• Moe Factz with Adam Curry for September 14th 2021, Episode number 66

• "Black Butterfly"

• Description
  • Adam and Moe bring you a 4 block potluck this week!

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• Big Baller
  • Emily Andrews

• Executive Producers:
  • Emily Andrews
  • John Taylor
  • Madeline Riley
  • judy sigsbey
  • Brian Maas

• Associate Executive Producers:
  • Jonathan Peckham
  • Sir Nathan Lee
  • Chris Bailey
  • Christopher Belsky
  • Clay Wilson
  • Taylor Stagg
  • Edwin Torres
  • Kris TerHart
  • Summer Norris
  • Ramone Johnson

• Episode 66 Club Members
  • Emily Andrews
  • Jonathan Peckham
  • Christopher Belsky
  • Chris Bailey
  • Clay Wilson

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  • VIDEO - THE GREAT VACCINE COVER-UP! | LibertyNZ Podcast
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Wed, 15 Sep 2021 04:28
    •  
    • This is my neighbour Irene's story about her granddaughter.
    • THE GREAT VACCINE COVER-UP!
    • Following hospitalisation after her first jab, Olivia McGregor-Hay and her parents were not only warned not to take the second dose but they were encouraged not to speak about the event.
    • This comes after a recently vaccinated 17-year-old Auckland girl was reportedly in an induced coma and died with blood clots.
    • Counterspin can confirm we spoke to the grandmother of 14 year old Olivia, a Whangarei Girls High School student.
    • Irene Pabirowski said her granddaughter had the shot, along with her mother Sheryl Pabirowski on Thursday, September 2.
    • Immediately afterwards, Olivia's face went bright red and she was not feeling well.
    • The next morning she couldn't feel her head and feet. After going out to the ute to collect something for her father, she returned, her whole body shaking as though she had Parkinson's disease.
    • By Saturday morning, Olivia's father Gene, was so worried about her, he took her to White Cross, where they were advised to go to the hospital, immediately.
    • Olivia's heart rate peaked at 175bpm and doctors warned her not to get the second jab or she would die.
    • Their position then changed, saying her adverse effects were due to underlying health conditions which remain unsubstantiated, as this claim is contested by the family who are adamant Olivia was a fit, healthy teenager, always on the move, prior to getting the jab.
    • A NZ Outdoors Party press release stated that 'deaths from Covid vaccine are government-mandated genocide.'
    • Sue Grey, lawyer & NZ Outdoors Party co-leader said ''The PM is floundering as the community networks are proving far more efficient at collecting and sharing information than the bureaucrats.''
    • Information obtained under the OIA shows that Medsafe, the government regulator, declined consent for the Pfizer vaccine in January because it was not satisfied that the benefits exceeded the risks.
    • Since then Medsafe has acknowledged the Pfizer Vax may cause myocarditis, pericarditis and thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (blood clots).
    • In February the Pfizer vax was given ''provisional consent for the restricted treatment of a limited number of patients'' and subject to 58 conditions requiring more research and information.
    • After the High Court case raised questions about the legality of the vaccine rollout, the government undertook an emergency law reform within 24 hours, to remove the restricted use.
    • The government, with their sanctioned experts, supported by MSM, continue to suppress the spread of truth, logic and reason by accusing anyone with a counter-narrative, to their ''one source of truth,'' of being spreaders of misinformation.
    • Vaccine confidence is difficult with non-disclosure of ingredients and adverse reactions by our health professionals, due to suppression and gagging by government officials and vested interests.
    • A petition calling for an immediate suspension of the vaccine rollout to teenagers is underway at
    • www.oursay.co.nz Counterspin
    • NZs Media Revolution
    • Facts & Evidence-based
    • Not a pay to say platform
  • Lil Nas X Announces He's 'Pregnant' In New Photos | iHeartRadio
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Wed, 15 Sep 2021 04:00
    •  
    • Congratulations are in order for Lil Nas X!
    • On Thursday (September 2), the "Industry Baby" artist announced that he is expecting '-- his debut album.
    • In an interview with People, Lil Nas poses for stunning pregnancy announcement photos, fake belly and all, as he prepares for the "birth" of his first full-length album Montero, out September 17. He shared some of the photos on social media, seen below, but the full pregnancy shoot can be found here.
    • "SURPRISE! I can't believe i'm finally announcing this," he captioned the pics on Instagram. "My little bundle of joy 'MONTERO' is due September 17, 2021."
    • Lil Nas got the idea for the photoshoot after hearing Megan Thee Stallion's verse on his song "Dolla Sign Slime," one of the many features on Montero. He was so excited that he called his stylist.
    • "She was like, 'Wow, this all comes together. Your album. Your baby.' I was like, 'Yeah, this is baby, huh?' As a joke, she was like, 'Yeah, you should do a pregnancy shoot," he told the magazine, adding, "I was like, 'You know what? That's actually brilliant.'"
    • The "Montero (Call Me By Your Name)" artist, who also calls himself both the mother and the father of his baby, revealed the cover art and tracklist for the album earlier this week.
    • 'You're getting a lot of stories about me," he says of the 15-track record. "You're getting a lot of stories about my past and where I want to be in my love life. But they're also a bop. I feel like I finally found a great balance between being real as possible within my music and making a hit song."
  • Atrazine - Wikipedia
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Wed, 15 Sep 2021 03:45
    •  
    • AtrazineNamesPreferred IUPAC name6-Chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
    • Other namesAtrazine1-Chloro-3-ethylamino-5-isopropylamino-2,4,6-triazine2-Chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine6-Chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
    • IdentifiersChEBIChEMBLChemSpiderDrugBankECHA InfoCard 100.016.017 KEGGUNIIInChI=1S/C8H14ClN5/c1-4-10-7-12-6(9)13-8(14-7)11-5(2)3/h5H,4H2,1-3H3,(H2,10,11,12,13,14)
    • YKey: MXWJVTOOROXGIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
    • Y InChI=1/C8H14ClN5/c1-4-10-7-12-6(9)13-8(14-7)11-5(2)3/h5H,4H2,1-3H3,(H2,10,11,12,13,14)
    • Key: MXWJVTOOROXGIU-UHFFFAOYAJ
    • PropertiesC 8H 14Cl N 5Molar mass 215.69 g·mol''1 Appearancecolorless solidDensity1.187 g/cm3Melting point 175 °C (347 °F; 448 K) Boiling point 200 °C (392 °F; 473 K) decomposes[1]7 mg/100 mLHazardsFlash pointnoncombustible [1]NIOSH (US health exposure limits):none[1]TWA 5 mg/m3[1]N.D.[1]Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
    • standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
    • Y verify (what is Y N ?)Infobox referencesChemical compound
    • Atrazine is a herbicide of the triazine class. It is used to prevent pre-emergence broadleaf weeds in crops such as maize (corn) and sugarcane and on turf, such as golf courses and residential lawns. Atrazine's primary manufacturer is Syngenta and it is one of the most widely used herbicides in the United States[2] and Australian agriculture.[3]
    • As of 2001[update], atrazine was the most commonly detected pesticide contaminating drinking water in the U.S.[4]:'Š44 'Š Studies suggest it is an endocrine disruptor, an agent that can alter the natural hormonal system.[5] However, in 2006 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had stated that under the Food Quality Protection Act "the risks associated with the pesticide residues pose a reasonable certainty of no harm",[6] and in 2007, the EPA said that atrazine does not adversely affect amphibian sexual development and that no additional testing was warranted.[7] EPA's 2009 review[8] concluded that "the agency's scientific bases for its regulation of atrazine are robust and ensure prevention of exposure levels that could lead to reproductive effects in humans".[9] However, in their 2016 Refined Ecological Risk Assessment for Atrazine, it was stated that "it is difficult to make definitive conclusions about the impact of atrazine at a given concentration but multiple studies have reported effects to various endpoints at environmentally-relevant concentrations."[10] EPA started a registration review in 2013.[11]
    • The EPA's review has been criticized, and the safety of atrazine remains controversial.[12][13][14] EPA has however stated that "If at any time EPA determines there are urgent human or environmental risks from atrazine exposure that require prompt attention, we will take appropriate regulatory action, regardless of the status of the registration review process."[2] Its use was banned in the European Union in 2004, when the EU found groundwater levels exceeding the limits set by regulators, and Syngenta could not show that this could be prevented nor that these levels were safe.[15][16]
    • Uses [ edit ] Atrazine is a herbicide that is used to stop pre- and post-emergence broadleaf and grassy weeds in crops such as sorghum, maize, sugarcane, lupins, pine, and eucalypt plantations, and triazine-tolerant canola.[3]
    • In the United States as of 2014, atrazine was the second-most widely used herbicide after glyphosate,[12] with 76 million pounds (34 thousand metric tons) of it applied each year.[17][18] Atrazine continues to be one of the most widely used herbicides in Australian agriculture.[3] Its effect on corn yields has been estimated from 1% to 8%, with 3''4% being the conclusion of one economics review.[19][20] In another study looking at combined data from 236 university corn field trials from 1986 to 2005, atrazine treatments showed an average of 5.7 bushels more per acre (~400 kg per hectare) than alternative herbicide treatments.[21] Effects on sorghum yields have been estimated to be as high as 20%, owing in part to the absence of alternative weed control products that can be used on sorghum.[22]
    • Chemistry and biochemistry [ edit ] Atrazine was invented in 1958 in the Geigy laboratories as the second of a series of 1,3,5-triazines.[23]
    • Atrazine is prepared from cyanuric chloride, which is treated sequentially with ethylamine and isopropyl amine. Like other triazine herbicides, atrazine functions by binding to the plastoquinone-binding protein in photosystem II, which animals lack. Plant death results from starvation and oxidative damage caused by breakdown in the electron transport process. Oxidative damage is accelerated at high light intensity.[24]
    • Atrazine's effects in humans and animals primarily involve the endocrine system. Studies suggest that atrazine is an endocrine disruptor that can cause hormone imbalance.[5]
    • Atrazine has been found to act as an agonist of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1.[25] Atrazine has been shown to covalently bind to (chemically react with) a large number of mammalian proteins.[26]
    • Environment [ edit ] Levels [ edit ] Atrazine contamination of surface water (lakes, rivers, and streams) in the U.S. has been monitored by the EPA and has consistently exceeded levels of concern in two Missouri watersheds and one in Nebraska.[27] Monitoring of atrazine levels in community water systems in 31 high-use states found that levels exceeded levels of concern for infant exposure during at least one year between 1993 and 2001 in 34 of 3670 community water systems using surface water, and in none of 14,500 community water systems using groundwater.[28] Surface water monitoring data from 20 high atrazine use watersheds found peak atrazine levels up to 147 parts per billion, with daily averages in all cases below 10 parts per billion.
    • Biodegradation [ edit ] Atrazine remains in soil for a matter of months (although in some soils can persist to at least 4 years)[5] and can migrate from soil to groundwater; once in groundwater, it degrades slowly. It has been detected in groundwater at high levels in some regions of the U.S. where it is used on some crops and turf. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency expresses concern regarding contamination of surface waters (lakes, rivers, and streams).[5]
    • Atrazine degrades in soil primarily by the action of microbes. The half-life of atrazine in soil ranges from 13 to 261 days.[29] Atrazine biodegradation can occur by two known pathways:
    • Hydrolysis of the C-Cl bond is followed by the ethyl and isopropyl groups, catalyzed by the hydrolase enzymes called AtzA, AtzB, and AtzC. The end product of this process is cyanuric acid, itself unstable with respect to ammonia and carbon dioxide. The best characterized organisms that use this pathway are of Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP.Dealkylation of the amino groups gives 2-chloro-4-hydroxy-6-amino-1,3,5-triazine, the degradation of which is unknown. This path also occurs in Pseudomonas species, as well as a number of bacteria.[30][31]Rates of biodegradation are affected by atrazine's low solubility; thus surfactants may increase the degradation rate. Though the two alkyl moieties readily support growth of certain microorganisms, the atrazine ring is a poor energy source due to the oxidized state of ring carbon. In fact, the most common pathway for atrazine degradation involves the intermediate, cyanuric acid, in which carbon is fully oxidized, thus the ring is primarily a nitrogen source for aerobic microorganisms. Atrazine may be catabolized as a carbon and nitrogen source in reducing environments, and some aerobic atrazine degraders have been shown to use the compound for growth under anoxia in the presence of nitrate as an electron acceptor,[32] a process referred to as a denitrification. When atrazine is used as a nitrogen source for bacterial growth, degradation may be regulated by the presence of alternative sources of nitrogen. In pure cultures of atrazine-degrading bacteria, as well as active soil communities, atrazine ring nitrogen, but not carbon are assimilated into microbial biomass.[33] Low concentrations of glucose can decrease the bioavailability, whereas higher concentrations promote the catabolism of atrazine.[34]
    • The genes for enzymes AtzA-C have been found to be highly conserved in atrazine-degrading organisms worldwide. In Pseudomonas sp. ADP, the Atz genes are located noncontiguously on a plasmid with the genes for mercury catabolism. AtzA-C genes have also been found in a Gram-positive bacterium, but are chromosomally located.[35] The insertion elements flanking each gene suggest that they are involved in the assembly of this specialized catabolic pathway.[31] Two options exist for degradation of atrazine using microbes, bioaugmentation or biostimulation.[31] Recent research suggests that microbial adaptation to atrazine has occurred in some fields where the herbicide is used repetitively, resulting in more rapid biodegradation.[36] Like the herbicides trifluralin and alachlor, atrazine is susceptible to rapid transformation in the presence of reduced iron-bearing soil clays, such as ferruginous smectites. In natural environments, some iron-bearing minerals are reduced by specific bacteria in the absence of oxygen, thus the abiotic transformation of herbicides by reduced minerals is viewed as "microbially induced".[37]
    • Photolysis [ edit ] In 2016, photolytic degradation with 254 nm ultraviolet was seen by the authors of a particular study as an efficient process, which could be used in pilot plants to reduce or eliminate compounds of the atrazine class or similar emerging contaminants, in effluents.[38]
    • Health effects [ edit ] According to Extension Toxicology Network in the U.S., "The oral median Lethal Dose or LD50 for atrazine is 3090 mg/kg in rats, 1750 mg/kg in mice, 750 mg/kg in rabbits, and 1000 mg/kg in hamsters. The dermal LD50 in rabbits is 7500 mg/kg and greater than 3000 mg/kg in rats. The 1-hour inhalation LC50 is greater than 0.7 mg/L in rats. The 4-hour inhalation LC50 is 5.2 mg/L in rats." The maximum contaminant level is 0.003 mg/L and the reference dose is 0.035 mg/kg/day.[39]
    • Atrazine use in pounds per square mile by county. Atrazine is one of the most commonly used herbicides in the United States.
    • [40]Mammals [ edit ] A September 2003 review by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) stated that atrazine is "currently under review for pesticide re-registration by the EPA because of concerns that atrazine may cause cancer", but not enough information was available to "definitely state whether it causes cancer in humans." According to the ATSDR, one of the primary ways that atrazine can affect a person's health is "by altering the way that the reproductive system works. Studies of couples living on farms that use atrazine for weed control found an increase in the risk of preterm delivery, but these studies are difficult to interpret because most of the farmers were men who may have been exposed to several types of pesticides. Little information is available regarding the risks to children, however "[m]aternal exposure to atrazine in drinking water has been associated with low fetal weight and heart, urinary, and limb defects in humans".[41] Incidence of a birth defect known as gastroschisis appears to be higher in areas where surface water atrazine levels are elevated especially when conception occurs in the spring, the time when atrazine is commonly applied.[42]
    • The World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified atrazine as "not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans" (Group 3).[43]
    • The EPA determined in 2003 "that atrazine is not likely to cause cancer in humans".[44]
    • In 2006, the EPA stated, "the risks associated with the pesticide residues pose a reasonable certainty of no harm".[6][7]
    • In 2007, the EPA said, "studies thus far suggest that atrazine is an endocrine disruptor". The implications for children's health are related to effects during pregnancy and during sexual development, though few studies are available. In people, risks for preterm delivery and intrauterine growth retardation have been associated with exposure. Atrazine exposure has been shown to result in delays or changes in pubertal development in female rats; conflicting results have been observed in males. Male rats exposed via milk from orally exposed mothers exhibited higher levels of prostate inflammation as adults; immune effects have also been seen in male rats exposed in utero or while nursing.[5] EPA opened a new review in 2009[8] that concluded that "the agency's scientific bases for its regulation of atrazine are robust and ensure prevention of exposure levels that could lead to reproductive effects in humans."[9] Deborah A. Cory-Slechta, a professor at the University of Rochester in New York has said in 2014, "The way the E.P.A. tests chemicals can vastly underestimate risks." She has studied atrazine's effects on the brain and serves on the E.P.A.'s science advisory board. She further stated, "There's still a huge amount we don't know about atrazine."[12]
    • A Natural Resources Defense Council report from 2009 said that the EPA is ignoring atrazine contamination in surface and drinking water in the central United States.[45]
    • Research results from the U.S. National Cancer Institute's 2011 Agricultural Health Study concluded, "there was no consistent evidence of an association between atrazine use and any cancer site". The study tracked 57,310 licensed pesticide applicators over 13 years.[46]
    • A 2011 review of the mammalian reproductive toxicology of atrazine jointly conducted by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concluded that atrazine was not teratogenic. Reproductive effects in rats and rabbits were only seen at doses that were toxic to the mother. Observed adverse effects in rats included fetal resorption in rates (at doses > 50 mg/kg per day), delays in sexual development in female rats (at doses >30 mg/kg per day), and decreased birth weight (at doses >3.6 mg/kg per day).[47]
    • A 2014 systematic review, funded by atrazine manufacturer Syngenta, assessed its relation to reproductive health problems. The authors concluded that the quality of most studies was poor and without good quality data, the results were difficult to assess, though it was noted that no single category of negative pregnancy outcome was found consistently across studies. The authors concluded that a causal link between atrazine and adverse pregnancy outcomes was not warranted due to the poor quality of the data and the lack of robust findings across studies. Syngenta was not involved in the design, collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data and did not participate in the preparation of the manuscript.[48]
    • Amphibians [ edit ] Atrazine has been a suspected teratogen, with some studies reporting causing demasculinization in male northern leopard frogs even at low concentrations,[49] and an endocrine disruptor.[50] A 2002 study by Tyrone Hayes, of the University of California, Berkeley, found that exposure caused male tadpoles to turn into hermaphrodites '' frogs with both male and female sexual characteristics.[51] However, this study has not been able to be replicated,[52] and a 2003 EPA review of this study concluded that overcrowding, questionable sample handling techniques, and the failure of the authors to disclose key details including sample sizes, dose-response effects, and the variability of observed effects made it difficult to assess the study's credibility and ecological relevance.[52][53] A 2005 study, requested by EPA and conducted under EPA guidance and inspection, was unable to reproduce Hayes´ results.[54]
    • The EPA's Scientific Advisory Panel examined relevant studies and concluded in 2010, "atrazine does not adversely affect amphibian gonadal development based on a review of laboratory and field studies".[7] It recommended proper study design for further investigation. As required by the EPA, two experiments were conducted under Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and were inspected by EPA and German regulatory authorities, concluding 2009 that "long-term exposure of larval X. laevis to atrazine at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100 μg/l does not affect growth, larval development, or sexual differentiation".[55] A 2008 report cited the independent work of researchers in Japan, who were unable to replicate Hayes' work. "The scientists found no hermaphrodite frogs; no increase in aromatase as measured by aromatase mRNA induction; and no increase in vitellogenin, another marker of feminization."[56]
    • A 2007 study examined the relative importance of environmentally relevant concentrations of atrazine on trematode cercariae versus tadpole defense against infection. Its principal finding was that susceptibility of wood frog tadpoles to infection by E. trivolvis is increased only when hosts were exposed to an atrazine concentration of 30 mg/L and not to 3 mg/L.[57]
    • A 2008 study reported that tadpoles developed deformed hearts and impaired kidneys and digestive systems when chronically exposed to atrazine concentrations of 10 ppm in their early stages of life. Tissue malformation may have been induced by ectopic programmed cell death, although a mechanism was not identified.[58]
    • In 2010, the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) tentatively concluded that environmental atrazine "at existing levels of exposure" was not affecting amphibian populations in Australia consistent with the 2007 EPA findings.[59] APVMA responded to Hayes' 2010 published paper,[60] that his findings "do not provide sufficient evidence to justify a reconsideration of current regulations which are based on a very extensive dataset."[59]
    • A 2015 EPA article discussed the Hayes/Syngenta conflict to illustrate both financial and nonfinancial conflicts of interest. The authors concluded, "Statements by Hayes and Syngenta suggest that their scientific differences have developed a personal aspect that casts doubt on their scientific objectivity".[61]
    • [ edit ] In 2012, Syngenta, manufacturer of atrazine, was the defendant in a class-action lawsuit concerning the levels of atrazine in human water supplies. Syngenta agreed to pay $105 million to reimburse more than one thousand water systems for "the cost of filtering atrazine from drinking water". The company denied all wrongdoing.[12][62][63]
    • See also [ edit ] Pesticides in the United States '' AtrazineEndocrine disruptorSimazineReferences [ edit ] ^ a b c d e NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0043". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). ^ a b "Ingredients Used in Pesticide Products-Atrazine". US Environmental Protection Agency. ^ a b c "Chemical Review: Atrazine". Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority. 2014-05-28 . Retrieved 2015-02-11 . ^ Gilliom RJ et al. US Geological Survey The Quality of Our Nation's Waters: Pesticides in the Nation's Streams and Ground Water, 1992''2001 March 2006, Revised February 15, 2007 ^ a b c d e Atrazine: Chemical Summary. Toxicity and Exposure Assessment for Children's Health (PDF) (Report). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2007-04-24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-16. ^ a b Triazine Cumulative Risk Assessment and Atrazine, Simazine, and Propazine Decisions Archived June 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, June 22, 2006, EPA. ^ a b c Atrazine Updates: Amphibians, April 2010, EPA. ^ a b EPA Begins New Scientific Evaluation of Atrazine, October 7, 2009, EPA. ^ a b EPA Atrazine Updates: Scientific Peer Review'--Human Health Current as of January 2013. Accessed March 15, 2014 ^ "Refined Ecological Risk Assesment for Atrazine". EPA. p. 184 . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ EPA [ww.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/atrazine/atrazine_update.htm#amphibian Atrazine Updates: Scientific Peer Review'--Amphibians] Current as of January 2013. Accessed March 15, 2014 ^ a b c d "A Valuable Reputation: Tyrone Hayes said that a chemical was harmful, its maker pursued him" by Rachel Aviv, The New Yorker, 10 February 2014 ^ Duhigg, Charles (August 22, 2009). "Debating How Much Weed Killer Is Safe in Your Water Glass". The New York Times . Retrieved 2015-05-02 . ^ Tillitt DE, Papoulias DM, Whyte JJ, Richter CA (2010). "Atrazine reduces reproduction in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)". Aquat. Toxicol. 99 (2): 149''59. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.04.011. PMID 20471700. ^ European Commission. 2004/248/EC: Commission Decision of 10 March 2004 concerning the non-inclusion of atrazine in Annex I to Council Directive 91/414/EEC and the withdrawal of authorisations for plant protection products containing this active substance (Text with EEA relevance) (notified under document number C(2004) 731) Decision 2004/248/EC - Official Journal L 078, Decision 2004/248/EC. March 16, 2004: Quote: "(9)Assessments made on the basis of the information submitted have not demonstrated that it may be expected that, under the proposed conditions of use, plant protection products containing atrazine satisfy in general the requirements laid down in Article 5(1)(a) and (b) of Directive 91/414/EEC. In particular, available monitoring data were insufficient to demonstrate that in large areas concentrations of the active substance and its breakdown products will not exceed 0,1 μg/l in groundwater. Moreover it cannot be assured that continued use in other areas will permit a satisfactory recovery of groundwater quality where concentrations already exceed 0,1 μg/l in groundwater. These levels of the active substance exceed the limits in Annex VI to Directive 91/414/EEC and would have an unacceptable effect on groundwater." (10) Atrazine should therefore not be included in Annex I to Directive 91/414/EEC. (11) Measures should be taken to ensure that existing authorisations for plant protection products containing atrazine are withdrawn within a prescribed period and are not renewed and that no new authorisations for such products are granted." ^ Danny Hakimfeb for the New York Times. February 23, 2015. A Pesticide Banned, or Not, Underscores Trans-Atlantic Trade Sensitivities ^ Walsh, Edward (2003-02-01). "EPA Stops Short of Banning Herbicide". Washington Post. pp. A14 . Retrieved 2007-04-27 . ^ "Restricted Use Products (RUP) Report: Six Month Summary List". Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . ^ Ackerman, Frank (2007). "The economics of atrazine" (PDF) . International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 13 (4): 437''445. doi:10.1179/oeh.2007.13.4.437. PMID 18085057. S2CID 2655422. ^ Swanton, Clarence J; Gulden, Robert H; Chandler, Kevin (2017). "BioOne Online Journals - A Rationale for Atrazine Stewardship in Corn". Weed Science. 55: 75''81. doi:10.1614/WS-06-104.1. S2CID 86209323. ^ Fawcett, Richard S. "Twenty Years of University Corn Yield Data: With and Without Atrazine", North Central Weed Science Society Archived March 5, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, 2008 ^ Mitchell, P. D (2014). "Market-level assessment of the economic benefits of atrazine in the United States". Pest Management Science. 70 (11): 1684''1696. doi:10.1002/ps.3703. PMC 4282455 . PMID 24318916. ^ Wolfgang Kr¤mer (2007). Modern Crop Protection Compounds, Volume 1. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 9783527314966. ^ Appleby, Arnold P.; M¼ller, Franz; Carpy, Serge (2001). "Weed Control". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a28_165. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2. ^ Prossnitz, Eric R.; Barton, Matthias (May 2014). "Estrogen biology: New insights into GPER function and clinical opportunities". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 389 (1''2): 71''83. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2014.02.002. PMC 4040308 . PMID 24530924. ^ Dooley, G. P.; Reardon, K. F.; Prenni, J. E.; Tjalkens, R. B.; Legare, M. E.; Foradori, C. D.; Tessari, J. E.; Hanneman, W. H. (April 2008). "Proteomic Analysis of Diaminochlorotriazine Adducts in Wister Rat Pituitary Glands and LβT2 Rat Pituitary Cells". Chemical Research in Toxicology. 21 (4): 844''851. doi:10.1021/tx700386f. PMID 18370413. ^ "Atrazine Updates | Pesticides | US EPA". Epa.gov . Retrieved 2015-02-08 . ^ "www.epa.gov" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-06-25. ^ Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Atrazine Archived June 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, U.S. EPA, January, 2003. ^ Zeng Y, Sweeney CL, Stephens S, Kotharu P. (2004). Atrazine Pathway Map. Wackett LP. Biodegredation Database. ^ a b c Wackett, L. P.; Sadowsky, M. J.; Martinez, B.; Shapir, N. (January 2002). "Biodegradation of atrazine and related s-triazine compounds: from enzymes to field studies". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 58 (1): 39''45. doi:10.1007/s00253-001-0862-y. PMID 11831474. S2CID 2998290. ^ Crawford, J. J., G.K. Sims, R.L. Mulvaney, and M. Radosevich (1998). "Biodegradation of atrazine under denitrifying conditions". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 49 (5): 618''623. doi:10.1007/s002530051223. PMID 9650260. S2CID 5126687. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) ^ Bichat, F., G.K. Sims, and R.L. Mulvaney (1999). "Microbial utilization of heterocyclic nitrogen from atrazine". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 63 (1): 100''110. Bibcode:1999SSASJ..63..100B. doi:10.2136/sssaj1999.03615995006300010016x. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) ^ Ralebitso TK, Senior E, van Verseveld HW (2002). "Microbial aspects of atrazine degradation in natural environments". Biodegradation. 13 (1): 11''19. doi:10.1023/A:1016329628618. PMID 12222950. S2CID 21098999. ^ Cai B, Han Y, Liu B, Ren Y, Jiang S (2003). "Isolation and characterization of an atrazine-degrading bacterium from industrial wastewater in China". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 36 (5): 272''276. doi:10.1046/j.1472-765X.2003.01307.x. PMID 12680937. S2CID 8003165. ^ Krutz, L.J., D.L. Shaner, C. Accinelli, R.M. Zablotowicz, and W.B. Henry (2008). "Atrazine dissipation in s-triazine-adapted and non-adapted soil from Colorado and Mississippi: Implications of enhanced degradation on atrazine fate and transport parameters". Journal of Environmental Quality. 37 (3): 848''857. doi:10.2134/jeq2007.0448. PMID 18453406. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) ^ Xu, J., J. W. Stucki, J. Wu, J. Kostka, and G. K. Sims (2001). "Fate of atrazine and alachlor in redox-treated ferruginous smectite". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 20 (12): 2717''2724. doi:10.1002/etc.5620201210. PMID 11764154. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) ^ Felix de Lima et al, "Photolytic Degradation of Herbicide Atrazine by Radiation Ultraviolet (UVC): An Application of Green Chemistry", Chemical Science International Journal 17(3): 1-10, 2016 ^ Pesticide Information Profile: Atrazine, Extension Toxicology Network (Cooperative Extension Offices of Cornell University, Oregon State University, the University of Idaho, and the University of California at Davis and the Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University), June 1996. ^ "USGS NAWQA: The Pesticide National Synthesis Project". water.usgs.gov. ^ "Public Health Statement for Atrazine". Toxic Substances Portal - Atrazine. Center for Disease Control, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences. September 2003 . Retrieved May 2, 2015 . ^ Waller, Sarah A; Paul, Kathleen; Peterson, Suzanne E; Hitti, Jane E (March 2010). "Agricultural-related chemical exposures, season of conception, and risk of gastroschisis in Washington State". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 202 (3): 241.e1''241.e6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.01.023. PMID 20207240. ^ "IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC RISKS TO HUMANS" (PDF) . IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 73. ^ Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Atrazine, U.S. EPA, January, 2003. ^ "How the EPA is Ignoring Atrazine Contamination in Surface and Drinking Water in the Central United States" (PDF) . Natural Resources Defense Council. The New York Times. August 2009. ^ Beane Freeman, Laura E. (2011) Atrazine and Cancer Incidence Among Pesticide Applicators in the Agricultural Health Study (1994''2007) Archived 2012-03-28 at the Wayback Machine. Environmental Health Perspectives. ^ "Chemical Hazards in Drinking Water - Atrazine" (PDF) . Retrieved 2015-02-08 . ^ Goodman, M; Mandel, J. S.; Desesso, J. M.; Scialli, A. R. (2014). "Atrazine and pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review of epidemiologic evidence". Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology. 101 (3): 215''36. doi:10.1002/bdrb.21101. PMC 4265844 . PMID 24797711. ^ Jennifer Lee (2003-06-19). "Popular Pesticide Faulted for Frogs' Sexual Abnormalities". The New York Times. ^ Mizota, K.; Ueda, H. (2006). "Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Atrazine Causes Degranulation through Gq/11 Protein-Coupled Neurosteroid Receptor in Mast Cells". Toxicological Sciences. 90 (2): 362''8. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfj087 . PMID 16381660. ^ Briggs, Helen. (April 15, 2002), Pesticide 'causes frogs to change sex'. BBC News. Retrieved on 2007-10-16. ^ a b "Summary of Atrazine Reregistration Activities" (PDF) . ^ "www.epa.gov" (PDF) . EPA Scientific Advisory Panel. June 2003. ^ Jooste, Alarik M.; Du Preez, Louis H.; Carr, James A.; Giesy, John P.; Gross, Timothy S.; Kendall, Ronald J.; Smith, Ernest E.; Van Der Kraak, Glen L.; Solomon, Keith R. (July 2005). "Gonadal Development of Larval Male Xenopus laevis Exposed to Atrazine in Outdoor Microcosms". Environmental Science & Technology. 39 (14): 5255''5261. Bibcode:2005EnST...39.5255J. doi:10.1021/es048134q. PMID 16082954. ^ Kloas, Werner; Lutz, Ilka; Springer, Timothy; Krueger, Henry; Wolf, Jeff; Holden, Larry; Hosmer, Alan (February 2009). "Does Atrazine Influence Larval Development and Sexual Differentiation in Xenopus laevis?". Toxicological Sciences. 107 (2): 376''384. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfn232. PMC 2639758 . PMID 19008211. ^ Renner, Rebecca (May 2008). "Atrazine Effects in Xenopus Aren't Reproducible". Environmental Science & Technology. 42 (10): 3491''3493. Bibcode:2008EnST...42.3491R. doi:10.1021/es087113j . PMID 18546678. ^ Koprivnikar, Janet; Forbes, Mark R.; Baker, Robert L. (2007). "Contaminant Effects on Host''Parasite Interactions: Atrazine, Frogs, and Trematodes". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 26 (10): 2166''70. doi:10.1897/07-220.1. PMID 17867892. ^ Lenkowski JR, Reed JM, Deininger L, McLaughlin KA (2008). "Perturbation of organogenesis by the herbicide atrazine in the amphibian Xenopus laevis". Environ. Health Perspect. 116 (2): 223''30. doi:10.1289/ehp.10742. PMC 2235211 . PMID 18288322. ^ a b Chemicals in the News: Atrazine, Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Original June 30, 2010, Archived by Internet Archive July 4, 2010 ^ Hayes, TB; Khoury, V; Narayan, A; Nazir, M; Park, A; Brown, T; Adame, L; Chan, E; et al. (2010). "Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (10): 4612''7. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.4612H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0909519107 . PMC 2842049 . PMID 20194757. ^ Suter, Glenn; Cormier, Susan (2015). "The problem of biased data and potential solutions for health and environmental assessments". Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 21 (7): 1''17. doi:10.1080/10807039.2014.974499. S2CID 84723794. ^ City of Greenville v. Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc., and Syngenta AG Case No. 3:10-cv-00188-JPG-PMF, accessed August 23, 2013 ^ Clare Howardfor Environmental Health News. June 17, 2013 Special Report: Syngenta's campaign to protect atrazine, discredit critics. External links [ edit ] Atrazine- PubChem(National library of medicine) - atrazineAtrazine Fact Sheet - National Pesticide Information Center - Atrazine Fact SheetAtrazine - CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical HazardsAtrazine in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)ERAgonistsSteroidal: 2-Hydroxyestradiol2-Hydroxyestrone3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17β-ol3α-Androstanediol3α,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel3β,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel3α-Hydroxytibolone3β-Hydroxytibolone3β-Androstanediol4-Androstenediol4-Androstenedione4-Fluoroestradiol4-Hydroxyestradiol4-Hydroxyestrone4-Methoxyestradiol4-Methoxyestrone5-Androstenediol7-Oxo-DHEA7α-Hydroxy-DHEA7α-Methylestradiol7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone8,9-Dehydroestradiol8,9-Dehydroestrone8β-VE210β,17β-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (DHED)11β-Chloromethylestradiol11β-Methoxyestradiol15α-Hydroxyestradiol16-Ketoestradiol16-Ketoestrone16α-Fluoroestradiol16α-Hydroxy-DHEA16α-Hydroxyestrone16α-Iodoestradiol16α-LE216β-Hydroxyestrone16β,17α-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)17α-Estradiol (alfatradiol)17α-Dihydroequilenin17α-Dihydroequilin17α-Epiestriol (16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol17β-Dihydroequilenin17β-Dihydroequilin17β-Methyl-17α-dihydroequileninAbirateroneAbiraterone acetateAlestramustineAlmestroneAnabolic steroids (e.g., testosterone and esters, methyltestosterone, metandienone (methandrostenolone), nandrolone and esters, many others; via estrogenic metabolites)AtrimustineBolandiolBolandiol dipropionateButolameClomestroneCloxestradiolCloxestradiol acetateConjugated estriolConjugated estrogensCyclodiolCyclotriolDHEADHEA-Sent-EstradiolEpiestriol (16β-epiestriol, 16β-hydroxy-17β-estradiol)EpimestrolEquileninEquilinERA-63 (ORG-37663)Esterified estrogensEstetrolEstradiolEstradiol estersLipoidal estradiolPolyestradiol phosphateEstramustineEstramustine phosphateEstrapronicateEstrazinolEstriolEstriol estersPolyestriol phosphateEstrofurateEstrogenic substancesEstromustineEstroneEstrone estersEstrone methyl etherEstropipateEtamestrol (eptamestrol)EthinylandrostenediolEthandrostateEthinylestradiolEthinylestradiol 3-benzoateEthinylestradiol sulfonateEthinylestriolEthylestradiolEtynodiolEtynodiol diacetateHexolameHippulinHydroxyestrone diacetateLynestrenolLynestrenol phenylpropionateMestranolMethylestradiolMoxestrolMytatrienediolNilestriolNorethisteroneNoretynodrelOrestratePentolameProdiameProlamePromestrieneRU-16117QuinestradolQuinestrolTiboloneNonsteroidal: (R,R)-THC(S,S)-THC2,8-DHHHCβ-LGND1β-LGND2 (GTx-878)AC-186AllenestrolAllenolic acidBenzestrolBifluranolBisdehydrodoisynolic acidButestrolCarbestrolD-15414DCW234DiarylpropionitrileDienestrolDienestrol diacetateDiethylstilbestrolDiethylstilbestrol estersDimestrol (dianisylhexene)DimethylstilbestrolDoisynoestrol (fenocycline)Doisynolic acidEfavirenzERB-196 (WAY-202196)Erteberel (SERBA-1, LY-500307)Estrobin (DBE)FenestrelFERb 033Fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate)Furostilbestrol (diethylstilbestrol difuroate)GTx-758HexestrolHexestrol estersICI-85966 (Stilbostat)M2613meso-Butestrolmeso-HexestrolMestilbolMethallenestrilMethestrolMethestrol dipropionateParoxypropionePentafluranolPhenestrolPrinaberel (ERB-041, WAY-202041)PropylpyrazoletriolQuadrosilanSC-3296SC-4289SERBA-2SKF-82,958TerfluranolTriphenylbromoethyleneTriphenylchloroethyleneTriphenyliodoethyleneTriphenylmethylethylene (triphenylpropene)WAY-166818WAY-169916WAY-200070WAY-204688 (SIM-688)WAY-214156Unknown/unsorted: ERB-26ERA-45ERB-79ZK-283197Xenoestrogens: Anise-related (e.g., anethole, anol, dianethole, dianol, photoanethole)Chalconoids (e.g., isoliquiritigenin, phloretin, phlorizin (phloridzin), wedelolactone)Coumestans (e.g., coumestrol, psoralidin)Flavonoids (incl. 7,8-DHF, 8-prenylnaringenin, apigenin, baicalein, baicalin, biochanin A, calycosin, catechin, daidzein, daidzin, ECG, EGCG, epicatechin, equol, formononetin, glabrene, glabridin, genistein, genistin, glycitein, kaempferol, liquiritigenin, mirificin, myricetin, naringenin, penduletin, pinocembrin, prunetin, puerarin, quercetin, tectoridin, tectorigenin)Lavender oilLignans (e.g., enterodiol, enterolactone, nyasol (cis-hinokiresinol))Metalloestrogens (e.g., cadmium)Pesticides (e.g., alternariol, dieldrin, endosulfan, fenarimol, HPTE, methiocarb, methoxychlor, triclocarban, triclosan)Phytosteroids (e.g., digitoxin (digitalis), diosgenin, guggulsterone)Phytosterols (e.g., β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol)Resorcylic acid lactones (e.g., zearalanone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, zearalenone, zeranol (α-zearalanol), taleranol (teranol, β-zearalanol))Steroid-like (e.g., deoxymiroestrol, miroestrol)Stilbenoids (e.g., resveratrol, rhaponticin)Synthetic xenoestrogens (e.g., alkylphenols, bisphenols (e.g., BPA, BPF, BPS), DDT, parabens, PBBs, PHBA, phthalates, PCBs)Others (e.g., agnuside, rotundifuran)Mixed(SERMs)AntagonistsGPER
  • Tyrone Hayes - Wikipedia
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    • American biologist
    • Tyrone B. Hayes (born July 29, 1967) is an American biologist and professor of Integrative Biology at University of California, Berkeley known for his research concluding that the herbicide atrazine is an endocrine disruptor that demasculinizes and feminizes male frogs. He is also an advocate for critical review and regulation of pesticides and other chemicals that may cause adverse health effects. He has presented hundreds of papers, talks, and seminars on his conclusions that environmental chemical contaminants have played a role in global amphibian declines and in the health disparities that occur in minority and low income populations.
    • Hayes' research into atrazine as an endocrine disruptor has been contested by Syngenta (the manufacturer of atrazine) and the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority.
    • Early life and education [ edit ] Tyrone Hayes was born in Columbia, South Carolina to Romeo and Susie Hayes in 1967. As a child he studied lizards and frogs, particularly interested in the way that frogs morphed from tadpoles to their adult form. He won a state science fair with research that showed anole lizards had to be awake to change color.[1] He graduated from Dreher High School in 1985 and earned B.A. and M.A. degrees in biology in 1989 from Harvard University. His dissertation was on the genetic and environmental mechanisms determining the gender of the wood frog. He continued his studies at the University of California, Berkeley, where he received his Ph.D. degree in integrative biology in 1993 for his study of the role of hormones in mediating developmental responses to environmental changes in amphibians.[2]
    • Career [ edit ] After graduating from Harvard University, Hayes worked as a technician and freelance consultant from 1990 to 1992 for Tiburon, California-based Biosystems, Inc.[3] Hayes has held an academic appointment (professorship) at the University of California, Berkeley since completing his doctoral research there in 1992;[1] he was hired as a graduate student instructor in 1992, became an assistant professor in 1994, associate professor in 2000, and professor in 2003 in the Department of Integrative Biology, Molecular Toxicology, Group in Endocrinology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley.[3]
    • Hayes' scientific research has focused on the potential of genetic adaptation and the role of hormones in the development of the amphibian. His investigations have shown that chemical agents, such as a commonly used herbicide, have the ability to negatively impact the sexual development of the amphibian, even when such toxins are present in low concentrations. Hayes has taken an interest in the hormonal regulation and development of aggressive behavior. He has also been active with the National Science Foundation Review Panel since 1995, and he has served on several other advisory boards as well.
    • Atrazine research [ edit ] Xenopus laevis, the African Clawed frog
    • In 1997, the consulting firm EcoRisk, Inc. paid Hayes to join a panel of experts conducting studies for the Swiss pharmaceutical company Novartis (later Syngenta) on the herbicide atrazine.[1][4] When Hayes' research found unexpected toxicities for atrazine, he reported them to the panel, however the panel and company were resistant to his findings. He wanted to repeat his work to validate it but Novartis refused funding for further research; he resigned from the panel and obtained other funding to repeat the experiments.[1][4]
    • In 2002 Hayes published findings that he says replicate what he found while he was working for EcoRisk,[1] that developing male African clawed frogs and leopard frogs exhibited female characteristics after exposure to atrazine, first in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)[5] and then in Nature.[6][7]
    • In 2007, Hayes was a co-author on a paper that detailed atrazine inducing mammary and prostate cancer in laboratory rodents and highlighted atrazine as a potential cause of reproductive cancers in humans.[8] In 2007, Hayes presented results of his studies to the U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences showing chemical castration in frogs; individuals of both sexes had developed bisexual reproductive organs.[9]In 2010, Hayes published research in PNAS[10] describing laboratory work showing how exposure to atrazine turned male tadpoles into females with impaired fertility.[4]
    • The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its independent Scientific Advisory Panel (SAP) examined all available studies on this topic and concluded that "atrazine does not adversely affect amphibian gonadal development based on a review of laboratory and field studies.".[11] The EPA and its SAP made recommendations concerning proper study design needed for further investigation into this issue. As required by the EPA, two experiments were conducted under Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and inspection by the EPA and German regulatory authorities. The paper concluded "These studies demonstrate that long-term exposure of larval X. laevis to atrazine at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100 microg/l does not affect growth, larval development, or sexual differentiation."[12] A report written in Environmental Science and Technology (May 15, 2008) cites the independent work of researchers in Japan, who were unable to replicate Hayes' work. "The scientists found no hermaphrodite frogs; no increase in aromatase as measured by aromatase mRNA induction; and no increase in vitellogenin, another marker of feminization."[13]In 2010, the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) responded to Hayes' 2010 published paper,[14] by stating that his findings "do not provide sufficient evidence to justify a reconsideration of current regulations which are based on a very extensive dataset."[15]
    • Advocacy [ edit ] A map of pounds per square mile of atrazine application in the U.S. in 1997
    • Since publishing his research on atrazine as an endocrine disruptor, Hayes has become an advocate for banning atrazine.[16]According to Hayes, the link between atrazine and altered "aromatase and estrogen production has been demonstrated... in fish, frogs, alligators, birds, turtles, rats and human cells", and, "I believe that the preponderance of the evidence shows atrazine to be a risk to wildlife and humans. I would not want to be exposed to it, nor do I think it should be released into the environment."[16][17] He travels and lectures extensively to both scientific and lay audiences, almost never declining an invitation.[4]
    • He also has raised issues of environmental racism, warning that "if you're black or Hispanic, you're more likely to live or work in areas where you're exposed to crap".[4] While a biologist on the Public Broadcasting Service, National Geographic program Strange Days, he expressed his concerns for human health, particularly that of minority and low-paid workers exposure to agricultural chemicals.[18]
    • Research published by Hayes and other scientists was used as evidence in a class action lawsuit against Syngenta by 15 water providers in Illinois that was settled for 105 million dollars in May 2012,[7][19][20] which reimbursed more than 1,000 water systems for the costs of filtering atrazine from drinking water, although the company denies any wrongdoing.[4][21]
    • Conflict with atrazine manufacturer Syngenta [ edit ] A long running conflict between Hayes and agricultural chemical manufacturer Syngenta was described as "one of the weirdest feuds in the history of science,'' by Dashka Slater in her 2012 profile of Hayes in Mother Jones magazine.[1][22]
    • In 2014, New Yorker writer Rachel Aviv reported that Syngenta might have been orchestrating an attack not only on Hayes' scientific credibility, but on other scientists as well whose studies have shown atrazine to have adverse effects on the environment and/or human and animal health.[4]
    • Aviv reported that Syngenta had criticized Hayes' science and conduct in press releases, letters to the editor, and through a formal ethics complaint filed at University of California-Berkeley.[4] Internal Syngenta documents from 2005 released by a class-action lawsuit in 2014 show ways that Syngenta conspired to discredit Hayes, including attempting to get journals to retract his work, and investigating his funding and private life.[4][23][24]In one of the 2005 e-mails obtained by class-action lawsuit plaintiffs, the company's communications consultants had written about plans to track Hayes' speaking engagements and prepare audiences with Syngenta's counterpoints to Hayes's message on atrazine. Syngenta subsequently stated that many of the documents unsealed in the lawsuits refer to "ideas that were never implemented."[4]
    • In 2010, Syngenta forwarded an ethics complaint to the University of California Berkeley, complaining that Hayes had been sending sexually explicit and harassing e-mails to Syngenta scientists, including quoting the rapper DMX.[25] Some of these emails were obtained and published by Gawker.[26] Legal counsel from the university responded that Hayes had acknowledged sending letters having "unprofessional and offensive" content, and that he had agreed not to use similar language in future communications.[25][27] According to Hayes, the situation had escalated after Syngenta executive Tim Pastoor had threatened Hayes and his family.[28]
    • Filmography and other work [ edit ] Hayes' work was featured in the 2008 documentary film Flow: For Love of Water.[29] He appeared in the 2012 documentary film Last Call at the Oasis.[30][31]
    • Hayes is the subject of The Frog Scientist, a biographical book for children, first published in 2009.[32]
    • Personal life [ edit ] Hayes lives in California with his wife, Kathy Kim, and their two children, Tyler and Kassina. He has won several awards for his teaching and his research, including the Distinguished Teaching Award from University of California, Berkeley in 2002 and the President's Citation Award from the American Institute of Biological Science in 2004. He was also awarded the National Geographic Emerging Explorer Award and the Jennifer Altman Award in 2005.[2]
    • See also [ edit ] EcophysiologyEnvironmental toxicologyEnvironmentalismPesticides in the United StatesReferences [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f Slater, Dashka (January''February 2012). "The Frog of War". Mother Jones. ^ a b "Biography". The History Makers . Retrieved September 24, 2020 . ^ a b "Tyrone Hayes Curriculum Vita". Atrazine Lovers Website . Retrieved August 23, 2013 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j Aviv, Rachel (February 10, 2014). "A Valuable Reputation: After Tyrone Hayes said that a chemical was harmful, its maker pursued him". The New Yorker . Retrieved February 7, 2014 . ^ Hayes TB, Collins A, Lee M, et al. (April 2002). "Hermaphroditic, demasculinized frogs after exposure to the herbicide atrazine at low ecologically relevant doses". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (8): 5476''80. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.5476H. doi:10.1073/pnas.082121499. PMC 122794 . PMID 11960004. ^ Hayes T, Haston K, Tsui M, Hoang A, Haeffele C, Vonk A (October 2002). "Herbicides: feminization of male frogs in the wild". Nature. 419 (6910): 895''6. Bibcode:2002Natur.419..895H. doi:10.1038/419895a. PMID 12410298. S2CID 4364535. ^ a b Dalton R (August 2010). "E-mails spark ethics row". Nature. 466 (7309): 913. doi:10.1038/466913a . PMID 20725013. ^ Fan, W.; T. Yanase; H. Morinaga; S. Gondo; T. Okabe; M. Nomura; T. Komatsu; K.I. Morohashi; T.B. Hayes (2007). "Atrazine-Induced Aromatase Expression is SF-1 Dependent: Implications for Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife and Reproductive Cancers in Humans". Environmental Health Perspectives. 115 (5): 720''7. doi:10.1289/ehp.9758. PMC 1867956 . PMID 17520059. ^ Ball, Eddy (April 2007). "Amphibian Specialist Challenges EPA and Pesticide Manufacturers". Environmental Factor NIEHS News. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences . Retrieved February 7, 2014 . I could take tap water that is regulated by the U.S. EPA," Hayes noted, "and I could chemically castrate frogs. ^ Hayes TB, Khoury V, Narayan A, et al. (March 2010). "Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 (10): 4612''7. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.4612H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0909519107. PMC 2842049 . PMID 20194757. ^ Atrazine Updates: Amphibians, April 2010, EPA. ^ Kloas, W; Lutz, I; Springer, T; Krueger, H; Wolf, J; Holden, L; Hosmer, A (2009). "Does atrazine influence larval development and sexual differentiation in Xenopus laevis?". Toxicological Sciences. 107 (2): 376''84. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfn232. PMC 2639758 . PMID 19008211. ^ Renner, Rebecca (May 2008). "Atrazine Effects in Xenopus Aren't Reproducible (Perspective)" (PDF) . Environmental Science & Technology. 42 (10): 3491''3493. Bibcode:2008EnST...42.3491R. doi:10.1021/es087113j . PMID 18546678. ^ Hayes, TB; Khoury, V; Narayan, A; Nazir, M; Park, A; Brown, T; Adame, L; Chan, E; et al. (2010). "Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (10): 4612''7. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.4612H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0909519107. PMC 2842049 . PMID 20194757. ^ "Chemicals in the News: Atrazine". Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority. April 5, 2011. Archived from the original on February 24, 2014 . Retrieved June 9, 2020 . ^ a b "Hormone Disruptors Linked To Genital Changes and Sexual Preference", Living on Earth, National Public Radio, January 7, 2011 , retrieved February 7, 2014 ^ Randall Amster (March 19, 2010). "Silent Spring Has Sprung". Truthout . Retrieved February 7, 2014 . ^ "Tyrone Hayes, PhD". Strange Days, Biographies. Public Broadcasting System. 2013 . Retrieved August 23, 2013 . I am concerned about the adverse impacts of Atrazine on endangered species and on racial/ethnic minorities. Prostate and breast cancer are two of the top causes of death in Americans age 25-40, but in particular Black and Hispanic Americans are several times more likely to die from these diseases. Ethnic minorities and people of low income are also more likely to hold the "unskilled" laborer positions in agriculture and pesticide production that would put them at higher risk of exposure and are least likely to have access to the emerging science demonstrating the dangers of exposure. Thus, this environmental and public health issue is also a racial/social justice issue because minority and working class people are the primary targets of pesticide exposure. ^ "City of Greenville v. Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc., and Syngenta AG Case No. 3:10-cv-00188-JPG-PMF". City of Greenville . Retrieved August 23, 2013 . ^ Staff (June 19, 2013). "Tillery planning to file new litigation involving atrazine". Madison County Record . Retrieved August 23, 2013 . ^ Berry, Ian (May 25, 2012). "Syngenta Settles Weedkiller Lawsuit". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 9, 2014 . ^ Basken, Paul (August 14, 2013). "Berkeley Researcher Who Questioned Herbicide's Safety Loses Lab Financing". www.chronicle.com . Retrieved May 28, 2021 . ^ "Court-released documents: Exhibit 19, part1" (PDF) . Source Watch. Center for Media and Democracy . Retrieved February 7, 2014 . ^ Howard, Clare (June 17, 2013). "Special Report: Syngenta's campaign to protect atrazine, discredit critics". Environmental Health News . Retrieved August 23, 2013 . ^ a b Dalton, Rex (August 18, 2010). "E-mails spark ethics row". Nature. 466 (7309): 913. doi:10.1038/466913a . ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 20725013. ^ Nolan, Hamilton. "Dr. Tyrone Hayes: Biologist, Cock-Fixated Megalomaniac Email Addict". Gawker . Retrieved June 9, 2020 . ^ "Ethics complaint from Syngenta" (PDF) . ^ Slater, Dashka. "The Frog of War". Mother Jones . Retrieved October 28, 2020 . ^ Collins, Cyn (July 31, 2008). "Film note: All dried up". Twin Cities Daily Planet . Retrieved August 23, 2013 . ^ "Tyrone Hayes". www.imdb.com . Retrieved June 24, 2014 . ^ Scott, A.O. (May 3, 2012). "When There Really Is Not a Drop to Drink 'Last Call at the Oasis,' a Documentary About Water Supplies". New York Times . Retrieved February 7, 2014 . Tyrone Hayes, a biologist, shows us mutant frogs, their endocrine systems scrambled by pesticide-borne chemicals. ^ Pamela S. Turner (2009). The Frog Scientist. Houghton Mifflin Books for Children. ISBN 978-0-618-71716-3. Further reading [ edit ] Elliott, John E.; Bishop, Christine A.; Morrissey, Christy (2011). Wildlife Ecotoxicology: Forensic Approaches. Springer. pp. 301''. ISBN 978-0-387-89432-4. McGarity, Thomas O.; Wagner, Wendy Elizabeth (2008). Bending Science: How Special Interests Corrupt Public Health Research. Harvard University Press. pp. 51''. ISBN 978-0-674-02815-9. Mooney, Chris (2007). The Republican War on Science. Basic Books. pp. 297''. ISBN 978-0-465-00386-0. Wagner, Wendy Elizabeth; Steinzor, Rena (2006). Rescuing Science from Politics: Regulation and the Distortion of Scientific Research. Cambridge University Press. pp. 52''. ISBN 978-0-521-85520-4. External links [ edit ] Tyrone Hayes biography"The Atrazine Rap" '-- part of a scientific lecture by Hayes in rhymeAgriculture's Effect on Frogs'-- video excerpt from: "Frogs: The Thin Green Line" (Nature) featuring Hayes' researchDemocracy Now! '' video interview with HayesTyrone Hayes at TED
  • VIDEO - (340) Michael K. Williams' New Film Caused Him to Reflect on His Battle with Drug Addiction - YouTube
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  • Isiah Whitlock Jr. - Wikipedia
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    • American actor
    • Isiah Whitlock Jr. (born September 13, 1954) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as corrupt state senator Clay Davis on the HBO television series The Wire as well as being a frequent collaborator of Spike Lee.
    • He has also appeared in films including Goodfellas, Pieces of April, 1408, Enchanted, Cedar Rapids, Pete's Dragon, Cars 3, The Old Man and the Gun, All Square and I Care a Lot, and television series including The Good Cop, Veep, Chappelle's Show, Your Honor, and several roles across installments of the Law and Order franchise.
    • Early life [ edit ] Whitlock was born in South Bend, Indiana. He attended college at Southwest Minnesota State University in Marshall, Minnesota, where he enrolled earned a football scholarship and studied theater. Injuries led him to stop playing football and focus on acting.[1] After graduating in 1976, he moved to San Francisco and joined the American Conservatory Theater.[2]
    • Career [ edit ] Whitlock is best known for his role on the HBO television series The Wire as corrupt state senator Clay Davis. He has also appeared in the Spike Lee films She Hate Me, 25th Hour, Red Hook Summer, Chi-Raq, BlacKkKlansman and Da 5 Bloods. In those projects, Whitlock established a catchphrase from his character's distinct pronunciation of the word "shit" ("sheeeeeeeee-it").[3] Whitlock also made appearances on Chappelle's Show and has made several appearances as various characters on Law & Order. He appeared as Eugene, a supporting role, in the 2003 film Pieces of April. He had a bit part in Goodfellas as a doctor who gives Henry Hill Valium while attending to his brother. He also made an appearance in the film 1408, as the engineer of the Dolphin Hotel, as well as appearing in promotional spots for the Wii video game Punch-Out!! portraying the character Doc Louis. In 2007, he played Ethan Banks in Enchanted.
    • Whitlock played an insurance agent named Ronald Wilkes in the 2011 film Cedar Rapids. Wilkes is a self-described fan of The Wire and does an impersonation of character Omar Little. Whitlock has said that the references to the series were written in before he became involved in Cedar Rapids.[4] Whitlock filmed a separate promotion for the film, where Wilkes is seen in an insurance office reading lines from The Wire.[5] He recurred on the HBO comedy series Veep as General George Maddox. Whitlock has also made appearances on The Good Wife, Louie, Gotham, The Carmichael Show, and Elementary. He recently appeared as the sheriff in the 2016 remake of the 1977 film of Pete's Dragon.
    • SMSU now offers the Isiah Whitlock Jr. Endowed Scholarship.[1] He was SMSU's commencement speaker in 1999 and guest artist for the school's celebration of Black History Month in 2007.[2]
    • Capitalizing on his catch phrase "Sheeeeeeeee-it" and his public notoriety, Whitlock launched a successful Kickstarter Talking Bobblehead campaign.[6] The campaign has raised over $100,000 from 1,828 backers.
    • Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Television [ edit ] Video games [ edit ] References [ edit ] ^ a b Isiah Whitlock Jr. Endowed Scholarship, Southwest Minnesota State University Foundation, accessed June 14, 2012. ^ a b Karin Elton, A perfect fit, Marshall Independent, February 11, 2011, accessed June 14, 2012. ^ Swansburg, John (March 12, 2008). "The Wire Final Season: Week 10: How Sheee-it Started". Slate.com . Retrieved November 2, 2009 . ^ Rich, Katey (February 10, 2011), "Interview: The Wire's Isiah Whitlock Jr. Plays Against Type In Cedar Rapids", CinemaBlend.com , retrieved February 21, 2011 ^ CEDAR RAPIDS: Ronald vs. Omar from the Wire on YouTube, Fox Searchlight official channel via YouTube.com, February 7, 2011. ^ "Isiah Whitlock, Jr. Talking Bobblehead". Kickstarter . Retrieved December 25, 2017 . External links [ edit ]
  • Clay Davis - Wikipedia
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    • R. Clayton "Clay" Davis is a fictional character on the HBO drama The Wire, played by actor Isiah Whitlock, Jr. Davis is a corrupt Maryland State Senator with a reputation for pocketing bribes. However, throughout the series Davis remains protected by other ranking politicians and Baltimore Police Commissioner Ervin Burrell.
    • Davis was known for his idiosyncratic profanity, often when confronted with bad news, comically elongating the word shit as sheeeeeeeee-it.[1]
    • Storylines [ edit ] These are summaries of events depicted in Davis' career in each season of the television show:
    • Season 1 [ edit ] When Lt. Cedric Daniels' detail discovers $20,000 belonging to Baltimore drug lord Avon Barksdale in the car of Davis's driver, they try to expand the wiretap-based investigation to include Davis. Deputy Commissioner Ervin Burrell calls Daniels into a private meeting with Davis, pressuring him into excluding the senator's alleged involvement. However, Daniels is unwilling to drop the case. Nevertheless, Burrell pulls the plug on the investigation, and Davis's involvement is effectively left buried. However, it is mentioned that Davis has a reputation for taking bribes, and has been under federal investigation for the last two years.
    • Season 2 [ edit ] Davis attends a Democratic Party fundraiser thrown by stevedore union leader Frank Sobotka, accepting contributions in return for assurances that he will vote to construct the granary pier that Sobotka believes will help revitalize the union. After the press reports on criminal activities within the union, Sobotka's lobbyist advises him that none of the politicians'--including Davis, presumably'--will follow through. Davis is later seen at the groundbreaking ceremony for a dockside condominium being built on the site of the proposed granary pier.
    • Season 3 [ edit ] Davis acts as a consultant for Stringer Bell, taking bribes from the Barksdale Organization while claiming to win state government contracts for the drug empire's legitimate business front, B&B. However, Bell becomes suspicious when he learns that block grants have been given to several city developers instead of B&B. Maurice Levy, Bell's lawyer, concludes that Davis has "rain made" Bell; the senator has played off Stringer's inexperience in legitimate business, taking the money and doing nothing in return. Stringer, furious, tells Slim Charles that he wants him to assassinate Davis, but Barksdale warns him that murdering a public figure will bring too much unwanted attention from the authorities.
    • Season 4 [ edit ] Davis acts as Mayor Clarence Royce's deputy campaign chairman, and is a key fundraiser in his re-election campaign. When Detective Leander Sydnor serves a subpoena for Davis's financial records as part of the Major Crimes Unit's ongoing investigation into the Barksdale Organization's finances, the senator is outraged. In retaliation, he goes to Royce and threatens to cut off the campaign's funding unless Royce interferes with the subpoenas.
    • The day before the mayoral primary, Davis approaches candidate Tommy Carcetti, offering to hold off on bringing out the vote for Royce in exchange for a $20,000 payment. On Election Day, Davis campaigns for the mayor as if his offer to Carcetti had not taken place. After Carcetti defeats Royce, Davis explains that Royce gave more money, pointing out that he could easily have fleeced Carcetti for even more.
    • Davis strikes a deal with City Council President Nerese Campbell, offering a $25,000 jump in salary to a replacement commissioner in an attempt to appear as if Carcetti is an ally while believing the amount insufficient to attract any serious candidate. Davis is especially motivated to help Burrell when he learns that the most likely replacement is Daniels, whom he regards as too uncontrollable. Davis opposes Daniels's potential appointment based on his attitude regarding Price.[2]
    • He realizes that Daniels may continue investigations into Davis's alleged money laundering. Davis convinces Campbell and Burrell that Daniels is more interested in serving Carcetti and is unwilling to be of use to the city's black community. To keep Daniels from being promoted, Davis agrees with Burrell's plans to present information regarding illegal activities from Daniels's past.[2]
    • Season 5 [ edit ] Davis becomes a target of prosecution for State's Attorney Rupert Bond following the MCU investigation. Detectives Sydnor and Lester Freamon are assigned to Bond's unit to lead the investigation at his behest following the rest of the unit's reassignment.[3][4] Davis approaches Burrell and demands that he stop the investigation. Burrell explains that he would have to go around Daniels to interfere in the case and that acting against Daniels would put him in conflict with Bond and Mayor Carcetti. As a result, Davis and Burrell have a falling-out.[5][6]
    • Meanwhile, Assistant State's Attorney Rhonda Pearlman begins a series of grand jury depositions to prepare evidence against Davis, with one of the key witnesses being Price. Learning that Carcetti has planned to replace Burrell, Davis offers to use his connections to smooth the transitions in exchange for help with the case; Carcetti refuses.[7][8]
    • Having uncovered evidence that Davis lied on a mortgage application, Freamon and Sydnor suggest taking the case to federal law enforcement. However, Bond elects to ignore the evidence, hoping to gain recognition by prosecuting Davis himself. Called to testify, Davis invokes his Fifth Amendment rights to avoid incriminating himself. Davis confronts a press opportunity staged by Bond on the courthouse steps, turning on the charm and denying any wrongdoing.[9]
    • When called to the stand in his own defense, Davis gives a rousing speech defending his public role, claiming the money he took from public funds was his attempt to help constituents and cut through red tape. The jury acquits him, and Davis beams before the assembled cameras and reporters afterward while Bond and Pearlman look on, unable to believe what they have just witnessed.
    • With Bond's case concluded but the mortgage fraud uncharged, Freamon approaches Davis in a bar with the incriminating mortgage paperwork. Not knowing that Freamon has been unable to bring these charges, Davis gives up information about back-room deals involving the city's political elite, including dirt on Levy's leakage of court documents to drug dealers. In a second conversation, Davis is last seen giving Freamon additional information, as well as boasting about conning Stringer.
    • Production [ edit ] Origins [ edit ] Creator David Simon has said that Clay Davis is based on three politicians in the Maryland State Senate, and that his affectionate use of the word "partner" is based on one of them, saying that everybody in Baltimore knows who this is.[citation needed ]
    • In an essay in the official series guide The Wire: Truth Be Told, William Zorzi implies that Davis is patterned on former Maryland State Senator Larry Young.[10]
    • Mannerisms [ edit ] The character is well known for his elongated pronouncement of the word "shit" as "sheeeeeeeee-it".[1] This mannerism originated with Whitlock's uncle, from whom Whitlock picked up the habit. It is featured in the films 25th Hour (2002) and BlacKkKlansman (2018), after Spike Lee encouraged him to use it. When Whitlock received his first script for The Wire it was already written into the part.[11] Davis is also known to speak differently depending on his company: he freely uses black vernacular when among blacks but adjusts his speech to sound "whiter" when dealing with his (largely) white business partners.
    • References [ edit ] External links [ edit ]
  • Michael K. Williams Never Hid His Addiction Struggles - Addiction Center
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    • Michael K. Williams Was Open About His Addiction Struggles Emmy nominated actor Michael K. Williams was found dead in his Brooklyn apartment on Monday, September 6th, 2021. The 54-year-old, best known for playing Omar Little on HBO's ''The Wire,'' more than once spoke publicly about his substance use. He described addiction as an everyday struggle that he had to continue to fight.
    • In a 2012 interview with Inside Jersey, Williams made it clear that his openness on the subject was intended to help others. The actor said, ''God saved me for a purpose. So, I decided to get clean and then come clean. I'm hoping I can reach that one person.''
    • Williams's Addiction Journey Williams, whose mother was an immigrant from the Bahamas, had a childhood characterized by sexual molestation and bullying. By age 19, Williams had developed a substance use problem and was already experiencing the cycle of treatment and relapse. To maintain his dependency on illicit substances, the actor turned to credit card fraud and carjacking which ultimately left him with an arrest record. At age 25, a mugger took a razor blade to his chest and face and gave Williams his signature face scar. The next day William's mother took out a second insurance policy on his life and told the actor he was not likely to live past the age of 30.
    • Williams' struggles with addiction continued as his acting career began. During his time on ''The Wire,'' Williams got lost in the character of Omar Little, a notorious robber in the Baltimore drug scene. To cope with the intense character traits of Little, Williams began using Cocaine. According to the New York Times, he spent most of his earnings from the show on drugs which led to him being kicked out of his apartment. He began living out of hotels and also the floor of a drug house in Newark, NJ. Producers of ''The Wire'' have said they knew he was struggling and that they refrained from firing him in fear of how it could worsen his substance use.
    • In his 2012 interview, Williams credited a pastor at Christian Love Baptist Church in Irvington, NJ with helping the actor to get clean. Reverend Ronald Christian, who passed away in 2015, was the first person that Williams felt he could be completely open with.
    • ''I laid it all out. It was the first time I really laid everything out to anyone. I was a total stranger to him, but I felt very comfortable with him,'' Williams told Inside Jersey.
    • The current pastor at the New Jersey church, Brandon K. Washington, has said that Williams would visit the parish unannounced a few times each year. ''All the times he would come, he would always reference his struggles. He was always confident in his relationship with God,'' Washington said.
    • Williams continued to be open about his struggles with addiction up until February 2020 when he spoke at an event for former prisoners seeking to re-enter society. He told the group, ''This Hollywood thing that you see me in, I'm passing through. Because I believe this is where my passion, my purpose are supposed to be.''
    • Celebrity Overdose Deaths And The Opioid Crisis Although the cause and manner of Williams's death have not yet been confirmed, officials have said that Williams likely overdosed. The New York Police Department found drug paraphernalia and what appeared to be Heroin on the kitchen table in the actor's apartment. Williams' possible drug overdose may be added to a list of recent celebrity drug related deaths that speak to the Opioid epidemic in the US.
    • Along with Williams, 2 comedians, Faquan Johnson and Enrico Colangeli, were found dead at a party in Los Angeles this past Saturday. Their deaths were determined to be overdoses after ingesting Cocaine that was laced with Fentanyl, a synthetic Opioid which can be 80 to 100 times stronger than Morphine. This substance has been frequently found laced with other substances like Heroin, pain pills, Cocaine, and even Marijuana over the past few years.
    • Because Fentanyl is cheaper to produce and lighter to transport, manufacturers of illicit substances may be using it for economical reasons. It is also possible that the substance becomes laced with others as a result of cross-contamination. In either case, it is extremely dangerous when those who do not have a tolerance for Fentanyl or other Opioids unknowingly consume it. Additionally, Fentanyl is almost impossible to visibly detect so determining how much has been laced is very difficult. These factors can lead to unintentional overdoses which have been on the rise. In 2020, the highest number of overdose deaths were reported in a 12-month period at 81,000 in May. Of these reported drug related deaths, synthetic Opioids were the primary cause which increased by 38%.
    • Addiction Is An Everyday Struggle Michael K. Williams was open about his struggle with substance use in an effort to help others. He wanted to let others know that an addiction doesn't just go away and that recovery is something to work towards everyday. If Williams' death is proven to be an overdose, along with Johnson's and Colangeli's deaths, they will speak to the Opioid crisis in the US which has caused an increased amount of unintentional deaths.
  • Marijuana Laced With Fentanyl | The Recovery Village Palm Beach at Baptist Health
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    • Over the past year, multiple reports have come out about marijuana being laced with fentanyl. While at least one of these reports was later announced to be an error, other reports have been confirmed by the federal government. So far, marijuana laced with fentanyl has been found in Ohio and Canada. Because substances tend to spread across the United States, law enforcement officers think that more states will begin to see fentanyl in marijuana as time goes on. This may be very dangerous. Fentanyl is a narcotic that is 100 times stronger than morphine. It can take as little as 2 mg of fentanyl to kill someone, especially if they are not used to taking opioids. For this reason, fentanyl-laced marijuana may be a serious public health problem.
    • Fentanyl-Mixing TrendFentanyl has long been mixed in some street drugs like narcotics. It is unclear why fentanyl has ended up in some recent marijuana samples. Possibilities include:
    • Cross-ContaminationDrug dealers often handle multiple substances. It is possible that the fentanyl found in marijuana was not intentionally put there. During the distribution process, fentanyl may have gotten mixed into marijuana accidentally.
    • Drug MarketingSome drug dealers may be intentionally adding other drugs like fentanyl into marijuana so that their product stands out amongst other marijuana products.
    • Fentanyl Disguised As MarijuanaIn October 2019, the federal government put out an international law enforcement bulletin about a recent drug seizure. At first glance, the substance appeared to be marijuana. However, when tested, the substance contained not only marijuana but also fentanyl, heroin, tramadol, and methamphetamine.
    • This news report came on the heels of a May 2019 report from Canada. Two teens in Canada had bought illegal marijuana and smoked it, not knowing that the product also contained fentanyl. The teens lost consciousness and began having convulsions, and police were called. The teens were able to be saved after law enforcement administered naloxone, an opioid-reversal agent that works to stop fentanyl overdose.
    • Dangers Of Mixing Marijuana & FentanylPeople taking marijuana are not necessarily mixing it with fentanyl on purpose. People may not be aware that their marijuana has been laced with the drug. Even so, because fentanyl overdose can happen easily and be deadly, it is very dangerous to use marijuana that has been mixed with the drug. Opioid overdose can happen quickly. Symptoms include:
    • Signs of an Opioid OverdoseSmall pupils
    • Loss of consciousness
    • Going limp
    • Slow breathing
    • Sounds that are similar to choking or gurgling
    • Skin that is pale, blue or cold
    • If someone begins to have opioid overdose symptoms, even if they are not aware they have taken an opioid, it is important to act quickly. Naloxone should be given if it is available, and 911 should be called. The person may need more than one dose of naloxone and may, therefore, require a doctor's care.
    • Avoiding Fentanyl-Laced DrugsIt is possible to take precautions to avoid fentanyl-laced drugs, including marijuana. These precautions include:
    • Buy only legal marijuana. Although marijuana is still illegal at the federal level, some states like California have legalized its use.Make sure to only use street drugs if there is someone nearby who has naloxone and knows how to use it. Naloxone is available in many states without a prescription and can reverse an opioid overdose.Try a small sample of any new drug before taking a usual dose.Buy fentanyl test swabs. These swabs will detect fentanyl residue and can be used on drugs. The swabs provide a warning if a drug contains fentanyl.If you or someone you love struggles with marijuana, help is here. Our trained professionals at The Recovery Village Palm Beach at Baptist Health are here to help. Contact us today to learn more about our evidence-based treatment programs.
    • SourcesAssociated Press. ''Sheriff who warned of fentanyl-laced weed says test erred.'' June 3, 2019. Accessed November 10, 2019.
    • Spiewak, Jim. ''It looks like weed, but it's not: Law enforcement warn of fentanyl disguised as cannabis.'' KUTV, October 22, 2019. Accessed November 10, 2019.
    • Toronto Vibe. ''All about fentanyl.'' Accessed November 10, 2019.
    • Mandel, Michele. ''Were teens poisoned with fentanyl-laced pot?'' Toronto Sun, May 16, 2019. Accessed November 10, 2019.
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ''Overdose prevention.'' August 31, 2017. Accessed November 10, 2019.
    • Medical Disclaimer: The Recovery Village aims to improve the quality of life for people struggling with a substance use or mental health disorder with fact-based content about the nature of behavioral health conditions, treatment options and their related outcomes. We publish material that is researched, cited, edited and reviewed by licensed medical professionals. The information we provide is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. It should not be used in place of the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider.
  • Johns Hopkins - Wikipedia
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    • Entrepreneur and philanthropist
    • Johns Hopkins (May 19, 1795 '' December 24, 1873) was an American entrepreneur, investor, and philanthropist of Baltimore, Maryland. His bequests founded numerous institutions bearing his name, most notably Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Johns Hopkins University (including its academic divisions such as Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies). Although historically noted as an abolitionist, recent research indicates that Johns Hopkins was a slave owner for at least part of his life.
    • Early life [ edit ] Johns Hopkins was born on May 19, 1795.[2][3][4] He was one of eleven children born to Samuel Hopkins of Crofton, Maryland, and Hannah Janney, of Loudoun County, Virginia.[5] His home was Whitehall, a 500-acre (200 ha) tobacco plantation in Anne Arundel County.[6] His first name was inherited from his grandfather Johns Hopkins, who received his first name when his mother Margaret Johns married Gerard Hopkins.[5]
    • The Hopkins family were of English descent and members of the Society of Friends (Quakers). They emancipated their slaves in 1778 in accordance with their local Society decree, which called for freeing the able-bodied and caring for the others, who would remain at the plantation and provide labor as they could.[7] The second eldest of eleven children, Johns was required to work on the farm alongside with his siblings and indentured and free Black laborers. From 1806 to 1809, he likely attended The Free School of Anne Arundel County, which was located in modern-day Davidsonville, Maryland.
    • In 1812, at the age of 17, Hopkins left the plantation to work in his uncle Gerard Hopkins' Baltimore wholesale grocery business. While living with his uncle's family, Johns and his cousin, Elizabeth, fell in love; however, the Quaker taboo against marriage of first cousins was especially strong, and neither Johns nor Elizabeth ever married.[6]
    • As he became able, Hopkins provided for his extended family, both during his life and posthumously through his will. He bequeathed a home for Elizabeth, where she lived until her death in 1889. He also gave $5,000 to his longest serving servant, James Jones.
    • Whitehall Plantation is located in today's Crofton, Maryland. Its home, since modified, is on Johns Hopkins Road, adjacent to Riedel Road. The heavily landscaped property is surrounded by Walden Golf Course and bears a historic marker.
    • Business years [ edit ] Share of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-Road Company, issued July 26, 1856; signed by Johns Hopkins as president pro. tem.
    • Hopkins' early experiences and successes in business came when he was put in charge of the store while his uncle was away during the War of 1812. After seven years with his uncle, Hopkins went into business together with Benjamin Moore, a fellow Quaker. The business partnership was later dissolved with Moore alleging Hopkins' penchant for capital accumulation as the cause for the divide.[6]
    • After Moore's withdrawal, Hopkins partnered with three of his brothers and established Hopkins & Brothers Wholesalers in 1819.[8] The company prospered by selling various wares in the Shenandoah Valley from Conestoga wagons, sometimes in exchange for corn whiskey, which was then sold in Baltimore as "Hopkins' Best". The bulk of Hopkins' fortune however was made by his judicious investments in myriad ventures, most notably the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), of which he became a director in 1847 and chairman of the Finance Committee in 1855. He was also President of Merchants' Bank as well as director of a number of other organizations.[9] After a successful career, Hopkins was able to retire at the age of 52 in 1847.[8]
    • A charitable individual, Hopkins put up his own money more than once to not only aid Baltimore City during times of financial crises, but also to twice bail the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad company out of debt, in 1857 and 1873.[10]
    • In 1996, Johns Hopkins ranked 69th in "The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates - A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present".[11]
    • Civil War [ edit ] One of the first campaigns of the American Civil War was planned at Johns Hopkins' summer estate, Clifton, where he had also entertained a number of foreign dignitaries including the future King Edward VII.[6] Hopkins was a strong supporter of the Union, unlike some Marylanders, who sympathized with and often supported the South and the Confederacy.[12] During the Civil War, Clifton became a frequent meeting place for local Union sympathizers, and federal officials.
    • Hopkins' support of Abraham Lincoln also often put him at odds with some of Maryland's most prominent people, particularly Supreme Court Justice Roger B. Taney, who continually opposed Lincoln's presidential decisions, such as his policies of limiting habeas corpus and stationing troops in Maryland. In 1862 Hopkins wrote a letter to Lincoln requesting the President not to heed the detractors' calls and continue to keep soldiers stationed in Maryland. Hopkins also pledged financial and logistic support to Lincoln, in particular the free use of the B&O railway system.[13][14]
    • Abolitionism [ edit ] In 2020, Johns Hopkins University researchers discovered that Johns Hopkins may have owned or employed enslaved people who worked in his home and on his country estate, citing census records from 1840 and 1850.[15][16]
    • Johns Hopkins' reputation as an abolitionist is currently disputed. An email sent from the Johns Hopkins University to all employees on December 9, 2020 stated "The current research done by Martha S. Jones and Allison Seyler finds no evidence to substantiate the description of Johns Hopkins as an abolitionist, and they have explored and brought to light a number of other relevant materials. They have been unable to document the story of Johns Hopkins' parents freeing enslaved people in 1807, but they have found a partial freeing of enslaved people in 1778 by Johns Hopkins' grandfather, and also continued slaveholding and transactions involving enslaved persons for decades thereafter. They have looked more closely at an 1838 letter from the Hopkins Brothers (a firm in which Johns Hopkins was a principal) in which an enslaved person is accepted as collateral for a debt owed, and recently located an additional obituary in which Johns Hopkins is described as holding antislavery political views (consistent with the letter conveying his established support for President Lincoln and the Union) and as purchasing an enslaved person for the purpose of securing his eventual freedom. Still other documents contain laudatory comments by Johns Hopkins' contemporaries, including prominent Black leaders, praising his visionary philanthropic support for the establishment of an orphanage for Black children."[17]
    • A second group of scholars disputes the university's December 2020 declarations. In a paper published by the Open Science Foundation, these scholars argue that Johns Hopkins' parents and grandparents were devout Quakers who liberated the family's enslaved laborers prior to 1800, that Johns Hopkins was an emancipationist who supported the movement to end slavery within the limits of the laws governing Maryland, and that the available documentation, including relevant tax records these researchers have uncovered, does not support the university's claim that Johns Hopkins was a slaveholder.[18]
    • Before the discovery of possible slaveholding or employment, Johns Hopkins had been described as being an "abolitionist before the word was even invented", having been represented as such both prior to the Civil War period, as well as during the Civil War and Reconstruction Era.[9][19][20] There are several accounts that describe the abolitionist influence Hopkins was privy to as a 12-year-old participant in his parents' emancipation of their family's slaves before 1800.[6] Prior to the Civil War, Johns Hopkins worked closely with two of America's most famous abolitionists, Myrtilla Miner[21] and Henry Ward Beecher.[21] During the Civil War, Johns Hopkins, being a staunch supporter of Lincoln and the Union, was instrumental in bringing fruition to Lincoln's emancipatory vision.[22]
    • After the Civil War and during Reconstruction, Johns Hopkins' stance on abolitionism infuriated many prominent people in Baltimore.[23][24] During Reconstruction and up to his death[25] his abolitionism was expressed in the documents founding the Johns Hopkins Institutions, and reported in newspaper articles before, during, and after the founding of these institutions. Before the war, there was significant written opposition to his support for Myrtilla Miner's founding of a school for African American females (now the University of the District of Columbia).[26] In a letter to the editor, one subscriber to the widely circulated De Bow's Review wrote:
    • "It now seems that the Abolitionists not only propose to colonize Virginia from their own numbers, but that they are about to make the District of Columbia, in the midst of the slave region, and once under the jurisdiction of a slave State, the centre of an education movement, which shall embrace the free negroes of the whole North. A vast negro boarding school or college is proposed to be established in the City of Washington, the site for which has been purchased. The proposed edifice is designed to accommodate 150 scholars, and to furnish homes for the teachers and pupils from a distance ... The names of the Trustees ought to be mentioned particularly, as some of them are Southern men, and it might interest the South to know who they are..."[26]
    • Similarly, opposition (and some support) was expressed during Reconstruction, such as in 1867, the same year he filed papers incorporating the Johns Hopkins Institutions, when he attempted unsuccessfully to stop the convening of the Maryland Constitutional Convention where the Democratic Party came into power and where a new state Constitution, the Constitution still in effect, was voted to replace the 1864 Constitution of the Radical Republicans previously in power.[24]
    • Apparent also in the literature of the times was opposition, and support for, the various other ways he expressed opposition to the racial practices that were beginning to emerge, and re-emerge as well, in the city of Baltimore, the state of Maryland, the nation, and in the posthumously constructed and founded institutions that would carry his name.[27] A Baltimore American journalist praised Hopkins for founding three institutions, a university, a hospital, and an orphan asylum, specifically for colored children, adding that Hopkins was a "man (beyond his times) who knew no race" citing his provisions for both blacks and whites in the plans for his hospital. The reporter also pointed to similarities between Benjamin Franklin's and Johns Hopkins' views on hospital care and construction, such as their shared interest in free hospitals and the availability of emergency services without prejudice. This article, first published in 1870, also accompanied Hopkins' obituary in the Baltimore American as a tribute in 1873. Cited in many of the newspaper articles on him during his lifetime and immediately after his death were his provisions of scholarships for the poor, and quality health services for the under-served without regard to their age, sex, or color, the colored children asylum and other orphanages, and the mentally ill and convalescents.
    • A biography entitled Johns Hopkins: A Silhouette written by his cousin, Helen Hopkins Thom, was published in 1929 by the Johns Hopkins University Press. This biography was one source for the story that Hopkins was an abolitionist. In 2020 evidence was discovered that "the historical record makes clear that Hopkins claimed four men as his property on the 1850 Census and, before that, his business dealings included transactions in which Black Americans were among collateral for a loan."[3]
    • Philanthropy [ edit ] Living his entire adult life in Baltimore, Hopkins made many friends among the city's social elite, many of them Quakers. One of these friends was George Peabody, who was also born in 1795, and who in 1857 founded the Peabody Institute in Baltimore. Other examples of public giving were evident in the city, as public buildings housing free libraries, schools, and foundations sprang up along the city's widening streets. On the advice of Peabody, some believe, Hopkins determined to use his great wealth for the public good.
    • The Civil War had taken its toll on Baltimore, however, as did the yellow fever and cholera epidemics that repeatedly ravaged the nation's cities, killing 853 in Baltimore in the summer of 1832 alone. Hopkins was keenly aware of the city's need for medical facilities, particularly in light of the medical advances made during the war, and in 1870 he made a will setting aside seven million dollars '-- mostly in B&O stock '-- for the incorporation of a free hospital and affiliated medical and nurse's training colleges, as well as an orphanage for colored children and a university. The hospital and orphan asylum would each be overseen by the 12-member hospital board of trustees, and the university by the 12-member university board of trustees. Many board members were on both boards. Johns Hopkins' bequest was used to posthumously found the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum[28] first as he requested, in 1875; the Johns Hopkins University in 1876; the Johns Hopkins Press, the longest continuously operating academic press in America, in 1878; the Johns Hopkins Hospital and the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing in 1889; the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 1893; and the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health in 1916.[citation needed ]
    • Johns Hopkins' views on his bequests, and on the duties and responsibilities of the two boards of trustees, especially the hospital board of trustees led by his friend and fellow Quaker Francis King, were formally stated primarily in four documents, the incorporation papers filed in 1867, his instruction letter to the hospital trustees dated March 12, 1873, his will, which was quoted from extensively in his Baltimore Sun obituary,[29] and in his will's two codicils, one dated 1870 and the other dated 1873.[30]
    • In these documents, Hopkins also made provisions for scholarships to be provided for poor youths in the states where Johns Hopkins had made his wealth, as well as assistance to orphanages other than the one for African American children, to members of his family, to those he employed, black and white, his cousin Elizabeth, and, again, to other institutions for the care and education of youths regardless of color, and the care of the elderly, and the ill, including the mentally ill, and convalescents.
    • John Rudolph Niernsee, one of the most famous architects of the time, designed the orphan asylum and helped to design the Johns Hopkins Hospital. The original site for the Johns Hopkins University had been chosen personally by Hopkins. According to his will, it was to be located at his summer estate, Clifton. However, a decision was made not to found the university there. The property, now owned by the city of Baltimore, is the site of a golf course and a park named Clifton Park. While the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum was founded by the hospital trustees, the other institutions that carry the name of "Johns Hopkins" were founded under the administration of the first president of the Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital, Daniel Coit Gilman and his successors.
    • Colored Children Orphan Asylum [ edit ] As per Johns Hopkins' instruction letter, the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum (JHCCOA)[31] was founded first, in 1875, a year before Gilman's inauguration, now the founding date of the university. The construction of the asylum, including its educational and living facilities, was praised by The Nation and the Baltimore American, the latter stating that the orphan asylum was a place where "nothing was wanting that could benefit science and humanity". As was done for other Johns Hopkins Institutions, it was planned after visits and correspondence with similar institutions in Europe and America.
    • The Johns Hopkins Orphan Asylum opened with 24 boys and girls. Under Gilman and his successors, this orphanage was later changed to serve as an orphanage and training school for black female orphans principally as domestic workers, and next as an "orthopedic convalescent" home and school for "colored crippled" children and orphans. The asylum was eventually closed in 1924 nearly fifty years after it opened, and was never reopened.
    • Hospital, university, press, and schools of nursing and medicine [ edit ] As per Hopkins' March 1873 Instruction Letter, the school of nursing was founded alongside the hospital in 1889 by the hospital board of trustees in consultation with Florence Nightingale. Both the nursing school and the hospital were founded over a decade after the founding of the orphan asylum in 1875 and the university in 1876. Hopkins' instruction letter explicitly stated his vision for the hospital; first, to provide assistance to the poor of "all races", no matter the indigent patient's "age, sex or color"; second, that wealthier patients would pay for services and thereby subsidize the care provided to the indigent; third, that the hospital would be the administrative unit for the orphan asylum for African American children, which was to receive $25,000 in annual support out of the hospital's half of the endowment; and fourth, that the hospital and orphan asylum should serve 400 patients and 400 children respectively; fifth, that the hospital should be part of the university, and, sixth, that religion but not sectarianism should be an influence in the hospital.
    • By the end of Gilman's presidency, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Press, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum had been founded; the latter by the trustees, and the others in the order listed under the Gilman administration. "Sex" and "color" were major issues in the early history of the Johns Hopkins Institutions. The founding of the school of nursing is usually linked to Johns Hopkins' statements in his March 1873 instruction letter to the trustees that: "I desire you to establish, in connection with the hospital, a training school for female nurses. This provision will secure the services of women competent to care for those sick in the hospital wards, and will enable you to benefit the whole community by supplying it with a class of trained and experienced nurses".
    • Legacy [ edit ] Hopkins died on December 24, 1873 in Baltimore.[4]
    • Following Hopkins' death, The Baltimore Sun wrote a lengthy obituary that closed thus: "In the death of Johns Hopkins a career has been closed which affords a rare example of successful energy in individual accumulations, and of practical beneficence in devoting the gains thus acquired to the public." His contribution to the university that has become his greatest legacy was, by all accounts, the largest philanthropic bequest ever made to an American educational institution.
    • Johns Hopkins' Quaker faith and his early life experiences, in particular the 1778 emancipation, had a lasting influence throughout his life and his posthumous legacy as a businessman, railroad man, banker, investor, ship owner,[32] philanthropist, and a founder of several Institutions. From very early on, Johns Hopkins had looked upon his wealth as a trust to benefit future generations. He is said to have told his gardener that: "like the man in the parable, I have had many talents given to me and I feel they are in trust. I shall not bury them but give them to the lads who long for a wider education"; his philosophy quietly anticipated Andrew Carnegie's much-publicized Gospel of Wealth by more than 25 years.[6]
    • In 1973, Johns Hopkins was cited prominently in the Pulitzer Prize-winning book The Americans: The Democratic Experience by Daniel Boorstin, former Librarian of Congress. From November 14, 1975, to September 6, 1976, a portrait of Hopkins was displayed at the National Portrait Gallery in an exhibit on the democratization of America based on Boorstin's book. In 1989, the United States Postal Service issued a $1 postage stamp in Johns Hopkins' honor, as part of the Great Americans series.[33]
    • References [ edit ] ^ Klepper, Michael; Gunther, Michael (1996), The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates'--A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present , Secaucus, New Jersey: Carol Publishing Group, p. xiii, ISBN 978-0-8065-1800-8, OCLC 33818143 ^ "Reexamining the history of our founder". December 9, 2020 . Retrieved December 9, 2020 . ^ a b Jones, Martha S. (9 December 2020). "The founder of Johns Hopkins owned enslaved people. Our university must face a reckoning". Washington Post . Retrieved 13 December 2020 . ^ a b "Death of Johns Hopkins", The Baltimore Sun, December 25, 1873 ^ a b Jacob, Kathryn A. "Mr. Johns Hopkins." Mr. Johns Hopkins. Johns Hopkins University, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2013. <"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-10-17 . Retrieved 2009-10-04 . CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) >. ^ a b c d e f Kathryn A. Jacob (January 1974). "Mr. Johns Hopkins". The Johns Hopkins Magazine. 25 (1). The Johns Hopkins University. pp. 13''17. Archived from the original on 2004-08-25 . Retrieved 2009-10-04 . ^ Hopkins Thom, Helen (1929), Johns Hopkins: A Silhouette, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press , retrieved 2009-10-04 '-- the first and only book-length biography on Johns Hopkins. Used as source by Jacob cited above, Findalibrary. ^ a b "Hopkins, Johns." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclop...dia Britannica, 2012. Credo Reference. Web. 07 October 2013. ^ a b "If He Could See Us Now: Mr. Johns Hopkins' Legacy Strong University, hospital benefactor turned 200 on May 19, 1995, Mike Field, Staff Writer, The Gazette, The Newspaper of the Johns Hopkins University". Jhu.edu . Retrieved 2009-10-04 . ^ Johns Hopkins, Maryland State Archives [dead link ] ^ "The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates - A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present". Adherents.com. Archived from the original on 2019-08-12 . Retrieved 2009-10-04 . ^ [1] [permanent dead link ] Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War is the memoir of George William Brown an ex-mayor of Baltimore city. ^ "The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress". Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009-10-04 . ^ "Border Town, Style Magazine, 2005". Baltimorestyle.com. Archived from the original on 2009-11-03 . Retrieved 2009-10-04 . ^ "Contrary to century-old family lore, Johns Hopkins was an enslaver". The Johns Hopkins News-Letter . Retrieved 2020-12-11 . ^ "Hopkins researchers discover namesake benefactor owned slaves". wbal.com . Retrieved 9 December 2020 . ^ Phil Helsel (December 9, 2020). "Johns Hopkins, long believed by university to be abolitionist, owned slaves, records show". NBC News. ^ Van Morgan, Sydney; Becker, Stan; Hopkins, Samuel B.; Papenfuse, Edward C. (2021-05-18). "Johns Hopkins and Slavery". Open Science Framework. Center for Open Science. doi:10.31219/osf.io/zra5f . ^ [2] The Racial Record of Johns Hopkins University in the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 25, Autumn, 1999, pp. 42''43 in JSTOR ^ [3] See Jacob's 1974 article and Thom's 1929 biography]. ^ a b "Myrtilla Miner, 2007 Encyclop...dia Britannica's Guide to Black History". Britannica.com . Retrieved 2009-10-04 . ^ "Johns Hopkins' letter to Lincoln". Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009-10-04 . ^ The Baltimore Sun articles, which can be found online in the Maryland Archives, and William Starr Myers' book on "self-reconstruction" in Maryland, ^ a b William Starr Myers (1857). The Self-Reconstruction of Maryland, 1864''1867. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Under the Direction of the Departments of History, Political Economy, and Political Science. [clarification needed ] ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-04-15 . Retrieved 2013-04-17 . CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Documents cited in "Chronology", Johns Hopkins University's website. See also "The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University", in particular its chronology and the paper by Danton Rodriguez, "The Racial Record of Johns Hopkins University in the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 25, Autumn, 1999, pp. 42''43 in JSTOR ^ a b [https://books.google.com/books?id=5iUoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA669&lpg=PA664&ots=LEIrCzvPh1&dq=DeBow,+%22Johns+Hopkins%22&output=text#c_top DeBow's Review, Volume 22. ^ [4] Archived 2016-12-01 at the Wayback Machine "The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University"; see in particular its chronology and the paper by Danton Rodriguez and the chronology on Johns Hopkins University's website cited immediately above. Wolff in a recent article on Baltimore and education during Reconstruction stated that what he saw emerging, during Reconstruction was "slavery under a different name", the disenfranchisement and other practices proposed before the war being carried out after the Civil War. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-09-01 . Retrieved 2006-10-28 . CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Johns Hopkins University's Website, The Institutional Records of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Orphan Asylum ^ [5] Obituary, The Baltimore Sun, December 25, 1873 in Johns Hopkins Gazette, Jan. 4, 1999, v. 28, no. 16 ^ [6] The Chronicles of Baltimore: Being a Complete History of "Baltimore Town and Baltimore City from the Earliest Period to the Present Time published in 1874, John Thomas Scharf cited the 1873 instruction letter to the hospital trustees and a city council resolution thanking Johns Hopkins for his philanthropy. Thom's biography and New York and Maryland newspapers were sources that published parts or all of this letter. ^ [7] Archived July 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Johns Hopkins Dream for a Model of its Kind: The JHH Colored Orphans Asylum, abstract, 2000 Conference International Society for the History of Medicine By Dr. P. Reynolds ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-04-20 . Retrieved 2008-05-20 . CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "Merchants & Miners Transportation Co.", [8] "Troopships of World War II" ^ Scott catalog # 2194A. External links [ edit ] Hopkins Family Papers, Sheridan Libraries, Johns Hopkins UniversityThom and Jacob discuss his love for his cousin and Quaker traditionsIn his 1887 memoir, Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War, George William Brown cites Johns Hopkins as a wealthy Union man in Baltimore, a city with strong Confederate and Southern leaningsIn The Chronicles of Baltimore: Being a Complete History of "Baltimore Town" and Baltimore City from the Earliest Period to the Present Time published in 1874, John Thomas Scharf cited the 1873 instruction letter to the hospital trustees and a city council resolution thanking Johns Hopkins for his philanthropy. Thom's biography and New York and Maryland newspapers were sources that published parts or all of this letter"If He Could See Us Now: Mr. Johns Hopkins' Legacy Strong University, Hospital Benefactor Turned 200 on May 19, 1995" by Mike Field a writer for the Johns Hopkins Gazette. Field, Thom, and Jacob called Johns Hopkins an abolitionist. See also The Racial Record of Johns Hopkins University in the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 25, Autumn, 1999, pp. 42''43/ JSTORJohns Hopkins, Maryland State Archives
  • Israel admits Ethiopian women were given birth control shots - Israel News - Haaretz.com
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    • Wed, 15 Sep 2021 02:11
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    • A government official has for the first time acknowledged the practice of injecting women of Ethiopian origin with the long-acting contraceptive Depo-Provera.
    • Why is the birth rate in Israel's Ethiopian community declining? Israeli minister appointing team to probe Ethiopian birth control shot controversy Culture Fop / Broadway shines a spotlight on Israel's racism problem Is this Israel's Michael Brown? Click here to subscribe to Haaretz.com ($1 for the first 4 weeks).Health Ministry Director General Prof. Roni Gamzu has instructed the four health maintenance organizations to stop the practice as a matter of course.
    • Gamzu's letter instructs all gynecologists in the HMOs "not to renew prescriptions for Depo-Provera if for any reason there is concern that they might not understand the ramifications of the treatment.''
    • He also instructed physicians to avail themselves of translators if need be.Gamzu's letter came in response to a letter from Sharona Eliahu-Chai of the Association of Civil Rights in Israel, representing several women's rights and Ethiopian immigrants' groups. The letter demanded the injections cease immediately and that an investigation be launched into the practice.
    • About six weeks ago, on an Educational Television program journalist Gal Gabbay revealed the results of interviews with 35 Ethiopian immigrants. The women's testimony could help explain the almost 50-percent decline over the past 10 years in the birth rate of Israel's Ethiopian community. According to the program, while the women were still in transit camps in Ethiopia they were sometimes intimidated or threatened into taking the injection. ''They told us they are inoculations,'' said one of the women interviewed. ''They told us people who frequently give birth suffer. We took it every three months. We said we didn't want to.''
  • Henrietta Lacks family hires attorney Ben Crump in bid to seek funds over famous cells - The Washington Post
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    • Wed, 15 Sep 2021 01:54
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    • BALTIMORE '-- The family of Henrietta Lacks has hired a prominent civil rights attorney, who says he plans to seek compensation for them from big pharmaceutical companies across the country that made fortunes off medical research with her famous cancer cells.
    • An attorney for the Lacks family said a legal team is investigating lawsuits against as many as 100 defendants, mostly pharmaceutical companies, but they haven't ruled out a case against the Johns Hopkins Hospital.
    • A Hopkins doctor collected a sample of cancer cells from the young mother without her knowledge or permission nearly 70 years ago. Those cells '-- the first to live outside the body in a glass tube '-- brought decades of medical advances. Her cells later became the most widely used human cells in scientific research.
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    • Dubbed the ''HeLa'' cells, they have been used to develop everything from coronavirus vaccines to sunscreen, attorney Ben Crump said. Vaccines, cancer treatments and in vitro fertilization are among the many medical techniques derived from her cells. Crump said it's an example of the long and troubling history of the medical exploitation of Black people in America.
    • ''Never was that more apparent than with the tragedy of how they exploited Henrietta Lacks,'' he said.
    • Crump, who represented the families of George Floyd, Michael Brown and other Black men killed by police, appeared Thursday at Greater Faith Baptist Church in North Baltimore with some of Lacks's descendants, ranging from her 86-year-old oldest son to great-grandchildren.
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    • Individual family members have talked publicly for years about pursuing legal action against Hopkins and other institutions that used her cells. On Thursday, for the first time, more than a dozen family members stood united in that effort behind one of the country's leading civil rights attorneys.
    • Retropolis: Can the 'immortal cells' of Henrietta Lacks sue for their own rights?
    • In addition to Crump, the family is represented by the New York-based trial lawyer Christopher Seeger, who helped win billion-dollar settlements against such companies as Volkswagen and the producer of the painkiller Vioxx. Seeger said the team plans to file the first lawsuits Oct. 4, the day Lacks died 70 years ago.
    • ''This is the greatest example of corporate theft I've seen in my career, and I've been pursuing pharmaceutical companies for 25 years,'' Seeger said. ''They took something from this family and have offered them nothing, yet they've gone out and made millions of dollars.''
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    • The news conference signals a shift in strategy as Lacks's family seeks to collect from pharmaceutical companies, though neither Crump nor Seeger would name a specific company they might sue on behalf of the Lacks family.
    • Lawrence Lacks, her eldest son, said in a 2017 interview that he intended to sue the Johns Hopkins University. But Hopkins officials have long contended the institution never patented her cell line and therefore doesn't own the rights to it and never profited.
    • Hopkins officials have noted that when her cells were taken there was no established practice for informing or obtaining consent from donors, nor were there regulations on the use of cells in research.
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    • Lacks's story won national attention after Rebecca Skloot wrote a bestseller, ''The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks,'' which was made into an HBO movie with Oprah Winfrey four years ago.
    • In its effort to honor Lacks's contributions to clinical research and health, Johns Hopkins has worked with some of her family members to develop programs, including scholarships and engagement with local schools. It's also naming a building on Hopkins medical campus in East Baltimore after her.
    • Johns Hopkins names building to honor Henrietta Lacks and her 'immortal' cells
    • Some of Lacks's descendants, however, said her memory has been smeared over the years by myriad false claims, including suggestions that she was illiterate and signed her name with an ''X.'' They spoke of not only ''reparations'' for the taking of her cells but reclaiming the story of their mother and grandmother.
    • ''At what point does a person's property and cells belong to them?'' said Alan Wilks, one of her grandsons.
    • Wilks and his relatives wore red face masks with her picture and buttons with her name at Thursday's event. Inside the church, when Crump called out, they shouted back in unison.
    • ''Say her name!'' ''Henrietta Lacks!'' ''Say her name!'' ''Henrietta Lacks!''
  • VIDEO - COVID NYC Update: Black communities finding influence from historical figure over coronavirus vaccine - ABC7 New York
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    • Wed, 15 Sep 2021 01:51
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    • NEW YORK CITY (WABC) -- As Bronx resident John Lemon headed into a church in the Bronx to get a COVID-19 vaccine, the 84-year-old was skeptical -- a sentiment shared by many in Black communities.
    • "I'm not all excited about it," Lemon said. "I'm going to go on the side of caution."
    • In order to understand that distrust in the health care system, history must be understood first.
    • Henrietta Lacks is the subject of an HBO film. The mother of five had cervical cancer, and while undergoing treatment --having had no idea -- doctors harvested cells from the tumor.
    • So-called "Hela cells" have led to groundbreaking treatments with everything from cancer to HIV. Even now, scientists are using those very cells to study COVID-19.
    • The problem is Henrietta's family also didn't know about the sample, not until long after she died in 1951, something her great granddaughter and grandson says haunts them.
    • "Her cells launched a multi-million dollar industry, which took over 20 years for my family to learn about the significance of her story," great granddaughter Veronica Robinson said.
    • The driving force behind the family's non-profit Hela 100 focuses on advocacy and education.
    • "We're no longer the victim," grandson Alfred Lacks Carter said. "We are victors, because our grandmother has us this platform, so we encourage our community to be active in their own health, overcoming fear by asking questions."
    • Dr. Sampson Davis did get a COVID-19 vaccine and believes in order to get past this moment of uncertainty, we must first start the healing process.
    • "I believe in stepping into the community, you have to meet people where they live," Emergency Medicine Physician Dr. Sampson Davis said. "You have to be part of the fabric of the community, so churches, barber shops, beauty salons, local grocery stores, have to be there to engage the community."
    • Despite making up 24% of the city's population, recent data shows only 11% of blacks have been vaccinated - many, however, did not disclose race.
    • Back at Greater Eternal Baptist, Bruce Rivera did roll up his sleeve. He had COVID-19, along with his son Elias.
    • "Somebody's got to do it," Bronx resident Bruce Rivera said. "And if this is a way out or way to normalcy, then I think it's worth the risk."
    • Lawrence Lacks knows all too well as he's Henrietta's oldest child, and during this incredible full-circle moment, he got a COVID-19 vaccine.
    • Robinson kept in mind what her grandfather always says.
    • "My mother was a bad woman in life, and she's even badder in death," she said. "How powerful."
    • CLICK HERE to learn more about Henrietta Lacks and her life story.
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    • MORE CORONAVIRUS COVID-19 COVERAGEPositive COVID-19 cases by zip code - New York City
    • New York City COVID-19 Vaccine TrackerNew Jersey COVID-19 Vaccine TrackerFind out if you are eligible and where you can go to get your vaccineDo you have coronavirus symptoms?Where to get tested in New York, New Jersey and ConnecticutWATCH: Eyewitness to a PandemicCenters for Disease Control and Prevention on coronavirus
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  • Henrietta Lacks and her contribution to Covid-19 vaccine | World News - Hindustan Times
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    • Wed, 15 Sep 2021 01:50
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    • Everywhere in the world the scientific community is racing against time to save humanity from the ongoing pandemic. Scientists and frontline workers are being hailed for their selfless service, but one individual who awaits her due is Henrietta Lacks '-- a black tobacco farmer who died at 31 from an aggressive form of cancer. Her cells, says American Virologist Angela Rasmussen, were used to study the effect of SARS-CoV on humans, providing inputs for the development of a vaccine.
    • Who is Henrietta Lacks and why is she important?
    • Henrietta Lacks was diagnosed with cervical cancer in 1951 at the age of just 31. At the time, many hospitals in the US practised segregating black patients from white patients, which reduced her options for seeking treatment. She ended up at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, in a ward located down the hall from George Gey, a researcher who had been attempting to grow human cells in his lab for decades. Her doctor sent some of her cells to Gey without her consent, changing the course of medicine forever.
    • Lacks's cell had the ability to divide and replicate indefinitely, whereas normal human cells are able to do that around 50 times, making it easier for researchers to grow the culture of identical cells quickly. Soon scientists all over the world started using her cell lines for furthering their research. They were used to carry out research for the first polio vaccine, for in-vitro fertilization, for cancer, and most recently for studying the effects of SARS-CoV replication in the human body. Scientists began to dub the cell line cultivated from her as HeLa, in her honour, but for the longest time, her own family was not aware of her contribution.
    • What are the ethical issues behind HeLa cells?
    • Journalist Rebecca Skloot was the first one to connect the dots and trace her DNA 50 years later, raising questions on ethics and racial injustice. HeLa cells brought in enormous profits for biotech companies but none of that ever benefited her family and her community. As Covid-19 wreaks havoc on America's racial minorities, scientists are being forced to confront the historically unequal treatment meted out to blacks and other minorities.
    • Cells are also derived from elective abortions, one such cell line actively used in vaccine research in the past is the HEK-293, a human embryo that was selectively aborted in the Netherlands, much to the dismay of the Catholic leaders in North America. This group urged the US Food and Drug Administration to instead provide incentives for Covid-19 vaccines that do not use fetal cell lines.
    • The HeLa cells, however, spell out a different set of questions and possibilities. While asking the scientific community to not disregard the many contributions blacks have made over the years, also brings up the prospect of 'restorative justice', according to Yolonda Wilson, a bioethicist at Howard University in Washington. Lacks's descendants who recently marked her 100th anniversary of her birth in August have expressed similar hopes.
    • Once vaccination commences in full swing, a chance to correct a historical wrong will present itself.
  • Henrietta Lacks - Wikipedia
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    • Wed, 15 Sep 2021 01:44
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    • African-American woman whose cancer cells produced the HeLa immortalised cell line
    • Henrietta Lacks
    • Henrietta Lacks circa 1945''1951
    • BornLoretta Pleasant
    • ( 1920-08-01 ) August 1, 1920DiedOctober 4, 1951 (1951-10-04) (aged 31)MonumentsHenrietta Lacks Health and Bioscience High School; historical marker at Clover, VirginiaOccupationHousewife, Tobacco farmer[1]Height5 ft (150 cm) tall Spouse(s) David Lacks (1915''2002) m. 1941ChildrenLawrence LacksElsie Lacks (1939''1955)David "Sonny" Lacks Jr.Deborah Lacks Pullum (1949''2009)Zakariyya Bari Abdul Rahman (born Joseph Lacks)Parent(s)Eliza (1886''1924) and John Randall Pleasant I (1881''1969)Henrietta Lacks (born Loretta Pleasant; August 1, 1920 '' October 4, 1951)[1] was an African-American woman[4] whose cancer cells are the source of the HeLa cell line, the first immortalized human cell line[A] and one of the most important cell lines in medical research. An immortalized cell line reproduces indefinitely under specific conditions, and the HeLa cell line continues to be a source of invaluable medical data to the present day.[6]
    • Lacks was the unwitting source of these cells from a tumor biopsied during treatment for cervical cancer at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S., in 1951. These cells were then cultured by George Otto Gey who created the cell line known as HeLa, which is still used for medical research.[7] As was then the practice, no consent was required to culture the cells obtained from Lacks's treatment. Consistent with contemporary standards, neither she nor her family were compensated for their extraction or use.
    • Even though some information about the origins of HeLa's immortalized cell lines was known to researchers after 1970, the Lacks family was not made aware of the line's existence until 1975. With knowledge of the cell line's genetic provenance becoming public, its use for medical research and for commercial purposes continues to raise concerns about privacy and patients' rights.
    • Biography [ edit ] Early life [ edit ] Henrietta Lacks was born Loretta Pleasant on August 1, 1920,[1] in Roanoke, Virginia, to Eliza Pleasant (nee Lacks) (1886''1924) and John "Johnny" Randall Pleasant (1881''1969). She is remembered as having hazel eyes, a small waist, size 6 shoes, and always wearing red nail polish and a neatly pleated skirt.[10] Her family is uncertain how her name changed from Loretta to Henrietta, but she was nicknamed Hennie.[1] When Lacks was four years old in 1924, her mother died giving birth to her tenth child. Unable to care for the children alone after his wife's death, Lacks's father moved the family to Clover, Virginia, where the children were distributed among relatives. Lacks ended up with her maternal grandfather, Thomas "Tommy" Henry Lacks, in a two-story log cabin that was once the slave quarters on the plantation that had been owned by Henrietta's white great-grandfather and great-uncle.[1] She shared a room with her nine-year-old first cousin (their mothers were sisters) and future husband, David "Day" Lacks (1915''2002).
    • Like most members of her family living in Clover, Lacks worked as a tobacco farmer starting from an early age. She fed the animals, tended the garden, and toiled in the tobacco fields. She attended the designated black school two miles away from the cabin until she had to drop out to help support the family in the sixth grade.[11] In 1935, when Lacks was 14 years old, she gave birth to a son, Lawrence Lacks. In 1939, her daughter Elsie Lacks (1939''1955) was born. Both children were fathered by Day Lacks. Elsie had epilepsy and cerebral palsy[12] and was described by the family as "different" or "deaf and dumb".[1]
    • Marriage and family [ edit ] On April 10, 1941, David "Day" Lacks and Henrietta Lacks were married in Halifax County, Virginia.[1] Later that year, their cousin, Fred Garrett, convinced the couple to leave the tobacco farm in Virginia and move to Turner Station, near Dundalk, Maryland, in Baltimore County, so Day could work in Bethlehem Steel at Sparrows Point Maryland. Not long after they moved to Maryland, Garrett was called to fight in World War II. With the savings gifted to him by Garrett, Day Lacks was able to purchase a house at 713 New Pittsburgh Avenue in Turner Station. Now part of Dundalk, Turner Station was one of the oldest and largest African-American communities in Baltimore County at that time.[13][14]
    • Living in Maryland, Henrietta and Day Lacks had three more children: David "Sonny" Lacks Jr. in 1947, Deborah Lacks (later known as Deborah Lacks Pullum) in 1949 (died 2009), and Joseph Lacks (later known as Zakariyya Bari Abdul Rahman after converting to Islam) in 1950.[15] Henrietta gave birth to her last child at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore in November 1950, four and a half months before she was diagnosed with cervical cancer.[1] Zakariyya believes his birth to be a miracle as he was "fighting off the cancer cells growing all around him". Around the same time, Elsie was placed in the Hospital for the Negro Insane, later renamed Crownsville Hospital Center, where Elsie died in 1955 at the age of 15 years old.[1] Historian Paul Lurz says that it is possible that Elsie was subjected to the pneumoencephalography procedure where a hole was drilled into a patient's head to drain fluid from the brain which was then replaced with oxygen or helium to make it easier to see the patient's brain in X-rays.[12]
    • Both Lacks and her husband were Catholic.[16]
    • Illness [ edit ] Diagnosis and treatment [ edit ] On January 29, 1951, Lacks went to Johns Hopkins, the only hospital in the area that treated black patients, because she felt a "knot" in her womb. She had previously told her cousins about the "knot" and they assumed correctly that she was pregnant. But after giving birth to Joseph, Lacks had a severe hemorrhage. Her primary care doctor tested her for syphilis, which came back negative, and referred her back to Johns Hopkins. There, her doctor, Howard W. Jones, took a biopsy of a mass found on Lacks's cervix for laboratory testing. Soon after, Lacks was told that she had a malignant epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix.[B] In 1970, physicians discovered that she had been misdiagnosed and actually had an adenocarcinoma.[C] This was a common mistake at the time, and the treatment would not have differed.
    • Lacks was treated with radium tube inserts as an inpatient and discharged a few days later with instructions to return for X-ray treatments as a follow-up. During her treatments, two samples were taken from Lacks's cervix without her permission or knowledge; one sample was of healthy tissue and the other was cancerous. These samples were given to George Otto Gey, a physician and cancer researcher at Johns Hopkins. The cells from the cancerous sample eventually became known as the HeLa immortal cell line, a commonly used cell line in contemporary biomedical research.[1]
    • Death and burial [ edit ] On August 8, 1951, Lacks, who was 31 years old, went to Johns Hopkins for a routine treatment session and asked to be admitted due to continued severe abdominal pain. She received blood transfusions and remained at the hospital until her death on October 4, 1951. A partial autopsy showed that the cancer had metastasized throughout her entire body.[1][24]
    • Lacks Town Road in Clover, Virginia, near where Lacks grew up and is buried
    • Lacks was buried in an unmarked grave in the family cemetery in a place called Lackstown in Halifax County, Virginia. Lackstown is the name that was given to the land in Clover, Virginia, that was originally owned by slave-owning members of the Lacks family in the antebellum South.
    • Lacks's exact burial location is unknown, but the family believes that it is within a few feet of her mother's grave site, which for decades was the only one in the family to have been marked with a tombstone.[1][24][25] In 2010, Roland Pattillo, a faculty member of the Morehouse School of Medicine who had worked with George Gey and knew the Lacks family, donated a headstone for Lacks.[27] This prompted her family to raise money for a headstone for Elsie Lacks as well, which was dedicated on the same day.[27] The book-shaped headstone of Henrietta Lacks contains an epitaph written by her grandchildren that reads:[1]
    • Henrietta Lacks, August 1, 1920 - October 4, 1951 In loving memory of a phenomenal woman, wife and mother who touched the lives of many.Here lies Henrietta Lacks (HeLa). Her immortal cells will continue to help mankind forever.Eternal Love and Admiration, From Your Family[28]
    • Medical and scientific research [ edit ] Dividing HeLa cells in culture. The cells can be seen
    • metaphase and
    • telophase, different stages of cell division.
    • George Otto Gey, the first researcher to study Lacks's cancerous cells, observed that these cells were unusual in that they reproduced at a very high rate and could be kept alive long enough to allow more in-depth examination.[29] Until then, cells cultured for laboratory studies survived for only a few days at most, which was not long enough to perform a variety of different tests on the same sample. Lacks's cells were the first to be observed that could be divided multiple times without dying, which is why they became known as "immortal". After Lacks's death, Gey had Mary Kubicek, his lab assistant, take further HeLa samples while Henrietta's body was at Johns Hopkins' autopsy facility.[30] The roller-tube technique[D] was the method used to culture the cells obtained from the samples that Kubicek collected.[32] Gey was able to start a cell line from Lacks's sample by isolating one specific cell and repeatedly dividing it, meaning that the same cell could then be used for conducting many experiments. They became known as HeLa cells, because Gey's standard method for labeling samples was to use the first two letters of the patient's first and last names.[1]
    • The ability to rapidly reproduce HeLa cells in a laboratory setting has led to many important breakthroughs in biomedical research. For example, by 1954, Jonas Salk was using HeLa cells in his research to develop the polio vaccine.[24] To test his new vaccine, the cells were mass-produced in the first-ever cell production factory. Additionally, Chester M. Southam, a leading virologist, injected HeLa cells into cancer patients, prison inmates, and healthy individuals in order to observe whether cancer could be transmitted as well as to examine if one could become immune to cancer by developing an acquired immune response.
    • HeLa cells were in high demand and put into mass production. They were mailed to scientists around the globe for "research into cancer, AIDS, the effects of radiation and toxic substances, gene mapping, and countless other scientific pursuits".[24] HeLa cells were the first human cells successfully cloned in 1955,[35] and have since been used to test human sensitivity to tape, glue, cosmetics, and many other products.[1] There are almost 11,000 patents involving HeLa cells.[1]
    • In the early 1970s, a large portion of other cell cultures became contaminated by HeLa cells. As a result, members of Henrietta Lacks's family received solicitations for blood samples from researchers hoping to learn about the family's genetics in order to differentiate between HeLa cells and other cell lines.[36][37]
    • Alarmed and confused, several family members began questioning why they were receiving so many telephone calls requesting blood samples. In 1975, the family also learned through a chance dinner-party conversation that material originating in Henrietta Lacks was continuing to be used for medical research.[24] The family had never discussed Henrietta's illness and death among themselves in the intervening years but with the increased curiosity about their mother and her genetics, they now began to ask questions.[1]
    • Consent issues and privacy concerns [ edit ] Neither Henrietta Lacks nor her family gave her physicians permission to harvest her cells. At that time, permission was neither required nor customarily sought.[38] The cells were used in medical research and for commercial purposes.[24][1] In the 1980s, family medical records were published without family consent. A similar issue was brought up in the Supreme Court of California case of Moore v. Regents of the University of California in 1990. The court ruled that a person's discarded tissue and cells are not their property and can be commercialized.
    • In March 2013, researchers published the DNA sequence of the genome of a strain of HeLa cells. The Lacks family discovered this when the author Rebecca Skloot informed them.[36] There were objections from the Lacks family about the genetic information that was available for public access. Jeri Lacks Whye, a grandchild of Henrietta Lacks, said to The New York Times, "the biggest concern was privacy'--what information was actually going to be out there about our grandmother, and what information they can obtain from her sequencing that will tell them about her children and grandchildren and going down the line." That same year another group working on a different HeLa cell line's genome under National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding submitted it for publication. In August 2013, an agreement was announced between the family and the NIH that gave the family some control over access to the cells' DNA sequence found in the two studies along with a promise of acknowledgement in scientific papers. In addition, two family members will join the six-member committee which will regulate access to the sequence data.[E][36]
    • Recognition [ edit ] In 1996, Morehouse School of Medicine held its first annual HeLa Women's Health Conference. Led by physician Roland Pattillo, the conference is held to give recognition to Henrietta Lacks, her cell line, and "the valuable contribution made by African Americans to medical research and clinical practice".[41][27][42] The mayor of Atlanta declared the date of the first conference, October 11, 1996, "Henrietta Lacks Day".
    • Lacks's contributions continue to be celebrated at yearly events in Turner Station.[44][45] At one such event in 1997, then-U.S. Congressman from Maryland, Robert Ehrlich, presented a congressional resolution recognizing Lacks and her contributions to medical science and research.[46]
    • In 2010, the Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical and Translational Research established the annual Henrietta Lacks Memorial Lecture Series[47] to honor Henrietta Lacks and the global impact of HeLa cells on medicine and research.[48] During the 2018 lectures, the University announced the naming of a new building on the medical campus for Lacks.[49]
    • In 2011, Morgan State University in Baltimore granted Lacks a posthumous honorary doctorate in public service.[50] Also in 2011, the Evergreen School District in Vancouver, Washington, named their new high school focused on medical careers the Henrietta Lacks Health and Bioscience High School, becoming the first organization to memorialize her publicly by naming a school in her honor.[51][52]
    • In 2014, Lacks was inducted into the Maryland Women's Hall of Fame.[53][54] In 2017, a minor planet in the main asteroid belt was named "359426 Lacks" in her honor.[55][56]
    • In 2018, The New York Times published a belated obituary for her,[57] as part of the Overlooked history project.[58][59] Also in 2018, the National Portrait Gallery and the National Museum of African-American History and Culture jointly announced the accession of a portrait of Lacks by Kadir Nelson.[60]
    • On October 6, 2018, Johns Hopkins University announced plans to name a research building in honor of Lacks.[61] The announcement was made at the 9th annual Henrietta Lacks Memorial Lecture in the Turner Auditorium in East Baltimore by Johns Hopkins University President Ronald J. Daniels and Paul B. Rothman, CEO of Johns Hopkins Medicine and dean of the medical faculty of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, surrounded by several of Lacks's descendants. "Through her life and her immortal cells, Henrietta Lacks made an immeasurable impact on science and medicine that has touched countless lives around the world," Daniels said. "This building will stand as a testament to her transformative impact on scientific discovery and the ethics that must undergird its pursuit. We at Johns Hopkins are profoundly grateful to the Lacks family for their partnership as we continue to learn from Mrs. Lacks's life and to honor her enduring legacy." The building will adjoin the Berman Institute of Bioethics' Deering Hall, located at the corner of Ashland and Rutland Avenues and "will support programs that enhance participation and partnership with members of the community in research that can benefit the community, as well as extend the opportunities to further study and promote research ethics and community engagement in research through an expansion of the Berman Institute and its work."[61]
    • In 2020, Lacks was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[62]
    • In 2021, the Henrietta Lacks Enhancing Cancer Research Act of 2019 became law; it states the Government Accountability Office must complete a study about barriers to participation that exist in cancer clinical trials that are federally funded for populations that have been underrepresented in such trials.[63]
    • In 2021, the University of Bristol in the UK commissioned a statue of Henrietta Lacks to be displayed in the University. The sculpture will be created by Helen Wilson-Roe and will be the first statue of a black woman made by a black woman in the UK.[64]
    • In popular culture [ edit ] The question of how and whether her race affected her treatment, the lack of obtaining consent, and her relative obscurity, continues to be controversial.[65][66]
    • The HeLa cell line's connection to Henrietta Lacks was first brought to popular attention in March 1976 with a pair of articles in the Detroit Free Press[67] and Rolling Stone written by reporter Michael Rogers.[68] In 1998, Adam Curtis directed a BBC documentary about Henrietta Lacks called The Way of All Flesh.[69]
    • Rebecca Skloot documented extensive histories of both the HeLa cell line and the Lacks family in two articles published in 2000[25] and 2001[70] and in her 2010 book The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. Skloot worked with Deborah Lacks, who was determined to learn more about her mother, on the book.[10] She used her first royalty check from the book to start the Henrietta Lacks Foundation, which has provided funds like college tuition and medical procedures for Henrietta's family.[71]
    • HBO announced in 2010 that Oprah Winfrey and Alan Ball were developing a film project based on Skloot's book,[27] and in 2016 filming commenced.[72][73] with Winfrey in the leading role of Deborah Lacks, Henrietta's daughter.[74][75] The film The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks was released in 2017, with Ren(C)e Elise Goldsberry portraying Lacks. Sons David Lacks Jr. and Zakariyya Rahman and granddaughter Jeri Lacks, were consultants for the film.
    • HBO also commissioned Kadir Nelson for an oil painting of Lacks. In 2018, the Portrait was jointly acquired by the National Museum of African American History and Culture and the Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery. The wallpaper in the painting is made up of the ''Flower of Life'' alluding to the immortality of her cells. The flowers on her dress resemble images of cell structures, and the two missing buttons on her dress symbolize her cells taken without permission.[76][77]
    • NBC's Law & Order aired its own fictionalized version of Lacks's story in the 2010 episode "Immortal", which Slate referred to as "shockingly close to the true story"[78] and the musical groups Jello Biafra and the Guantanamo School of Medicine and Yeasayer both released songs about Henrietta Lacks and her legacy.[79][80]
    • Members of the Lacks family authored their own stories for the first time in 2013 when Lacks's oldest son and his wife, Lawrence and Bobbette Lacks, wrote a short digital memoir called "Hela Family Stories: Lawrence and Bobbette" with first-hand accounts of their memories of Henrietta Lacks while she was alive and of their own efforts to keep the youngest children out of unsafe living environments following their mother's death.[81]
    • The HeLa Project, a multimedia exhibition to honor Lacks, opened in 2017 in Baltimore at the Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture. It included a portrait by Kadir Nelson and a poem by Saul Williams.[82]
    • HeLa, a play by Chicago playwright J. Nicole Brooks, was commissioned by Sideshow Theatre Company in 2016, with a public staged reading on July 31, 2017. The play was produced by Sideshow at Chicago's Greenhouse Theater Center from November 18 to December 23, 2018. The play uses Lacks's life story as a jumping point for a larger conversation about Afrofuturism, scientific progress, and bodily autonomy.[83]
    • In the series El Ministerio del Tiempo, the immortality of her cells in the lab is cited as the precedent for the character Arteche's "extreme resistance to infections, to injuries, and to cellular degeneration. In other words to aging": that his cells are immortal.[84]
    • In the Netflix original movie Project Power, her case is cited by one of the villains of the story as an example of unwilling trials giving rise to advances for the greater good.[85]
    • See also [ edit ] List of contaminated cell linesReferences [ edit ] Notes [ edit ] ^ "In Steve Silberman's Book Review of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (Nature 463, 610; 2010), ... Your lead-in claims that the death of Henrietta Lacks "led to the first immortal cell line", but that distinction belongs to the L929 cell line, which was derived from mouse connective tissue and described almost a decade earlier (W. Earle J. Natl Cancer Inst. 4, 165''212; 1943). As Silberman notes, Lacks's was the first mass-produced human cell line."[5] ^ Squamous cell carcinoma is a cancer of the squamous cells, a type of epithelial cell, and is the second most-common type of skin cancer. They are found on the neck, head, cervix, anus as well as other body sites.[18] ^ Adenocarcinomas are a type of cancerous tumor or an abnormal growth of epithelial tissue. 10% to 15% of cancers of the cervix are adenocarcinomas, the rest more commonly being squamous cell carcinomas.[20] ^ The roller-tube technique was invented by George Gey in his lab at the University of Pittsburgh. "And then there was the roller drum, the invention that churned in the enormous incubator room Gey built to keep the cell cultures warm. The huge metal drum with holes covering its inner surface gyrated like a cement mixer 24 hours a day. And tucked within each hole, at the bottom of Gey's home-blown-glass roller tubes, were tiny pieces of tissue bathed in nutrient-rich fluids, gathering the nourishment necessary for survival. As the drum rotated one turn every hour, the cells surfaced, free to breathe and excrete until the liquid bathed them again. If all went well, the cells adhered to the walls of the tubes and began to flourish." - Rebecca SklootThis method of growing tissue cultures was also used in the development of Jonas Salk's polio vaccine and by John Enders in his Nobel prize-winning polio research.[31] ^ "The Lacks family and the N.I.H. settled on an agreement: the data from both studies should be stored in the institutes' database of genotypes and phenotypes. Researchers who want to use the data can apply for access and will have to submit annual reports about their research. A so-called HeLa Genome Data Access working group at the N.I.H. will review the applications. Two members of the Lacks family will be members. The agreement does not provide the Lacks family with proceeds from any commercial products that may be developed from research on the HeLa genome."[40] Citations [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Batts, Denise Watson (May 10, 2010). "Cancer cells killed Henrietta Lacks - then made her immortal". The Virginian-Pilot. pp. 1, 12''14. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010 . Retrieved February 20, 2021 . Note: Some sources report her birthday as August 2, 1920, vs. August 1, 1920. ^ Butanis, Benjamin. "The Legacy of Henrietta Lacks" . Retrieved August 2, 2018 . ^ Hayflick, Leonard (March 4, 2010). "Myth-busting about first mass-produced human cell line". Nature. 464 (7285): 30. Bibcode:2010Natur.464...30H. doi:10.1038/464030d . ^ Zielinski, Sarah (January 2, 2010). "Cracking the Code of the Human Genome. Henrietta Lacks' 'Immortal' Cells". Smithsonian . Retrieved December 31, 2016 . ^ Grady, Denise (February 1, 2010). "A Lasting Gift to Medicine That Wasn't Really a Gift". The New York Times . Retrieved August 19, 2012 . ^ a b White, Tracie. "Descendants of Henrietta Lacks Discuss Her Famous Cell Line". Stanford Medicine News Center . Retrieved May 10, 2021 . ^ "Henrietta Lacks Biography". Biography . Retrieved May 10, 2021 . ^ a b Marquardt, Tom. "Tragic Chapter of Crownsville State Hospital's Legacy". Capital Gazette . Retrieved May 10, 2021 . ^ "Turner's Station African American Survey District, Dundalk, Baltimore County 1900''1950" (PDF) . Baltimore County . Retrieved August 19, 2012 . ^ "Baltimore county architectural survey African American Thematic Study" (PDF) . Baltimore County Office of Planning and The Landmarks Preservation Commission . Retrieved August 19, 2012 . ^ Skloot 2010, p. [page needed ]. ^ Nott, Rohini (October 9, 2020). "Henrietta Lacks (1920''1951)". The Embryo Project Encyclopedia . Retrieved December 14, 2020 . ^ "Squamous Cell Carcinoma". Skin Cancer Foundation . Retrieved December 31, 2016 . ^ World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 5.3. ISBN 978-92-832-0429-9. ^ a b c d e f Smith, Van (April 17, 2002). "Wonder Woman: The Life, Death, and Life After Death of Henrietta Lacks, Unwitting Heroine of Modern Medical Science". Baltimore City Paper. Archived from the original on August 14, 2004 . Retrieved September 19, 2016 . ^ a b Skloot, Rebecca (April 2000). "Henrietta's Dance". Johns Hopkins Magazine. Johns Hopkins University . Retrieved October 12, 2016 . ^ a b c d Batts, Denise Watson (May 30, 2010). "After 60 years of anonymity, Henrietta Lacks has a headstone". The Virginian-Pilot. pp. HR1, 7 . Retrieved August 19, 2012 . ^ McLaughlin, Tom (May 31, 2010). "An epitaph, at last | South Boston Virginia News". The News Record . Retrieved December 21, 2012 . ^ Skloot, Rebecca (March 2001). "An Obsession With Culture". PITT Magazine. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on September 24, 2018 . Retrieved December 31, 2016 . By 1950, when Henrietta Lacks walked into Hopkins Hospital complaining of abnormal bleeding, George and Margaret Gey had spent almost thirty years trying to establish an immortal human cell line. ... ^ Gold, Michael (1986). A Conspiracy of Cells: One Woman's Immortal Legacy-And the Medical Scandal It Caused. SUNY Press. p. 20. ^ Skloot, Rebecca (March 2001). "An Obsession With Culture". PITT Magazine. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on September 24, 2018 . Retrieved December 31, 2016 . ^ Lucey, Brendan P.; Nelson-Rees, Walter A.; Hutchins, Grover M. (September 1, 2009). "Henrietta Lacks, HeLa Cells, and Cell Culture Contamination". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 133 (9): 1463''1467. doi:10.5858/133.9.1463. ISSN 0003-9985. PMID 19722756. ^ ^ Puck TT, Marcus PI. A Rapid Method for Viable Cell Titration and Clone Production With Hela Cells In Tissue Culture: The Use of X-Irradiated Cells to Supply Conditioning Factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1955 Jul 15;41(7):432-7. URL: PNASJSTOR ^ a b c Ritter, Malcolm (August 7, 2013). "Feds, family reach deal on use of DNA information". Seattle Times . Retrieved December 31, 2016 . ^ Schwab, Abraham P.; Baily, Mary Ann; Hirschhorn, Kurt; Rhodes, Rosamond; Trusko, Brett (August 15, 2013). Rhodes, Rosamond; Gligorov, Nada; Schwab, Abraham Paul (eds.). The Human Microbiome: Ethical, Legal and Social Concerns. Oxford University Press. pp. 98''99. ISBN 978-0-19-982942-2. In 1973, researchers at Johns Hopkins contacted Lacks family members and asked them to provide blood samples ^ Washington, Harriet (October 1994), "Henrietta Lacks: An Unsung Hero", Emerge Magazine ^ Zimmer, Carl (August 7, 2013). "A Family Consents to a Medical Gift, 62 Years Later". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved December 12, 2016 . ^ Roland A. Pattillo, MD; Roland Matthews, MA (Spring 2006). "Tenth Annual HeLa Women's Health Conference:An Overview and Historical Perspective" (PDF) . Journal of Ethnicity and Disease. International Society on Hypertension in Blacks . Retrieved October 28, 2016 . ^ "2011 First Year Book Program - The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks". University of Maryland . Retrieved September 26, 2016 . ^ Wenger, Yvonne (August 4, 2012). "Henrietta Lacks honored in 15th annual Turners Station celebration". The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved October 27, 2016 . ^ Rodman, Nicole (August 4, 2016). "Honoring the legacy of Henrietta Lacks". The Dundalk Eagle . Retrieved October 27, 2016 '' via PressReader.Com. ^ "In Memory Of Henrietta Lacks -- Hon. Robert L. Ehrlich, Jr. (Extension of Remarks - June 4, 1997)", Congressional Record 105th Congress (1997''1998), The Library of Congress, June 4, 1997 , retrieved May 3, 2016 ^ "Family Recognition, Community Awards, And Author Highlight Henrietta Lacks Memorial Lecture 2010". The Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical and Translational Research. October 2, 2010. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017 . Retrieved June 17, 2016 . ^ "Past Lectures". The Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical and Translational Research. Archived from the original on August 9, 2016 . Retrieved June 17, 2016 . ^ "Johns Hopkins to name research building in honor of Henrietta Lacks". October 6, 2018. ^ "Henrietta Lack Receives an Honorary Degree". All Things Considered. NPR. May 23, 2011 . Retrieved December 30, 2016 . ^ Buck, Howard (September 14, 2011). "Bioscience school gets official name". The Columbian . Retrieved August 19, 2012 . ^ Laufe, Anne (October 2, 2012). "New Vancouver high school will focus on health and medical careers". The Oregonian . Retrieved March 31, 2017 . ^ Squires, Emily Oland. "Maryland Women's Hall of Fame Online". The Maryland State Archives . Retrieved November 6, 2014 . ^ "Henrietta Lacks (1920 - 1951) (Maryland Women's Hall of Fame)". Maryland State Archives . Retrieved January 7, 2017 . ^ "IAU Minor Planet Center". minorplanetcenter.net . Retrieved April 21, 2017 . ^ Chamberlin, Alan (March 14, 2017). "JPL Small-Body Database Browser". Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology . Retrieved April 23, 2017 . ^ Adeel Hassan (March 8, 2018). "Henrietta Lacks, Whose Cells Led to a Medical Revolution". The New York Times . Retrieved March 9, 2018 . ^ Padnani, Amisha (March 8, 2018). "How an Obits Project on Overlooked Women Was Born". The New York Times . Retrieved March 24, 2018 . ^ Padnani, Amisha (March 8, 2018). "Remarkable Women We Overlooked in Our Obituaries". The New York Times . Retrieved March 24, 2018 . ^ "National Portrait Gallery Presents a Portrait of Henrietta Lacks, a Co-Acquisition With the National Museum of African American History and Culture". newsdesk.si.edu . Retrieved May 8, 2018 . ^ a b "Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Medicine and Family of Henrietta Lacks Announce Plans to Name a Research Building in Honor of Henrietta Lacks". Johns Hopkins Medicine Newsroom. October 6, 2018 . Retrieved October 8, 2018 . ^ "National Women's Hall of Fame Virtual Induction Series Inaugural Event December 10, 2020" (PDF) . November 11, 2020 . Retrieved November 12, 2020 . ^ 🖉"Bill Announcement". whitehouse.gov '' via National Archives. ^ "Statue of Henrietta Lacks 'mother of medicine' ordered for Bristol campus". BBC News. March 9, 2021. ^ Coats, Ta-Neshi (February 3, 2010). "Henrietta Lacks And Race". The Atlantic . Retrieved January 15, 2018 . ^ Lynch, Holly Fernandez; Joffe, Steven (April 21, 2017). "A Lesson From the Henrietta Lacks Story: Science Needs Your Cells". The New York Times. ^ Rogers, Michael (March 21, 1976). "The HeLa Strain" . Detroit Free Press. p. 47 . Retrieved March 2, 2017 '' via Newspapers.com. ^ Rogers, Michael (March 25, 1976). "The Double-Edged Helix". Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 2, 2017 . ^ Curtis, Adam (June 25, 2010). "The Undead Henrietta Lacks And Her Immortal Dynasty". BBC . Retrieved January 6, 2017 . ^ Cells That Save Lives are a Mother's Legacy, The New York Times, November 17, 2001. ^ Hendrix, Steve. "On the Eve of an Oprah Movie about Henrietta Lacks, an Ugly Feud Consumes the Family". The Washington Post . Retrieved May 10, 2021 . ^ Britto, Brittany (September 21, 2016). "Oprah Winfrey spotted in Baltimore as 'Henrietta Lacks' movie films in city". The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved December 31, 2016 . ^ Stanhope, Kate (May 2, 2016). "Oprah Winfrey to Star in HBO Films' 'The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks ' ". The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 3, 2016 . ^ Jordan, Tina (December 22, 2016). "See the first photos of Oprah Winfrey in HBO's Henrietta Lacks movie". Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 31, 2016 . ^ Blas, Lorena (May 2, 2016), "Oprah Winfrey to star in HBO's 'Henrietta Lacks' movie", USA Today ^ "Henrietta Lacks". Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved May 10, 2021 . ^ Smith, Ryan. "Famed for 'Immortal' Cells, Henrietta Lacks Is Immortalized in Portraiture". Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved May 10, 2021 . ^ Thomas, June (May 19, 2010). "Ripped From Which Headline? "Immortal " ". Slate . Retrieved August 19, 2012 . ^ Kamen, Jess (June 23, 2014). "Holiday In Baltimore". Baltimore City Paper. ^ "Yeasayer reveal new track 'Henrietta' '' listen". NME. May 16, 2012. ^ Welcome to HeLa Family Stories, HeLa Family Enterprise, LLC, 2013 , retrieved May 3, 2016 ^ "HeLa". Sideshow Theatre Company. 2018 . Retrieved September 27, 2018 . ^ " " The HeLa Project" Exhibition Travels to NY, ATL to Honor Mortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Before Premiere of HBO Film". Good Black News. 2017 . Retrieved April 5, 2017 . ^ El Ministerio Del Tiempo episode 11, season 3, HBO ^ " ' Project Power' Is a Secret Lesson About Science's Dark Side". Wired. August 13, 2020 . Retrieved March 28, 2021 . Bibliography [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Curtis, Adam, Modern Times: The Way of All Flesh (1997) Full documentary Film via YouTubeThe Henrietta Lacks Foundation, a foundation established to, among other things, help provide scholarship funds and health insurance to Henrietta Lacks's family."Henrietta's Tumor", RadioLab segment featuring Deborah Lacks and audio of Skloot's interviews with her, and original recordings of scenes from the book."The Immortal Henrietta Lacks", February 2010 CBS Sunday Morning segment featuring the Lacks Family, February 2010"Henrietta Everlasting: 1950s Cells Still Alive, Helping Science", Wired Magazine 2010 article with timeline of HeLa contributions to scienceE. Fannie Granton and Ronald E. Kisner, "Family Talks about Dead Mother Whose Cells fight Cancer", Jet Magazine (Vol. 50, No. 2), April 1, 1976"25 Years after Death, Black Mother's Cells Live for Cancer Study", Jet Magazine, April 1, 1976Henrietta Lacks at Find a Grave

• Clips
  • 08. A - TBC016 - Max at the Cookout.mp3
  • 09. A - HOT 97 Stephen A Smith Admits “I Told My Bosses 3 Years Straight To Fire Max Kellerman @ Kwame Brown 1.mp3
  • 10. A - Many NBA players are hesitant to promote COVID-19 vaccines First Take 3.mp3
  • 11. A - Stephen A. Smith criticizes LeBron James' vaccination comments 1.mp3
  • 12. A - NBA Some unvaccinated players could miss home games, depending on local rules.mp3
  • 14. B - The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (2017) Official Trailer HBO.mp3
  • 15. B - Oprah Speaks To Tell Story Of Henrietta Lacks, The Woman Who Changed Medicine NBC Nightly News 1.mp3
  • 16. B - Oprah Speaks To Tell Story Of Henrietta Lacks, The Woman Who Changed Medicine NBC Nightly News 2.mp3
  • 17. B - Henrietta Lacks Her Impact and Our Outreach 1.mp3
  • 18. B - Rebecca Skloot on “The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks” 1.mp3
  • 19. B - Rebecca Skloot on “The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks” 2.mp3
  • 20. B - Rebecca Skloot on “The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks” 3.mp3
  • 21. B - TBC29 - RT - Depo-Provera Birth Control Shot - Sterilizing Minorities 1 (Dr. Randy Short).mp3
  • 22. B - How Johns Hopkins' Influence Haunts Baltimore (Pt 1 2) 1.mp3
  • 23. B - Why He's Called William the Conqueror 1.mp3
  • 24. B - How Johns Hopkins' Influence Haunts Baltimore (Pt 1 2) 2.mp3
  • 25. B - How Johns Hopkins' Influence Haunts Baltimore (Pt 1 2) 3.mp3
  • 26. B - How Johns Hopkins' Influence Haunts Baltimore (Pt 1 2) 4.mp3
  • 27. B - VIDEO Covid-19 Vaccine Program Director Admits Injection Destroys Immune System 1.mp3
  • 28. B - An Exclusive Look at Real HeLa Cells 1.mp3
  • 31. C - Actor Michael K. Williams found dead in NYC apartment 1.mp3
  • 32. C - Michael K. Williams’ death leaves painful void in entertainment world Nightline 1.mp3
  • 33. C - Michael K. Williams’ death leaves painful void in entertainment world Nightline 2.mp3
  • 34. C - Watch “The Wire” Star’s Emotional Plea To Fix Juvenile Justice The Beat With Ari Melber MSNBC 1.mp3
  • 35. C - Clay Davis - Apologizing for the short con, setting up the long 1.mp3
  • 36. C - How Johns Hopkins' Influence Haunts Baltimore (Pt 1 2) 1.mp3
  • 37. C - Michael K. Williams’ New Film Caused Him to Reflect on His Battle with Drug Addiction 1.mp3
  • 38. C - The secrets of Drug Treatment Industry - Body Brokers 1.mp3
  • 39. C - Exclusive New details released in FBI 'body brokers' investigation 1.mp3
  • 41. D - Silencing the Scientist Tyrone Hayes on Being Targeted By Herbicide Firm Syngenta 1.mp3
  • 42. D - Silencing the Scientist Tyrone Hayes on Being Targeted By Herbicide Firm Syngenta 2.mp3
  • 43. D - Rep. Cori Bush Vows to Protect Black Birthing People in Hearing on Black Mother Mortality 1.mp3
  • 44. D - The Candace Owens Show Marc Lamont Hill 1.mp3
  • 45. D - Transgender Parent Tries To Breastfeed Child in BIZARRE Viral Video 1.mp3
  • 46. D - Uterus Transplant Surgery FOX35 News 1.mp3
  • 02. A - LeBron James Calls COVID Vaccine Decision ‘Private’.mp3
  • 03. A - Many NBA players are hesitant to promote COVID-19 vaccines First Take 1.mp3
  • 04. A - Charles Barkley Says NBA Players Deserve Vaccine Priority 1.mp3
  • 05. A - Charles Barkley Clarifies COVID Vaccine Remark 1.mp3
  • 06. A - Many NBA players are hesitant to promote COVID-19 vaccines First Take 2.mp3
  • 07. A - TBC016 - Terrell Owens confronts Stephen A. over Colin Kaepernick criticisms First Take.mp3

• Music in this Episode
  • Intro: Kendrick Lamar - The Blacker the Berry 11 sec
  • Outro: Donald Byrd - Butterfly 40 sec

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