
- As the language of the deep mind is symbolic, sigils basically 'speak' to your unconscious. How cool is that?
- The Dark Side of Sigil CreationOne of the biggest issues I first had with sigils is that it goes against the well-known spiritual philosophy of, ''desire equals suffering.''
- The more I read, experimented, and reflected, the more I realized that sigil magic is actually based on the process of creation and release. In other words, creating a sigil encourages surrender as much as it encourages desire.
- As you'll read in the next section, sigil magic involves releasing and intentionally forgetting about one's initial desire. This process of letting go has two benefits. The first benefit is that it allows our desire to burrow more deeply into the unconscious without the ego's (aka. the inner Critic's) interference.
- The second benefit of releasing as a part of sigil magic is that it acknowledges and honors the wisdom of Life; that whatever will be will be. We can put our intentions/sigils out there, but ultimately it's up to the divine intelligence of Life to fulfill.
- Furthermore, there's a big difference between desire and lust. Desire is what we feel when we want something. Lust, on the other hand, is what we feel when we take what we desire and cling to/obsess over it. It's very important to make this distinction.
- Desire is not an issue so long as it doesn't become lust. Without desire, we would be incapacitated. We wouldn't be able to have preferences, make decisions, or listen to the voice of our heart and soul. Not only that, but without desire, we would feel no attraction towards our partners, no motivation to fulfill our potential on this earth, and no incentive to keep living life.
- Desire is necessary. It is an integral part of existence. Desire is our life force, our sexual energy, our kundalini.
- Lust, on the other hand, is desire turned sour. Lust is the dark side of desire, and we need to be careful of it. Lust results in addiction, jealousy, crimes of passion, hatred, and all kinds of suffering.
- The dark side of sigil magic is falling into the pit of lust. So beware. Check your motives. Remember the importance of letting go and releasing your sigil to be fulfilled (or not) by the divine will of Life.
- The other major dark side of sigil magic is that it can be used to try and control, coerce or otherwise interfere with the lives of others. Please don't do this. Just don't, okay? It's not worth it. Whatever manipulative intentions you have will bite you in the ass many times over. Even if your intentions are seemingly benign (e.g. creating a sigil to make another fall in love with you), the Universe will see that justice is served for attempting to interfere with another's free will.
- The lesson? Focus only on yourself. Keep the ball in your own court. Don't try to mess around with the lives of others. Simple.
- How to Make a Sigil (For Beginners)Now that you understand the importance of focusing on your own needs and desires, let's learn how to make a sigil.
- There are many ways of making sigils. Below, is a simple, no-fuss guide describing the most popular method out there. This is the very same method I continue to use until this day and have received wonderful results from:
- PenPaper0. Check your motivationsIn other words, do you really need to create a sigil? Be careful of going sigil-crazy and forming elaborate symbols to attract a new computer (when you can just get it repaired) or better friendships (when you can stop being a dick to your current friends).
- Sigils are not a replacement for action. Yes, sigils can help you manifest just about anything '' but you also have to put in the work. Don't be lazy. Sigils will create inner changes, but you need to be responsible for making outer changes first.
- If you need a more objective way to assess your motivations, I recommend using oracle and tarot cards. There are all kinds of cards out there ranging from religious, to new age, to secular '' so you don't need to be donning a velvet turban to enjoy their benefits. Tarot and oracle cards are wonderful tools to help you self-reflect and look at different angles.
- 1. Write down your intentionAvoid being too vague or too complex. Be specific. A good example of a clear and specific intention is, ''More confidence around my boss.''
- Poor examples of this same intention might include, ''More confidence'' and ''More confidence around my boss next week at the business meeting at 2 pm.'' One of these intentions is too vague (sigils work best when you are specific), and the other is too complex.
- You can phrase your intention in any way that speaks to you. Examples might include:
- I am '...I need '...I want '...I wish '...I desire '...More '...Or simply write the qualities you desire, such as ''self-protection and maturity around my parents'' '' I actually find this approach to be more effective than beginning with the words mentioned in the bullet point list above.
- I personally discard of phrasing such as ''I would really like more of '...'' as the sigils become very hard to create. Try to simplify your intention as much as possible.
- Also, ensure that you create one sigil for every intention. Don't cram numerous desires into one sigil. For example, don't create a sigil for the statement, ''I desire to have a big family full of seven kids in a mansion by the ocean.'' Create one sigil for each of those intentions.
- You'll also need to be realistic and use your common sense. Don't create a sigil for becoming a millionaire if you have no intention of working hard or putting in the effort in physical reality. Don't create a sigil for becoming the CEO if you are nowhere near qualified. Similarly, don't bother creating a sigil for that which is most likely going to happen. Pick something that has a 50/50 chance of happening.
- Finally, (I promise this is about as complex as it gets), keep your intention phrased positively as that is much easier for the unconscious mind to understand. For example, instead of writing, ''I will not feel scared and anxious around others,'' phrase your intention positively such as, ''I feel calm and empowered around others.''
- 2. Cross out lettersOnce you have a sentence that captures your intention, it's time to cross out all vowels and repeating letters.
- For example, if your statement of intent was, '' I am safe and secure in my own skin,'' you would then go and cross out all of the vowels:
- Then go and cross out any repeating letters '' you will then have the remaining letters msfndcrywk:
- 3. Create a symbolAfter simplifying your sentence, you will then take the remaining letters and create a symbol:
- Don't worry if you can't create an elegant looking symbol at first. Keep playing around until you find something you like. You don't need to be an artist and your symbol doesn't even need to look like a sigil '' just create something that speaks to you. If you like it, you've done your job.
- Rearrange the letters in any conventional or unconventional way you like. For example, you can choose to turn some letters upside down, enlarge other letters, minimize the rest, or merge two letters together. Have fun and enjoy the process!
- Once you are done, take a moment to congratulate yourself. You have now created your first sigil!
- How to Activate a SigilActivating a sigil involves infusing it with energy and propelling it into your unconscious mind. There are many ways to complete this final stage of sigil magic.
- Some people prefer to enter an altered state of consciousness through dancing, chanting, meditation, sex, sensory deprivation/overwhelm, visualization, etc.
- Other people like physically and symbolically destroying their sigils '' such as through burning, burying, tearing or dropping them into water.
- For a truly dynamic way of activating your sigil, try combining both methods.
- Here is a simple method that anyone can use:
- Fire-proof pot, bowl or cauldronMatches/lighterYour sigil paperStep 1 '' Find a quiet placeEnsure you're undisturbed as you'll need to focus. You don't need a fancy setup if you don't have one. Otherwise, try sitting in your sacred space/altar (if you have one in your home).
- Step 2 '' Close your eyesGround yourself by focusing on your breath. Practice a bit of mindful meditation by observing your breath going in and out. When you are ready '...
- Step 3 '' Pick up your sigilStare at your sigil for a few minutes. You may like to hold the sigil close to your face or put it far away. Either way, gaze at your sigil until your vision gains a dreamlike quality. (If not, just gaze at it for a couple of minutes and reflect on its significance.)
- Step 4 '' Burn your sigil and visualizeWhen you're reading, bring out your matches/lighter, hold your sigil paper over your fire-proof dish, and light it on fire. When the paper catches fire, wait for a few seconds, then drop it into the dish. Alternatively, scrunch up your sigil into a ball, place it in your fire-proof container, then light it (this is a safer option as you're less likely to get burned).
- As you watch your sigil burn, imagine that the flames are burning inside of your mind as well and creating an opening to your unconscious mind. Allow your mind to become completely empty as you become consumed in watching your sigil burn.
- Once your sigil has turned to ash, imagine the opening within your mind closing and returning back to normal.
- Step 5 '' Forget and releaseNow the bulk of the work has been done. What happens next is out of your hands. But the core thing to remember is to forget and release. Don't dwell on your sigil. Don't obsess over it. Don't attach to it. Let the Universal Will take over and do its thing. The more you think about it, the more you're involving your conscious mind. This is the equivalent of burying a seed in the ground but then digging it up every day to make sure it's growing. Leave it alone!
- Close your ritual space and carry on with your other daily business.
- Does Sigil Magic Work?That's up to you to figure out. But in my experience, yes, it does. However, I also understand that creating sigils isn't for everyone, so please do experiment and see for yourself.
- One great way to keep track of how effective your sigils are is by creating a sigil journal. You can get a sticky note, fold it in half, then put the sigil on one side and the meaning on the other (just in case you happen to glimpse it while flipping through your journal).
- Set a notification on your phone or in a physical calendar to check back on the sigil you created in 2-3 months time, and record your observations.
- Sigil magic is a wonderful, surprising, and empowering tool to have in your spiritual arsenal. Remember to indulge your inner child and have fun! Yes, this is a serious practice, but it doesn't have to be a drab or complex experience.
- What are your thoughts on sigil magic? Have you experimented with it before? I'd love to hear any juicy experiences you've had. Please share below!
- Senate narrowly votes to confirm Vanita Gupta as associate attorney general - UPI.com
- April 21 (UPI) -- The Senate narrowly voted to confirm civil rights attorney Vanita Gupta as associate attorney general on Wednesday.
- Gupta, 46, will become the first woman of color to serve as associate attorney general in the history of the Justice Department after the 51-49 vote in which Sen. Lisa Murkowski, R-Alaska, was the only GOP lawmaker to vote for her confirmation as Vice President Kamala Harris was on hand to break a potential tie.
- In the role, Gupta will oversee the department's civil rights litigation as well as its antitrust, civil and environment divisions as the third highest-ranking official in the agency, joining Attorney General Merrick Garland and Deputy Attorney General Lisa Monaco.
- Senate Democratic leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., said Gupta's confirmation was "very good news for the forces of equality and justice in the country."
- "Not only is Ms. Gupta the first woman of color ever to be nominated to the position, she is the first civil rights attorney ever to be nominated to the position," Schumer said in remarks on the Senate floor. "That's shocking, really. We never have had a former civil rights attorney serving in such a position of prominence at the Justice Department."
- Gupta faced harsh opposition from Republicans who described her as a "radical" nominee and accused her of altering her positions on issues such as drug legalization and police funding.
- "She's levied attacks on members of this body, and during the confirmation process, she employed the loosest possible interpretation of her oath to deliver honest testimony," Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., said.
- Murkowski explained her decision to support Gupta, saying she was initially troubled by some of her past statements but chose to vote in her favor after they had a lengthy conversation.
- "I asked her point blank, 'Why do you want this? Is this worth it?' Because this has clearly been very hard on her as a nominee," she said. "And she paused and reflected a moment, and just spoke to how she feels called to serve in a very personal way that I thought was impactful."
- Gupta's confirmation comes the same day that Garland announced the Justice Department will open an investigation into police practices in Minneapolis after a jury convicted former police officer Derek Chauvin in the killing of George Floyd.
- President Joe Biden pushed for Gupta and Kristin Clarke, his nominee to lead the Justice Department Civil Rights Division, in a speech Tuesday following the verdict, stating they would "root out the unconstitutional policing and reform our criminal justice system."
- Music in this Episode
- Intro: DMX - Blackout - 11 sec
- Outro: James Brown - King Heroin -2 sec
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