• Moe Factz with Adam Curry for June 29th 2022, Episode number 83 - "Sources and Methods"

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• "Sources and Methods"

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  • 2008 California Proposition 8 - Wikipedia
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Wed, 29 Jun 2022 19:41
    •  
    • Ballot proposition and state constitutional amendment passed in November 2008
    • Proposition 8ResponseVotes% Yes7,001,084 52.24% No6,401,482 47.76%Valid votes13,402,566 97.52%Invalid or blank votes340,611 2.48%Total votes13,743,177100.00% Registered voters/turnout 17,304,428 79.42%For
    • 70%''80%
    • 60%''70%
    • 50%''60%
    • Against
    • 70%''80%
    • 60%''70%
    • 50%''60%
    • Source: California Secretary of State[1]Proposition 8, known informally as Prop 8, was a California ballot proposition and a state constitutional amendment intended to ban same-sex marriage; it passed in the November 2008 California state elections and was later overturned in court. The proposition was created by opponents of same-sex marriage in advance[2] of the California Supreme Court's May 2008 appeal ruling, In re Marriage Cases, which followed the short-lived 2004 same-sex weddings controversy and found the previous ban on same-sex marriage (Proposition 22, 2000) unconstitutional. Proposition 8 was ultimately ruled unconstitutional by a federal court (on different grounds) in 2010, although the court decision did not go into effect until June 26, 2013, following the conclusion of proponents' appeals.
    • Proposition 8 countermanded the 2008 ruling by adding the same provision as in Proposition 22 to the California Constitution, providing that "only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California", thereby superseding the 2008 ruling.[3][4][5] As an amendment, it was ruled constitutional by the California Supreme Court in Strauss v. Horton, in 2009, on the grounds that it "carved out a limited [or 'narrow'] exception to the state equal protection clause"; in his dissent, Justice Carlos R. Moreno wrote that exceptions to the equal protection clause could not be made by any majority since its whole purpose was to protect minorities against the will of a majority.
    • Legal challenges to Proposition 8 were presented by opponents quickly after its approval. Following affirmation by the state courts, two same-sex couples filed a lawsuit against the initiative in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California in the case Perry v. Schwarzenegger (later Hollingsworth v. Perry). In August 2010, Chief Judge Vaughn Walker ruled that the amendment was unconstitutional under both the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment,[6] since it purported to re-remove rights from a disfavored class only, with no rational basis. The official proponents' justifications for the measure were analyzed in over fifty pages covering eighty findings of fact. The state government supported the ruling and refused to defend the law.[7] The ruling was stayed pending appeal by the proponents of the initiative. On February 7, 2012, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, in a 2''1 decision, reached the same conclusion as the district court, but on narrower grounds. The court ruled that it was unconstitutional for California to grant marriage rights to same-sex couples, only to take them away shortly after. The ruling was stayed pending appeal to the United States Supreme Court.[8]
    • On June 26, 2013, the Supreme Court of the United States issued its decision on the appeal in the case Hollingsworth v. Perry, ruling that proponents of initiatives such as Proposition 8 did not possess legal standing in their own right to defend the resulting law in federal court, either to the Supreme Court or (previously) to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Therefore, the Supreme Court vacated the decision of the Ninth Circuit, and remanded the case for further proceedings. The decision left the district court's 2010 ruling intact.[9][10][11] On June 28, 2013, the Ninth Circuit, on remand, dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction and dissolved their previous stay of the district court's ruling, enabling Governor Jerry Brown to order same-sex marriages to resume.[12]
    • The passage of Proposition 8 received widespread media coverage over the amendment's effect on the concurrent 2008 presidential and congressional elections, as well as the pre-election effects Proposition 8 had on California's reputation as a historically LGBT-friendly state and the same-sex marriage debate that had started after same-sex marriage was legalized in Massachusetts through a 2004 court decision. After the results were certified and same-sex marriages ceased, supporters of the initiative were targeted by opponents with actions ranging from some opponents publicly shaming supporters by disclosing their names and addresses online and boycotting proponents' businesses and employers to others threatening supporters with murder and vandalizing their homes and property.
    • Overview In 2000, the State of California adopted Proposition 22 which, as an ordinary statute, forbade recognition or licensing of same-sex marriages in the state. During February and March 2004, San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom directed the licensing of same-sex marriages on the basis of the state's equal protection clause, prompted also by recent events including George W. Bush's proposed constitutional ban, a possible legal case by Campaign for California Families (CCF), and a Supreme Court of Massachusetts ruling deeming same-sex marriage bans unconstitutional and permitting them from May 2004. While only lasting a month before being overruled, this was supported by other cities such as San Jose,[13] gained global attention, and led to the case In re Marriage Cases, in which Proposition 22 was found (San Francisco County Superior Court, March 14, 2005) and confirmed upon appeal (California Supreme Court, May 15, 2008) to be unconstitutional.
    • Proposition 8 was created by opponents of same-sex marriage prior to the final ruling on In re Marriage Cases as a voter ballot initiative, and voted on at the time of the November 2008 elections. Its wording was precisely the same as Proposition 22, which as an ordinary statute, had been invalidated in 2008, but by re-positioning it as a State constitutional amendment rather than a legislative statute, it was able to circumvent the ruling from In re Marriage Cases.[14] The proposition did not affect domestic partnerships in California,[15] nor (following subsequent legal rulings) did it reverse same-sex marriages that had been performed during the interim period May to November 2008 (i.e. after In re Marriage Cases but before Proposition 8).[16][17][18]
    • Proposition 8 came into immediate effect on November 5, 2008, the day after the elections. Demonstrations and protests occurred across the state and nation. Same-sex couples and government entities, including couples who had married before then, filed numerous lawsuits with the California Supreme Court challenging the proposition's validity and effect on previously administered same-sex marriages. In Strauss v. Horton, the California Supreme Court upheld Proposition 8, but allowed the existing same-sex marriages to stand (under the grandfather clause principle). (Justice Carlos R. Moreno dissented that exceptions to the equal protection clause could not be made by any majority since its whole purpose was to protect minorities against the will of a majority.)
    • Although upheld in State court, Proposition 8 was ruled unconstitutional by the federal courts. In Perry v. Schwarzenegger, United States District Court Judge Vaughn Walker overturned Proposition 8 on August 4, 2010, ruling that it violated both the Due Process and Equal Protection clauses of the U.S. Constitution.[19] Walker issued a stay (injunction) against enforcing Proposition 8 and a stay to determine suspension of his ruling pending appeal.[20][21] The State of California did not appeal the ruling (with which it had agreed anyway) leaving the initiative proponents and one county to seek an appeal.
    • On appeal, a Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals panel ruled the county had no right of appeal, and asked the California Supreme Court to rule whether the proponents of Prop 8 had the right to appeal (known as "standing") if the State did not do so. The California Supreme Court ruled that they did. The Ninth Circuit affirmed the federal district court's decision on February 7, 2012,[22] but the stay remained in place as appeals continued to the U.S. Supreme Court,[23] which heard oral arguments in the appeal Hollingsworth v. Perry on March 26, 2013.[24] On June 26, 2013, the Supreme Court dismissed the appeal and ruled that the Ninth Circuit had erred in allowing the previous appeal, since in line with Article III of the Constitution and many prior cases unanimous on the point, being an initiative proponents is not enough by itself to have federal court standing or appeal a ruling in federal court. This left the original federal district court ruling against Proposition 8 as the outcome, and same sex marriages resumed almost immediately afterwards.
    • History of the ballot initiative Proposition 8 (ballot title: Eliminates Rights of Same-Sex Couples to Marry. Initiative Constitutional Amendment; originally titled the "California Marriage Protection Act")[25][26] was a California ballot proposition that changed the California Constitution to add a new section 7.5 to Article I, which reads: "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."[3][4][5] This change restricted the definition of marriage to opposite-sex couples, and eliminated same-sex couples' right to marry, thereby overriding portions of the ruling of In re Marriage Cases by "carving out an exception to the preexisting scope of the privacy and due process clauses"[27] of the state constitution.
    • To qualify for the ballot, Proposition 8 needed 694,354 valid petition signatures, equal to 8% of the total votes cast for governor in the November 2006 general election. The initiative proponents submitted 1,120,801 signatures, and on June 2, 2008, the initiative qualified for the November 4, 2008 election ballot through the random sample signature check.[28]
    • Full text Proposition 8 consisted of two sections. Its full text was:[29]
    • SECTION 1. Title
    • This measure shall be known and may be cited as the "California Marriage Protection Act."
    • SECTION 2. Article I, Section 7.5 is added to the California Constitution, to read:
    • Sec. 7.5. Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California.
    • Pre-election legal challenges Petition to remove proposition from ballot On July 16, 2008, the California Supreme Court denied a petition calling for the removal of Proposition 8 from the November ballot. The petition asserted the proposition should not be on the ballot on the grounds it was a constitutional revision that only the legislature or a constitutional convention could place before voters. Opponents also argued that the petitions circulated to qualify the measure for the ballot inaccurately summarized its effect. The court denied the petition without comment.[30] As a general rule, it is improper for courts to adjudicate pre-election challenges to a measure's substantive validity.[31] The question of whether Proposition 8 is a constitutional amendment or constitutional revision was ruled on by the California Supreme Court on May 26, 2009, and found that it was not a revision and therefore would be upheld. They also declared that the same-sex marriages performed prior to the passing of Prop 8 would remain valid.[32]
    • Challenge to title and summary The measure was titled: "Eliminates Rights of Same-Sex Couples to Marry. Initiative Constitutional Amendment." The ballot summary read that the measure "changes the California Constitution to eliminate the right of same-sex couples to marry in California."[33][34]
    • Proponents of the measure objected to the wording of the ballot title and summary on the grounds that they were argumentative and prejudicial. The resulting legal petition Jansson v. Bowen[35] was dismissed August 7, 2008, by California Superior Court Judge Timothy M. Frawley, who ruled that "the title and summary includes an essentially verbatim recital of the text of the measure itself",[36] and that the change was valid because the measure did, in fact, eliminate a right upheld by the California Supreme Court.
    • As California State Attorney General, Jerry Brown (shown here campaigning for Governor in 2010) had the ballot's description and title changed from "Limit on Marriage" to "Eliminates the right of same-sex couples to marry".
    • [37]California Attorney General Jerry Brown explained that the changes were required to more "accurately reflect the measure" in light of the California Supreme Court's intervening In re Marriage Cases decision.[38]
    • On July 22, 2008, Proposition 8 supporters mounted a legal challenge to the revised ballot title and summary, contending that Attorney General Brown inserted "language [...] so inflammatory that it will unduly prejudice voters against the measure".[39] Supporters claimed that research showed that an attorney general had never used an active verb like "eliminates" in the title of a ballot measure in the past fifty years in which ballot measures have been used.[39] Representatives of the attorney general produced twelve examples of ballot measures using the word "eliminates" and vouched for the neutrality and accuracy of the ballot language.[40][41]
    • On August 8, 2008, the California Superior Court turned down the legal challenge, affirming the new title and summary, stating, "the title and summary is not false or misleading because it states that Proposition 8 would 'eliminate the right of same-sex couples to marry' in California." The Superior Court based their decision on the previous Marriages Cases ruling in which the California Supreme Court held that same-sex couples have a constitutional right to marry under the California Constitution.[38][42] That same day, proponents of Prop. 8 filed an emergency appeal with the state appeals court. The Court of Appeal denied their petition later that day and supporters did not seek a review by the Supreme Court of California.[43][44] The deadline for court action on the wording of ballot summaries and arguments in the voter pamphlet was August 11, 2008.[45]
    • While turning down the challenge to the title and summary, the California Superior Court also found that the Yes on 8 campaign had overstated its ballot argument on the measure's impact on public schools and ordered a minor change in wording. The original arguments included a claim that the Supreme Court's legalization of same-sex marriage requires teachers to tell their students, as young as kindergarten age, that same-sex marriage is the same as opposite-sex marriage. The court said the Yes on 8 argument was false because instruction on marriage is not required and parents can withdraw their children. The court said the ballot argument could be preserved by rewording it to state that teachers "may" or "could" be required to tell children there is no difference between same-sex and opposite-sex marriage.[42]
    • Campaign Campaign funding and spending The pro- and anti-Prop 8 campaigns spent a combined $106 million on the campaign.[46] This was not the most expensive California ballot proposition that year, however; the 2008 campaigns for and against Propositions 94, 95, 96, and 97, dealing with the expansion of Native American gambling, surpassed Prop 8, with combined expenditures of $172 million.[46]
    • By election day, volunteers on both sides spent thousands of hours getting their messages across to the state's 17.3 million registered voters.[47][48] The campaigns for and against Proposition 8 raised $39.0 million ($11.3 million or 29.1% from outside California) and $44.1 million ($13.2 million or 30.0% from outside California), respectively,[49] from over 64,000 people in all 50 states and more than 20 foreign countries, setting a new record nationally for a social policy initiative and more than for every other race in the country in spending except the presidential contest.[50] Contributions were much greater than those of previous same-sex marriage initiatives. Between 2004 and 2006, 22 such measures were on ballots around the country, and donations to all of them combined totaled $31.4 million, according to OpenSecrets.[51] A ProtectMarriage.com spokeswoman estimated that 36 companies which had previously contributed to Equality California were targeted to receive a letter requesting similar donations to ProtectMarriage.com.[52][53][54][55]
    • The California Fair Political Practices Commission fined the LDS Church in 2010 for failing to follow campaign disclosure policies during the last two weeks leading up to the election, which amounted to $37,000 in non-monetary contributions. They were fined $5,538.[56]
    • Both proponents and opponents of Proposition 8 made significant use of online tactics for campaigning. For example, over 800 videos were posted on YouTube, most consisting of original content and most taking a position against the Proposition. A greater proportion of 'Yes on 8' videos were scripted and professionally produced. Many 'No on 8' videos recorded demonstrations in the aftermath of the election.[57]
    • Proponents Proponents of the constitutional amendment argued that exclusively heterosexual marriage was "an essential institution of society", that leaving the constitution unchanged would "result in public schools teaching our kids that gay marriage is okay", and that gay people "do not have the right to redefine marriage for everyone else".[59]
    • The ProtectMarriage.com organization sponsored the initiative that placed Proposition 8 on the ballot[60] and continues to support the measure. The measure also attracted the support of a number of political figures and religious organizations.
    • Political figures Republican presidential nominee and U.S. Senator John McCain released a statement of support for the proposed constitutional amendment.[61] Former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich released a video in support. Both characterized the court ruling requiring recognition of same sex marriage as being against the will of the people.[62] A political action committee run by former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney, who personally supported the proposition, donated $10,000 to the National Organization for Marriage during their campaign for the proposition.[63]
    • Religious organizations The Roman Catholic Church,[64] as well as a Roman Catholic lay fraternal organization, the Knights of Columbus,[65] firmly supported the measure. The bishops of the California Catholic Conference released a statement supporting the proposition,[66] a position met with mixed reactions among church members, including clergy.[67][68]
    • George Hugh Niederauer as Archbishop of San Francisco campaigned in 2008 in favor of the Proposition, and claimed to have been instrumental in forging alliances between Catholics and Mormons to support the measure.[69] His successor, Salvatore Cordileone was regarded as instrumental in devising the initiative. Campaign finance records show he personally gave at least $6,000 to back the voter-approved ban[70] and was instrumental in raising $1.5 million to put the proposition on the ballot.[71] Subsequently, as archbishop of San Francisco, he has called publicly for an amendment to the US Constitution as "the only remedy in law against judicial activism" following the number of state same-sex marriage bans struck down by federal judges. He also attended and addressed the audience at the "March for Marriage", a rally opposing marriage for same-sex couples, in Washington, D.C., in June 2014.[72]
    • In California's 2008 election the Knights of Columbus attracted media attention when they donated more than $1.4 million to Proposition 8.[73] The Order was the largest financial supporter of the successful effort to maintain a legal definition of marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[74]
    • Rally for Yes on Prop 8 in
    • FresnoThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[75][76][77] (LDS Church), also publicly supported the proposition. The First Presidency of the church announced its support for Proposition 8 in a letter intended to be read in every congregation in California. In this letter, church members were encouraged to "do all you can to support the proposed constitutional amendment by donating of your means and time".[75] The church produced and broadcast to its congregations a program describing the support of the Proposition, and describing the timeline it proposes for what it describes as grassroots efforts to support the Proposition.[78] Local church leaders set organizational and monetary goals for their membership'--sometimes quite specific'--to fulfill this call.[79][80] The response of church members to their leadership's appeals to donate money and volunteer time was very supportive,[81] such that Latter-day Saints provided a significant source for financial donations in support of the proposition, both inside and outside the State of California.[82] LDS members contributed over $20 million,[83] about 45% of out-of-state contributions to ProtectMarriage.com came from Utah, over three times more than any other state.[84]ProtectMarriage, the official proponent of Proposition 8, estimates that about half the donations they received came from Mormon sources, and that LDS church members made up somewhere between 80% and 90% of the volunteers for early door-to-door canvassing.[85]
    • Other religious organizations that supported Proposition 8 include the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America,[86] Eastern Orthodox Church,[87] a group of Evangelical Christians led by Jim Garlow and Miles McPherson,[88] American Family Association, Focus on the Family[89] and the National Organization for Marriage.[90] Rick Warren, pastor of Saddleback Church, also endorsed the measure.[91]
    • Others The Grossmont Union High School District in San Diego County, California, publicly voted on a resolution endorsing Proposition 8. The Governing Board voted 4''0 to endorse the amendment of the California State Constitution.[92]
    • The Asian Heritage Coalition held a rally in support of Proposition 8 in downtown San Diego on October 19, 2008.[93]
    • During the November 2008 election campaign, Porterville's City Council was the only City Council in California that passed a Resolution in favor of Proposition 8.[94]
    • "Whether You Like It or Not" advertisement Gay marriage press conference, 2008
    • In the months leading up to Election Day, Proposition 8 supporters released a commercial featuring San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom stating in a speech regarding same-sex marriage: "This door's wide open now. It's going to happen, whether you like it or not."[95] Some observers noted that polls shifted in favor of Proposition 8 following the release of the commercial; this, in turn, led to much speculation about Newsom's unwitting role in the passage of the amendment.[96][97][98]
    • Opponents Official "Vote NO on Prop 8" logo
    • Opponents argued that "the freedom to marry is fundamental to our society", that the California constitution "should guarantee the same freedom and rights to everyone", and that the proposition "mandates one set of rules for gay and lesbian couples and another set for everyone else". They also argued that "equality under the law is a fundamental constitutional guarantee" (see Equal Protection Clause).[59]
    • Equality for All was the lead organization opposed to Proposition 8.[99] They also ran the NoOnProp8.com campaign.[100] As with the measure's proponents, opponents of the measure also included a number of political figures and religious organizations. Some non-partisan organizations and corporations, as well as the editorial boards of many of the state's major newspapers, also opposed the measure.
    • Political figures Democratic presidential nominee and U.S. Senator Barack Obama stated that while he personally considered marriage to be between a man and woman,[101] and supported civil unions that confer comparable rights rather than gay marriage,[102] he opposed "divisive and discriminatory efforts to amend the California Constitution... the U.S. Constitution or those of other states".[103] Democratic vice-presidential candidate Joseph Biden also opposed the proposition.[104] Republican California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger stated that although he opposed and twice vetoed legislative bills that would recognize same-sex marriage in California, he respected and would uphold the court's ruling and oppose the initiative and other attempts to amend the state's constitution.[105][106] The U.S. House Speaker, California Representative (8th District), Nancy Pelosi[107] along with other members of the California congressional delegation and both of California's U.S. senators, Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer, voiced their opposition to Proposition 8.[108] Also voicing their opposition were the Lieutenant Governor, State Controller John Chiang, former governor and Attorney General Jerry Brown, 42 of 80 members of the state assembly, half of the state senators, and the mayors of San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego: Gavin Newsom, Antonio Villaraigosa, and Jerry Sanders, respectively.[109][110][111][112]
    • Religious organizations All six Episcopal diocesan bishops in California jointly issued a statement opposing Proposition 8 on September 10, 2008.[113] Southern California's largest collection of rabbis, the Board of Rabbis of Southern California, voted to oppose Proposition 8.[114] Other Jewish groups who opposed Proposition 8 include Jewish Mosaic,[115] the American Jewish Committee, Progressive Jewish Alliance, National Council of Jewish Women, and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL).[86] The ADL filed amicus briefs urging the Supreme Court of California, Ninth Circuit, and the Supreme Court to invalidate Prop 8.[116] Los Angeles Jews were more opposed to Prop 8 than any other religious group or ethnic group in the city. Seventy-eight percent of surveyed Jewish Angelenos voted against the measure while only 8% supported the measure; the remainder declined to respond.[117] The legislative ministry of the Unitarian Universalists opposed Proposition 8, and organized phone banks toward defeating the measure.[118] They saw opposition to the proposition as a civil rights and social justice issue and their actions against it as a continuation of their previous works in civil rights.
    • In addition, the California Council of Churches urged the "immediate removal of Proposition 8"'--saying that it infringes on the freedom of religion for churches who wish to bless same-sex unions.[119]
    • Others The League of Women Voters of California opposed Proposition 8 because "no person or group should suffer legal, economic or administrative discrimination".[120] Additionally, all but two of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's local chapters in California and NAACP national chairman Julian Bond and President Benjamin Jealous opposed Proposition 8.[121] Amnesty International also condemned Proposition 8, saying that "states should never withhold rights based on minority status".[122]
    • A coalition of Silicon Valley executives urged a 'No' vote on Proposition 8.[123] Google officially opposed Proposition 8 "as an issue of equality", and its founders donated $140,000 to the No on 8 campaign.[124][125][126] Apple Inc. also opposed Proposition 8 as a "fundamental" civil rights issue, and donated $100,000 to the No on 8 campaign.[126][127] Biotech leaders warned of potential damage to the state's $73 billion industry, citing Massachusetts as a top competitor for employees.[128]
    • Many members of the entertainment industry were opposed to Proposition 8.[129] Actor Tom Hanks, a strong supporter of same-sex marriage, was extremely outspoken about his opposition to the bill. Brad Pitt and Steven Spielberg each donated different amounts of money to the opposition campaign "No on 8".[130] In 2010, the documentary film 8: The Mormon Proposition premiered to sell-out audiences at the Sundance Film Festival.
    • The Los Angeles Unified School District Board of Education voted unanimously for a resolution to oppose Proposition 8.[131] The California Teachers Association donated one million dollars to fight Proposition 8.[132] Chancellor Robert Birgeneau of UC Berkeley urged a vote against the measure, claiming a likely threat to California's academic competitiveness if Proposition 8 is passed.[133]
    • Newspaper editorials All ten of the state's largest newspapers editorialized against Proposition 8, including the Los Angeles Times,[134] and the San Francisco Chronicle.[135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143] Other papers to have editorialized in opposition includeThe New York Times,[144] La Opini"n (Los Angeles),[145] and The Bakersfield Californian.[146]
    • Actions against supporters and opponents After the election, a number of protests were held against the referendum's passing. These included candlelight vigils outside organizations such as LDS churches that promoted the proposition.[147][148] Rallies against the amendment took place in California and across the country, with participants numbering in thousands.[149][150][151][152][153][154]
    • Boycotts were also a feature of public response to the outcome of the election. LGBT rights groups published lists of donors to the Yes on 8 campaign and organized boycotts of individuals or organizations who had promoted or donated to it.[155][156][157] Targets of the boycotts included the Sundance Film Festival in Utah, El Coyote Cafe, California Musical Theatre, and the Manchester Grand Hyatt Hotel.[157][158][159]
    • Some supporters of Proposition 8 reported receiving death threats, some of which claimed to be "stemming from Prop 8".[160][161] Some LDS churches were vandalized with spray paint.[162][163]
    • Fresno-area supporters of gay marriage were also harassed; "No On 8" signs at the Clovis Unitarian Universalist Church were torn up, with Reverend Bryan Jessup alleging that his church experienced vandalism "every night".[160] Santa Clara County Deputy District Attorney (DDA) Jay Boyarsky attributed a surge in anti-gay hate crimes, from 3 in 2007 to 14 in 2008, to controversy over Proposition 8.[164]
    • Pre-decision opinion polls Various opinion polls were conducted to estimate the outcome of the proposition. Those margins with differences less than their margins of error are marked as "n.s.", meaning not significant (see Statistical significance). Those margins considered statistically significant are indicated with the percentage points and the side favored in the poll, as either "pro" for in favor of the proposition's passage (e.g., 1% pro), or "con" for against its passage (e.g., 1% con).
    • According to the director of the Field Poll, the discrepancy between the pre-election polls and ballot results is because "regular church-goers ... were more prone than other voters to be influenced by last-minute appeals to conform to orthodox church positions when voting on a progressive social issue like same-sex marriage."[165]
    • Date of opinion pollConducted bySample size(likely voters)In favorAgainstUndecidedMarginMargin of ErrorOctober 29''31, 2008[166]SurveyUSA63747%50%3%n.s.±4%October 18''28, 2008[167]The Field Poll96644%49%7%5% con±3.3%October 12''19, 2008[168]Public Policy Institute of California1,18644%52%4%8% con±3%October 15''16, 2008[169]SurveyUSA61548%45%7%n.s.±4%October 4''5, 2008[170][171]SurveyUSA67047%42%10%5% pro±3.9%September 23''24, 2008[172][173]SurveyUSA66144%49%8%5% con±3.9%September 9''16, 2008[174]Public Policy Institute of California1,15741%55%4%14% con±3%September 5''14, 2008[175]The Field Poll83038%55%7%17% con±3.5%August 12''19, 2008[176][177]Public Policy Institute of California1,04740%54%6%14% con±3%July 8''14, 2008[18][178]The Field Poll67242%51%7%9% con±3.9%May 17''26, 2008[179]The Field Poll1,05242%51%7%9% con±3.2%May 22, 2008[180]Los Angeles Times/KTLA70554%35%11%19% pro±4%Results County Results
    • For 70%''80%
    • 60%''70%
    • 50%''60%
    • Against 70%''80%
    • 60%''70%
    • 50%''60%
    • Proposition 8[1]ChoiceVotes% Yes7,001,08452.24No6,401,48247.76Amending the California Constitution by voter initiative requires a simple majority to be enacted.[181]
    • Edison/Mitofsky conducted an exit poll on behalf of the National Election Pool which is the only source of data on voter demographics in California in the 2008 election.[182][183] The statistical trends from the exit poll of 2,240 voters suggested that an array of voters came out both in opposition to and in support of Proposition 8, with no single demographic group making up most of either the Yes or No vote. The National Election Pool poll showed that support for Proposition 8 was strong amongst African American voters, interviewed in the exit poll with 70% in favor, more than any other racial group.[184] Their support was considered crucial to the proposition's passing, since African Americans made up an unusually larger percentage of voters that year, due to the presence of Barack Obama on the ballot.[185] Polls by both the Associated Press and CNN mirrored this data, reporting support among black voters to be at 70%[186] and 75%,[187] respectively. A later study by the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF), examining the black vote only from five counties within the state, suggested that black support was closer to 58%.[188][189]
    • Hispanic and Latino voters also voted for Proposition 8.[190]
    • Those who described themselves as religious were the strongest supporters of Prop 8.[191] According to the NGLTF study, self-identified Catholics and Protestants supported Prop 8 by measures of 55% and 66%, respectively,[192] while Jews overwhelmingly opposed it, with support at only 17%.[193][194] Young voters were more likely to have voted against the ballot measure than older voters, while Republicans were more likely to have supported the measure than were Democrats.[195]
    • County breakdown Breakdown of voting by county[1]CountyYesVotesNoVotesKern75.3%175,16724.7%57,496Tulare75.1%78,57824.9%26,113Modoc74.2%3,27925.8%1,142Kings73.7%25,82126.3%9,244Madera73.5%30,90626.5%11,193Glenn73.3%7,23526.7%2,644Tehama72.8%17,77727.2%6,675Colusa71.6%4,55628.4%1,815Lassen71.3%8,02128.7%3,241Merced70.8%44,80029.2%18,520Sutter70.4%23,03229.6%9,707Shasta69.7%55,69830.3%24,224Imperial69.7%27,04830.3%11,783Fresno68.7%185,99331.3%83,122Stanislaus67.9%108,98832.1%51,598Yuba67.6%14,32332.4%6,868San Bernardino66.8%404,76233.2%202,227San Joaquin65.5%135,72834.5%71,747Riverside64.7%417,13335.3%228,449Sierra64.2%1,27335.8%711Amador64.0%11,94536.0%6,725Calaveras63.9%14,62436.1%8,588Tuolumne62.6%16,96437.4%10,163Mariposa62.1%5,96137.9%3,640Inyo60.6%5,11639.4%3,334Del Norte60.1%5,65839.9%3,770Siskiyou60.0%12,66840.0%8,475Plumas60.0%6,57640.0%4,401Placer59.8%102,97740.2%69,444El Dorado58.3%53,83741.7%38,534Orange57.7%659,03742.3%484,015Trinity56.2%3,56343.8%2,785Butte56.1%54,82243.9%43,045Solano55.9%89,29244.1%70,680San Benito54.8%10,65745.2%8,794Sacramento53.9%289,37846.1%248,444San Diego53.8%655,62546.2%565,054Ventura52.9%178,71947.1%159,284Lake52.0%13,03648.0%12,080San Luis Obispo51.1%67,30448.9%64,555Los Angeles50.1%1,624,67249.9%1,622,287Nevada50.1%27,61749.9%27,614Monterey48.4%62,25151.6%66,191Santa Barbara46.4%80,11753.6%92,305Contra Costa44.6%198,71355.4%246,753Napa44.4%26,22755.6%32,742Mono44.2%2,42555.8%3,050Santa Clara44.2%291,34755.8%367,053Alpine43.6%29356.4%379Yolo41.3%32,81656.4%46,537Humboldt39.9%25,29660.1%37,963San Mateo38.2%114,69561.8%185,127Alameda38.0%232,92362.0%378,692Mendocino36.8%14,64963.2%25,072Sonoma33.5%76,14366.5%150,763Santa Cruz28.7%36,16371.3%89,793Marin24.9%34,32475.1%103,341San Francisco24.8%92,53675.2%280,491Post-election events Immediate response A post Prop 8 demonstration at the State Capitol
    • In California, a constitutional amendment passed by the electorate takes effect the day after the election.[181] On the evening of November 4 the "Yes on 8" campaign issued a statement by Ron Prentice, the chairman of ProtectMarriage.com, saying "The people of California stood up for traditional marriage and reclaimed this great institution."[196] The organizers of the "No on Prop 8" campaign issued a statement on November 6 saying, "Tuesday's vote was deeply disappointing to all who believe in equal treatment under the law."[197] The counties of Los Angeles, San Francisco, Yolo, Kern, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Sonoma, San Diego, San Bernardino, Sacramento, and Tuolumne stopped issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples the day after the election.[198][199][200][201]
    • Following the passage of Proposition 8, mass protests took place across the state. These included protests outside the LDS Church's Los Angeles California Temple in Westwood, Los Angeles;[202] a march through Hollywood that blocked traffic and elicited police intervention;[203] a candlelight vigil in front of the Sacramento Gay and Lesbian Center and a large demonstration in front of the state capitol.[204] In San Francisco, thousands gathered in front of the City Hall, along with Mayor Gavin Newsom, to protest the proposition and to perform a candlelight vigil.[205]
    • Fines Following an audit by the California Franchise Tax Board, the proponents of Proposition 8 are facing a fine of $49,000 for violating California campaign finance disclosure laws, by failing to report $1,169,292 in contributions under the timelines required by state law.[206]
    • Protests Following the passage of Proposition 8, mass protests took place across the state. These included protests outside a temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Westwood, Los Angeles;[207] a march through Hollywood that blocked traffic and elicited police intervention;[208] and a candlelight vigil in front of the Sacramento Gay and Lesbian Center.[209]
    • On Sunday November 9 an estimated crowd of 4,000 people protested in front of the California State Capitol.[210] In San Francisco, thousands gathered in front of the City Hall to protest the proposition and to perform a candlelit vigil. Speakers who voiced their opinion in opposition of Proposition 8 included state senator Mark Leno and mayor Gavin Newsom.[211]
    • Outside California, a protest at the headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Salt Lake City, Utah[212] was addressed by local gay rights supporters including former Salt Lake City Mayor Rocky Anderson and three gay members of the Utah Legislature: Senator Scott McCoy and Representatives Christine Johnson and Jackie Biskupski.[213] On November 12, 2008, more than 10,000 protesters gathered outside the Manhattan New York Temple to protest the support of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for Proposition 8.[214] On November 15, 2008, tens of thousands of people in cities around the United States participated in rallies to protest the passage of Proposition 8 and to promote the expansion of civil marriage to same-sex couples throughout the nation.[215]
    • Boycotts The passage of Proposition 8 led to opponents responding by publicly shaming its supporters as bigots and boycotting supporters' businesses and employers. On November 7, 2008, a blogger revealed that Scott Eckern, then Artistic Director of California Musical Theatre, had made a personal donation of $1,000 to the "Yes on 8" campaign.[216] All campaign contributions of $1,000 or more required a name, home and occupation be listed. On November 10, gay artists condemned Eckern and called for a boycott of California Musical Theatre.[217] On November 11, Eckern issued an apology on the online site Playbill stating that a similar donation had been made to a human rights organization that includes gay rights as one of its causes.[218] On November 12, Eckern resigned from California Musical Theatre. Executive producer of the CMT Richard Lewis stated that Eckern was not forced to resign but did so of his own accord.[219]
    • Richard Raddon, Director of the Los Angeles Film Festival, also resigned due to boycotts by the gay community.[220]
    • Protests in California were marred by racial incidents. Due to their support of Proposition 8, reported as high as 70 percent, some African Americans attending events were allegedly subjected to racial epithets and felt threatened. California Assembly Speaker Karen Bass stated she was disturbed by the treatment of African Americans in the aftermath of the passage of the proposition.In reaction to the racial incidents, Evan Wolfson said, "In any fight, there will be people who say things they shouldn't say, but that shouldn't divert attention from what the vast majority are saying against this, that it's a terrible injustice."[221][222]
    • Media To protest the passage of Proposition 8, musical theatre composer Marc Shaiman wrote a satiric mini-musical called "Prop 8 '-- The Musical".[223] The three-minute video was distributed on the internet at FunnyOrDie.com. The cast includes Jack Black (who plays Jesus), Nicole Parker, Neil Patrick Harris, John C. Reilly, Allison Janney, Andy Richter, Maya Rudolph, Margaret Cho, Rashida Jones, Kathy Najimy, Sarah Chalke, Jennifer Lewis, John Hill and other celebrities. It was directed by Adam Shankman. The video satirizes Christian churches that selectively pick and choose biblical doctrines to follow.[224] It received 1.2 million internet hits in its first day,[225][226] won the 2009 Webby Award category Comedy: Individual Short or Episode,[227] and won a GLAAD media award.[228]
    • In 2010, 8: The Mormon Proposition, a documentary alleging the involvement of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the passage of Proposition 8. Written by Reed Cowan and narrated by Dustin Lance Black, the film divided critics over a perceived heavy-handed approach to the church's involvement; it won the 2011 GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Documentary.
    • In 2011, 8, a play re-enacting the proceedings of Perry v. Brown in a condensed manner of documentary theatre, was premiered on Broadway.
    • Controversies about campaign financing and donations On November 13, 2008, Fred Karger of the group Californians Against Hate filed a complaint with the California Fair Political Practices Commission that campaign finance reports filed by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints under-reported its actual Proposition 8 campaign expenses as $2,078.97.[229][230] Karger charged that the Church's failure to report "non-monetary contributions" placed it in violation of California's Political Reform Act. Church spokesman Scott Trotter denied the charges, saying the church had "fully complied with the reporting requirements" and a "further report will be filed on or before [...the] due date, Jan. 30, 2009."[231]
    • In a report filed with the California Secretary of State's office January 30, 2009, the LDS Church reported its non-monetary expenditures as $189,903.58.[232] On January 31, the San Francisco Chronicle stated, "While the deadline for the report, which covers the period from July 1 to Dec. 31, is [February 2], many campaign contributions by major donors and independent committees must be reported within days after they're made." The article further stated that the executive director of the FPPC stated that the LDS church was still under investigation, and "In general, however, 'cases like these hinge over what had to be reported and when it had to be reported.' A late report covering disputed filings 'wouldn't remove the obligation to file on time' but would be considered by investigators."[233]
    • The Boston Herald reported on February 2, 2009:[234]
    • While many church members had donated directly to the Yes on 8 campaign'--some estimates of Mormon giving range as high as $20 million'--the church itself had previously reported little direct campaign activity.But in the filing made Friday, the Mormon church reported thousands in travel expenses, such as airline tickets, hotel rooms and car rentals for the campaign. The church also reported $96,849.31 worth of 'compensated staff time''--hours that church employees spent working to pass the same-sex marriage ban.
    • In a statement issued February 2, 2009, the LDS Church responded to "erroneous news reports", saying its subsequent disclosure was "in no way prompted by an investigation by the California Fair Political Practices Commission," that "We believe we have complied with California law," and that the report's filing date met the January 31, 2009 deadline:[235]
    • The Church, like other organizations on both sides of the ballot issue, was required to publicly file these donations by the 31 January deadline. The Church has been filing required contribution reports throughout the campaign. Those earlier donations 'initially stated' were filed for specific time periods prior to this last reporting period, as required by law. Other groups are also filing their final contribution reports to meet the same deadline.
    • On January 7, 2009, supporters of Proposition 8 filed a federal lawsuit to block public disclosure of their donations. Alleging threats against their lives as well as other forms of harassment, the lawsuit also requested a preliminary injunction that ordered the California Secretary of State to remove information about donations posted on its website. Opponents of Proposition 8 called it "hypocritical" that its supporters would refer to their support of the measure as the "will of the people" while seeking to overturn voter-approved campaign disclosure laws.[236] U.S. District Judge Morrison England, Jr. denied that request on January 29; he said that the public had the right to know about donors of political causes, that he did not agree that the plaintiffs had a probability of success in court, and that they had not proven they would suffer "irreparable injury" if he did not grant the preliminary injunction.[237]
    • Litigation California Supreme Court cases After the passage of Proposition 8, a number of lawsuits were filed by against the state and state officials with the intent of overturning the measure and arguing that Proposition 8 should not have retroactive effect on existing same-sex marriages. On November 13, 2008, the California Supreme Court asked California Attorney General Jerry Brown for an opinion on whether the Court should accept these cases for review and whether the measure should be suspended while they decide the case. On November 19, the Court accepted three lawsuits challenging Proposition 8 but denied the requests to stay its enforcement.[238] The Court asked for final briefs by January 5, 2009. Oral arguments were held on March 5, 2009.
    • On Tuesday May 26 the court ruled that "The Amendment to the State Constitution referred to as Proposition 8 is valid and enforceable from the moment it was passed."[citation needed ] The court also held that "Proposition 8 must be understood as creating a limited exception to the state equal protection clause."[239] Justice Moreno in his lone dissenting opinion, argued that such a change to the Constitution should only be implemented "by a constitutional revision to modify the equal protection clause to protect some, rather than all, similarly situated persons" and not by a simple majority vote.
    • The Court did rule that their decision cannot be applied to retroactively annul marriages that were transacted while the practice was legal in the state of California.[240] Proposition 8 has no retroactive effect. The California Supreme Court ruled unanimously on May 26, 2009, that the approximately 18,000 same-sex marriages that had occurred prior to Proposition 8's passage would still be valid and must continue to be recognized in the state, since the amendment does not state explicitly that it would nullify the same-sex marriages performed before it took effect.[240]
    • Later legislation clarified that same-sex couples who married out-of-state within the window of legality would also retain their legal marriage rights. The bill was signed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger on October 11, 2009.[241]
    • Federal challenges Smelt v. United States Immediately following the passage of Proposition 8, Arthur Smelt and Christopher Hammer filed suit in the Southern Division of the United States District Court for the Central District of California, in Orange County. In the case, Smelt v. United States, the couple argued that Proposition 8 and the Federal Defense of Marriage Act violated the Equal Protection Clause of the American constitution.[242] The United States Justice Department filed a motion to dismiss the case because the "plaintiffs are married, and their challenge to the federal Defense of Marriage Act ("DOMA") poses a different set of questions."[243] On July 15, 2009, District Judge Carter dismissed the part of Smelt that challenged Proposition 8, finding that the fact that the plaintiffs were already legally married in California meant they had no standing to challenge Proposition 8. The challenge to the Defense of Marriage Act, however, remained intact.[244] The remainder of the case was heard on August 3, 2009, in an Orange County district court.[245] The lawsuit was thrown out because the two men had filed suit against the federal government in a state court, a technicality which meant the suit needed to be re-filed.[246]
    • Perry v. Schwarzenegger This article's
    • factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information.
    • Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
    • ( June 2011 ) On the day of Strauss v. Horton 's decision, the American Foundation for Equal Rights (AFER) filed suit in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California to challenge the validity of Proposition 8. Lambda Legal, the ACLU, and the National Center for Lesbian Rights have since announced their support for the lawsuit.[247] San Francisco filed a motion to and was granted intervenor status in the case, saying that their work in In re Marriage Cases and Strauss v. Horton provided them with "extensive evidence and proposed findings on strict scrutiny factors and factual rebuttals to long claimed justifications for marriage discrimination".[248]
    • California Attorney General, and former and later again Governor Jerry Brown backed the lawsuit, saying that Proposition 8 violates the U.S. Constitution and should be struck down.[249] Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger took a more neutral path,[250] saying that he supported the lawsuit because the Proposition 8 conflict asks "important constitutional questions that require and warrant judicial determination." Because this means that the Californian government will not defend the law in court,[251] the proponents of Proposition 8's campaign were granted the right to intervene as defendants.[252] The case was first heard on July 2, 2009, in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California in San Francisco, Judge Vaughn R. Walker presiding.[253]
    • In an act unprecedented in California history both the Governor and Attorney General refused to defend a constitutional amendment.[254]
    • In August, Judge Walker heard further requests for intervenor status and ordered a trial set for January 2010.On August 4, 2010, U.S. District Chief Judge Vaughn R. Walker ruled Proposition 8 unconstitutional, but at the same time temporarily provided for a suspension of the ruling while he considered whether to grant an indefinite suspension pending appeal.[255] Walker lifted the stay on August 12, 2010, thus allowing same-sex marriages to be performed as of August 18, 2010[256]
    • On August 16, 2010, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit imposed a stay of all new same-sex marriages in the State of California. It also scheduled an accelerated time table for hearing an appeal of Judge Walker's ruling.[257] Before the appeal trial begins, there will be a December 6, 2010[needs update ] hearing on who has legal standing to appeal the District Court's decision and whether the proposition violates equal protection rights.[258]
    • Ballot repeal effort On April 30, 2009, the members of 'Yes! on Equality' submitted a ballot initiative dubbed "California Marriage Equality Act" to the Attorney General's office, requesting a title and summary. The text of the ballot would repeal Article I; Section 7.5 of the Californian Constitution as well as clarifying that no school curriculum will be changed and no clergy will be forced to perform any "service or duty incongruent with their faith". Yes! on Equality had until August 17, 2009, to gather 694,354 signatures in order to qualify for the June 2010 ballot,[259][260] A petition for initiative for the November 2010 ballot also failed to obtain enough signatures.[261][262]
    • Several LGBT groups of color (including API Equality-LA, HONOR PAC, and the Jordan/Rustin Coalition) published a statement "Prepare to Prevail,"[263] in which they argue that the ballot repeal effort should be delayed until 2012. As of February 2012, the repeal effort was canceled in light of victorious court cases.[264]
    • Legal challenges Following the passing of Proposition 8 in 2008, and the subsequent mass protests, several lawsuits were filed in both the State Supreme Court and in the Federal District Court.
    • State court: Strauss v. Horton In considering the cases within the state courts, on November 13, 2008, the California Supreme Court asked California Attorney General Jerry Brown for an opinion on whether the Court should accept these cases for review and whether the measure should be suspended while they decide the case. On November 19, the Court accepted three lawsuits challenging Proposition 8, which consolidated into Strauss v. Horton.[265] The Court rendered its decision on May 26, 2009. The majority decision was that Proposition 8 "carved out a limited [or 'narrow'] exception to the state equal protection clause"; Justice Moreno dissented that exceptions to the equal protection clause could not be made by any majority since its whole purpose was to protect minorities against the will of a majority. Until overturned by Hollingsworth v. Perry (below), the ruling established that Proposition 8 was valid as voted, but that marriages performed before it went into effect would remain valid.
    • Federal court Perry v. Schwarzenegger After the California Supreme Court upheld the voter initiative, a suit, Perry v. Schwarzenegger (later Hollingsworth v. Perry), was filed in a Federal District Court in San Francisco. On August 4, 2010, U.S. District Chief Judge Vaughn Walker overturned Proposition 8, stating it is "...unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause because no compelling state interest justifies denying same-sex couples the fundamental right to marry."[266] The court also determined that "Proposition 8 violated the Equal Protection Clause because there is no rational basis for limiting the designation of 'marriage' to opposite-sex couples."[267] The court also stayed the ruling; the voter initiative was to remain in effect pending appeal.[20] On August 12, Walker announced his decision to lift the stay (which would have allowed same-sex marriages to be performed) as of August 18, 2010[update].[268][269]However, on August 16, 2010, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit indefinitely extended the District Court's stay, stopping new same-sex marriages in the state of California pending appeal. It also scheduled an accelerated time table for hearing an appeal of Walker's ruling.[270]
    • Perry v. Brown (on appeal) As the State of California chose not to appeal the ruling, an appeal was sought by two parties'--the initiative proponents, and Imperial County (via its deputy clerk). The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals considered the question of standing first. On January 4, 2011, the Ninth Circuit ruled that Imperial County did not have standing to intervene in the lawsuit (by now called Perry v. Brown)'--the formal reason being the county's appeal had been "untimely", but also that the appellant was the county's deputy clerk, and precedent existed in other cases that a deputy clerk could not 'represent' a county.
    • To address the question whether the initiative proponents had particularized standing (that is, standing either via personal interest, or standing to represent the State's interest), the Ninth Circuit certified a question to the California Supreme Court on January 4, 2011, asking that court to rule whether, under the California Constitution or otherwise under California law, non-governmental proponents of an initiative have standing to appeal when the State is no longer willing to defend it.[271] On February 16, 2011, the California Supreme Court unanimously agreed to address the Ninth Circuit's request.[272] The court set an expedited schedule for the hearing[273] and heard oral arguments on September 6, 2011.[274] On November 17, 2011, the California Supreme Court issued an advisory opinion that the proponents of Proposition 8 did have standing, and could defend it.[275][276]
    • Ninth Circuit ruling Seal of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
    • On February 7, 2012, a three-judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals issued a 2''1 majority opinion affirming the judgment in Perry v. Schwarzenegger, which declared Proposition 8 unconstitutional, saying it violated the Equal Protection Clause. The opinion, written by Judge Stephen Reinhardt and joined by Judge Michael Hawkins, states that Proposition 8 did nothing more than lessen the status and dignity of gays and lesbians, and classify their relationships and families as inferior to those of opposite-sex couples.[277] The court found that the people of California, by using their initiative power to target a minority group and withdraw the right to marry they once possessed under the California State Constitution, violated the federal Constitution.[278]
    • The court concluded that the trial court had correctly found Proposition 8 to have no purpose other than to impose the majority's private disapproval of gays, lesbians, and their relationships through the public law, and to take away from them the designation of marriage and its recognized societal status.[279] The findings of fact and expert witness testimony in District Court played an important role in this appellate decision, emphasizing that it is unreasonable to believe Proposition 8 was enacted to: promote childrearing by biological parents, encourage procreation, be cautious in social change, protect religious liberty, or control children's education.[280] The court declared that it is "implausible to think that denying two men or two women the right to call themselves married could somehow bolster the stability of families headed by one man and one woman".[281][282]
    • The dissenting judge, Judge N. Randy Smith, noted in his dissent that states do legitimately prohibit sexual relationships condemned by society such as incest, bigamy, and bestiality, and impose age limits for marriage without violating constitutional rights.[283] He stated that "gays and lesbians are not a suspect or quasi-suspect class" and are thus not entitled to the courts' increased scrutiny of laws that affect them.[283] He wrote, "The family structure of two committed biological parents'--one man and one woman'--is the optimal partnership for raising children." He also said that governments have a legitimate interest in "a responsible procreation theory, justifying the inducement of marital recognition only for opposite-sex couples" because only they can have children.[283] He urged judicial restraint, that the justices should refrain from striking down Proposition 8.[284]
    • En banc review denied On February 21, 2012, proponents requested to have to the case reviewed en banc by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.[285] If granted, en banc review could have taken a year or more, which would have delayed possible U.S. Supreme Court review.[285] Pending the appeal, a stay was continued, barring any marriages from taking place.[286] On June 5, 2012, the full Ninth Circuit refused to rehear the case; the stay would remain in place pending final action by the Supreme Court.[287]
    • The Ninth Court's ruling was subsequently vacated (withdrawn) although it affirmed the district court ruling, since the Supreme Court later determined that the proponents of Proposition 8 had not had standing to appeal the district court's ruling.
    • Hollingsworth v. Perry (U.S. Supreme Court) The proposition's proponents filed a petition for certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court on July 30, 2012, requesting that the Supreme Court review the case.[288] Briefs in opposition both from the individual respondents and from the City and County of San Francisco were filed August 24, and the petitioners replied on September 4.[289] On December 7, 2012, the Supreme Court granted the proponents' petition for certiorari[290] and asked to be briefed for arguments concerning the petitioners' Article III standing,[291] amid considerable anticipation of a finding of a lack of justiciability in order to avoid a holding on the merits.[292] Oral arguments were heard on March 26, 2013.[24]
    • Parties who lodged amicus briefs with the court included: Judge Georg Ress and the Marriage Law Foundation; William N. Eskridge, Jr., et al.; the Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence; the Public Advocate of the United States, et al.; the National Association of Evangelicals, et al.; the American Civil Rights Union; Judicial Watch, Inc., et al.; the Eagle Forum Education & Legal Defense Fund, Inc.; the Foundation for Moral Law; and the state of Indiana, et al.[289]
    • The Supreme Court issued a 5''4 decision on June 26, 2013.[293] Chief Justice Roberts wrote for the majority, and was joined by Justices Scalia, Ginsburg, Breyer, and Kagan.[293] Justices Kennedy, Thomas, Alito, and Sotomayor were in the minority.[294] The Court found the proponents did not have standing to appeal in federal court. To have standing, they "must have suffered an injury in fact, thus giving [them] a sufficiently concrete interest in the outcome of the issue in dispute".[11] Because no injury had been shown, the appeal to the Ninth Circuit should have been dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. (This only applied to the Ninth Circuit and Supreme Court cases.) The Court returned the case to the Ninth Circuit with instructions to dismiss the appeal. This left the district court's ruling overturning Proposition 8 as the final ruling in the case. Because the appeal was decided on the question of standing, the Supreme Court did not examine nor rule on whether in their view Proposition 8 had violated the U.S. Constitution.
    • Justice Kennedy, writing for the minority, said the views of the California Supreme Court on the proponents' standing should have been respected,[11] because "the basic premise of the initiative process [and] the essence of democracy is that the right to make law rests in the people and flows to the government, not the other way around".[7]:'Š13'Š
    • Aftermath Plaintiffs Perry and Stier at the June 30, 2013, Pride Parade in San Francisco after their marriage
    • On June 28, 2013, the Ninth Circuit lifted its stay of the district court's ruling, enabling same-sex marriages to resume;[12] minutes afterward, plaintiffs Perry and Stier became the first couple in California to legally wed under state law since the enactment of Proposition 8 in 2008, doing so at San Francisco City Hall at 4:45 PDT, with California's Attorney General Kamala Harris officiating at the ceremony.[295]
    • There were two legal challenges made to the implementation of the ruling, both subsequently denied:
    • Federal court legal challenge to removal of stay
    • On June 29, 2013, the proponents of Proposition 8 filed an emergency motion with the U.S. Supreme Court to vacate the Ninth Circuit's lifting of its stay, claiming it had been "premature".
    • [296] The next day, June 30, 2013, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy, responsible for overseeing the Ninth Circuit, denied the motion without comment.
    • [297]State court legal challenges to statewide implementation of ruling
    • Even before the Ninth Circuit lifted its stay, Proposition 8 proponents had expressed the intent to fight on, by asserting that the ruling only applies to the persons or counties involved and would be unlawful for other couples or counties to comply with it.
    • [298]Two petitions to this effect were filed with the California Supreme Court, by proponents (Hollingsworth v. O'Connell and Brown, July 12, 2013) and'--against county policy'--by a San Diego County Clerk (Dronenburg, July 19, 2013: dropped August 2 as duplicative). The proponents' petition challenged the state and county clerk responses to the ruling in Perry, asserting that, in their view, only two counties were affected by the ruling and other counties had no legal capacity to discretionally do likewise; that the plaintiffs, not representing a class, had their relief while others who were not plaintiffs had no change to their position within the law; and that county clerks were not in fact covered by the ruling and were therefore bound to comply with the law as it stood.
    • This position was rejected by California's governor, who on legal advice[299] ordered the change to license issuance, according to the ruling.[300] California's Attorney General Kamala Harris noted that "state officials are obligated to govern marriage equally in all counties and that [United States District Court for the Northern District of California Chief Judge Vaughn] Walker's ruling specifically covers those officials."[298] San Francisco's city attorney stated that it was "the most basic concepts of American law ... that a state court will not overrule the federal judiciary".[299] Twenty-four County Clerks stated, through their lawyer, that their role was "ultimately state supervised" and it would be unfeasible to have a "patchwork" of different marriage criteria varying between the counties of a single state.[301]
    • On July 15, the California Supreme Court unanimously declined the request to order an immediate halt to same-sex marriages in the state pending a decision on the petition. The court requested arguments from the parties on the points raised in their petition.
    • [302] On August 14, 2013, the California Supreme Court unanimously rejected the challenge by Proposition 8 proponents.
    • [303]See also Briggs InitiativeHouston Proposition 1 (2015)'--a veto referendum which led to the repealing of an ordinance protecting LGBTQ rights.LGBT rights in CaliforniaList of former U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions by typeObergefell v. Hodges'--a 2015 U.S. Supreme Court case holding that the right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples.San Francisco 2004 same-sex weddings'--a prior controversy that sparked In re Marriage Cases and led to Proposition 8SaveCalifornia.comUnited States v. Windsor'--a 2013 U.S. Supreme Court case, decided along with Hollingsworth v. Perry, that struck down Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act, thereby granting federal benefits to same sex couple who are married under state law8 (or 8 the Play)'--an American play that portrays the closing arguments of Perry v. Schwarzenegger, the federal trial that led to the overturn of Proposition 8References ^ a b c "Statement of Vote: 2008 General Election" (PDF) . California Secretary of State. December 13, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2013 . Retrieved June 26, 2013 . ^ "Pro-Family Group Says Effort to Ban Calif. Gay 'Marriage' Looks 'Strong' ". Christianpost.com. 2008-04-05 . Retrieved 2013-11-01 . ^ a b Scan of Initiative filing Archived 2015-04-25 at the Wayback Machine from California Attorney General's web site ^ a b "Propositions that are on the November 4, 2008 General Election Ballot Archived June 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine", California Secretary of State ^ a b Text of Proposition 8 Archived 2013-04-18 at the Wayback Machine, Official Voter Information Guide (draft copy). Retrieved July 28, 2008 ^ "Judge strikes down Prop. 8, allows gay marriage in California". Los Angeles Times. August 4, 2010 . Retrieved February 22, 2012 . ^ a b "Hollingsworth et al. v. Perry et al. Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit No. 12''144. Argued March 26, 2013'--Decided June 26, 2013" (PDF) . 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"What Happens If You're on Gay Rights' 'Enemies List' ". Time.com. Time Inc. Archived from the original on November 27, 2008 . Retrieved 2009-07-19 . ^ "Lawmaker: Don't Blame Blacks for Proposition 8". CNN. June 12, 2009 . Retrieved March 12, 2021 . ^ "Prop 8 '-- The Musical". ^ "Gay marriage a gift to California's economy", Los Angeles Times, LATimes.com, June 2, 2008 ^ Itzkoff, Dave. "Marc Shaiman on 'Prop 8 '-- The Musical'", The New York Times, December 4, 2008 ^ "Star-studded Web video protests Prop 8 '' Spoof musical's blockbuster cast includes Jack Black as Jesus", Associated Press, MSN.com, December 4, 2008 ^ "Webby Nominees: 13th Annual Webby Awards Nominees & Winners". The Webby Awards . Retrieved 2013-03-19 . ^ "Shaiman's 'PROP 8-THE MUSICAL' Wins GLAAD Award Honors". Broadway World. 2009-04-21 . Retrieved 2009-04-25 . ^ "LDS Church donates to pro-Prop. 8 group". Deseret News. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2008-10-29 . 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Archived from the original on February 4, 2009 . Retrieved 2009-03-28 . ^ Lawrence, Steve (2009-01-29). "Judge: Anti-gay marriage donors must be public". Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 15, 2009 . Retrieved 2009-01-29 . ^ "California Supreme Court Takes Action on Proposition 8" (PDF) . Judicial Council of California. 2008-11-19 . Retrieved 2008-11-19 . ^ "Ruling in Strauss, et al. v. Horton and related cases, nos. S168047, S168066, S168078, California Supreme Court, May 26, 2009" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-28 . Retrieved 2013-12-02 . ^ a b George, Ronald M. (2009-05-26). "Strauss v. Horton". California Supreme Court. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2009 . Retrieved 2009-05-26 . ^ Robertson, Kathy (2009-10-12). "California to recognize some out-of-state gay marriages". Sacramento Biz Journal . Retrieved 2009-10-12 . ^ "Smelt v United States". Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse . Retrieved March 12, 2021 . ^ Deutsch, Linda (2009-06-12). "DOJ moves to dismiss first fed gay marriage case". Associated Press . Retrieved 2009-06-12 . ^ "Order in Smelt v USA" (PDF) . Retrieved 2009-07-18 . ^ Egelko, Bob (2009-06-23). "Gay couple's weapon in lawsuit: Obama's words". San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2009-06-23 . ^ "US judge nixes suit that split Obama, gays". Associated Press. 2009-08-24 . Retrieved 2009-08-24 . ^ The Associated Press (June 26, 2009). "Groups Back Federal Challenge to Gay Marriage Ban". The San Diego Union-Tribune . Retrieved March 12, 2021 . ^ "San Francisco Moves to Intervene in Federal Challenge to Proposition 8". San Francisco City Attorney's Office. 2009-07-23. Archived from the original on 2012-05-05 . Retrieved 2009-07-23 . ^ Dolan, Mora & Williams, Carol J. (2009-06-13). "Jerry Brown again says Prop. 8 should be struck down". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009-06-18 . ^ Egelko, Bob (2009-08-19). "Judge sets January trial for Prop. 8 lawsuit". San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2009-08-19 . ^ Egelko, Bob (2009-06-17). "Governor backs federal review of Prop. 8". San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2009-06-18 . ^ "Hollingswork v. Perry". Cornell Law School . Retrieved September 15, 2021 . ^ Laird, Cynthia (2009-06-18). "Brown still fighting Prop 8". Bay Area Reporter . Retrieved 2009-06-23 . ^ "Live from San Francisco". Archived from the original on December 8, 2010. ^ "Judge overturns California's ban on same-sex marriage". CNN. 2010-08-05. ^ McKinley, Jesse (2010-08-12). "Judge Sets End to Ban on Gay Marriage in California". New York Times . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . ^ Reuters (17 August 2010). "California gay marriages on hold again". Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . ^ "L.A. Now". LA Times. 2010-11-17 . Retrieved 2010-11-18 . ^ "2009 Ballot Measure Update". California Secretary of State. Archived from the original on 2008-06-05 . Retrieved 2009-06-18 . ^ "California Marriage Equality Act" (PDF) . California Secretary of State. 2009-05-30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-07-10 . Retrieved 2009-06-18 . ^ Henderson, Peter (2010-04-12). "Gay marriage fails to get on California ballot". Reuters. ^ Dolan, Maura (2010-04-13). "Prop. 8 repeal fails to qualify for November ballot". Los Angeles Times. ^ "Prepare to Prevail" (PDF) . PreparetoPrevail.com. July 13, 2009. ^ Garofoli, Joe (2009-07-17). "Coalition of LGBT groups: Next year too soon for gay marriage vote in CA". San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2009-07-17 . ^ "California Supreme Court Takes Action on Proposition 8" (PDF) . Judicial Council of California. November 19, 2008 . Retrieved November 19, 2008 . ^ "Perry v Schwarzeneggar (pg 113''114)" . Retrieved February 8, 2012 . ^ "Perry v Schwarzeneggar (pp. 119''122)" . Retrieved February 8, 2012 . ^ McKinley, Jesse (August 12, 2010). "Judge Sets End to Ban on Gay Marriage in California". The New York Times . Retrieved August 12, 2010 . ^ "Final Stay Order". scribd.com . Retrieved August 12, 2010 . ^ Reuters (August 17, 2010). "California gay marriages on hold again". Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved August 17, 2010 . ^ Wisckol, Martin (January 4, 2011). "Prop. 8 gay marriage ruling hits detour". Ocregister.com . Retrieved October 31, 2011 . ^ "California Supreme Court to decide issue in same-sex marriage ban case". CNN. February 16, 2011 . Retrieved February 16, 2011 . ^ Dolan, Maura (February 17, 2011). "California Supreme Court reenters Proposition 8 fray". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 27, 2011 . ^ Andy Towle (September 7, 2011). "Yesterday's Hearing On Standing In The Prop 8 Case: Full Video, Reactions". ^ Ariane de Vogue (November 17, 2011). "Prop 8: California Supreme Court Rules Sponsors Can Continue Case". ABC News. ^ Perry v Brown (California Supreme Court 11/17/11).Text ^ "Perry v Brown (pg 5)" . Retrieved February 8, 2012 . ^ "Perry v Brown (pg 79''80)" . Retrieved February 8, 2012 . ^ "Perry v Brown (pg 77)" . Retrieved February 8, 2012 . ^ "Perry v Brown (pg 69)" . Retrieved February 8, 2012 . ^ "Perry v Brown (pg 63)" . Retrieved February 8, 2012 . ^ "Court: Calif. gay-marriage ban unconstitutional". CBS News. CBS/AP. February 7, 2012 . Retrieved February 8, 2012 . ^ a b c "Dissenting Prop. 8 judge says 'optimal partnership' is man, woman". Latimesblogs.latimes.com. 2012-02-07 . Retrieved 2013-12-03 . ^ Jamison, Peter (2012-02-07). "Prop. 8 Appeals Court Ruling: Inside the Dissenting Opinion". Blogs.sfweekly.com . Retrieved 2013-12-03 . ^ a b Dolan, Maura (February 22, 2012). "Prop. 8 backers seek full review by appeals court". LA Times . Retrieved February 29, 2012 . ^ McVeigh, Karen (February 7, 2012). "Prop 8: California gay marriage ban struck down by federal appeals court". The Guardian. London . Retrieved February 8, 2012 . ^ "California's Proposition 8 case headed to U.S. Supreme Court". Mercurynews.com. 2012-06-05 . Retrieved November 15, 2012 . ^ Denniston, Lyle (July 31, 2012). " "Proposition 8" defenders' appeal filed (FINAL UPDATE)". SCOTUSblog . Retrieved August 3, 2012 . ^ a b Hollingsworth v. Perry, no. 12-144, (docket). Retrieved September 7, 2012. ^ The Ticket (2012-12-07). "Supreme Court will hear two gay marriage cases | The Ticket". Yahoo! News . Retrieved 2013-11-01 . ^ supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders (access date: 2013-11-01) ^ "Understanding standing: The Court's Article III questions in the same-sex marriage cases (I)". SCOTUSblog. 2013-01-17 . Retrieved 2013-11-01 . ^ a b Clarke, Rachel (June 26, 2013). "Supreme Court strikes down part of DOMA, dismisses Prop. 8 appeal". CNN . Retrieved June 26, 2013 . ^ "Strange bedfellows: The rationale of the Prop 8 dissenters". The Week. 2013-06-26 . Retrieved 2013-11-01 . ^ Winter, Michael (June 28, 2013). "Same-sex marriages resume in Calif.: San Francisco plaintiffs in Prop. 8 ruling are first couple to wed after appellate action". USA Today . Retrieved June 28, 2013 . ^ "Emergency stay of California same-sex marriages sought", SCOTUSblog, June 29, 2013 ^ "New gay marriage challenge fails", SCOTUSblog, June 30, 2013. ^ a b Goodbye and good riddance to Prop. 8'--Los Angeles Times, editorial, June 27, 2013 ^ a b Prop. 8 backers ask court to stop weddings SFGate, 2013-07-12, by Bob Egelko. ^ Same-sex marriage foes file suit in clerk's name'--SFGate 2013-07-19, by Bob Egelko. ^ 24 Calif. county clerks back same-sex marriages'--SFGate, 2013-07-22, by Bob Egelko. ^ Dolan, Maura (July 15, 2013). "California Supreme Court rejects bid to halt same-sex marriages". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 17, 2013 . ^ Dolan, Maura (August 14, 2013). "California Supreme Court rejects bid to revive Prop. 8". LA Times. External links The District Court's decision in Perry v Schwarzenegger (Prop 8 Unconstitutional)The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Decision Affirming Perry v Schwarzenegger (Prop 8 Unconstitutional)Video'--Ninth Circuit Appeals Court Trial on the MeritsVideo'--Ninth Circuit Appeals Court Trial on RecusalProtectMarriage.com: Organizational sponsor of Proposition 8No On Prop. 8: Organizational opponent to Proposition 8California Official Voter Information Guide on Proposition 8, Title and summary, analysis, arguments and rebuttals, and the text of the proposition.Scan of Initiative from California Attorney General websiteThe Money Behind the 2008 Same-Sex Partnership Ballot Measures'--OpenSecretsProposition 8 map a detailed hyper-linked map on David Leips election atlas.Hollingsworth v. Perry at SCOTUSblogAmicus briefs filed in Hollingsworth v. Perry from the City Attorney of San FranciscoU.S. same-sex unions ballot measures
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  • Don't ask, don't tell - Wikipedia
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    • Former policy on gay people serving in the US military
    • Don't ask, don't tellPresident Bill Clinton announcing new policy regarding homosexuals in the military in July 1993
    • PlannedDepartment of Defense Directive 1304.26Planned byClinton administrationDateFebruary 28, 1994 '' September 20, 2011Executed byLes AspinOutcomeService by gays, bisexuals, and lesbians in the military"Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) was the official United States policy on military service by gay men, bisexuals, and lesbians, instituted during the Clinton administration. The policy was issued under Department of Defense Directive 1304.26 on December 21, 1993, and was in effect from February 28, 1994, until September 20, 2011.[1] The policy prohibited military personnel from discriminating against or harassing closeted homosexual or bisexual service members or applicants, while barring openly gay, lesbian, or bisexual persons from military service. This relaxation of legal restrictions on service by gays and lesbians in the armed forces was mandated by United States federal law Pub.L. 103''160 (10 U.S.C. § 654), which was signed November 30, 1993.[2] The policy prohibited people who "demonstrate a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts" from serving in the armed forces of the United States, because their presence "would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability".[3]
    • The act prohibited any homosexual male, lesbian, or bisexual from disclosing their sexual orientation or from speaking about any same-sex relationships, including marriages or other familial attributes, while serving in the United States armed forces. The act specified that service members who disclose that they are homosexual or engage in homosexual conduct should be separated (discharged) except when a service member's conduct was "for the purpose of avoiding or terminating military service" or when it "would not be in the best interest of the armed forces".[4] Since DADT ended in 2011, persons who are openly homosexual and bisexual have been able to serve.[5]
    • The "don't ask" part of the DADT policy specified that superiors should not initiate an investigation of a service member's orientation without witnessing disallowed behaviors. However, evidence of homosexual behavior deemed credible could be used to initiate an investigation. Unauthorized investigations and harassment of suspected servicemen and women led to an expansion of the policy to "don't ask, don't tell, don't pursue, don't harass".[6]
    • Beginning in the early 2000s, several legal challenges to DADT were filed, and legislation to repeal DADT was enacted in December 2010, specifying that the policy would remain in place until the President, the Secretary of Defense, and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff certified that repeal would not harm military readiness, followed by a 60-day waiting period.[7] A July 6, 2011, ruling from a federal appeals court barred further enforcement of the U.S. military's ban on openly gay service members.[8] President Barack Obama, Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen sent that certification to Congress on July 22, 2011, which set the end of DADT to September 20, 2011.[9] Although DADT was officially repealed, the legal definition of marriage as being one man and one woman under the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) meant that, although same-sex partners could get married, their marriage was not recognized by the federal government. This barred partners from access to the same benefits afforded to heterosexual couples such as base access, health care, and United States military pay, including family separation allowance and Basic Allowance for Housing with dependents.[10] The Department of Defense attempted to open some of the benefits that were not restricted by DOMA,[11] but the Supreme Court decision in United States v. Windsor made these efforts unnecessary.[12]
    • Background [ edit ] Dignity and Respect, the U.S. Army's 2001 training guide on the homosexual conduct policy, gave official guidelines on what can be considered credible information of someone's homosexuality or bisexuality.
    • Engaging in homosexual activity had been grounds for discharge from the American military since the Revolutionary War. Policies based on sexual orientation appeared as the United States prepared to enter World War II. When the military added psychiatric screening to its induction process, it included homosexuality as a disqualifying trait, then seen as a form of psychopathology. When the army issued revised mobilization regulations in 1942, it distinguished "homosexual" recruits from "normal" recruits for the first time.[13] Before the buildup to the war, gay service members were court-martialed, imprisoned, and dishonorably discharged; but in wartime, commanding officers found it difficult to convene court-martial boards of commissioned officers and the administrative blue discharge became the military's standard method for handling gay and lesbian personnel. In 1944, a new policy directive decreed that homosexuals were to be committed to military hospitals, examined by psychiatrists, and discharged under Regulation 615''360, section 8.[14]
    • In 1947, blue discharges were discontinued and two new classifications were created: "general" and "undesirable". Under such a system, a serviceman or woman found to be gay but who had not committed any sexual acts while in service would tend to receive an undesirable discharge. Those found guilty of engaging in sexual conduct were usually dishonorably discharged.[15] A 1957 U.S. Navy study known as the Crittenden Report dismissed the charge that homosexuals constitute a security risk, but nonetheless did not advocate for an end to anti-gay discrimination in the navy on the basis that "The service should not move ahead of civilian society nor attempt to set substantially different standards in attitude or action with respect to homosexual offenders." It remained secret until 1976.[16] Fannie Mae Clackum was the first service member to successfully appeal such a discharge, winning eight years of back pay from the US Court of Claims in 1960.[17]
    • From the 1950s through the Vietnam War, some notable gay service members avoided discharges despite pre-screening efforts, and when personnel shortages occurred, homosexuals were allowed to serve.[18]
    • The gay and lesbian rights movement in the 1970s and 1980s raised the issue by publicizing several noteworthy dismissals of gay service members. Air Force TSgt Leonard Matlovich, the first service member to purposely out himself to challenge the ban, appeared on the cover of Time in 1975.[19] In 1982 the Department of Defense issued a policy stating that, "Homosexuality is incompatible with military service." It cited the military's need "to maintain discipline, good order, and morale" and "to prevent breaches of security".[20] In 1988, in response to a campaign against lesbians at the Marines' Parris Island Depot, activists launched the Gay and Lesbian Military Freedom Project (MFP) to advocate for an end to the exclusion of gays and lesbians from the armed forces.[21] In 1989, reports commissioned by the Personnel Security Research and Education Center (PERSEREC), an arm of the Pentagon, were discovered in the process of Joseph Steffan's lawsuit fighting his forced resignation from the U.S. Naval Academy. One report said that "having a same-gender or an opposite-gender orientation is unrelated to job performance in the same way as is being left- or right-handed."[22] Other lawsuits fighting discharges highlighted the service record of service members like Tracy Thorne and Margarethe (Grethe) Cammermeyer. The MFP began lobbying Congress in 1990, and in 1991 Senator Brock Adams (D-Washington) and Rep. Barbara Boxer introduced the Military Freedom Act, legislation to end the ban completely. Adams and Rep. Pat Schroeder (D-Colorado) re-introduced it the next year.[23] In July 1991, Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, in the context of the outing of his press aide Pete Williams, dismissed the idea that gays posed a security risk as "a bit of an old chestnut" in testimony before the House Budget Committee.[24] In response to his comment, several major newspapers endorsed ending the ban, including USA Today, the Los Angeles Times, and the Detroit Free Press.[25] In June 1992, the General Accounting Office released a report that members of Congress had requested two years earlier estimating the costs associated with the ban on gays and lesbians in the military at $27 million annually.[26]
    • During the 1992 U.S. presidential election campaign, the civil rights of gays and lesbians, particularly their open service in the military, attracted some press attention,[27] and all candidates for the Democratic presidential nomination supported ending the ban on military service by gays and lesbians,[28] but the Republicans did not make a political issue of that position.[29] In an August cover letter to all his senior officers, General Carl Mundy Jr., Commandant of the Marine Corps, praised a position paper authored by a Marine Corps chaplain that said that "In the unique, intensely close environment of the military, homosexual conduct can threaten the lives, including the physical (e.g. AIDS) and psychological well-being of others". Mundy called it "extremely insightful" and said it offered "a sound basis for discussion of the issue".[30] The murder of gay U.S. Navy petty officer Allen R. Schindler Jr. on October 27, 1992, brought calls from advocates of allowing open service by gays and lesbians for prompt action from the incoming Clinton administration.[31]
    • Origin [ edit ] The policy was introduced as a compromise measure in 1993 by President Bill Clinton who campaigned in 1992 on the promise to allow all citizens to serve in the military regardless of sexual orientation.[32] Commander Craig Quigley, a Navy spokesman, expressed the opposition of many in the military at the time when he said, "Homosexuals are notoriously promiscuous" and that in shared shower situations, heterosexuals would have an "uncomfortable feeling of someone watching".[33]
    • During the 1993 policy debate, the National Defense Research Institute prepared a study for the Office of the Secretary of Defense published as Sexual Orientation and U.S. Military Personnel Policy: Options and Assessment. It concluded that "circumstances could exist under which the ban on homosexuals could be lifted with little or no adverse consequences for recruitment and retention" if the policy were implemented with care, principally because many factors contribute to individual enlistment and re-enlistment decisions.[34] On May 5, 1993, Gregory M. Herek, associate research psychologist at the University of California at Davis and an authority on public attitudes toward lesbians and gay men, testified before the House Armed Services Committee on behalf of several professional associations. He stated, "The research data show that there is nothing about lesbians and gay men that makes them inherently unfit for military service, and there is nothing about heterosexuals that makes them inherently unable to work and live with gay people in close quarters." Herek added, "The assumption that heterosexuals cannot overcome their prejudices toward gay people is a mistaken one."[35]
    • In Congress, Democratic Senator Sam Nunn of Georgia and Chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee led the contingent that favored maintaining the absolute ban on gays. Reformers were led by Democratic Congressman Barney Frank of Massachusetts, who favored modification (but ultimately voted for the defense authorization bill with the gay ban language), and Barry Goldwater, a former Republican Senator and a retired Major General,[36] who argued on behalf of allowing service by open gays and lesbians but was not allowed to appear before the Committee by Nunn. In a June 1993 Washington Post opinion piece, Goldwater wrote: "You don't have to be straight to shoot straight".[37]
    • Congress rushed to enact the existing gay ban policy into federal law, outflanking Clinton's planned repeal effort. Clinton called for legislation to overturn the ban, but encountered intense opposition from the Joint Chiefs of Staff, members of Congress, and portions of the public. DADT emerged as a compromise policy.[38] Congress included text in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994 (passed in 1993) requiring the military to abide by regulations essentially identical to the 1982 absolute ban policy.[39] The Clinton administration on December 21, 1993,[40] issued Defense Directive 1304.26, which directed that military applicants were not to be asked about their sexual orientation.[39] This policy is now known as "Don't Ask, Don't Tell". The phrase was coined by Charles Moskos, a military sociologist.
    • In accordance with the December 21, 1993, Department of Defense Directive 1332.14,[41] it was legal policy (10 U.S.C. § 654)[42] that homosexuality was incompatible with military service and that persons who engaged in homosexual acts or stated that they are homosexual or bisexual were to be discharged.[32][39] The Uniform Code of Military Justice, passed by Congress in 1950 and signed by President Harry S Truman, established the policies and procedures for discharging service members.[43]
    • The full name of the policy at the time was "Don't Ask, Don't Tell, Don't Pursue". The "Don't Ask" provision mandated that military or appointed officials not ask about or require members to reveal their sexual orientation. The "Don't Tell" stated that a member may be discharged for claiming to be a homosexual or bisexual or making a statement indicating a tendency towards or intent to engage in homosexual activities. The "Don't Pursue" established what was minimally required for an investigation to be initiated. A "Don't Harass" provision was added to the policy later. It ensured that the military would not allow harassment or violence against service members for any reason.[38]
    • The Servicemembers Legal Defense Network was founded in 1993 to advocate an end to discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in the U.S. Armed Forces.[44]
    • Court challenges [ edit ] DADT was upheld by five federal Courts of Appeal.[45] The Supreme Court, in Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights, Inc. (2006), unanimously held that the federal government could constitutionally withhold funding from universities, no matter what their nondiscrimination policies might be, for refusing to give military recruiters access to school resources. An association of law schools had argued that allowing military recruiting at their institutions compromised their ability to exercise their free speech rights in opposition to discrimination based on sexual orientation as represented by DADT.[46]
    • McVeigh v. Cohen [ edit ] In January 1998, Senior Chief Petty Officer Timothy R. McVeigh (not to be confused with convicted Oklahoma City bomber, Timothy J. McVeigh) won a preliminary injunction from a U.S. district court that prevented his discharge from the U.S. Navy for "homosexual conduct" after 17 years of service. His lawsuit did not challenge the DADT policy but asked the court to hold the military accountable for adhering to the policy's particulars. The Navy had investigated McVeigh's sexual orientation based on his AOL email account name and user profile. District Judge Stanley Sporkin ruled in McVeigh v. Cohen that the Navy had violated its own DADT guidelines: "Suggestions of sexual orientation in a private, anonymous email account did not give the Navy a sufficient reason to investigate to determine whether to commence discharge proceedings."[47] He called the Navy's investigation "a search and destroy mission" against McVeigh. The case also attracted attention because a navy paralegal had misrepresented himself when querying AOL for information about McVeigh's account. Frank Rich linked the two issues: "McVeigh is as clear-cut a victim of a witch hunt as could be imagined, and that witch hunt could expand exponentially if the military wants to add on-line fishing to its invasion of service members' privacy."[48] AOL apologized to McVeigh and paid him damages. McVeigh reached a settlement with the Navy that paid his legal expenses and allowed him to retire with full benefits in July. The New York Times called Sporkin's ruling "a victory for gay rights, with implications for the millions of people who use computer on-line services".[49]
    • Witt v. Department of the Air Force [ edit ] In April 2006, Margaret Witt, a major in the United States Air Force who was being investigated for homosexuality, filed suit in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington seeking declaratory and injunctive relief on the grounds that DADT violates substantive due process, the Equal Protection Clause, and procedural due process. In July 2007 the Secretary of the Air Force ordered her honorable discharge. Dismissed by the district court, the case was heard on appeal, and the Ninth Circuit issued its ruling on May 21, 2008. Its decision in Witt v. Department of the Air Force reinstated Witt's substantive-due-process and procedural-due-process claims and affirmed the dismissal of her Equal Protection claim. The Ninth Circuit, analyzing the Supreme Court decision in Lawrence v. Texas (2003), determined that DADT had to be subjected to heightened scrutiny, meaning that there must be an "important" governmental interest at issue, that DADT must "significantly" further the governmental interest, and that there can be no less intrusive way for the government to advance that interest.
    • The Obama administration declined to appeal, allowing a May 3, 2009, deadline to pass, leaving Witt as binding on the entire Ninth Circuit, and returning the case to the District Court.[50] On September 24, 2010, District Judge Ronald B. Leighton ruled that Witt's constitutional rights had been violated by her discharge and that she must be reinstated to the Air Force.[51]
    • The government filed an appeal with the Ninth Circuit on November 23, but did not attempt to have the trial court's ruling stayed pending the outcome.[52] In a settlement announced on May 10, 2011, the Air Force agreed to drop its appeal and remove Witt's discharge from her military record. She will retire with full benefits.[53]
    • Log Cabin Republicans v. United States of America [ edit ] In 2010, a lawsuit filed in 2004 by the Log Cabin Republicans (LCR), the nation's largest Republican gay organization, went to trial.[54] Challenging the constitutionality of DADT, the plaintiffs stated that the policy violates the rights of gay military members to free speech, due process and open association. The government argued that DADT was necessary to advance a legitimate governmental interest.[55] Plaintiffs introduced statements by President Barack Obama, from prepared remarks, that DADT "doesn't contribute to our national security", "weakens our national security", and that reversal is "essential for our national security". According to plaintiffs, these statements alone satisfied their burden of proof on the due process claims.[56]
    • On September 9, 2010, Judge Virginia A. Phillips ruled in Log Cabin Republicans v. United States of America that the ban on service by openly gay service members was an unconstitutional violation of the First and Fifth Amendments.[57][58] On October 12, 2010, she granted an immediate worldwide injunction prohibiting the Department of Defense from enforcing the "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy and ordered the military to suspend and discontinue any investigation or discharge, separation, or other proceedings based on it.[59][60] The Department of Justice appealed her decision and requested a stay of her injunction,[61] which Phillips denied but which the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals granted on October 20[62][63]and stayed pending appeal on November 1.[64] The U.S. Supreme Court refused to overrule the stay.[65]District Court neither anticipated questions ofconstitutional law nor formulated a rule broader than is required by the facts. Theconstitutional issues regarding DADT are well-defined, and the District Courtfocused specifically on the relevant inquiry of whether the statute impermissiblyinfringed upon substantive due process rights with regard to a protected area ofindividual liberty. Engaging in a careful and detailed review of the facts presentedto it at trial, the District Court properly concluded that the Government put forwardno persuasive evidence to demonstrate that the statute is a valid exercise ofcongressional authority to legislate in the realm of protected liberty interests. SeeLog Cabin, 716 F. Supp. 2d at 923. Hypothetical questions were neither presentednor answered in reaching this decision.On October 19, 2010, military recruiters were told they could accept openly gay applicants.[66] On October 20, 2010, Lt. Daniel Choi, an openly gay man honorably discharged under DADT, re-enlisted in the U.S. Army.[67]
    • Following the passage of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, the Justice Department asked the Ninth Circuit to suspend LCR's suit in light of the legislative repeal. LCR opposed the request, noting that gay personnel were still subject to discharge. On January 28, 2011, the Court denied the Justice Department's request.[68] The Obama administration responded by requesting that the policy be allowed to stay in place while they completed the process of assuring that its end would not impact combat readiness. On March 28, the LCR filed a brief asking that the court deny the administration's request.[69]
    • In 2011, while waiting for certification, several service members were discharged under DADT at their own insistence,[70] until July 6 when a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals re-instated Judge Phillips' injunction barring further enforcement of the U.S. military's ban on openly gay service members.[71] On July 11, the appeals court asked the DOJ to inform the court if it intended to proceed with its appeal.[72] On July 14, the Justice Department filed a motion "to avoid short-circuiting the repeal process established by Congress during the final stages of the implementation of the repeal".[73] and warning of "significant immediate harms on the government". On July 15, the Ninth Circuit restored most of the DADT policy,[73] but continued to prohibit the government from discharging or investigating openly gay personnel. Following the implementation of DADT's repeal, a panel of three judges of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the Phillips ruling.[74]
    • Debate [ edit ] General
    • Norton A. Schwartz, chief of staff of the United States Air Force, testifies on the repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" before the Senate Armed Services Committee on December 3, 2010.
    • Following the July 1999 murder of Army Pfc. Barry Winchell, apparently motivated by anti-gay bias, President Clinton issued an executive order modifying the Uniform Code of Military Justice to permit evidence of a hate crime to be admitted during the sentencing phase of a trial.[75][76] In December, Secretary of Defense William Cohen ordered a review of DADT to determine if the policy's anti-gay harassment component was being observed.[77] When that review found anti-gay sentiments were widely expressed and tolerated in the military, the DOD adopted a new anti-harassment policy in July 2000, though its effectiveness was disputed.[75] On December 7, 1999, Hillary Clinton told an audience of gay supporters that "Gays and lesbians already serve with distinction in our nation's armed forces and should not face discrimination. Fitness to serve should be based on an individual's conduct, not their sexual orientation."[78] Later that month, retired General Carl E. Mundy Jr. defended the implementation of DADT against what he called the "politicization" of the issue by both Clintons. He cited discharge statistics for the Marines for the past five years that showed 75% were based on "voluntary admission of homosexuality" and 49% occurred during the first six months of service, when new recruits were most likely to reevaluate their decision to enlist. He also argued against any change in the policy, writing in the New York Times: "Conduct that is widely rejected by a majority of Americans can undermine the trust that is essential to creating and maintaining the sense of unity that is critical to the success of a military organization operating under the very different and difficult demands of combat."[79] The conviction of Winchell's murderer, according to the New York Times, "galvanized opposition" to DADT, an issue that had "largely vanished from public debate". Opponents of the policy focused on punishing harassment in the military rather than the policy itself, which Senator Chuck Hagel defended on December 25: "The U.S. armed forces aren't some social experiment."[80]
    • The principal candidates for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2000, Al Gore and Bill Bradley, both endorsed military service by open gays and lesbians, provoking opposition from high-ranking retired military officers, notably the recently retired commandant of the Marine Corps, General Charles C. Krulak. He and others objected to Gore's statement that he would use support for ending DADT as a "litmus test" when considering candidates for the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[81] The 2000 Democratic Party platform was silent on the issue,[82] while the Republican Party platform that year said: "We affirm that homosexuality is incompatible with military service."[83] Following the election of George W. Bush in 2000, observers expected him to avoid any changes to DADT, since his nominee for Secretary of State Colin Powell had participated in its creation.[84]
    • In February 2004, members of the British Armed Forces, Lt Rolf Kurth and Lt Cdr Craig Jones, along with Aaron Belkin, Director of the Center for the Study of Sexual Minorities in the Military met with members of Congress and spoke at the National Defense University. They spoke about their experience of the current situation in the UK. The UK lifted the gay ban on members serving in their forces in 2000.[85][86]
    • In July 2004, the American Psychological Association issued a statement that DADT "discriminates on the basis of sexual orientation" and that "Empirical evidence fails to show that sexual orientation is germane to any aspect of military effectiveness including unit cohesion, morale, recruitment and retention." It said that the U.S. military's track record overcoming past racial and gender discrimination demonstrated its ability to integrate groups previously excluded.[87] The Republican Party platform that year reiterated its support for the policy'--"We affirm traditional military culture, and we affirm that homosexuality is incompatible with military service."[88]'--while the Democratic Party maintained its silence.[89]
    • In February 2005, the Government Accountability Office released estimates of the cost of DADT. It reported at least $95.4 million in recruiting costs and at least $95.1 million for training replacements for the 9,488 troops discharged from 1994 through 2003, while noting that the true figures might be higher.[90] In September, as part of its campaign to demonstrate that the military allowed open homosexuals to serve when its workforce requirements were greatest, the Center for the Study of Sexual Minorities in the Military (now the Palm Center) reported that army regulations allowed the active-duty deployment of Army Reservists and National Guard troops who claim to be or who are accused of being gay. A U.S. Army Forces Command spokesperson said the regulation was intended to prevent Reservists and National Guard members from pretending to be gay to escape combat.[91][92] Advocates of ending DADT repeatedly publicized discharges of highly trained gay and lesbian personnel,[93] especially those in positions with critical shortages, including fifty-nine Arabic speakers and nine Persian speakers.[94][95] Elaine Donnelly, president of the Center for Military Readiness, later argued that the military's failure to ask about sexual orientation at recruitment was the cause of the discharges: [Y]ou could reduce this number to zero or near zero if the Department of Defense dropped Don't Ask, Don't Tell. ... We should not be training people who are not eligible to be in the Armed Forces."[96]
    • In February 2006, a University of California Blue Ribbon Commission that included Lawrence Korb, a former assistant defense secretary during the Reagan administration, William Perry, Secretary of Defense in the Clinton administration, and professors from the United States Military Academy released their assessment of the GAO's analysis of the cost of DADT released a year earlier. The commission report stated that the GAO did not take into account the value the military lost from the departures. They said that that total cost was closer to $363 million, including $14.3 million for "separation travel" following a service member's discharge, $17.8 million for training officers, $252.4 million for training enlistees, and $79.3 million in recruiting costs.[90]
    • In 2006, Soulforce, a national LGBT rights organization, organized its Right to Serve Campaign, in which gay men and lesbians in several cities attempted to enlist in the Armed Forces or National Guard.[97] Donnelly of the Center for Military Readiness stated in September: "I think the people involved here do not have the best interests of the military at heart. They never have. They are promoting an agenda to normalize homosexuality in America using the military as a battering ram to promote that broader agenda." She said that "pro-homosexual activists ... are creating media events all over the country and even internationally."[98]
    • In 2006, a speaking tour of gay former service members, organized by SLDN, Log Cabin Republicans, and Meehan, visited 18 colleges and universities. Patrick Guerriero, executive director of Log Cabin, thought the repeal movement was gaining "new traction" but "Ultimately", said, "we think it's going to take a Republican with strong military credentials to make a shift in the policy." Elaine Donnelly called such efforts "a big P.R. campaign" and said that "The law is there to protect good order and discipline in the military, and it's not going to change."[99]
    • In December 2006, Zogby International released the results of a poll of military personnel conducted in October 2006 that found that 26% favored allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly in the military, 37% were opposed, while 37% expressed no preference or were unsure. Of respondents who had experience with gay people in their unit, 6% said their presence had a positive impact on their personal morale, 66% said no impact, and 28% said negative impact. Regarding overall unit morale, 3% said positive impact, 64% no impact, and 27% negative impact.[100]
    • Retired Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General John Shalikashvili[101] and former Senator and Secretary of Defense William Cohen[102] opposed the policy in January 2007: "I now believe that if gay men and lesbians served openly in the United States military, they would not undermine the efficacy of the armed forces" Shalikashvili wrote. "Our military has been stretched thin by our deployments in the Middle East, and we must welcome the service of any American who is willing and able to do the job."[103] Shalikashvili cited the recent "Zogby poll of more than 500 service members returning from Afghanistan and Iraq, three-quarters of whom said they were comfortable interacting with gay people.[104] The debate took a different turn in March when General Peter Pace, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, told the editorial board of the Chicago Tribune he supported DADT because "homosexual acts between two individuals are immoral and ... we should not condone immoral acts."[105] His remarks became, according to the Tribune, "a huge news story on radio, television and the Internet during the day and showed how sensitive the Pentagon's policy has become."[106] Senator John Warner, who backed DADT, said "I respectfully, but strongly, disagree with the chairman's view that homosexuality is immoral", and Pace expressed regret for expressing his personal views and said that DADT "does not make a judgment about the morality of individual acts."[107] Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, then in the early stages of his campaign for the 2008 Republican presidential nomination, defended DADT:[108]
    • When I first heard [the phrase], I thought it sounded silly and I just dismissed it and said, well, that can't possibly work. Well, I sure was wrong. It has worked. It's been in place now for over a decade. The military says it's working and they don't want to change it ... and they're the people closest to the front. We're in the middle of a conflict right now. I would not change it.
    • That summer, after U.S. senator Larry Craig was arrested for lewd conduct in a men's restroom, conservative commentator Michael Medved argued that any liberalization of DADT would "compromise restroom integrity and security". He wrote: "The national shudder of discomfort and queasiness associated with any introduction of homosexual eroticism into public men's rooms should make us more determined than ever to resist the injection of those lurid attitudes into the even more explosive situation of the U.S. military."[109]
    • In November 2007, 28 retired generals and admirals urged Congress to repeal the policy, citing evidence that 65,000 gay men and women were serving in the armed forces and that there were over a million gay veterans.[103][110] On November 17, 2008, 104 retired generals and admirals signed a similar statement.[110] In December, SLDN arranged for 60 Minutes to interview Darren Manzella, an Army medic who served in Iraq after coming out to his unit.[111]
    • On May 4, 2008, while Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen addressed the graduating cadets at West Point, a cadet asked what would happen if the next administration were supportive of legislation allowing gays to serve openly. Mullen responded, "Congress, and not the military, is responsible for DADT." Previously, during his Senate confirmation hearing in 2007, Mullen told lawmakers, "I really think it is for the American people to come forward, really through this body, to both debate that policy and make changes, if that's appropriate." He went on to say, "I'd love to have Congress make its own decisions" with respect to considering repeal.[112]
    • In May 2009, when a committee of military law experts at the Palm Center, an anti-DADT research institute, concluded that the President could issue an Executive Order to suspend homosexual conduct discharges,[113] Obama rejected that option and said he wanted Congress to change the law.[114]
    • On July 5, 2009, Colin Powell told CNN that the policy was "correct for the time" but that "sixteen years have now gone by, and I think a lot has changed with respect to attitudes within our country, and therefore I think this is a policy and a law that should be reviewed." Interviewed for the same broadcast, Mullen said the policy would continue to be implemented until the law was repealed, and that his advice was to "move in a measured way. ... At a time when we're fighting two conflicts there is a great deal of pressure on our forces and their families."[115] In September, Joint Force Quarterly published an article by an Air Force colonel[116] that disputed the argument that unit cohesion is compromised by the presence of openly gay personnel.[117]
    • In October 2009, the Commission on Military Justice, known as the Cox Commission, repeated its 2001 recommendation that Article 125 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, which bans sodomy, be repealed, noting that "most acts of consensual sodomy committed by consenting military personnel are not prosecuted, creating a perception that prosecution of this sexual behavior is arbitrary."[118]
    • In January 2010, the White House and congressional officials started work on repealing the ban by inserting language into the 2011 defense authorization bill.[119] During Obama's State of the Union Address on January 27, 2010, he said that he would work with Congress and the military to enact a repeal of the gay ban law and for the first time set a timetable for repeal.[120]
    • At a February 2, 2010, congressional hearing, Senator John McCain read from a letter signed by "over one thousand former general and flag officers". It said: "We firmly believe that this law, which Congress passed to protect good order, discipline and morale in the unique environment of the armed forces, deserves continued support."[121] The signature campaign had been organized by Elaine Donnelly of the Center for Military Readiness, a longtime supporter of a traditional all-male and all-heterosexual military.[122] Servicemembers United, a veterans group opposed to DADT, issued a report critical of the letter's legitimacy. They said that among those signing the letter were officers who had no knowledge of their inclusion or who had refused to be included, and even one instance of a general's widow who signed her husband's name to the letter though he had died before the survey was published. The average age of the officers whose names were listed as signing the letter was 74, the oldest was 98, and Servicemembers United noted that "only a small fraction of these officers have even served in the military during the 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' period, much less in the 21st century military."[123]
    • The Center for American Progress issued a report in March 2010 that said a smooth implementation of an end to DADT required eight specified changes to the military's internal regulations.[124] On March 25, 2010, Defense Secretary Gates announced new rules mandating that only flag officers could initiate discharge proceedings and imposing more stringent rules of evidence on discharge proceedings.[125]
    • Repeal [ edit ] The underlying justifications for DADT had been subjected to increasing suspicion and outright rejection by the early 21st century. Mounting evidence obtained from the integration efforts of foreign militaries, surveys of U.S. military personnel, and studies conducted by the DoD gave credence to the view that the presence of open homosexuals within the military would not be detrimental at all to the armed forces. A DoD study conducted at the behest of Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in 2010 supports this most.
    • The DoD working group conducting the study considered the impact that lifting the ban would have on unit cohesion and effectiveness, good order and discipline, and military morale. The study included a survey that revealed significant differences between respondents who believed they had served with homosexual troops and those who did not believe they had. In analyzing such data, the DoD working group concluded that it was actually generalized perceptions of homosexual troops that led to the perceived unrest that would occur without DADT. Ultimately, the study deemed the overall risk to military effectiveness of lifting the ban to be low. Citing the ability of the armed forces to adjust to the previous integration of African-Americans and women, the DoD study asserted that the United States military could adjust as had it before in history without an impending serious effect.[126]
    • In March 2005, Rep. Martin T. Meehan introduced the Military Readiness Enhancement Act in the House. It aimed "to amend title 10, United States Code, to enhance the readiness of the Armed Forces by replacing the current policy concerning homosexuality in the Armed Forces, referred to as 'Don't ask, don't tell,' with a policy of nondiscrimination on the basis of sexual orientation".[127] As of 2006, it had 105 Democrats and 4 Republicans as co-sponsors.[99] He introduced the bill again in 2007 and 2009.
    • During the 2008 U.S. presidential election campaign, Senator Barack Obama advocated a full repeal of the laws barring gays and lesbians from serving in the military.[128] Nineteen days after his election, Obama's advisers announced that plans to repeal the policy might be delayed until 2010, because Obama "first wants to confer with the Joint Chiefs of Staff and his new political appointees at the Pentagon to reach a consensus, and then present legislation to Congress".[129] As president he advocated a policy change to allow gay personnel to serve openly in the armed forces, stating that the U.S. government has spent millions of dollars replacing troops expelled from the military, including language experts fluent in Arabic, because of DADT.[130] On the eve of the National Equality March in Washington, D.C., October 10, 2009, Obama stated in a speech before the Human Rights Campaign that he would end the ban, but he offered no timetable.[131][132] Obama said in his 2010 State of the Union Address: "This year, I will work with Congress and our military to finally repeal the law that denies gay Americans the right to serve the country they love because of who they are."[133] This statement was quickly followed up by Defense Secretary Robert Gates and Joint Chiefs chairman Michael Mullen voicing their support for a repeal of DADT.[134]
    • Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 [ edit ] The Senate passed S.4023 65''31 with all Democrats (except for one abstention) and 8 Republicans in support.
    • Both yes
    • One yes, one did not vote
    • One yes, one no
    • One no, one did not vote
    • Both no
    • Democrats in both houses of Congress first attempted to end DADT by amending the Defense Authorization Act. On May 27, 2010, on a 234''194 vote,[135] the U.S. House of Representatives approved the Murphy amendment[136] to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011. It provided for repeal of the DADT policy and created a process for lifting the policy, including a U.S. Department of Defense study and certification by key officials that the change in policy would not harm military readiness followed by a waiting period of 60 days.[137][138] The amended defense bill passed the House on May 28, 2010.[139] On September 21, 2010, John McCain led a successful filibuster against the debate on the Defense Authorization Act, in which 56 Senators voted to end debate, four short of the 60 votes required.[140] Some advocates for repeal, including the Palm Center, OutServe, and Knights Out, opposed any attempt to block the passage of NDAA if it failed to include DADT repeal language. The Human Rights Campaign, the Center for American Progress, Servicemembers United and SLDN refused to concede that possibility.[141]
    • President Obama meeting in the Oval Office with Secretary Gates, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Commandant of the Coast Guard on the eve of the publication of a DoD report on the repeal of DADT.
    • The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed a lawsuit, Collins v. United States, against the Department of Defense in November 2010 seeking full compensation for those discharged under the policy.[142]
    • On November 30, 2010, the Joint Chiefs of Staff released the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" Comprehensive Review Working Group (CRWG) report authored by Jeh C. Johnson, General Counsel of the Department of Defense, and Army General Carter F. Ham.[143][144] It outlined a path to the implementation of repeal of DADT.[145] The report indicated that there was a low risk of service disruptions due to repealing the ban, provided time was provided for proper implementation and training.[143][146] It included the results of a survey of 115,000 active-duty and reserve service members. Across all service branches, 30 percent thought that integrating gays into the military would have negative consequences. In the Marine Corps and combat specialties, the percentage with that negative assessment ranged from 40 to 60 percent. The CRWG also said that 69 percent of all those surveyed believed they had already worked with a gay or lesbian and of those, 92 percent reported that the impact of that person's presence was positive or neutral.[145][146] The same day, in response to the CRWG, 30 professors and scholars, most from military institutions, issued a joint statement saying that the CRWG "echoes more than 20 studies, including studies by military researchers, all of which reach the same conclusion: allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly will not harm the military ... We hope that our collective statement underscores that the debate about the evidence is now officially over".[147] The Family Research Council's president, Tony Perkins, interpreted the CRWG data differently, writing that it "reveals that 40 percent of Marines and 25 percent of the Army could leave".[148]
    • Gates encouraged Congress to act quickly to repeal the law so that the military could carefully adjust rather than face a court decision requiring it to lift the policy immediately.[146] The United States Senate held two days of hearings on December 2 and 3, 2010, to consider the CRWG report. Defense Secretary Robert Gates, Joint Chiefs chairman Michael Mullen urged immediate repeal.[149] The heads of the Marine Corps, Army, and Navy all advised against immediate repeal and expressed varied views on its eventual repeal.[150] Oliver North, writing in National Review the next week, said that Gates' testimony showed "a deeply misguided commitment to political correctness". He interpreted the CRWG's data as indicating a high risk that large numbers of resignations would follow the repeal of DADT. Service members, especially combat troops, he wrote, "deserve better than to be treated like lab rats in Mr. Obama's radical social experiment".[151]
    • On December 9, 2010, another filibuster prevented debate on the Defense Authorization Act.[152] In response to that vote, Senators Joe Lieberman and Susan Collins introduced a bill that included the policy-related portions of the Defense Authorization Act that they considered more likely to pass as a stand-alone bill.[153] It passed the House on a vote of 250 to 175 on December 15, 2010.[154] On December 18, 2010, the Senate voted to end debate on its version of the bill by a cloture vote of 63''33.[155] The final Senate vote was held later that same day, with the measure passing by a vote of 65''31.[156]
    • U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates released a statement following the vote indicating that the planning for implementation of a policy repeal would begin right away and would continue until Gates certified that conditions were met for orderly repeal of the policy.[157] President Obama signed the repeal into law on December 22, 2010.[7]
    • Implementation of repeal [ edit ] The repeal act established a process for ending the DADT policy. The President, the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff were required to certify in writing that they had reviewed the Pentagon's report on the effects of DADT repeal, that the appropriate regulations had been reviewed and drafted, and that implementation of repeal regulations "is consistent with the standards of military readiness, military effectiveness, unit cohesion, and recruiting and retention of the Armed Forces". Once certification was given, DADT would be lifted after a 60-day waiting period.[158]
    • Representative Duncan D. Hunter announced plans in January 2011 to introduce a bill designed to delay the end of DADT. His proposed legislation required all of the chiefs of the armed services to submit the certification at the time required only of the President, Defense Secretary and Joint Chiefs chairman.[159] In April, Perkins of the Family Research Council argued that the Pentagon was misrepresenting its own survey data and that hearings by the House Armed Services Committee, now under Republican control, could persuade Obama to withhold certification.[160] Congressional efforts to prevent the change in policy from going into effect continued into May and June 2011.[161]
    • On January 29, 2011, Pentagon officials stated that the training process to prepare troops for the end of DADT would begin in February and would proceed quickly, though they suggested that it might not be completed in 2011.[162] On the same day, the DOD announced it would not offer any additional compensation to service members who had been discharged under DADT, who received half of the separation pay other honorably discharged service members received.[163]
    • In May 2011, the U.S. Army reprimanded three colonels for performing a skit in March 2011 at a function at Yongsan Garrison, South Korea, that mocked the repeal.[164]
    • In May 2011, revelations that an April Navy memo relating to its DADT training guidelines contemplated allowing same-sex weddings in base chapels and allowing chaplains to officiate if they so chose resulted in a letter of protest from 63 Republican congressman, citing the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) as controlling the use of federal property.[165] Tony Perkins of the Family Research Council said the guidelines "make it even more uncomfortable for men and women of faith to perform their duties".[166] A Pentagon spokesperson replied that DOMA "does not limit the type of religious ceremonies a chaplain may perform in a chapel on a military installation", and a Navy spokesperson said that "A chaplain can conduct a same-sex ceremony if it is in the tenets of his faith".[167] A few days later the Navy rescinded its earlier instructions "pending additional legal and policy review and interdepartmental coordination".[168]
    • While waiting for certification, several service members were discharged at their own insistence[70] until a July 6 ruling from a federal appeals court barred further enforcement of the U.S. military's ban on openly gay service members,[8] which the military promptly did.[169]
    • Anticipating the lifting of DADT, some active duty service members wearing civilian clothes marched in San Diego's gay pride parade on July 16. The DOD noted that participation "does not constitute a declaration of sexual orientation".[170]
    • President Obama, Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta, and Admiral Mike Mullen, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, sent the certification required by the Repeal Act to Congress on July 22, 2011, setting the end of DADT for September 20, 2011.[171] A Pentagon spokesman said that service members discharged under DADT would be able to re-apply to rejoin the military then.[172]
    • At the end of August 2011, the DOD approved the distribution of the magazine produced by OutServe, an organization of gay and lesbian service members, at Army and Air Force base exchanges beginning with the September 20 issue, coinciding with the end of DADT.[173]
    • On September 20, Air force officials announced that 22 Air Force Instructions were "updated as a result of the repeal of DADT".[174] On September 30, 2011, the Department of Defense modified regulations to reflect the repeal by deleting "homosexual conduct" as a ground for administrative separation.[175][176]
    • Day of repeal and aftermath [ edit ] US Navy LT
    • Gary C. Ross marries Dan Swezy, becoming the first active member of the U.S. military to legally marry a same-sex partner.
    • On the eve of repeal, US Air Force 1st Lt. Josh Seefried, one of the founders of OutServe, an organization of LGBT troops, revealed his identity after two years of hiding behind a pseudonym.[177] Senior Airman Randy Phillips, after conducting a social media campaign seeking encouragement coming out and already out to his military co-workers, came out to his father on the evening of September 19. When the video of their conversation he posted on YouTube went viral, it made him, in one journalist's estimation, "the poster boy for the DADT repeal".[178] The moment the repeal took effect at midnight on September 19, US Navy Lt. Gary C. Ross married his same-sex partner of eleven and a half years, Dan Swezy, making them the first same-sex military couple to legally marry in the United States.[179] Retired Rear Adm. Alan M. Steinman became the highest-ranking person to come out immediately following the end of DADT.[180] HBO produced a World of Wonder documentary, The Strange History of Don't Ask, Don't Tell, and premiered it on September 20. Variety called it "an unapologetic piece of liberal advocacy" and "a testament to what formidable opponents ignorance and prejudice can be".[181] Discharge proceedings on the grounds of homosexuality, some begun years earlier, came to an end.[182]
    • In the weeks that followed, a series of firsts attracted press attention to the impact of the repeal. The Marine Corps were the first branch of the armed services to recruit from the LGBTQ community. Reservist Jeremy Johnson became the first person discharged under DADT to re-enlist.[184] Jase Daniels became the first to return to active duty, re-joining the Navy as a third class petty officer.[185] On December 2, Air Force intelligence officer Ginger Wallace became the first open LGBT service member to have a same-sex partner participate in the "pinning-on" ceremony that marked her promotion to colonel.[186] On December 23, after 80 days at sea, US Navy Petty Officer 2nd Class Marissa Gaeta won the right to the traditional "first kiss" upon returning to port and shared it with her same-sex partner.[citation needed ] On January 20, 2012, U.S. service members deployed to Bagram, Afghanistan, produced a video in support of the It Gets Better Project, which aims to support LGBT at-risk youth.[187] Widespread news coverage continued even months after the repeal date, when a photograph of Marine Sgt. Brandon Morgan kissing his partner at a February 22, 2012, homecoming celebration on Marine Corps Base Hawaii went viral.[188] When asked for a comment, a spokesperson for the Marine Corps said: "It's your typical homecoming photo."[189]
    • Petty Officer 2nd Class Marissa Gaeta of the
    • USS Oak Hill (LSD-51) shares the traditional "first kiss" with her fianc(C)e, Petty Officer 3rd Class Citlalic Snell, December 23, 2011.
    • On September 30, 2011, Under Secretary of Defense Clifford Stanley announced the DOD's policy that military chaplains are allowed to perform same-sex marriages "on or off a military installation" where local law permits them. His memo noted that "a chaplain is not required to participate in or officiate a private ceremony if doing so would be in variance with the tenets of his or her religion" and "a military chaplain's participation in a private ceremony does not constitute an endorsement of the ceremony by DoD".[190] Some religious groups announced that their chaplains would not participate in such weddings, including an organization of evangelical Protestants, the Chaplain Alliance for Religious Liberty[191] and Roman Catholics led by Archbishop Timothy Broglio of the Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA.[192]
    • In late October 2011, speaking at the Air Force Academy, Colonel Gary Packard, leader of the team that drafted the DOD's repeal implementation plan, said: "The best quote I've heard so far is, 'Well, some people's Facebook status changed, but that was about it. ' "[193] In late November, discussing the repeal of DADT and its implementation, Marine General James F. Amos said "I'm very pleased with how it has gone" and called it a "non-event". He said his earlier public opposition was appropriate based on ongoing combat operations and the negative assessment of the policy given by 56% of combat troops under his command in the Department of Defense's November 2010 survey. A Defense Department spokesperson said implementation of repeal occurred without incident and added: "We attribute this success to our comprehensive pre-repeal training program, combined with the continued close monitoring and enforcement of standards by our military leaders at all levels."[194]
    • In December 2011, Congress considered two DADT-related amendments in the course of work on the National Defense Authorization Act for 2012. The Senate approved 97''3, an amendment removing the prohibition on sodomy found in Article 125 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice as recommended by the Comprehensive Review Working Group (CRWG) a year earlier.[195][196] The House approved an amendment banning same-sex marriages from being performed at military bases or by military employees, including chaplains and other employees of the military when "acting in an official capacity". Neither amendment appeared in the final legislation.[195]
    • In July 2012, the Department of Defense granted permission for military personnel to wear their uniforms while participating in the San Diego Pride Parade. This was the first time that U.S. military personnel were permitted to wear their service uniforms in such a parade.[197]
    • Marking the first anniversary of the passage of the Repeal Act, television news networks reported no incidents in the three months since DADT ended. One aired video of a social gathering for gay service members at a base in Afghanistan.[198] Another reported on the experience of lesbian and gay troops, including some rejection after coming out to colleagues.[199]
    • The Palm Center, a think tank that studies issues of sexuality and the military, released a study in September 2012 that found no negative consequences, nor any effect on military effectiveness from DADT repeal. This study began six months following repeal and concluded at the one year mark. The study included surveys of 553 generals and admirals who had opposed repeal, experts who supported DADT, and more than 60 heterosexual, gay, lesbian and bisexual active duty service personnel.[200][201]
    • On January 7, 2013, the ACLU reached a settlement with the federal government in Collins v. United States. It provided for the payment of full separation pay to service members discharged under DADT since November 10, 2004, who had previously been granted only half that.[202]
    • 2012 presidential campaign issue [ edit ] Several candidates for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination called for the restoration of DADT, including Michele Bachmann,[203] Rick Perry,[204] and Rick Santorum.[205] Newt Gingrich called for an extensive review of DADT's repeal.[206]
    • Ron Paul, having voted for the Repeal Act, maintained his support for allowing military service by open homosexuals.[207] Herman Cain called the issue "a distraction" and opposed reinstating DADT.[208] Mitt Romney said that the winding down of military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan obviated his opposition to the repeal and said he was not proposing any change to policy.[209]
    • On September 22, 2011, the audience at a Republican candidates' debate booed a U.S. soldier posted in Iraq who asked a question via video about the repeal of DADT, and none of the candidates noticed or responded to the crowd's behavior.[210] Two days later, Obama commented on the incident while addressing a dinner of the Human Rights Campaign: "You want to be commander in chief? You can start by standing up for the men and women who wear the uniform of the United States, even when it's not politically convenient".[211]
    • In June 2012, Rep. Howard McKeon, Republican chair of the House Armed Services Committee, said he considered the repeal of DADT a settled issue and if Romney became president would not advocate its reinstatement, though others in his party might.[212]
    • 2021 benefits restoration [ edit ] In September 2021, on the 10th anniversary of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell repeal, President Joe Biden announced that the Veterans Administration would start providing benefits for servicemembers who received other-than-honorable discharges (before DADT was enacted and while it was in effect) because of their sexual orientation.[213]
    • Views of the policy [ edit ] Public opinion [ edit ] Protest in New York by
    • Soulforce, a civil rights group.
    • In 1993, Time reported that 44% of those polled supported openly gay servicemembers,[214] and in 1994, a CNN poll indicated 53% of Americans believed gays and lesbians should be permitted to serve openly.[215]
    • According to a December 2010 The Washington Post-ABC News poll 77% of Americans said gays and lesbians who publicly disclose their sexual orientation should be able to serve in the military. That number showed little change from polls over the previous two years, but represented the highest level of support in a Post-ABC poll. The support also cut across partisan and ideological lines, with majorities of Democrats (86%), Republicans (74%), independents (74%), liberals (92%), conservatives (67%), white evangelical Protestants (70%) and non-religious (84%) in favor of homosexuals serving openly.[216]
    • A November 2010 survey by the Pew Research Center found that 58% of the U.S. public favored allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly in the military, while less than half as many (27%) were opposed.[217] According to a November 2010 CNN/Opinion Research Corporation poll, 72% of adult Americans favored permitting people who are openly gay or lesbian to serve in the military, while 23% opposed it.[218] "The main difference between the CNN poll and the Pew poll is in the number of respondents who told pollsters that they didn't have an opinion on this topic '' 16 percent in the Pew poll compared to only five percent in the CNN survey", said CNN Polling Director Keating Holland. "The two polls report virtually the same number who say they oppose gays serving openly in the military, which suggests that there are some people who favor that change in policy but for some reason were reluctant to admit that to the Pew interviewers. That happens occasionally on topics where moral issues and equal-treatment issues intersect."[219]
    • A February 2010 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute national poll showed 57% of American voters favored gays serving openly, compared to 36% opposed, while 66% said not allowing openly gay personnel to serve is discrimination, compared to 31% who did not see it as discrimination.[220] A CBS News/The New York Times national poll done at the same time showed 58% of Americans favored gays serving openly, compared to 28% opposed.[221]
    • Chaplains and religious groups [ edit ] Chaplain groups and religious organizations took various positions on DADT. Some felt that the policy needed to be withdrawn to make the military more inclusive. The Southern Baptist Convention battled the repeal of DADT, warning that their endorsements for chaplains might be withdrawn if the repeal took place.[222][223] They took the position that allowing gay men and women to serve in the military without restriction would have a negative impact on the ability of chaplains who think homosexuality is a sin to speak freely regarding their religious beliefs. The Roman Catholic Church called for the retention of the policy, but had no plans to withdraw its priests from serving as military chaplains.[224] Sixty-five retired chaplains signed a letter opposing repeal, stating that repeal would make it impossible for chaplains whose faith teaches that same-sex behavior is immoral to minister to military service members.[225] Other religious organizations and agencies called the repeal of the policy a "non-event" or "non-issue" for chaplains, claiming that chaplains have always supported military service personnel, whether or not they agree with all their actions or beliefs.[226][227][228]
    • Discharges under DADT [ edit ] After the policy was introduced in 1993, the military discharged over 13,000 troops from the military under DADT.[110][229][230] The number of discharges per fiscal year under DADT dropped sharply after the September 11 attacks and remained comparatively low through to the repeal. Discharges exceeded 600 every year until 2009.
    • YearCoast GuardMarinesNavyArmyAir ForceTotal1994[231]0362581361876171995[231]15692691842357721996[231]12603151992848701997[231]10784131973091,0071998[231]14773453124151,1631999[231]12973142713521,0462000[231][232]191143585731771,2412001[231][232]141153146382171,2732002[231][232]291092184291219062003[231]''''''''''7872004[233]1559177325926682005[233]1675177386887422006[231]''''''''''6232007[231]''''''''''6272008[234]''''''''''6192009''''''''''4282010[235]11''''''''261Total'‰¥156'‰¥889'‰¥3,158'‰¥3,650'‰¥2,47713,650Disclaimer: These statistics are not official, and only include soldiers who came forward to the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network. Because some soldiers do not disclose their discharge, some of the numbers may be inaccurate.Rear Adm. Vic Guillory, commander of U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command and U.S. 4th Fleet leads DADT repeal training for Tier 2 command leadership at Naval Station Mayport, March 17, 2011
    • Naval Special Warfare Command personnel watching Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Gary Roughead during DADT repeal training, April 6, 2011
    • DADT Repeal training for enlisted, officer and civilian staff at Naval Medical Center San Diego, May 5, 2011
    • State-based gay and lesbian military veteran laws [ edit ] In November 2019, both Rhode Island and New York State signed into law and implemented restoring military benefits to gay and lesbian military veterans. An estimated approximately 100,000 individuals were affected by the "don't ask don't tell policy" (since it was repealed in September 2011).[236]
    • See also [ edit ] Liberal homophobiaSteve May, gay Republican Arizona legislator, Army reservist until May 2001Sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States militarySexual orientation and military service '' for information on policies in military services worldwideReferences [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ "Department of Defense Directive 1304.26" . Retrieved September 11, 2013 . ^ "Gays in the Military" . Retrieved September 11, 2013 . ^ 10 U.S.C. § 654(b) ^ 10 U.S.C. § 654(e) ^ "Army Regulation 40-501, Standards of Medical Fitness, Chapters 2-27n and 3''35" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2017 . Retrieved December 21, 2013 . ^ "The Legal Brief "Don't Ask, Don't Tell, Don't Pursue, Don't Harass: Reference (a): Personnel Manual, COMDTINST M1000.6, Ch. 12.E" " (PDF) . United States Coast Guard Ninth District Legal Office. May 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2011 . Retrieved October 23, 2010 . ^ a b Sheryl Gay Stolberg (December 22, 2010). "Obama Signs Away 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' ". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022 . Retrieved December 22, 2010 . ^ a b "In reversal, federal court orders immediate end to 'don't ask, don't tell' policy". The Washington Post. Associated Press. July 6, 2011. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018 . Retrieved July 6, 2011 . ^ "Obama certifies end of military's gay ban". NBC News. Reuters. July 22, 2011 . Retrieved July 22, 2011 . ^ "Extending Benefits to Same-Sex Domestic Partners of Military Members" (PDF) . GlobalSecurity.org. February 11, 2013. ^ "DD Form X653". reginfo.gov. August 20, 2013. ^ "DoD Announces Extension of Equal Benefits for Same-Sex Military Spouses". AMPA The American Military Partner Association. August 14, 2013. ^ B(C)rub(C), Coming Out Under Fire, 9''14, 19 ^ B(C)rub(C), Coming Out Under Fire, 142''3 ^ Jones, p. 3 ^ E. Lawrence Gibson, Get Off my Ship : Ensign Berg vs. the U.S. Navy (NY: Avon, 1978), 256''67 ^ Lillian Faderman (1991). Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America. New York: Penguin. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-14-017122-8. ^ Lillian Faderman (1991). Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America. New York: Penguin. pp. 119''138. ISBN 978-0-14-017122-8. ^ "The Sexes: The Sergeant v. the Air Force". Time. September 8, 1975. Retrieved July 26, 2011. Other prominent cases included Copy Berg, Stephen Donaldson. ^ Fordham University: "Homosexuals in the Armed Forces: United States GAO Report", June 12, 1992. Retrieved February 27, 2012. ^ Vaid, Virtual Equality, 155-8 ^ Nathaniel Frank, Unfriendly Fire: How the Gay Ban Undermines the Military and Weakens America (NY: St. Martin's Press, 2009), 118''20; McFeeley, "Getting It Straight", 237-8 ^ McFeeley, "Getting It Straight", 238 ^ Stephen F. Hayes, Cheney: The Untold Story of America's Most Powerful and Controversial Vice President (NY: HarperCollins, 2007), 256 ^ Brian P. Mitchell, Women in the military: Flirting with Disaster (Washington: Regnery Publishing, 1998), 281 ^ McFeeley, "Getting It Straight", 237; Vaid, Virtual Equality, 158-9 ^ Schmalz, Jeffrey (August 20, 1992). "The Gay Vote; Gay Rights and AIDS Emerging As Divisive Issues in Campaign", The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2012. See also: Schmitt, Eric (August 26, 1992). "Marine Corps Chaplain Says Homosexuals Threaten Military", The New York Times: Retrieved February 27, 2012 ^ Vaid, Virtual Equality, 160 ^ McFeeley, "Getting It Straight", 239 ^ Schmitt, Eric (August 26, 1992). "Marine Corps Chaplain Says Homosexuals Threaten Military". The New York Times . Retrieved January 23, 2013 . ^ Reza, H.G. (January 9, 1993). "Homosexual Sailor Beaten to Death, Navy Confirms", Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 14, 2012. ^ a b Shankar, Thom (November 30, 2007). "A New Push to Roll Back 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' ". The New York Times . Retrieved December 29, 2012 . ^ Schmitt, Eric (January 27, 1993). "Military Cites Wide Range of Reasons for Its Gay Ban". The New York Times . Retrieved June 9, 2011 . ^ National Defense Research Institute; Rand Corporation Rand Corporation (1993). Sexual orientation and U.S. military personnel policy: options and assessment. Santa Monica, Calif: Rand. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-8330-1441-2. ^ Gregory M. Herek: Oral Statement of Gregory M. Herek, PhD to the House Armed Services Committee Archived September 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 24, 2012. 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Retrieved December 19, 2010 . ^ "Title 10, Subtitle A, Part II, Chapter 37, § 654. Policy concerning homosexuality in the armed forces". Cornell Law School. June 9, 2010 . Retrieved December 19, 2010 . ^ Chuck Stewart (2001). Homosexuality and the law: a dictionary . Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 196''7. ISBN 978-1-57607-267-7. ^ The New York Times: Eric Schmitt, "U.S. Agencies Split over Legal Tactics on Gay Troop Plan", December 19, 1993. Retrieved April 7, 2012. ^ Richenberg v. Perry, 97 F.3d 256 (8th Cir. 1996); Thomasson v. Perry, 80 F.3d 915 (4th Cir. 1996); Able v. United States, 155 F.3d 628 (2d Cir. 1998); Cook v. Gates, 528 F.3d 42 (1st Cir. 2008); Holmes v. California National Guard, 124 F.3d 1126 (9th Cir. 1998) ^ Mears, Bill (2006). "Justices uphold military recruiting on campuses". CNN . Retrieved March 6, 2006 . ^ Sporkin, Stanley (January 26, 1998). "Memorandum Opinion, Timothy R. McVeigh v. William S. Cohen, et al." (PDF) . 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(May 27, 2010). "Don't Make a Big Deal of Ending Don't Ask Don't Tell: Lessons from U.S. Military Allies on Allowing Homosexuals to Serve". Brookings . Retrieved February 27, 2019 . ^ Publishing, Here (March 30, 2004). The Advocate. Here Publishing. ^ American Psychological Association: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association for the legislative year 2004. Minutes of the meeting of the Council of Representatives July 28 & 30, 2004, Honolulu, Hawaii. Retrieved March 5, 2012. ^ American Presidency Project: Republican Party Platform of 2004, August 30, 2004. Retrieved December 27, 2012. ^ American Presidency Project: Democratic Party Platform of 2004, July 26, 2004. Retrieved December 27, 2012. ^ a b "Report: 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' costs $363M". USA Today. February 14, 2006. Archived from the original on February 5, 2008 . Retrieved March 14, 2012 . ^ Chibbaro, Lou (2005). "Out gay soldiers sent to Iraq '' Regulation keeps straights from 'playing gay' to avoid war". 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Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2010 . Retrieved December 22, 2010 . The article won the Secretary of Defense National Security Essay competition for 2009. ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (September 30, 2009). "Rare Source of Attack on 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' ". The New York Times . Retrieved December 29, 2012 . ^ Novak, Lisa M. (October 27, 2009). "Panel urges ending UCMJ's sodomy ban", Stars and Stripes. Retrieved February 20, 2012. ^ Stein, Sam (January 12, 2010). "DADT Repeal: Dems Move Forward With Plans". Huffington Post. USA . Retrieved January 14, 2010 . ^ Hornick, Ed; Ure, Laurie (January 27, 2010). "Obama Calls for "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" Repeal". CNN Politics . Retrieved March 16, 2021 . ^ Joint Chiefs of Staff: "Testimony Regarding DoD 'Dont Ask, Dont Tell' Policy" Archived January 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, February 22, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2012. ^ The Guardian: "Retired military officers: keep ban on gays", March 31, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2012. ^ Chris Johnson, New report undermines officers' letter supporting 'Don't Ask', Washington Blade, March 3, 2010 ^ Krehely, Jeff; Teixeira, Ruy (February 17, 2010). "American Support Repeal of "Don't Ask Don't Tell". Center for American Progress . Retrieved March 16, 2021 . ^ "Gates eases ban on gays in the military". CNN. March 26, 2010 . Retrieved December 29, 2012 . ^ Crandall, Carla. "The Effects of Repealing Don't Ask, Don't Tell: Is the Combat Exclusion the Next Casualty in the March Toward Integration?" (PDF) . ^ H.R. 1059 ^ "Obama: Repeal of 'don't ask, don't tell' possible". NBC News. Associated Press. April 10, 2008. ^ Scarborough, Rowan (November 21, 2008). "Obama to delay repeal of 'don't ask, don't tell': advisers see consensus building before lifting ban on gays". The Washington Times . Retrieved November 22, 2008 . ^ Obama, Barack; The Office of the President-elect (2008). "Plan to Strengthen Civil Rights". Agenda ' Civil Rights. Change.gov. Archived from the original on January 2, 2011 . Retrieved December 19, 2010 . ^ Simmons, Christine (October 10, 2009). "Gays Question Obama 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Pledge". USA Today. Associated Press . Retrieved December 10, 2009 . ^ Gerstein, Josh (October 10, 2009). "President Obama offers little new in speech to gay rights activists at HRC dinner". Politico . Retrieved October 11, 2009 . ^ "Obama calls for 'don't ask, don't tell' repeal". CNN. January 27, 2010. ^ Bumiller, Elizabeth (February 2, 2010). "Top Defense Officials Seek to End 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' ". The New York Times . Retrieved December 29, 2012 . ^ "Final vote results for roll call 317". Clerk.house.gov. May 27, 2010 . Retrieved December 19, 2010 . ^ Allen, Jared; Tiron, Roxana (May 25, 2010). "GOP to defend 'Don't ask, Don't Tell' ". The Hill . Retrieved May 30, 2010 . ^ Fritze, John (May 27, 2010). "Congress advances repeal of 'don't ask, don't tell' ". USA Today . Retrieved May 27, 2010 . ^ Herszenhorn, David M.; Hulse, Carl (May 27, 2010). "House Votes to Allow Repeal of 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Law". The New York Times . Retrieved May 28, 2010 . ^ Herszenhorn, David M. (May 28, 2010). "House Passes Bill With 'Don't Tell' Repeal". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022 . Retrieved December 29, 2012 . ^ "Senate halts 'don't ask, don't tell' repeal". CNN. September 22, 2010. ^ O'Keefe, Ed (November 15, 2010). "'Don't ask, don't tell' splitting gay rights groups". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 12, 2010. ^ "Collins v. United States '' Class Action for Military Separation Pay". American Civil Liberties Union. November 10, 2010. ^ a b Daniel, Lisa (November 30, 2010). "Repeal of 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Offers Few Risks, Report Finds". Armed Forces Press Service, United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on January 15, 2012. ^ O'Keefe, Ed (November 30, 2010). " 'Don't ask, don't tell' report authors speak out". Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. ^ a b Department of Defense: "Report of the Comprehensive Review of the Issues Associated with a Repeal of 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'" Archived January 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, November 30, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2012; comprehensive report. Survey results 63''79, analysis 120-6, quote 121: "Overall, in response to a variety of questions, 50''55% of the force indicated that repeal will have a mixed or no effect; about 15''20% believe that repeal will have a positive effect, while another 30% believe it will have a negative effect." ^ a b c Bumiller, Elisabeth (November 30, 2010). "Pentagon Sees Little Risk in Allowing Gay Men and Women to Serve Openly". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022 . Retrieved December 29, 2012 . ^ "Military and Civilian Professors Say That "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" Debate is Over '' 30 Scholars Conclude that Prejudice is the Only Remaining Rationale for Gay Ban". Palmcenter.org. December 15, 2010. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011 . Retrieved December 19, 2010 . . The signers' affiliations included current and former academics at the Army War College, Naval Academy, West Point, Air Force Academy, Naval Postgraduate School, Naval War College, Air Command and Staff College and National Defense University and such non-military institutions as Harvard, Yale and Princeton. The statement was organized by the Pam Center. ^ Perkins, Tony (December 9, 2010). The Washington Times: "Listen to the Marines on 'Don't Ask'". Retrieved April 4, 2012. ^ Bumiller, Elizabeth (February 2, 2010). "Top Defense Officials Seek to End 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' ". The New York Times . Retrieved December 29, 2012 . ^ Bumiller, Elizabeth (December 3, 2010). "Service Chiefs Tell Panel of Risks to 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Repeal". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022 . Retrieved December 29, 2012 . ^ North, Oliver (December 7, 2010). "Gays in the Military", National Review: Retrieved February 26, 2012 ^ O'Keefe, Ed; Kane, Paul (December 9, 2010). " 'Don't ask, don't tell' procedural vote fails". The Washington Post . Retrieved December 10, 2010 . ^ O'Keefe, Ed; Whitlock, Craig (December 11, 2010). "New bill introduced to end 'don't ask, don't tell' ". The Washington Post . Retrieved December 13, 2010 . ^ "Final vote results for roll call 638". Clerk.house.gov. December 15, 2010 . Retrieved December 19, 2010 . ^ "U.S. Senate Roll Call", U.S. Senate, December 18, 2010. Retrieved December 18, 2010. ^ Hulse, Carl (December 18, 2010). "Senate Repeals Ban Against Openly Gay Military Personnel". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022 . Retrieved December 29, 2012 . ^ "Statement by Secretary Robert Gates on Senate Vote to Repeal 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' " (Press release). United States Department of Defense. December 18, 2010. Archived from the original on December 24, 2010 . Retrieved December 19, 2010 . ^ Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 ^ Maze, Rick (January 14, 2011). "New bill seeks to slow DADT repeal" Archived January 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Marine Corps Times: Retrieved February 14, 2012 ^ Tony Perkins, (April 19, 2011). "It's Not Too Late to Block the Repeal of 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'", Fox News: Retrieved April 4, 2012 ^ Stars and Stripes: "House panel votes to delay repeal of 'don't ask, don't tell'", May 12, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2012; Shane, Leo III (June 16, 2011). "Lawmakers want Obama to halt DADT repeal", Stars and Stripes: Retrieved January 11, 2012 ^ "Military lays out plan to implement gay ban repeal". USA Today. January 29, 2011 . Retrieved December 29, 2012 . ^ "Defense Department Says It Will Deny Full Separation Pay For Gay And Lesbian Service Members Honorably Discharged Under "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" ". American Civil Liberties Union. January 29, 2011. ^ Gould, Joe (May 23, 2011). "3 colonels punished over skit mocking gays", Military Times: Retrieved February 14, 2012 ^ Dwyer, Devin (May 10, 2011). "'Don't Ask, Don't Tell': Navy OKs Bases, Chaplains for Same-Sex Marriages After Repeal", ABC News: Retrieved February 21, 2012 ^ Eckholm, Erik (May 11, 2011). "Navy Rescinds Guidelines For Same-Sex Marriages". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022 . Retrieved December 29, 2012 . ^ Keyes, Charley (May 9, 2011). "Navy plan to allow same-sex marriage on bases draws opposition", CNN: Retrieved February 21, 2012 ^ Dwyer, Devin (May 11, 2011). "Navy Scraps Rules on Gay Marriages After GOP Protest", ABC News: Retrieved 21 February 2011. ^ Tighman, Andrew (July 8, 2011). Army Times: "Pentagon suspends DADT in wake of court ruling". Retrieved July 11, 2011. ^ Marty Graham, (July 16, 2011). "Military members march for San Diego gay pride" Archived October 15, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Reuters: Retrieved February 17, 2012. ^ Viola Gienger and Flavia Krause-Jackson (July 22, 2011). "Obama, Pentagon Certify End of Gay Ban Won't Harm Military". Bloomberg News . Retrieved July 22, 2011 . ^ Chris Geidner (July 22, 2011). "Gone in 60 Days". MetroWeekly . Retrieved July 22, 2011 . ^ Stars and Stripes: Shane, Leo III (August 30, 2011). "Gay military magazine to land at Army, AF bases". Retrieved February 17, 2012. ^ The Atlantic: "Memorandum" Archived January 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, September 20, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2012. ^ "NUMBER 1332.14" (PDF) . United States Department of Defense. September 30, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 26, 2011 . Retrieved October 1, 2011 . ^ Belkin, Aaron; Ender, Morten G.; et al. (2013). "Readiness and DADT Repeal: Has the New Policy of Open Service Undermined the Military?". Armed Forces & Society. 39 (4): 587. doi:10.1177/0095327X12466248. S2CID 145357049. ^ Daily Beast: Josh Seefried, "I am a Gay Airman", September 19, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2012. ^ The Huffington Post: "Randy Phillips, Gay Airman, Comes Out To Mom On YouTube", September 29, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2012. ^ Mak, Tim (September 20, 2011). "Post-'don't ask', gay Navy Lt. marries". Politico . Retrieved October 3, 2011 . ^ Thomas Francis, "On base, 'don't ask, don't tell' demise is cause for celebration", NBC News: September 21, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2012. ^ Brian Lowry, "The Strange History of Don't Ask, Don't Tell", Variety, September 18, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2012. See also Internet Movie Database: "The Strange History of Don't Ask, Don't Tell (2011)". A private showing in San Francisco for OutServe preceded the public premiere. Retrieved January 29, 2012. ^ Dwyer, Devin (September 20, 2011). "'Don't Ask Don't Tell' Repeal Spares Decorated Air Force Aviator", ABC News: Retrieved January 31, 2012 ^ Jennifer Rizzo, (September 24, 2011). "Discharged gay sailor re-enlists in Navy Reserves", CNN: Retrieved January 27, 2012 ^ Fellman, Sam (December 12, 2011). "Twice-discharged gay sailor reinstated", Navy Times. Retrieved January 29, 2012. ^ Chris Johnson, (December 1, 2011). "'Pinning-on' ceremony 'big deal' for lesbian couple", Washington Blade: Retrieved January 28, 2012; Parrish, Karen (January 25, 2012). "Colonel 'Proud, Humbled' to Represent Gay, Lesbian Troops" Archived April 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Department of Defense: Retrieved January 27, 2012 ^ Murray, Rheana (January 23, 2012). "LGBT servicemembers in Afghanistan post 'It Gets Better' video to encourage youth bullied because of sexuality", Daily News (New York). Retrieved January 27, 2012. ^ Miami Herald: Rothaus, Steve (February 28, 2012). "Gay marine, partner reflect on first kiss seen around the globe: 'The world went away for a few minutes'". Retrieved March 1, 2012; MSNBC: "Marine in gay kiss photo: Breaking stereotypes a 'good feeling'" , February 28, 2012. Retrieved March 1, 2012. ^ Rowan Scarborough, (March 1, 2012). "Gay Marine's kiss sparks praise, anger", The Washington Times. Retrieved March 1, 2012. ^ Keyes, Charley (September 30, 2011). "Military chaplains allowed to perform same-sex weddings", CNN: Retrieved February 21, 2012 ^ Stanley, Paul (October 6, 2011). "Evangelical Chaplains Refuse to Marry Gay Couples on Military Bases", The Christian Post: Retrieved March 3, 2012 ^ Andrew Tilghman, (September 30, 2011). "Church leader opposes DoD on same-sex weddings", Army Times. Retrieved March 5, 2012. ^ U.S. Air Force Academy: Don Branum, "Academy experts discuss effects of DADT repeal" Archived October 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, October 25, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2012. ^ Burns, Robert (November 28, 2011). "Don't Ask Don't Tell: Top Marine Says Service Embracing Gay Ban Repeal", Huffington Post. Retrieved January 31, 2012. ^ a b Geidner, Chris (December 12, 2011). "Defense Bill Conference Report Strips Anti-Gay House Language, Keeps Military Sodomy Ban" Archived January 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, MetroWeekly: Retrieved February 20, 2012 ^ Article 125's prohibition against bestiality was included in its definition of sodomy. House Republicans, the Family Research Council, and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals objected to the removal of "unnatural carnal copulation ... with an animal" from Article 125, not "unnatural carnal copulation with another person of the same or opposite sex". See: Herb, Jeremy (December 9, 2011). "Repeal of sodomy, bestiality ban sparks fight on Defense bill", The Hill: Retrieved February 20, 2012: "The Pentagon, however, says that even if the article in the military code was repealed, having sex with animals would still be covered under different statutes. 'It is difficult to envision a situation where a service member engages in sexual conduct with an animal that would not be conduct prejudicial to good order and discipline or service-discrediting,' said Defense spokesman Lt. Col. Todd Breasseale." ^ "U.S. military can wear uniform in San Diego gay pride parade: Defense Department". CNN. July 20, 2012 . Retrieved March 26, 2013 . ^ NBC Nightly News: "No incidents reported since DADT repealed", December 21, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2012. ^ Tejada, Alicia (December 24, 2011). "'Out' on the Front Lines: Troops Reflect on 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'", ABC News: Retrieved March 3, 2012 ^ Shapiro, Lila (September 10, 2012). "Don't Ask Don't Tell Study Shows No Negative Effects On Military One Year After Repeal". Huffington Post . Retrieved September 10, 2012 . ^ Belkin, Aaron; Morton Ender (2013). "Readiness and DADT Repeal: Has the New Policy of Open Service Undermined the Military?". Armed Forces & Society. 39 (4): 587. doi:10.1177/0095327X12466248. S2CID 145357049. ^ Geidner, Chris (January 7, 2013). "Servicemembers Kicked Out Under Military's Gay Ban Since '04 To Receive Full Separation Pay". Buzz Feed. Archived from the original on January 9, 2013 . Retrieved January 7, 2013 . ^ Colorado Independent: Andy Birkey, "Openly gay soldiers may destroy military, Bachmann says", October 5, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2012. ^ ABC News: Arlette Saenz, "Perry Prefers DADT, Says Obama Should Have Overthrown Iran Regime", November 8, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2012. ^ NPR: Mark Memmott, "Boos Heard At GOP Debate After Gay Soldier Asks About 'Don't Ask'", September 23, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2012. See also: "Santorum: Race, Homosexuality Not Comparable Measures for Military Service", Fox News: October 9, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2012. ^ Rowan Scarborough, "Gingrich tough on women, gays in military", The Washington Times. December 11, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2012. ^ Johnson, Luke (October 26, 2011). "Ron Paul: Heterosexuals 'Causing More Trouble Than Gays' In The Military", Huffington Post: Retrieved January 30, 2012 ^ Johnson, Chris (October 20, 2011). "Raising Cain". Washington Blade: Retrieved January 30, 2012 ^ Military Culture Coalition: Romney Endorses Gays-In-Military (LGBT) Law; Gingrich Opposed", December 12, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2012. ^ Wolf, Z. Byron (September 23, 2011). "Debate Crowd Booed Gay Soldier", ABC News: Retrieved February 13, 2012 ^ "Obama: Don't stand silent when soldier is booed", NBC News: October 1, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2012. ^ Fox News: "GOP lawmaker says 'don't ask, don't tell' repeal is settled issue", June 21, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2012. ^ "Veterans Discharged Under 'Don't Ask Don't Tell' Get A Chance For VA Benefits". NPR.org. ^ Mark Thompson, "Why Is the Military Polling the Troops About Gays?". Time, July 12, 2010. ^ Paul Steinhauser, CNN Poll: 69% OK with gays in the military. CNN. February 22, 2010. ^ O'Keefe, Ed (December 15, 2010). "Most back repealing 'don't ask, don't tell,' poll says". The Washington Post . Retrieved December 19, 2010 . ^ Pew Research Center: "Most Continue to Favor Gays Serving Openly in Military", Nov 29, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2012. ^ "CNN Opinion Research November 11''14, 2010" (PDF) . Retrieved December 19, 2010 . ^ Steinhauser, Paul (November 29, 2010). "Poll: Majority support gays serving openly in military", CNN Political Ticker: Retrieved February 14, 2012 ^ Quinnipiac University: "U.S. Voters Say Gays In Military Should Come Out, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds", February 10, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2012. ^ CBS News: "Gays in the military", February 11, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2012. ^ "Baptists, Catholics Threaten to Withdraw Chaplains Over DADT", November 1, 2010 Archived October 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 16, 2012. ^ Banks, Adelle M. (June 19, 2010). "Southern Baptists Convention fighting 'don't ask, don't tell' repeal". The Washington Post. ^ "Southern Baptists Convention fighting 'don't ask, don't tell' repeal". The Washington Post. June 18, 2010 . Retrieved October 13, 2010 . ^ "Retired chaplains back 'don't ask'", The Washington Times October 31, 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2012. ^ "HRC Back Story, April 28, 2010". Hrcbackstory.org. April 28, 2010. Archived from the original on October 19, 2010 . Retrieved October 13, 2010 . ^ "Servicemembers Legal Defense Network". Sldn.org. August 4, 2010. Archived from the original on October 10, 2010 . Retrieved October 13, 2010 . ^ Resnicoff, Arnold E. (July 12, 2010). "If gays serve openly, will chaplains suffer? No, the mission is to serve all troops". USA Today . Retrieved October 13, 2010 . ^ Shane, Leo (January 16, 2009). "Stars and Stripes: Obama Wants to End "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" ". Stars and Stripes. U.S. Department of Defense . Retrieved January 21, 2009 . ^ Continued discharges anger 'don't ask, don't tell' critics: Gay-rights groups urge reversal now Bryan Bender, Boston Globe; May 20, 2009. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Servicemembers Legal Defense Network '' Annual Gay Discharges Under "Don't Ask, Don't Tell, Don't Pursue, Don't Harass" ^ a b c Individual service numbers from Servicemembers Legal Defense Network, "Freedom to Serve" Archived July 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b 365Gay.com '' Military Discharging Two Soldiers Per Day For Being Gay Despite War Group Says Archived July 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ Continued discharges anger 'don't ask, don't tell' critics The Boston Globe, Bryan Bender '' May 20, 2009 ^ "261 DADT Discharges in 2010". March 25, 2011. ^ "Rhode Island & New York restore military benefits to LGBTQ veterans". Bibliography [ edit ] Allan B(C)rub(C) (1990). Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two. Plume. ISBN 978-0-452-26598-1. Allan B(C)rub(C), "How Gay Stays White and What Kind of White It Stays", in My Desire for History: Essays in Gay, Community, and Labor History, John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freeman, eds. (University of North Carolina Press, 2011)Elizabeth Drew (1994). On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency . Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0671871471. OCLC 31077297. Tim McFeeley, "Getting It Straight: A Review of the 'Gays in the Military' Debate", in John D'Emilio, William B. Turner, and Urvashi Vaid, eds., Creating Change: Sexuality, Public Policy, and Civil Rights (NY: St. Martin's Press, 2000)David Mixner, Stranger Among Friends (NY: Bantam, 1996)Randy Shilts (May 1, 1993). Conduct Unbecoming: Lesbians and Gays in the U.S. Military : Vietnam to the Persian Gulf . St Martins Press. ISBN 978-0-312-09261-0. Urvashi Vaid (1995). Virtual Equality: The Mainstreaming of Gay & Lesbian Liberation. Anchor Books. ISBN 0385472986. OCLC 32468601. Further reading [ edit ] Belkin, Aaron (2008). " 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell': Does the Gay Ban Undermine the Military's Reputation?". Armed Forces & Society. 34 (2). doi:10.1177/0095327X06294621. S2CID 144524502. Belkin, Aaron (2013). Readiness and DADT Repeal: Has the New Policy of Open Service Undermined the Military? Armed Forces & Society, Forthcoming ... Access OnlineFirst at http://afs.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/12/06/0095327X12466248.abstractBowling, Kirby L.; Firestone, Juanita M.; Harris, Richard J. (2005). "Analyzing Questions That Cannot Be Asked of Respondents Who Cannot Respond". Armed Forces & Society. 31 (3): 411''437. doi:10.1177/0095327X0503100305. S2CID 146142348. Carter, Chad C. and Antony B. Kolenc (2005). "'Don't Ask, Don't Tell': Has the Policy Met Its Goals?", University of Dayton Law Review, Fall 2005Huffman, J. Ford and Schultz, Tammy S. (editors) (2012), The End of Don't Ask Don't Tell: The Impact in Studies and Personal Essays by Service Members and Veterans, Marine Corps UniversityLevy, Yagil (2007). "The Right to Fight: A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of Recruitment Policy toward Gays and Lesbians". Armed Forces & Society. 33 (2). doi:10.1177/0095327X06287616. S2CID 144959169. Moradi, Bonnie; Miller, Laura (2010). "Attitudes of Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans toward Gay and Lesbian Service Members". Armed Forces & Society. 36 (3): 397''419. doi:10.1177/0095327X09352960. S2CID 145529543. Schaub, Gary Jr (2010). "Unit Cohesion and the Impact of DADT" (PDF) . Strategic Studies Quarterly. 4 (3): 85''101. External links [ edit ] Document Library, Robert Crown Law Library at Stanford Law LibraryText of Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010Elaine Donnelly and Aaron Belkin Debate DADT at Maxwell Air Force Base, summer 2010Don't Ask Don't Tell Review, House of Representatives, Military Personnel Subcommittee, July 23, 2008
  • Norman Lear - Wikipedia
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    • Wed, 29 Jun 2022 19:34
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    • American television writer and producer
    • Norman Milton Lear (born July 27, 1922) is an American television writer and film and television producer who has produced, written, created, or developed over 100 shows.[1] Lear is known for many popular 1970s sitcoms, including All in the Family, Maude, Sanford and Son, One Day at a Time, The Jeffersons, and Good Times. Lear continued to actively produce television, including the 2017 remake of One Day at a Time and the Netflix revival of Good Times in 2022.[2]
    • Lear has received many awards, including five Emmys, the National Medal of Arts, and the Kennedy Center Honors. He is a member of the Television Academy Hall of Fame. Lear is also known for his political activism and funding of liberal and progressive causes and politicians. In 1980, Lear founded the advocacy organization People for the American Way to counter the influence of the Christian right in politics, and in the early 2000s, he mounted a tour of the Declaration of Independence.
    • Early life [ edit ] Lear was born in New Haven, Connecticut,[3][4] the son of Jeanette (n(C)e Seicol) and Hyman "Herman" Lear, a traveling salesman.[4] He had a younger sister, Claire Lear Brown (1925''2015).[5] Lear grew up in a Jewish household in Connecticut and had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony.[6] His mother was originally from Ukraine, while his father's family was from Russia.[7][8][9]
    • When Lear was nine years old, he lived in Chelsea, MA [Interview with Norman Lear on NPR - air date January 16, 2022] when his father went to prison for selling fake bonds.[10] Lear thought of his father as a "rascal" and said that the character of Archie Bunker (whom Lear depicted as white Protestant on the show) was in part inspired by his father, while the character of Edith Bunker was in part inspired by his mother.[10] However, Lear has said the moment which inspired his lifetime of advocacy was another event which he experienced at the age of nine, when he first came across infamous anti-semitic Catholic radio priest Father Charles Coughlin while tinkering with his crystal radio set.[11] Lear has also said he would hear more of Coughlin's radio sermons over time, and found out that Coughlin would at times find different ways to promote anti-semitism by also targeting people whom Jews considered to be "great heroes," such as US President Franklin Roosevelt.[12]
    • Lear graduated from Weaver High School in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1940[13] and subsequently attended Emerson College in Boston, but dropped out in 1942 to join the United States Army Air Forces.
    • Lear enlisted in the United States Army in September 1942.[14] He served in the Mediterranean theater as a radio operator/gunner on Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers with the 772nd Bombardment Squadron, 463d Operations Group of the Fifteenth Air Force; he also described bombing Germany in the European theater.[10] Lear flew 52 combat missions, for which he was awarded the Air Medal with four Oak Leaf Clusters. Lear was discharged from the Army in 1945, and his fellow World War II crew members are featured in the books Crew Umbriago, by Daniel P. Carroll (tail gunner), and 772nd Bomb Squadron: The Men, The Memories, by Turner Publishing and Co.
    • Career [ edit ] After World War II, Lear had a career in public relations.[10] The career choice was inspired by his Uncle Jack: "My dad had a brother, Jack, who flipped me a quarter every time he saw me. He was a press agent so I wanted to be a press agent. That's the only role model I had. So all I wanted was to grow up to be a guy who could flip a quarter to a nephew."[6] Lear decided to move to California to restart his career in publicity, driving with his toddler daughter across the country.[10]
    • His first night in Los Angeles, Lear stumbled upon a production of George Bernard Shaw's Major Barbara at a 90-seat theater in the round Circle Theater off Sunset Boulevard. One of the actors in the play was Sydney Chaplin, who was the son of actors Charlie Chaplin and Lita Grey. Chaplin, Alan Mowbray and Dame Gladys Cooper sat in front of him, and after the show was over, Chaplin performed.[10]
    • Lear had a first cousin in Los Angeles, Elaine, married to Ed Simmons, who wanted to be a comedy writer. Simmons and Lear teamed up to sell home furnishings door-to-door for a company called The Gans Brothers and later sold family photos door-to-door. Throughout the 1950s, Lear and Simmons turned out comedy sketches for television appearances of Martin and Lewis, Rowan and Martin, and others. They frequently wrote for Martin and Lewis when they appeared on the Colgate Comedy Hour and a 1953 article from Billboard magazine stated that Lear and Simmons were guaranteed a record-breaking $52,000 each to write for five additional Martin and Lewis appearances on the Colgate Comedy Hour that year.[15] In a 2015 interview with Vanity Magazine, Lear said that Jerry Lewis had hired him and Simmons to become writers for Martin and Lewis three weeks before the comedy duo made their first appearance on the Colgate Comedy Hour in 1950.[16] Lear also acknowledged in 1986 that he and Simmons were the main writers for The Martin and Lewis Show for three years.[17]
    • In 1954, Lear was enlisted as a writer hoping to salvage the new Celeste Holm CBS sitcom, Honestly, Celeste!, but the program was canceled after eight episodes. During this time, he became the producer of NBC's short-lived (26 episodes) sitcom The Martha Raye Show, after Nat Hiken left as the series director. Lear also wrote some of the opening monologues for The Tennessee Ernie Ford Show,[16][18] which aired from 1956 to 1961. In 1959, Lear created his first television series, a half-hour western for Revue Studios called The Deputy, starring Henry Fonda.
    • 1970s [ edit ] Starting out as a comedy writer, then a film director (he wrote and produced the 1967 film Divorce American Style and directed the 1971 film Cold Turkey, both starring Dick Van Dyke), Lear tried to sell a concept for a sitcom about a blue-collar American family to ABC. They rejected the show after two pilots were taped: "Justice for All" in 1968[19] and "Those Were the Days" in 1969.[20] After a third pilot was taped, CBS picked up the show, known as All in the Family. It premiered January 12, 1971, to disappointing ratings, but it took home several Emmy Awards that year, including Outstanding Comedy Series. The show did very well in summer reruns,[21] and it flourished in the 1971''72 season, becoming the top-rated show on TV for the next five years.[22] After falling from the #1 spot, All in the Family still remained in the top ten, well after it transitioned into Archie Bunker's Place. The show was based loosely on the British sitcom Till Death Us Do Part, about an irascible working-class Tory and his Socialist son-in-law.[23]
    • Lear's second big TV sitcom, Sanford and Son, was also based on a British sitcom, Steptoe and Son,[24] about a west London junk dealer and his son. Lear changed the setting to the Watts section of Los Angeles and the characters to African-Americans, and the NBC show Sanford and Son was an instant hit. Numerous hit shows followed thereafter, including Maude, The Jeffersons (as with Maude a spin-off of All in the Family), One Day at a Time, and Good Times (which was a spinoff of Maude).[25]
    • What most of the Lear sitcoms had in common was that they were shot on videotape in place of film, used a live studio audience, and dealt with the social and political issues of the day.[26] Maude is generally considered to be based on Lear's wife Frances, something she herself claimed, with Charlie Hauck serving as main producer and writer.[27][28]
    • Lear's longtime producing partner was Bud Yorkin, who also produced All in the Family, Sanford and Son, What's Happening!!, Maude, and The Jeffersons.[29] Yorkin split with Lear in 1975. He started a production company with writer/producers Saul Turteltaub and Bernie Orenstein, but they had only two shows that ran more than a year: What's Happening!! and Carter Country. The Lear/Yorkin company was known as Tandem Productions that was founded in 1958. Lear and talent agent Jerry Perenchio founded T.A.T. Communications ("T.A.T." stood for the Yiddish phrase "Tuchus Affen Tisch", which meant "Putting one's ass on the line."[30]) in 1974, which co-existed with Tandem Productions and was often referred to in periodicals as Tandem/T.A.T. The Lear organization was one of the most successful independent TV producers of the 1970s. TAT produced the influential and award-winning 1981 film The Wave about Ron Jones' social experiment.
    • Lear also developed the cult favorite TV series Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman (MH MH) which was turned down by the networks as "too controversial" and placed it into first run syndication with 128 stations in January 1976. A year later, Lear added another program into first-run syndication along with MH MH, All That Glitters. He planned in 1977 to offer three hours of prime-time Saturday programming directly, with the stations placing his production company in the position of an occasional network.[16][31]
    • 1980s and 1990s [ edit ] In 1980, Lear founded the organization People for the American Way for the purpose of counteracting the Christian right organization Moral Majority, founded in 1979.[32] In the fall of 1981, Lear began a 14-month run as the host of a revival of the classic game show Quiz Kids for the CBS Cable Network. In January 1982, Lear and Jerry Perenchio bought out Avco Embassy Pictures from Avco Financial Corporation, and the Avco part of its name was dropped after merging that with T.A.T. Communications Company to form Embassy Communications, Inc.[33] Embassy Pictures was led by Alan Horn and Martin Schaeffer, later co-founders of Castle Rock Entertainment with Rob Reiner.
    • In March 1982, Lear produced an ABC television special titled I Love Liberty, which was aimed to counterbalance groups like the Moral Majority.[34] Among the many guests who appeared on the special was conservative icon and the 1964 U.S. presidential election's Republican nominee Barry Goldwater.[34]
    • On June 18, 1985, Lear and Perenchio sold Embassy Communications to Columbia Pictures (then owned by the Coca-Cola Company), which acquired Embassy's film and television division (including Embassy's in-house television productions and the television rights to the Embassy theatrical library) for $485 million in shares of The Coca-Cola Company.[35][36] Lear and Perenchio split the net proceeds (about $250 million). Coke later sold the film division to Dino De Laurentiis and the home video arm to Nelson Holdings (led by Barry Spikings).
    • The brand Tandem Productions was abandoned in 1986 with the cancellation of Diff'rent Strokes, and Embassy ceased to exist as a single entity in late 1986, having been split into different components owned by different entities.[37] The Embassy TV division became ELP Communications in 1988, but shows originally produced by Embassy were now under the Columbia Pictures Television banner from 1988 to 1996 and the Columbia TriStar Television banner from 1996 to 2002.
    • Lear's Act III Communications was founded in 1986 and in the following year, Thomas B. McGrath was named president and chief operating officer of ACT III Communications Inc after previously serving as senior vice president.[38][39] On February 2, 1989, Norman Lear's Act III Communications formed a joint venture with Columbia Pictures Television called Act III Television to produce television series instead of managing.[40][41]
    • In 1997, Lear and Jim George produced the Kids' WB series Channel Umptee-3. The cartoon was the first to meet the Federal Communications Commission's then-new educational programming requirements.[42]
    • 2000s and 2010s [ edit ] Norman Lear in 2014, at the Austin Book Festival
    • In 2003, Lear made an appearance on South Park during the "I'm a Little Bit Country" episode, providing the voice of Benjamin Franklin. He also served as a consultant on the episodes "I'm a Little Bit Country" and "Cancelled". Lear has attended a South Park writers' retreat,[43] and served as the officiant at co-creator Trey Parker's wedding.[44]
    • Lear is spotlighted in the 2016 documentary Norman Lear: Just Another Version of You.[45] In 2017, Lear served as executive producer for One Day at a Time, the reboot of his 1975-1984 show of the same name that premiered on Netflix starring Justina Machado and Rita Moreno as a Cuban-American family. He has hosted a podcast, All of the Above with Norman Lear, since May 1, 2017.[46][47] On July 29, 2019, it was announced that Lear had teamed with Lin-Manuel Miranda to make an American Masters documentary about Moreno's life, tentatively titled "Rita Moreno: The Girl Who Decided to Go For It".[48] In 2020, it was announced that Lear and Act III Productions would executive produce a revival of Who's The Boss? [49]
    • In 2014, Lear published Even This I Get To Experience, a memoir.[50]
    • Awards [ edit ] In 1967, Lear was nominated for an Academy Award for writing Divorce American Style.[51] Lear was among the first seven television pioneers inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1984. He received five Emmy Awards (two in 1971, one each in 1972 and 1973, and one in 2019)[52] and two Peabody Awards (a personal award in 1977 and an individual award in 2016). He received the Humanist Arts Award from the American Humanist Association in 1977. His star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame is located at 6615 Hollywood Boulevard. In 1980, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[53]
    • In 1999, President Bill Clinton awarded the National Medal of Arts to Lear, noting, "Norman Lear has held up a mirror to American society and changed the way we look at it." Also in 1999, he and Bud Yorkin received the Women in Film Lucy Award in recognition of excellence and innovation in creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television.[54]
    • In February 2017, Lear was awarded with the "Media Icon" Award from the National Hispanic Media Coalition.[55]
    • On May 12, 2017, Lear was awarded the fourth annual Woody Guthrie Prize presented by the Woody Guthrie Center based in Tulsa, Oklahoma.[56] The event took place in the Clive Davis Theater at the Grammy Museum in Los Angeles. The Woody Guthrie Prize is given annually to an artist who exemplifies the spirit and life work of Guthrie by speaking for the less fortunate through music, literature, film, dance or other art forms and serving as a positive force for social change in America. Previous honorees include Pete Seeger, Mavis Staples and Kris Kristofferson.[57]
    • On August 3, 2017, it was announced that the Kennedy Center had made Lear, along with Carmen de Lavallade,[58] Lionel Richie,[58] LL Cool J,[58] and Gloria Estefan,[58] one of the recipients of the 2017 Kennedy Center Honors.[58] US President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump were scheduled to be seated with the honorees during the Kennedy Center ceremony, which took place on December 3, 2017,[58] and they were planning to host a reception with them at the White House earlier in the evening.[58] Variety magazine's senior editor Ted Johnson reacted with statements such as "That in and of itself will be an interesting moment, as Lear and Estefan have been particularly outspoken against Trump and his policies."[58] It was afterwards announced that Lear would boycott the White House reception.[59] In the end, the President and First Lady did not attend.
    • In 2019, Lear was awarded the Britannia Award for Excellence in Television.[60] The Norman Lear Achievement Award in Television, issued by the Producers Guild of America, was named after Lear, and he was a recipient in 2005.
    • Political and cultural activities [ edit ] In addition to his success as a TV writer and producer, Lear is an outspoken supporter of First Amendment and liberal causes. The only time that he did not support the Democratic candidate for President was in 1980. He supported John Anderson because he considered the Carter administration to be "a complete disaster".[61]
    • Lear was one of the wealthy Jewish Angelenos known as the Malibu Mafia.[62] In the 1970s and 1980s, the group discussed progressive and liberal political issues, and worked together to fund them. They helped to fund the legal defense of Daniel Ellsberg who had released the Pentagon Papers,[63] and they backed the struggling progressive magazine The Nation to keep it afloat.[64] In 1975, they formed the Energy Action Committee to oppose Big Oil's powerful lobby in Washington.[63]
    • In 1981, Lear founded People for the American Way (PFAW), a progressive advocacy organization formed in reaction to the politics of the Christian right.[63] PFAW ran several advertising campaigns opposing the interjection of religion in politics.[65] PFAW succeeded in stopping Reagan's 1987 nomination of Robert Bork to the Supreme Court.[66] Lear, a longtime critic of far right Christian nationalism, is an advocate for the advancement of secularism.[67][68]
    • Prominent right-wing Christians (such as Pat Robertson, Jerry Falwell and Jimmy Swaggart), have accused Lear of being an atheist and holding an anti-Christian bias.[67][68] In the January 21, 1987 issue of The Christian Century, Lear associate Martin E. Marty (a Lutheran professor of church history at the University of Chicago Divinity School between 1963 and 1998) rejected those allegations, stating the television producer honored religious moral values and complimenting Lear's understanding of Christianity.[68] Marty also noted that while Lear and his family had never practiced Orthodox Judaism,[68] the television producer was a follower of Judaism.[68]
    • In a 2009 interview with US News journalist Dan Gilgoff, Lear rejected claims by right-wing Christian nationalists that he was an atheist and prejudiced against Christianity. Lear holds religious beliefs and has integrated some evangelical Christian language into his Born Again American campaign. He does believe that religion should be kept separate from politics and policymaking.[67] In a 2014 interview with The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles journalist Rob Eshman, Lear described himself as a "total Jew" but never a practicing one.[69]
    • In 1989, Lear founded the Business Enterprise Trust, an educational program that used annual awards, business school case studies, and videos to spotlight exemplary social innovations in American business until it ended in 1998. He announced in 1992 that he would reduce his political activism.[70] In 2000, he provided an endowment for a multidisciplinary research and public policy center that explored the convergence of entertainment, commerce, and society at the Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism. It was later named the Norman Lear Center in recognition.
    • Lear serves on the National Advisory Board of the Young Storytellers Foundation. He has written articles for The Huffington Post. Lear is a trustee emeritus at The Paley Center for Media.[71]
    • Declaration of Independence [ edit ] In 2001, Lear and his wife, Lyn, purchased a Dunlap broadside'--one of the first published copies of the United States Declaration of Independence'--for $8.1 million. Not a document collector, Lear said in a press release and on the Today show that his intent was to tour the document around the United States so that the country could experience its "birth certificate" firsthand.[72] Through the end of 2004, the document traveled throughout the United States in the Declaration of Independence Roadtrip, which Lear organized, visiting several presidential libraries, dozens of museums, as well as the 2002 Olympics, Super Bowl XXXVI, and the Live 8 concert in Philadelphia.[73]
    • Lear and Rob Reiner produced a filmed, dramatic reading of the Declaration of Independence'--the last project filmed by famed cinematographer Conrad Hall'--on July 4, 2001, at Independence Hall in Philadelphia. The film, introduced by Morgan Freeman, features Kathy Bates, Benicio del Toro, Michael Douglas, Mel Gibson, Whoopi Goldberg, Graham Greene, Ming-Na, Edward Norton, Winona Ryder, Kevin Spacey, and Ren(C)e Zellweger as readers. The film was directed by Arvin Brown and scored by John Williams.
    • Declare Yourself [ edit ] In 2004, Lear established Declare Yourself, a national nonpartisan, nonprofit campaign created to empower and encourage eligible 18- to 29-year-olds in America to register and vote. Since then, it has registered almost 4 million young people.[74]
    • 2015 Iran nuclear deal [ edit ] Lear was one of 98 "prominent members of Los Angeles' Jewish community" that signed an open letter supporting the proposed nuclear agreement between Iran and six world powers led by the United States. The letter called for the resolution of the bill, warning that the ending of the agreement by Congress would be a "tragic mistake". The letter was also signed by billionaire philanthropist Eli Broad; Walt Disney Concert Hall architect Frank Gehry; Mad Men creator Matthew Weiner, and many more.[75]
    • Personal life [ edit ] Lear has been married three times.[13] He was married to Frances Loeb, publisher of Lear's magazine from 1956 to 1985.[76] They separated in 1983 and in the divorce settlement, Loeb received $112 million from Lear.[77]
    • Lear is a godparent to actress and singer Katey Sagal.[78]
    • Legal issues [ edit ] In 1977, African American screenwriter Eric Monte filed a lawsuit accusing ABC and CBS producers Norman Lear, Bud Yorkin and others of stealing his ideas for Good Times, The Jeffersons, and What's Happening!! Monte received a $1-million settlement and a small percentage of the residuals from Good Times and one percent ownership of the show. Monte, due to his lack of business knowledge and experience as well as legal representation, would not receive royalties for other shows which he created. However, Lear and other Hollywood producers, outraged over the lawsuit, blacklisted Eric Monte and labeled him too difficult to work with.[79]
    • Appearances in popular culture [ edit ] Lear plays the protagonist in the video to "Happy Birthday to Me", the first single from musician and actor Paul Hipp's 2015 album The Remote Distance.
    • The top of my bucket list always included a desire to sing. More than that '-- a desire to enchant an audience with my voice. I ached to be Sinatra or Torm(C) for just a night. You say a night's too much? How about just one song?"My friend, actor, singer-guitarist and composer, Paul Hipp, wrote the happy birthday song when he turned fifty. I loved it and asked if I could perform it as I turn ninety-three. That was the result, and I don't care what you say, I love it.[80]
    • TV productions [ edit ] Note: The above chart does not include the made-for-television movies The Wave, which aired on October 4, 1981, or Heartsounds, which aired on September 30, 1984.
    • Publications [ edit ] Lear, Norman. "Liberty and Its Responsibilities". Broadcast Journalism, 1979''1981. The Eighth Alfred I. DuPont Columbia University Survey, Ed. By Marvin Barrett. New York: Everest House, 1982. ISBN 978-0-896-96160-9. OCLC 8347364.Lear, Norman. "Our Political Leaders Mustn't Be Evangelists", USA Today, August 17, 1984.Lear, Norman and Ronald Reagan. "A Debate on Religious Freedom", Harper's Magazine, October 1984.Lear, Norman. "Our Fragile Tower of Greed and Debt", The Washington Post, April 5, 1987.Lear, Norman. Even This I Get to Experience. New York: The Penguin Press, 2014. ISBN 978-1-594-20572-9. OCLC 870919776.Further reading [ edit ] Carroll, Daniel P., and Albert K. Brown. Crew Umbriago. [S.l.]: D.P. Carroll, 1986.Turner Publishing Co. 772nd Bomb Squadron: The Men - the Memories of the 463rd Bomb Group (The Swoose Group). Paducah, KY: Turner Pub. Co, 1996. ISBN 978-1-563-11320-8Campbell, Sean. The Sitcoms of Norman Lear. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co, 2007. ISBN 978-0-786-42763-5Just Another Version of You. PBS American Masters documentary. 2016.Miller Taylor Cole. Syndicated Queerness: Television Talk Shows, Rerun Syndication, and the Serials of Norman Lear. dissertation, University of Wisconsin''Madison, 2017.References [ edit ] ^ Lear, Norman (2014). Even This I Get To Experience. Penguin. pp. preface. ^ Andreeva, Denise Petski,Nellie; Petski, Denise; Andreeva, Nellie (2020-09-14). "Netflix Orders Animated Version Of Norman Lear's 'Good Times' From Lear, Steph Curry & Seth MacFarlane". Deadline . Retrieved 2021-09-25 . ^ "Norman Lear Biography: Screenwriter, Television Producer, Pilot (1922'')". Biography.com (FYI / A&E Networks). Archived from the original on April 30, 2016 . Retrieved July 8, 2016 . ^ a b "Norman Lear Fast Facts". CNN. ^ Lynch, M.A.C. (12 March 2006). "Their Junior High Romance Has Lasted 60 Happy Years". Hartford Courant . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . ^ a b "An Interview with Norman Lear". Aish HaTorah. 6 March 2001 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . ^ "Norman Lear - United States Census, 1930". FamilySearch . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . ^ "Family:Herman Lear and Jeanette Seicol (1)". WeRelate . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . ^ Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2016, PBS ^ a b c d e f Lopate, Leonard (15 October 2014). "Norman Lear's Storytelling, the Brooklyn Museum's Killer Heels". The Leonard Lopate Show. WNYC . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . ^ Schneider, Michael (17 September 2019). "How Norman Lear Devoted Himself to a Lifetime of Advocacy". Variety. ^ "Norman Lear: 'Just Another Version Of You' ". NPR.org. ^ a b "Overview for Norman Lear". Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . ^ "Norman M Lear - United States World War II Army Enlistment Records". FamilySearch . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . ^ "Billboard". 31 October 1953 '' via Google Books. ^ a b c Gray, Tim (30 October 2015). "Norman Lear Looks Back on Early Days as TV Comedy Writer". ^ "Writing for Early Live Television | Norman Lear | television, film, political and social activist, philanthropist". ^ Sickels, Robert C. (8 August 2013). 100 Entertainers Who Changed America: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598848311 '' via Google Books. ^ "Justice For All". You Tube. Archived from the original on 2021-11-07 . Retrieved Sep 6, 2018 . ^ "Those Were The Days". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-11-07 . Retrieved Oct 8, 2018 . ^ Cowan, Geoffrey (28 March 1980). See No Evil. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780671254117 '' via Google Books. ^ Leonard, David J; Guerrero, Lisa (2013-04-23). African Americans on Television: Race-ing for Ratings. ISBN 9780275995157. ^ Prial, Frank J. (1983-05-12). "CBS-TV IS DROPPING ARCHIE BUNKER". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-09-25 . ^ "Sanford And Son may have copied other shows, but Redd Foxx was an original". The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2021-09-25 . ^ Gray, Tim (2021-01-12). "How 'All in the Family' Spawned the Most Spinoffs of Any Sitcom". Variety . Retrieved 2021-09-25 . ^ Weinman, Jaime (2008-09-30). "Is It Time For Sitcoms To Go Back to Videotape?". Macleans.ca . Retrieved 2021-09-25 . ^ Nemy, Enid (1 October 1996). "Frances Lear, a Mercurial Figure of the Media and a Magazine Founder, Dead at 73" '' via NYTimes.com. ^ Lee, Janet W. (2020-11-20). "Charlie Hauck, Writer-Producer of 'Maude' and 'Frasier,' Dies at 79". Variety . Retrieved 2021-09-25 . ^ Roberts, Sam (2015-08-19). "Bud Yorkin, Writer and Producer of 'All in the Family,' Dies at 89". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-09-25 . ^ Miller, Taylor Cole (2017). "Chapter 2: Rewriting Genesis: Queering Genre in Norman Lear's First-Run Syndicated Serials". Syndicated Queerness: Television Talk Shows, Rerun Syndication, and the Serials of Norman Lear (PhD). University of Wisconsin''Madison. ^ Nadel, Gerry (1977-05-30). "Who Owns Prime Time? The Threat of the 'Occasional' Networks". New York Magazine. pp. 34''35 . Retrieved 2009-10-04 . ^ "Lear TV Ads to Oppose The Moral Majority". The New York Times. 1981-06-25. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-09-25 . ^ "Avco Embassy". The New York Times. 1982-01-05. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-09-25 . ^ a b O'Connor, John J. (19 March 1982). "TV Weekend; LEAR'S 'I LOVE LIBERTY' LEADS SPECIALS (Published 1982)". The New York Times. ^ Michael Schrage (June 18, 1985). "Coke Buys Embassy & Tandem". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013 . Retrieved January 25, 2013 . ^ Al Delugach; Kathryn Harris (June 18, 1985). "Lear, Perenchio Sell Embassy Properties". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013 . Retrieved January 25, 2013 . ^ Ryan, Joal (2000). Former Child Stars: The Story of America's Least Wanted. United Kingdom: ECW Press. p. 150. ISBN 9781550224283. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022 . Retrieved 22 June 2022 . ^ "Los Angeles County". Los Angeles Times. December 12, 1987. Archived from the original on April 19, 2022. ^ "Executive Changes" . The New York Times. December 14, 1987. Archived from the original on April 26, 2022. ^ Knoedelseder Jr, William K. (February 2, 1989). "Norman Lear, Columbia Form Joint TV Venture". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. ^ Stevenson, Richard W. (February 2, 1989). "Lear Joins With Columbia To Produce TV, Not Manage" . The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. ^ "WB's 'Umptee-3' has Norman Lear's signature". Variety. September 15, 1997. Archived from the original on April 20, 2019 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . ^ Snierson, Dan (March 14, 2003). "All in the Family's creator joins South Park". Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 29, 2013 . ^ "How Trey Parker and Matt Stone made South Park a success". Fortune. 2010-10-27 . Retrieved 2010-01-23 . ^ Ewing, Heidi; Grady, Rachel (July 5, 2016). "Not Dead Yet". The New York Times . Retrieved July 6, 2016 . ^ Verdier, Hannah (2017-05-11). "All of the Above With Norman Lear: the 94-year-old king of podcasts". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2019-04-21 . ^ "All of the Above with Norman Lear on Apple Podcasts". Apple Podcasts . Retrieved 2019-04-21 . ^ Friedlander, Whitney (July 29, 2019). "Rita Moreno documentary coming from Lin-Manuel Miranda and Norman Lear". CNN Digital. ^ " 'Who's the Boss' Sequel in the Works at Sony". The Hollywood Reporter. 4 August 2020 . Retrieved 2021-01-02 . ^ EVEN THIS I GET TO EXPERIENCE | Kirkus Reviews. ^ "ACT III". Norman Lear . Retrieved 2021-09-27 . ^ Pond, Steve (September 15, 2019). "Norman Lear Breaks an Emmy Record, Becomes the Oldest Winner Ever". ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. ^ "Past Recipients". Wif.org. Archived from the original on 2011-08-30 . Retrieved 2013-04-22 . ^ "February 2017, NHMC National Hispanic Media Coalition". NHMC National Hispanic Media Coalition . Retrieved 2021-08-04 . ^ "The Woody Guthrie Center Presents Woody Guthrie Prize Honoring Norman Lear '' GRAMMY Museum" . Retrieved 2021-09-27 . ^ "Norman Lear to receive Woody Guthrie Prize and Peabody Award". Oklahoman.com. April 12, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h Johnson, Ted (August 3, 2017). "Norman Lear, Gloria Estefan Among Kennedy Center Honorees as Trump Protest Looms". ^ Baumgaertner, Emily (3 August 2017). "Kennedy Center Announces First Honorees of Trump Administration (Published 2017)". The New York Times. ^ Low, Elaine (October 25, 2019). "Britannia Awards Highlight the Breadth of U.K. Talent". Variety . Retrieved October 27, 2019 . ^ "de beste bron van informatie over theoscarsite. Deze website is te koop!". theoscarsite.com . Retrieved 2013-04-22 . ^ Brownstein, Ronald (1990). The Power and the Glitter: The Hollywood''Washington Connection. Pantheon Books. pp. 203''211. ISBN 9780394569383. ^ a b c Brownstein, Ronald (June 28, 1987). "The Man Who Would Be Kingmaker". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 12, 2020 . ^ Lacher, Irene (December 28, 1990). "Ultimate Outsider : Leftist and Fractious, the Nation Is Still Going Strong After 125 Years". Los Angeles Times. ^ Day, Patrick Kevin (October 7, 2011). "Norman Lear Celebrates 30 Years of People For the American Way". The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . ^ Johnson, Ted (November 27, 2011). "Lear sees politics the American way". Variety. ^ a b c Interview: Anti-Christian-Right Crusader Norman Lear on Becoming a 'Born-Again American' US News, Dan Gilgoff, February 10, 2009, Accessed February 26, 2013 ^ a b c d e A Profile of Norman Lear: Another Pilgrim's Progress Archived 2014-10-25 at the Wayback Machine Norman Lear.com, Martin E Marty, Accessed February 26, 2013 ^ "Norman Lear on race in America, Judaism, World War II and his bright future". The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles. 17 December 2014. ^ Lear, Norman (July 12, 1992). "A False Picture Presented of Hollywood's Role in Politics". The Buffalo News . Retrieved August 12, 2020 . ^ "Board of Trustees". Paleycenter.org . Retrieved 2013-04-22 . ^ Today Show interview with Katie Couric, February 8, 2002 ^ "press | Norman Lear | television, film, political and social activist, philanthropist". ^ "Yahoo! Helps Declare Yourself Drive More Than 1 Million Young Americans to Download Voter Registration Forms for 2004 Election". Yahoo! recent news. Yahoo! Inc. 27 October 2004. Archived from the original (Press release) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved May 19, 2012 . ^ "98 Prominent Hollywood Jews Back Iran Nuclear Deal in Open Letter (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. ^ Behrens, Leigh (28 February 1988). "Frances Lear: 'Women Are Bursting Forth With Their Creativity' ". Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . ^ Nemy, Enid (1 October 1996). "Frances Lear, a Mercurial Figure of the Media and a Magazine Founder, Dead at 73". The New York Times . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . ^ Katey Sagal on Wise Guys, Lost and More!. 9 December 2005. TV Guide.com. Retrieved on 2015-12-30. ^ Classic TV Producer, Good Times No Longer. 29 July 2006. npr.com. Retrieved on 2021-09-06. ^ "Happy Birthday To Me" - Paul Hipp, YouTube, July 22, 2015 CBS News Sunday Morning interview with Norman Lear on January 10, 2021. "What makes Norman Lear, at 98, still tick?".External links [ edit ] Official website Norman Lear at IMDbBiography of Norman Lear at the Museum of Broadcast Communications website2006 story on Lear and All in the Family that describes Lear's interests and his life in VermontIndependence Road Trip463rd Bombardment Group Historical SocietyAppearances on C-SPANNorman Lear Interview Silver Screen Studios - Dispatches from Quarantine (June 29, 2020)
  • National Black Justice Coalition - Wikipedia
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Wed, 29 Jun 2022 19:28
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    • Civil rights group serving the black LGBT community in America
    • The National Black Justice Coalition (NBJC) is an American civil rights organization serving primarily Black lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people. Since 2003, NBJC has collaborated with national civil rights groups and LGBT organizations, advocating for the unique challenges and needs of the African American LGBT community in the United States.[7]
    • Activities [ edit ] In 2011, the organization identified the issues it would focus its programming efforts on:[7]
    • Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA)Marriage equalityBullying in schoolsDon't Ask, Don't TellHistorically black colleges and universities (HBCUs)HIV/AIDSBayard Rustin 2013 Commemoration Project [ edit ] On the 50th anniversary of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the organization is honoring the courage and legacy of the march's chief organizer, openly gay civil rights leader Bayard Rustin. In addition to organizing the 1963 march, Rustin was also known for mentoring Martin Luther King Jr., and helping to form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).
    • Led by NBJC co-founder and political activist Mandy Carter,[8] the initiative includes ongoing collaborations with Walter Naegle, Rustin's surviving partner as well as the executor and archivist of Bayard Rustin's estate. The organization is also working with Nancy Kates and Bennett Singer, co-producers and co-directors of Brother Outsider: The Life of Bayard Rustin, a biographical documentary about Rustin.[9][10]
    • Black Church Summit [ edit ] In 2006, the organization held its first Black Church Summit in Atlanta, Georgia. During the first summit, the Rev. Al Sharpton denounced homophobia and called for greater inclusion of LGBT people.[11]
    • Black, Trans and Proud [ edit ] Black, Trans & Proud, a campaign promoting trans visibility and raising consciousness in the black community, was launched in honor of Transgender Awareness Week. The project called for community members to submit their photos and testimonials about their pride in the black trans community. As part of the campaign, NBJC featured ads with transgender leaders, including Kye Allums, Rev. Carmarion Anderson, Kylar Broadus, Laverne Cox, Janet Mock,[12] Monica Roberts, and Valerie Spencer.[13]
    • Emerging Leaders Initiative [ edit ] This program identifies young activists (ages 18''30) in the black LGBT movement, and provides opportunities for young leaders to build networks and take action in their communities.[14] The organization hosted the 2013 Black LGBT Emerging Leaders Day in conjunction with the Human Rights Campaign and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force on February 21, 2013, in Washington, D.C.[15]
    • Many Faces. One Dream. [ edit ] "Many Faces. One Dream." is a series of LGBT economic conferences for LGBT communities of color co-hosted by NBJC and the U.S. Small Business Administration. The events began in early 2013 and will eventually travel to 13 major cities throughout the country that have a significant LGBT presence in communities of color, including Atlanta, Chicago, Detroit, Ft. Lauderdale/Miami, Houston, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York City, Newark, New Jersey, Oakland/San Francisco, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C.
    • Participants are grouped into two tracks: "Starting Your Business" and "Taking Your Business to the Next Level". In the first track, training is provided on business plans, loans, marketing, and SBA's program and services. The second track is designed for LGBT firms that are currently in business, with a desire to expand and grow.[16][17]
    • OUT on the HIll [ edit ] Attendees '' black LGBT activists, allies, elected officials, faith leaders and youth '' discuss and implement strategies to educate federal lawmakers about public policies impacting the black LGBT community.[6][18][19]
    • #whatablacklesbianlookslike [ edit ] After the Lieutenant Governor of Florida, Jennifer Carroll, avoided answering questions about an alleged same-sex encounter with a female subordinate by telling a local news outlet that black lesbian and bisexual women 'don't look like her' in the summer of 2012, NBJC launched a campaign with the Twitter hashtag #whatablacklesbianlookslike.[20] After more than a week of pressure from groups like NBJC, Equality Florida and GLAAD, Carroll finally apologized, calling her comments "wrong and inexcusable" in a letter to Equality Florida's executive director Nadine Smith.[21]
    • History [ edit ] NBJC was co-founded by activist, author, and commentator Keith Boykin.
    • NBJC was founded on December 8, 2003, by a group of eight black civil rights leaders[2] '' Keith Boykin,[22] Mandy Carter,[23] Jasmyne Cannick, Donna Payne, Frank Leon Roberts,[24] Sonya Shields, Roddrick Colvin, and Maurice Franklin. The formation of the organization was announced during a press conference held at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C.[1] Initially the group came together to challenge support from African American religious and civil rights leaders for Republican-led efforts to amend the U.S. Constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage. Instead, the group began raising money to place advertisements promoting same-sex marriage in the African American media. Within three years, the group had created an organization and employed a staff led by founding executive director H. Alexander Robinson.[2]
    • In July 2009, the organization became the first black LGBT group to address the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) board of governors when its deputy executive director, Jason W. Bartlett, urged the NAACP to pass resolutions issues pertaining to LGBT people of color.[25]
    • In October 2009, it was announced that Sharon Lettman-Hicks would be joining the organization as executive director. She had previously worked at People for the American Way as executive vice president of leadership programs and external affairs.[5]
    • See also [ edit ] LGBT rights in the United StatesList of LGBT rights organizationsReferences [ edit ] ^ a b "National Black Justice Coalition Announces National Campaign for LGBT Civil Rights" (Press release). National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. December 8, 2003 . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ a b c O'Bryan, Will (September 22, 2005). "Reaching the Summit: NBJC's H. Alexander Robinson and Donna Payne on their group's leadership summit, the African-American GLBT community's socio-political reality, and the MMM commemoration". Metro Weekly . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ a b c "GuideStar Reports for National Black Justice Coalition". GuideStar . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ a b "National Black Justice Coalition 2012 Form 990" (PDF) . Internal Revenue Service. December 1, 2012 . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ a b Mangum, Christopher (October 5, 2009). "National Black Justice Coalition Announces ED". The Advocate . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ a b "Interview with National Black Justice Coalition Executive Director Sharon Lettman-Hicks". LGBT Weekly. February 3, 2011 . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ a b "About Us". National Black Justice Coalition . Retrieved October 12, 2021 . ^ Baim, Tracy (July 24, 2013). "Old Lesbians Organizing for Change gather in St. Louis". Windy City Times . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ "Bayard Rustin 2013 Commemoration Project". National Black Justice Coalition . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ "Still Walking for Justice - November 3, 2012". Pauli Murray Project . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ Dade, Corey (May 22, 2012). "Blacks, Gays And The Church: A Complex Relationship". NPR . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ "Writer and trans activist Janet Mock tells NBJC why she's proud to be Black and trans". bklyn boihood. November 15, 2012 . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ "Black, Trans and Proud". National Black Justice Coalition . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ "Emerging Leaders Initiative". National Black Justice Coalition . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ "Quick Recap: NBJC Emerging LGBT Leaders Day in DC". bklyn boihood. March 6, 2013 . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ Stevenson, Jan (July 18, 2013). "SBA And NBJC Team Up". Between the Lines . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ "Many Faces. One Dream. LGBT Economic Empowerment Tour for Communities of Color". National Black Justice Coalition . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ Rea, Julius (September 19, 2012). "National Conference Supports Black LGBT". JET . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ "OUT on the HIll". National Black Justice Coalition . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ "Week in Review (September 2 '' September 8)". ELIXHER. September 8, 2012 . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ "whatablacklesbianlookslike". National Black Justice Coalition . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ "Sylvia Rhue - Oral History Interview - LGBT-RAN". LGBT Religious Archives Network . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ "Social Justice Activist Mandy Carter to Speak at BVU". Buena Vista University. April 2, 2012 . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . ^ "NBJC Board Members | National Black Justice Coalition". nbjc.org . Retrieved 2016-03-31 . ^ "NBJC First Black LGBT Group to Address NAACP Convention". Rod 2.0. July 17, 2009 . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . External links [ edit ] Official website
  • Sharon J. Lettman-Hicks - QueerBio.com
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    • From QueerBio.com
    • Sharon J. Lettman-Hicks
    • Country United States
    • Birth - Death Occupation Activist
    • Description Executive Director and Chief Executive Officer, National Black Justice Coalition, a civil rights organization dedicated to empowering Black same-gender-loving, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people which works for social justice, equality, and an end to racism and homophobia. Formerly Executive Vice President, People For the American Way (PFAW) Foundation, where her responsibilities included leading the ''Homophobia in the Black Church'' program through their African American Religious Affairs division. Member of the National Business Inclusion Consortium for the National Gay and Lesbian Chamber of Commerce (NGLCC); Project Advisory Committee Member of the LGBT Safe Schools Initiative for the Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network (GLSEN); the Advisory Council of Creative Coalition's Be A STAR: Show Tolerance And Respect, a national anti-bullying initiative; and the Executive Committee of the National Black Leadership Forum. Formerly served on the Board of Directors for the National Stonewall Democrats and the Advisory Council of Progressive Majority's Racial Justice Campaign; and she has been a national trainer for Wellstone Action, Democracia USA and the Front Line Leaders Academy.
    • See Also LGBTQ Founders and Executives with Charitable Foundations Chamber of Commerce LGBTQ Leaders Race Activists in the LGBTQ CommunityFurther Reading/Research http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sharon-j-lettmanhicks/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9-1QnJz5P8
  • Ricochet (1991 film) - Wikipedia
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    • 1991 film directed by Russell Mulcahy
    • Ricochet is a 1991 American action crime thriller film, directed by Russell Mulcahy, written by Steven E. de Souza, and starring Denzel Washington, John Lithgow, Ice-T, Kevin Pollak, and Lindsay Wagner. The film details a struggle between a Los Angeles district attorney (Washington) and a vengeful criminal (Lithgow) whom he arrested when he was a cop.
    • Plot [ edit ] In 1983, rookie Los Angeles police officer and law student Nick Styles (Denzel Washington) meets Alice (Victoria Dillard), and drifts away from childhood friend Odessa (Ice-T), who has become a drug dealer in South Central Los Angeles. Styles and his partner Larry Doyle (Kevin Pollak) patrol a carnival, where they encounter hitman Earl Talbot Blake (John Lithgow) and his accomplice Kim (Josh Evans). Styles is forced into an armed standoff when Blake takes a hostage. After stripping off his equipment and uniform off, Styles uses a gun hidden in his athletic supporter, shooting Blake in the knee and subduing him. The incident is caught on camera by an amateur videographer and televised, making Styles a hero. He and Doyle are promoted to Detective, while Blake and Kim are sent to prison.
    • Eight years later in 1991, Styles has become an Assistant District Attorney and is married to Alice with two daughters. Behind bars, Blake allies himself with the Aryan Brotherhood to plot an escape and take revenge against Styles. Kim is paroled and assists in Blake's escape. Blake and the AB members stage a deadly prison escape during a parole hearing, which only Blake and the AB leader survive. Blake murders the AB gang leader and burns his corpse; however, while in prison, he had swapped their dental records, in order to fake his own death and ensure authorities would believe that Blake had died in the fire.
    • Styles finds Odessa, now a major drug dealer in the neighborhood, and pleads with him to stop dealing to children. Blake and Kim kill a city councilman who works with Styles, planting child pornography in his briefcase and staging his death to look like a suicide, framing Styles for embezzling city funds. Blake and Kim abduct Styles outside his home and hold him hostage in an empty swimming pool for several days. They regularly inject Styles with heroin and cocaine while engaging in arm wrestling. Blake hires a prostitute (Linda Dona) to have sex with Styles. She ignores the weakened Styles' objections and rapes him as Blake records the incident on video. After Blake and Kim deposit an unconscious Styles on the steps of City Hall, Alice overhears Styles' superiors telling him he has tested positive for gonorrhea, and believes he is cheating on her.
    • Styles witnesses a video of Blake entering his daughters' room with a hatchet. Styles heads to the park where his family are watching a circus act, and holds a black-clad figure he believes to be Blake at gunpoint; the figure turns out to be a clown, making Styles seem unstable. Blake releases the recording of Styles' rape, making it appear as if Styles is soliciting prostitutes. District Attorney Priscilla Brimleigh (Lindsay Wagner) suspends Styles.
    • Determined to prove his innocence, Styles and Doyle beat information out of one of Blake's former AB allies. Blake fatally shoots Doyle and plants Styles' fingerprints on the gun.
    • Desperate, Styles contacts Odessa for help, bringing his family to the housing project Odessa uses as a drug lab. On the roof, Styles raves to the street below, apparently suicidal; this draws out Blake, who wants Styles to live a long, miserable life. Styles fakes his own death by escaping an explosion in the building.
    • Odessa's gang abducts Kim, and Odessa sends a message to Blake that Styles is alive and intends to find him, challenging him to come to the Watts Towers. Blake finds Kim tied to the scaffolding and kills him. On the towers, Blake and Styles fight until Odessa applies electricity to the metal tower, electrocuting Blake. Styles pulls Blake off the tower and as he falls, impales himself on a spike. Styles reunites with his family and calls out to Odessa one last time, inviting him to basketball. Television news crews broadcast the dramatic turn of events, declaring Styles innocent. When a newscaster (Mary Ellen Trainor) asks Styles for comment, he turns off the news camera.
    • Cast [ edit ] Denzel Washington as Assistant District Attorney Nick StylesJohn Lithgow as Earl Talbot BlakeIce-T as OdessaLydell M. Cheshier as R.C., Odessa's second In CommandKevin Pollak as Lieutenant Larry DoyleLindsay Wagner as District Attorney Priscilla "The Hun" BrimleighMatt Landers as Chief Elliott FloydSherman Howard as Public Defender KileyJosh Evans as "Kim" KimbleMary Ellen Trainor as Gail Wallens, the character she portrayed in Die Hard[2]Victoria Dillard as Alice StylesKimberly Natasha Ali as Lisa StylesAileaha Jones as Monica StylesJohn Amos as Reverend StylesStarletta DuPois as Mrs. StylesJohn Cothran, Jr. as Councilman U.B. FarrisMiguel Sandoval as Vargas, Drug DealerThomas Rosales Jr. as Gonzalo, Drug DealerGeorge Cheung as Huey, Drug DealerKenny Endoso as Liu, Drug DealerRick Cramer as Jesse Schultzman, Head of The Aryan Brotherhood.Jesse Ventura as Jake Chewalski, Blake's Cellmate and Aryan Brotherhood Member.Linda Dona as Wanda, Prostitute Hired By Blake to Frame Nick.Production [ edit ] Originally, the screenplay to Ricochet by Fred Dekker was written as a Dirty Harry film, but Clint Eastwood deemed it too grim. When the script was attached to Joel Silver as producer in a different direction, Dekker met Kurt Russell about starring while Dekker was to be director, which it never was able to reach in its pre-production stage.[3]
    • Reportedly, violent scenes in the film were heavily cut down following the test screenings. According to interview with director Russell Mulcahy, in one of the scenes that were cut out Blake physically abuses Styles until Styles vomits, and Blake gets a sponge to clean him up. This is why Styles has vomit on him when he is found in the streets. The uncut version of the film was never released.
    • Reception [ edit ] This section
    • needs expansion. You can help by
    • adding to it.
    • ( December 2015
    • ) On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 74% based on 19 reviews, with an average rating of 5.7/10.[4] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[5]
    • Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert gave the film two thumbs down on their show At the Movies, describing it as ridiculous, goofy, embarrassing, unsavory and distasteful but also stylish, ambitious and having some smart dialogue.[6]
    • Box office [ edit ] The movie had a modest box office. It premiered on October 4, 1991, making $4,831,181 in its opening weekend, 2nd behind The Fisher King, ending up grossing over $21 million in its theatrical run. It also came 5 weeks prior to the premiere of Cape Fear, a film starring Robert De Niro and Nick Nolte with a similar storyline.[7]
    • References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Ricochet at IMDbRicochet at Box Office Mojo
  • Was Gandhi A Racist? YES! He Was Also A Pedophile ' AfricanGlobe.Net
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    • Gandhi is no great soul, he was just another Indian who was sleeping with his own niece.AFRICANGLOBE '' Mahatma Gandhi has been variously described as an anti-colonial protester, a religious thinker, a pragmatist, a radical who used non-violence effectively to fight for causes, a canny politician and a whimsical Hindu patriarch.
    • But was India's greatest leader also a racist?
    • The authors of a controversial new book on Gandhi's life and work in South Africa certainly believe so. South African academics Ashwin Desai and Goolam Vahed spent seven years exploring the complex story of a man who lived in their country for more than two decades '' 1893 to 1914 '' and campaigned for the rights of Indian people there.
    • In The South African Gandhi: Stretcher-Bearer of Empire, Desai and Vahed write that during his stay in Africa, Gandhi kept the Indian struggle ''separate from that of Africans and coloureds even though the latter were also denied political rights on the basis of colour and could also lay claim to being British subjects''.
    • They write that Gandhi's political strategies '' fighting to repeal unjust laws or freedom of movement or trade '' carved out an exclusivist Indian identity ''that relied on him taking up 'Indian' issues in ways that cut Indians off from Africans, while his attitudes paralleled those of whites in the early years''. Gandhi, the authors write, was indifferent to the plight of the indentured, and believed that state power should remain in white hands, and called Africans Kaffirs, a derogatory term, for a larger part of his stay in the country.
    • Racial Segregation
    • In 1893, Gandhi wrote to the Natal parliament saying that a ''general belief seems to prevail in the Colony that the Indians are a little better, if at all, than savages or the Natives of Africa''.
    • In 1904, he wrote to a health officer in Johannesburg that the council ''must withdraw Kaffirs'' from an unsanitary slum called the ''Coolie Location'' where a large number of Africans lived alongside Indians. ''About the mixing of the Kaffirs with the Indians, I must confess I feel most strongly.''
    • The same year he wrote that unlike the African, the Indian had no ''war-dances, nor does he drink Kaffir beer''. When Durban was hit by a plague in 1905, Gandhi wrote that the problem would persist as long as Indians and Africans were being ''herded together indiscriminately at the hospital''.
    • This, in itself, say historians, is not entirely new and revelatory. Also, some South Africans have always accused the man who led India to independence of working with the British colonial government to promote racial segregation. In April, a man was arrested in connection with vandalising a statue of Gandhi. A hashtag #Ghandimustfall (sic) has gained circulation on social media.
    • Gandhi's biographer and grandson, Rajmohan Gandhi, says the younger Gandhi '' he arrived in South Africa as a 24-year-old briefless lawyer '' was undoubtedly ''at times ignorant and prejudiced about South Africa's Blacks''. He believes Gandhi's ''struggle for Indian rights in South Africa paved the way for the struggle of Black rights''. He argues that ''Gandhi too was an imperfect human being'', but the ''imperfect Gandhi was more radical and progressive than most contemporary compatriots''.
    • Ramachandra Guha, writer of the magisterial Gandhi Before India, writes that ''to speak of comprehensive equality for coloured people was premature in early 20th Century South Africa''. Attacking Gandhi for racism, wrote another commentator, ''takes a simplistic view of a complex life''.
    • The authors of the new book disagree.
    • ''Gandhi believed in the Aryan brotherhood. This involved whites and Indians higher up than Africans on the civilised scale. To that extent he was a racist. To the extent that he wrote Africans out of history or was keen to join with whites in their subjugation he was a racist,'' Ashwin Desai told me.
    • ''To the extent that he accepted white minority power but was keen to be a junior partner, he was a racist. Thank God he did not succeed in this as we would have been culpable in the horrors of apartheid.
    • ''But if Gandhi was part of the racist common sense of the time then how does this qualify him to be a person that is seen as part of the pantheon of South African liberation heroes? You cannot have Gandhi as an accomplice of colonial subjugation in South Africa and then also defend his liberation credentials in South Africa.''
    • 'Blind Eye'
    • Desai also rejects the assertion that Gandhi paved the way for the local struggle for Black rights '' ''in one sentence,'' he says, ''you are writing out the history of African resistance to colonialism that unfolded much before Gandhi even arrived''.
    • In his book, Guha writes what a friend in Cape Town once told him about Gandhi. ''You gave us a lawyer, we gave you back a Mahatma [Great Soul]''. Ashwin Desai thinks this is a ''ridiculous assertion'' about a man who ''supported more taxes on impoverished African people and turned a blind eye to the brutality of the Empire on Africans''.
    • The authors of the new book are not the first to challenge the conventional Indian historiography on Gandhi. Historian Patrick French wrote tellingly in 2013 that ''Gandhi's blanking of Africans is the black hole at the heart of his saintly mythology''.
    • More than a century after he left Africa, there has been a resurrection of Gandhi in South Africa. Despite their reservations about the 'man of Empire', Desai and Vahed acknowledge that Gandhi ''did raise universal demands for equality and dignity''.
    • But even the greatest men are flawed. And Gandhi was possibly no exception.
    • By: Soutik Biswas
    • Mahatma Gandhi '' A Pedophile Racist EXPOSED
  • Buck Breaking | Know Your Meme
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    • Content Warning: Portions of the following entry contain mentions and/or depictions of sexual violence or abuse. If you need support or you or a loved one are in an abusive situation, please contact the National Sexual Violence Resource Center or call 1-800-656-HOPE.
    • AboutBuck Breaking refers to the act of sexually abusing Black slaves publically and in front of other slaves, in order to assert dominance, punish them and ultimately emasculate Black men. This is sometimes painted to be a closeted gay slave owner's way of acting out their repressed sexual urges, which were largely criminal at the time. There is debate as to whether or not Buck Breaking existed and how popular it was, with little historical evidence surrounding it. In 2021, a documentary by Tariq Nasheed featuring Judge Joe Brown titled Buck Breaking covering the history of the practice was released, claiming the practice still exists in some form today. The term became popular on 4chan's /tv/ and /pol/ boards following the film's release, particularly in mocking and ironic posts against Nasheed for spreading Buck Breaking as legitimate, and posts claiming Nasheed is interested in buck breaking as a fetish.
    • OriginThe history of sexual abuse towards slaves has been studied by numerous researchers. The term "buck breaking" comes from "Black Buck," a post-Reconstruction era (1861-1865) racist term used to refer to Black men who were seen as stereotypically violent or unruly and refused to work with the law and society. "Breaking a buck" refers to abusing the Black man to get him to follow orders. Specifically, it often pertains to sexual abuse.
    • Online DiscussionOne of the earliest posts online about buck breaking is an October 17th, 2012 post to the now-defunct Wordpress blog Diary Of A Negress. In the uncited post she describes the act of buck breaking and suggests the act was used largely by homosexual slave owners, writing:
    • The master, drunk on blood lust, would explain to all strong, young black men that if they do not follow strict orders and comply with the whims of the Overseer and the Master, this too would be their fate. He removed his own clothing and proceeded to savagely sodomize the buck in front his wife, family, friends and children. He then invited his associates from other plantations to join in the Nigger Festivities.In order for his plan to take effect, he would require the buck's male child to watch, front row center, so he too can witness his father's sexual demise and humiliation. Buck Breaking was the slave master's very effective tool to keep all young black slaves from ever being defiant and taking revenge. It also frightened the mother's and wives from ever giving consent to an uprising.
    • Buck Breaking was so successful that it was made into a ''Sex Farm'' where white men could travel from plantation to plantation feeding their sadistic, homosexual needs.
    • In October 2016 an anonymous user of 4chan's /pol/ board posted a graphic showing a post to an unknown forum sharing the same information about buck breaking and sex farms, as well as a post from a Facebook user showing a drawing depicting buck breaking, with a white man undoing his belt over a black man (censored version shown below).
    • Buck Breaking Myth DebateMany argue that, while sexual abuse towards slaves has been documented, the specific practice of Buck Breaking as a way of dominating and striking fear in slaves is a myth, with little-to-no substantial historical evidence to support it.
    • On July 31st, 2016, Redditor u/AristoPhilosor posted to /r/AskHistorians asking whether Buck Breaking was real. That day, u/sowser posted a long-form, cited comment denying Buck Breaking, noting that sodomy was a major crime at the time and not taken lightly, that it would never be used as a public punishment, and that the implication that slave owners were gay because of this is offensive among other arguments (shown below, click to expand). The poster acknowledges sexual abuse of slaves but says reports of Buck Breaking are exaggerated at best.
    • Believers in Buck Breaking often argue that there is little historical evidence of the practice because male-on-male sexual abuse is seen as taboo and embarrassing, especially back then, resulting in very little discourse about it.
    • On August 8th, 2016, YouTuber iAmBlackPlanet posted a video documentary on Buck Breaking, supporting its existence, garnering over 1 million views in five years (shown below). The documentary features narration detailing how Black men would be sodomized in front of their families to keep them from being defiant. The video does not offer sources.
    • On November 25th, 2018, director Tariq Nasheed, best known for his documentary Hidden Colors, posted to Twitter describing buck breaking, writing, "In slavery, there was a tactic called Buck Breaking where slave owners would sexually violate African males to break them down psychologically. The new Buck Breaking tactic is where white supremacists use their negro flunkies to shame Black men into having sex with transexuals" (shown below). Three years later he would release a documentary on the subject.
    • On November 26th, 2016, YouTuber VIRALBOOKMARK posted a clip where Tariq and other members of the Black community describe the act (shown below). The video's description uses the Diary Of A Negress article as a source.
    • SpreadBuck Breaking DocumentaryOn April 30th, 2021, Hidden Colors director Tariq Nasheed released a documentary titled Buck Breaking about the subject (trailer shown below).
    • The documentary's description on Amazon reads: "Buck Breaking is a documentary film about the historic sexual exploitation of Black people globally. The film shows the correlation between the historic exploitation of Black men during slavery and the Jim Crow era, to the Buck Breaking tactics used today."
    • The release of the film inspired a lot of discourse and trolling on 4chan and Twitter, many criticizing the director Nasheed for making a documentary about what they believe to be a myth and hypothesizing that he is a closeted homosexual who is into Buck Breaking as a fetish because of it (example shown below, left). Many also criticized Nasheed for hiring artists to create images depicting Buck Breaking (example shown below, right, art not confirmed to be from film).
    • Official Buck Breaking NFTsOn December 21st, 2021, Tariq Nasheed announced the sale of 10 official Buck Breaking NFTs on Twitter (shown below). The NFTs are available on OpenSea. Kiwi Farms user drateR shared the update on Nasheed's thread that day.
    • Each NFT is an original cartoon depicting a white man abusing a Black man in various ways, including holding a whip to a basketball player, holding a Black man in chains, and a white police officer escorting a Black man to prison (examples shown below). By December 22nd four of the NFTs sold for prices ranging from 0.1 Ethereum (estimated $403 US at the time of purchase) to 0.3 Ethereum (est. $1,200 US at the time of purchase).
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  • Ed Buck - Wikipedia
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    • American political activist and convicted murderer
    • Edward Bernard Peter Buck (n(C) Buckmelter; August 24, 1954) is an American convicted felon and businessman. A former model and actor, he made a significant amount of money running and selling the data service company Gopher Courier. He became involved in politics after the election of Evan Mecham as Governor of Arizona in 1986; Buck, an Arizona resident, led the effort to recall him from office, accusing him of racism and corruption. The experience led Buck to change his party affiliation from Republican to Democrat, and he has since donated heavily to Democratic politicians. In 2007, he ran an unsuccessful campaign for the city council of West Hollywood, California.
    • Two African-American men, the first in 2017 and the second in 2019, were discovered dead in Buck's West Hollywood home, later to be determined as due to drug overdoses. Several reports indicated that Buck had a history of bringing African-American men to his house, where he would reportedly inject them with high doses of crystal methamphetamine for sexual gratification.[1] He plied the men with drugs and then sexually assaulted them while they were unconscious or immobile.[2]
    • In January 2019, a coalition of 50 civil rights organizations called for law enforcement to investigate the matter. On September 17, 2019, Buck was arrested and charged with three counts of battery causing serious injury, administering methamphetamine and maintaining a drug house. He was convicted of nine federal charges in 2021; on April 14, 2022, Buck was sentenced to 30 years in prison.[2]
    • Early life [ edit ] Edward Bernard Peter Buckmelter was born in Steubenville, Ohio.[3][4] He grew up in Phoenix, Arizona, where he was educated at North High School and graduated from Phoenix College.[3][4]
    • Career [ edit ] Buck began his career as a fashion model in Europe,[4][5] where he also acted in television commercials and two movies.[3] He worked for a friend's company, Rapid Information Services, before buying it out of bankruptcy for US$250,000 and renaming it Gopher Courier. Buck became a millionaire upon selling it after five years.[4]
    • Buck led the campaign to impeach Arizona Republican Governor Evan Mecham in 1987 by founding the "Mecham Watchdog Committee".[3][5][6] He announced the campaign on December 21, 1986, before Mecham had even been sworn in,[7] and was the "leader" of a protest on the day of Mecham's inauguration.[8] In particular, Buck highlighted Mecham's "opposition to a King holiday, his proposal for voluntary drug testing and his plan to reduce the state police force by up to 300 officers".[9] Buck distributed bumper stickers that read "Mecham for Ex-Governor", and Arizona Attorney General Robert K. Corbin ruled that state employees were allowed to use them on their cars.[6] The anti-Mecham campaign "made Buck a household name in Arizona" according to The Arizona Republic.[5] In retaliation, Buck was attacked by Julian Sanders, the chairman of Arizonans for Traditional Family Values, over his homosexuality.[10][11] Buck switched his registration from Republican to Democrat in 1988.[4]
    • After moving to West Hollywood, California, Buck ran unsuccessfully for city council in 2007.[4] He formerly served on the steering committee of the Stonewall Democratic Club.[4][12][13] He has donated more than a total of $500,000 to political candidates and causes, almost all of them linked to the Democratic Party, including contributions to candidates like Hillary Clinton, Ted Lieu, Pete Aguilar, Adam B. Schiff, and Raja Krishnamoorthi as well as the Getting Things Done PAC.[4][14]
    • Criminal investigations [ edit ] On July 27, 2017, a young African-American man named Gemmel Moore died in Buck's apartment.[12][13][15] Paramedics found Moore, who had worked as an escort, naked on a mattress in the living room with a "male pornography movie playing on the television", according to a Los Angeles County coroner's report.[15] A spokesman for the coroner's office, Ed Winter, said Buck was inside his Laurel Avenue home at the time of Moore's death and that drug paraphernalia was recovered from the scene.[16] Police found sex toys, syringes, and "clear plastic bags with suspected methamphetamine in a tool box roll-cabinet in the living room", 24 syringes with brown residue, five glass pipes with white residue and burn marks, a plastic straw with possible white residue, clear plastic bags with white powdery residue, and a clear plastic bag with a "piece of crystal-like substance".[15] The death was investigated by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, and Los Angeles County District Attorney Jackie Lacey declined to charge Buck on July 26, 2018.[17] Jasmyne Cannick, a local writer, activist, and political candidate who investigated Moore's death, criticized Lacey's decision, writing on Twitter that any further deaths at Ed's residence would be Lacey's responsibility.[18]
    • Since the death of Gemmel Moore, multiple reports have indicated that Buck had a history of luring young, Black gay men to his apartment, where he would inject them with crystal methamphetamine for sexual gratification.[18]
    • On January 7, 2019, another African-American man, 55-year-old Timothy Michael Dean (a part-time adult film actor known professionally as Hole Hunter[19][20]), died at Buck's home.[21] Following Dean's death, a coalition of 50 civil rights organizations released a statement calling on local law enforcement to conduct a thorough investigation of Buck's role in the incident and calling on elected officials to return all contributions received from Buck.[22]
    • Buck was arrested on September 17, 2019, and charged with three counts of battery causing serious injury, administering methamphetamine and maintaining a drug house, according to the Los Angeles County district attorney's office. He was accused of having injected a 37-year-old man, who overdosed but survived, with methamphetamine on September 11.[23]
    • On September 19, 2019, a federal charge of "one count of distribution of methamphetamine resulting in death" was added by the United States for the death of Gemmel Moore, who died on July 27, 2017. That death had originally been ruled an accidental methamphetamine overdose by the Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner-Coroner.[24][25]
    • On August 4, 2020, a federal grand jury charged Buck with four additional felonies, bringing the total number of federal charges to nine counts. Buck was scheduled to go to trial on January 19, 2021,[26] but the date was postponed to April 20, 2021, due to COVID-19-related considerations.[27]
    • On July 27, 2021, Buck was convicted of nine federal charges, including the deaths of Gemmel Moore and Timothy Dean, maintaining a drug den, distributing methamphetamines, and solicitation of prostitutes.[28][29] On April 14, 2022, Buck was sentenced to 30 years in prison.[2]
    • Personal life [ edit ] Buck came out to his parents as gay at the age of 16.[4] He changed his surname from Buckmelter to Buck in 1981[3] or 1983.[4] He was the Grand Marshal of the 1989 International Gay Rodeo.[4][5] Buck formerly lived near Piestewa Peak in Phoenix, Arizona.[5] He moved to West Hollywood in 1991.[4]
    • References [ edit ] ^ Barron, Jesse (September 16, 2020). "What Happened Inside Ed Buck's Apartment?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved December 27, 2020 . ^ a b c Ormseth, Matthew (April 14, 2022). "Ed Buck sentenced to 30 years in prison for abuses that led to men's drug deaths". The Los Angeles Times. ^ a b c d e "Recall drive. Bucking the system: unlikely figure leads challenge to Mecham" . Arizona Republic. June 28, 1987. p. 10 . Retrieved November 21, 2017 '' via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Who Is Ed Buck?". WEHOVille. August 16, 2017 . Retrieved November 21, 2017 . But it has attracted a lot of attention from the right-wing media here and abroad, including publications such as the Drudge Report; TruNews, a Christian news site; Political VelCraft, a right-wing conspiracy site, and Voat.com, a website that promotes conspiracy theories such as PizzaGate. ^ a b c d e Van Der Werf, Martin (November 29, 1987). "Buck mirror image of Mecham, critics say" . Arizona Republic. Phoenix, Arizona. pp. 9''10 . Retrieved November 21, 2017 '' via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Stanton, Sam (February 13, 1987). "Recall-Mecham stickers OK'd for state workers' cars" . The Arizona Republic. p. 16 . Retrieved November 25, 2017 '' via Newspapers.com. ^ Stanton, Sam (December 21, 1986). "Recall bid on Mecham a bit early" . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved November 25, 2017 '' via Newspapers.com. ^ "Mecham begins term as 17th governor of Arizona with call for 'new beginning' " . Arizona Daily Star. January 6, 1987. pp. 1, 2 . Retrieved November 25, 2017 '' via Newspapers.com. ^ Harris, Don; Stanton, Sam (January 6, 1987). "Special budget session to be called by Mecham" . The Arizona Republic. pp. 1, 6 . Retrieved November 25, 2017 '' via Newspapers.com. ^ Carson, Susan R. (March 15, 1987). "Opponent of Mecham lambasted" . Arizona Daily Star. Tucson, Arizona. pp. 11, 12 . Retrieved November 21, 2017 '' via Newspapers.com. ^ "Phoenix man seeks to recall Mecham" . Arizona Daily Star. December 22, 1986. p. 32 . Retrieved November 25, 2017 '' via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Cullen, Terence (August 22, 2017). "Los Angeles investigators probing death of male escort at home of prominent Democratic donor". The New York Daily News . Retrieved November 25, 2017 . ^ a b "Investigation Underway Into Fatal Drug Overdose At Democratic Donor's WeHo Home". CBS Los Angeles. August 15, 2017 . Retrieved November 26, 2017 . ^ Branson-Potts, Hailey (October 17, 2019). "Ed Buck was known for his abrasive behavior. But politicians still took his money". The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 17, 2019 . ^ a b c Branson-Potts, Hailey; Winton, Richard (November 18, 2017). "Democratic donor's home was littered with drug paraphernalia after man died, coroner says" . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 21, 2017 . Moore, who was black, had been homeless and had worked as an escort. ^ Winton, Richard; Tchekmedyian, Alene; Branson-Potts, Hailey (August 15, 2017). "Homicide detectives probe man's overdose death at the home of prominent L.A. Democratic donor Ed Buck". Los Angeles Times. ^ "LA County DA Declines to Charge Ed Buck in Death of Gemmel Moore". WEHOville. July 26, 2018 . Retrieved July 29, 2018 . ^ a b " 'Serial predator': L.A. writer has been sounding alarm on Ed Buck for over a year". NBC News. January 11, 2019 . Retrieved January 18, 2019 . ^ "Man Who Died in Buck's Home ID'd: Retail Worker, Adult Film Actor". The Advocate. January 10, 2019. ^ "The Story Behind the Man Found Dead in Ed Buck's Laurel Avenue Apartment". January 10, 2019. ^ "Death Reported at West Hollywood Home of Wealthy Political Donor Ed Buck '-- For the 2nd Time". KTLA. January 7, 2019 . Retrieved January 7, 2019 . ^ Branson-Potts, Hailey (January 11, 2019). "Ed Buck's attorney says critics have unfairly used race to blame his client for two deaths in his home". The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 27, 2019 . ^ Flynn, Meagan (September 18, 2019). "Democratic donor arrested after third man overdoses at his West Hollywood home". The Washington Post . Retrieved September 18, 2019 . ^ Chan, Stella; Mossberg, Cheri; Simon, Darran (September 19, 2019). "Democratic donor Ed Buck faces federal charge for allegedly providing lethal dose of meth". CNN . Retrieved September 20, 2019 . ^ Queally, James; Winton, Richard (September 19, 2019). "Democratic donor Ed Buck paid at least 10 men to use drugs for his own pleasure, prosecutors say". The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 20, 2019 . ^ "Grand Jury Charges Ed Buck with Four Additional Felonies, Including that He Enticed Victims to Travel Interstate to Engage in Prostitution". United States Department of Justice. August 4, 2020 . Retrieved August 8, 2020 . ^ Seneeze, Thom (January 15, 2021). "Ed Buck's Trial Has Been Postponed Again, and Further Delay Could Follow". Los Angeles . Retrieved April 15, 2022 . ^ Dazio, Stefanie (July 27, 2021). "Democratic donor convicted of offering drugs for sex; 2 died". AP News . Retrieved August 8, 2021 . ^ "West Hollywood Man Found Guilty of Drug Trafficking Charges, Including Giving Methamphetamine to Two Victims Who Died". www.justice.gov. July 27, 2021 . Retrieved March 5, 2022 . External links [ edit ] Donor Lookup for people named Ed Buck at OpenSecrets.org Donor Lookup for people named Edward Buck at OpenSecrets.orgJasmyne Cannick's writings on the death of Gemmel Moore
  • Mexican Super Meth: What You Need to Know | Haven House
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    • Wed, 29 Jun 2022 17:53
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    • A drug that is destroying the minds of Americans but no one is really talking about it.
    • Yes, today the United States is a wash i n an Heroin epidemic with addicts dying of overdoses everyday. There is a second drug that is destroying the minds of Americans but no one is really focusing on this particular issue related to addiction. It seems that Meth usage is more prevalent in middle class and lower income neighborhoods but that will soon change with the over prescribing of the prescription Amphetamine, Adderall. The story will be the same as most of those that now are abusing Heroin but their addiction started with the prescription drug Oxycodone or Vicodin. When an addict no longer has access to prescription drugs there is always an option readily available on the street. What is even more alarming is the fact that Ice known as Meth is being used as a replacement for Cocaine in what is known as a Speedball. The deadly mix of a stimulant and Heroin has killed quite a few celebrities such as Jimm Belushi in the past. When use see the list of chemicals I will post used in today's Ice or Meth it will be easy realize why this drug can cause permanent psychosis or brain damage.
    • Chemicals commonly used to make Crystal Meth:a) Pseudoephrineb) Acetonec) Freond) Red Phosporuse) Hydrophosphrous Acidf) Lithiumg) Hydriodic Acidh) Iodine CrystalsI) Phenylopropanolamine
    • Now keep in mind that all the above listed chemicals are highly corrosive or toxic and some can easily ignite causing an explosion during the manufacturing process of Meth.
    • Mental Health workers be prepared:Those who abuse Crystal Meth are highly unpredictable. When they are actually detoxing one minute they can appear to be extremely depressed or may actually be in a drug induced psychosis so when dealing with these types of patients be prepared for extreme mood swings. The effects of Meth can last for months in some cases after an addicts last usage of the drug and may need additional help rebuilding cognitive skills once they have detoxed. It has also been said that in some cases that Meth addicts can have issues with mood regulation for up to five years after they have gotten clean and sober. So as American deals with an Heroin epidemic it might want to keep an eye of an increase of addicts being admitted to hospitals due addicts to being in a Crystal Meth psychosis.
    • Visit the Haven House Addiction Treatment homepage.
  • Sam Quinones
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    • Sam Quinones is an independent journalist & author of four books of narrative nonfiction
    • WATCH: Sam on C-SPAN BookTV's In Depth
    • REVIEWS: The Least of Us in Christianity Today & Plough Quarterly
  • Who is Jacob Engels? Wiki, Biography, Age, Parent thrown out of school board - Wikibious
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    • Wed, 29 Jun 2022 17:33
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    • Jacob Engels Wiki '' Jacob Engels BiographyJacob Engels was removed from a school board meeting in Florida after reading excerpts from a book available to high school students at district libraries. The sexualized book is ''Gender Queer: A Memoir'' by Maia Kobabe, which talks about LGBTQ sex.
    • She first raised questions after an irate mother found her on the shelves of the Keller Independent School District, who then took to social media to express her anger. However, the recent incident allegedly occurred at an Orange County School Board meeting, where President Teresa Jacobs asked police to remove Jacob Engels after reading the vulgar passage.
    • Jacob Engels threw out of school board meetingThe Waukee School District has removed books from the library shelves after parents complained that the books had exposed their students to inappropriate content.
    • At a Waukee School Board meeting Monday, parent Amber McClanahan read passages from several books that she said were available in the Northwest High School library. The excerpts, selected from ''All Boys Aren't Blue'', ''Lawn Boy'' and ''Gender Queer'' contained graphic written and visual representations of sexual acts between boys and, in one case, relatives.
    • ''This,'' McClanahan said, displaying a graphic set of images, ''is also in the 'Gender Queer' book at Northwest High School, available for 14-year-olds to review and read.''
    • Mother Courtney Collier also raised concerns about books containing same-sex relationships at the October 11 board meeting. She said her 10-year-old son told her that a book about a boy who discovered he was gay was mentioned as a suggested reading article during a library class.
    • ''This is an issue that we explicitly told the school that we did not want to discuss with our children and, as parents, I believe it is our right,'' she said. '''... I didn't realize that you as a district could go above us and expose our kids to content about sexual orientation and things like that that we said we didn't want to be part of their education at. Waukee schools. ''
    • In a statement, the district said the books are under review and are not currently available in school libraries.
    • ''A review process, per Board policy, will determine whether all or any of these titles are returned to the library's shelves,'' she read in the statement. ''Specifically, upon completion of the review of each title, a recommendation will be made to the superintendent as to the future availability of these books in school libraries.''
    • The statement acknowledges that the content of classroom and library materials is occasionally challenged, and that the process for requesting a review of books or other materials should generally begin at the school or classroom level.
    • In Urbandale, Father Dennis Murphy said he found the ''Hey, Kiddo'' book in his son's backpack. The book is about a boy who lives with his grandparents and seeks to discover the truth about his family. I can't write what I saw, but I did find 33 different pages that contained sexual or libelous / vulgar content that, if spoken in my home, would be grounds for immediate discipline, ''Murphy said in an email.
    • ''Gender Queer'' has also been removed from some school libraries in Texas and Virginia and has been the subject of recent school board debate in states such as Illinois, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina. Orange County Public Schools, however, took action after the meeting. In a statement, OCPS Director of Media Relations Shari Bobinski said: ''Four copies of the 'Gender Queer' book were in three of our 22 high schools. The School Board was unaware that this book was available in school media centers. At this time, the book is not on the library shelves and is under review. If anyone has a concern about materials or books found in our media centers or in our classrooms, Orange County Public Schools has a process for parents/guardians to submit a form to the school principal to address a restlessness ''.
    • Meanwhile, the video of Engels reading the passage has gone viral on the internet. In reaction, one user tweeted: ''I would be absolutely horrified and disgusted if I were a parent and found out that my children are exposed to this shit!'' The second commented: ''High power. Reprimand and expulsion of parents for trying to raise awareness. Amazing.''
    • ''I don't understand why a school board would silence a tax-paying parent who is concerned about the vulgar language in a book and was treated as a criminal. Anyone who spoke was silenced. Speechless, ''one person wondered.
    • Read Also: Who is Brittney Cooper? Wiki, Biography, Age, Runs Black feminist blog
  • Who is Larry Sinclair and should we believe him? You decide. | Political Talk
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    • Larry Sinclair makes some serious allegations against Barry O including the murder of a choir member of Reverend Jeremiah Wright's church which Barry attended while living in Chicago.
    • The gist of the story is Sinclair was listening to Barry on TV during his run for the presidency in 2007 claim he hadn't used drugs since his college days, Sinclair knew Barry was lying and thought the American people should know a man running for President is deceiving them.
    • Sinclair claims he had an encounter with Barry in November of 1999 while Sinclair was in town for some event/function. While in town Sinclair was using a limousine service for his transportation and he inquired of the driver if he knew anyone that could show him around the city of Chicago while he was in town. The driver said he knew of a person he could contact and later the driver introduced Sinclair to Barry at a downtown bar/lounge.
    • Well, that's all the further I'm going with the details'....when you get some time here's the presser where Sinclair recounts the encounter with Barry O'....
    • Larry Sinclair tells of his sexual and drug use encounter with Barry O ''Barrack Obama is a wannabe black man with a white man's penis.''
    • This post was edited on 3/24 at 12:46 pm
  • Andrew Gillum - Wikipedia
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    • American politician (born 1979)
    • Andrew Demetric Gillum (born July 26, 1979) is an American former politician who served as the 126th mayor of Tallahassee. He served as a Tallahassee city commissioner from 2003 until 2014, first elected at the age of 23.[1] He is a member of the Democratic Party.
    • In 2018, Gillum was the nominee of the Florida Democratic Party to be the governor of Florida. He had won the Democratic primary election over a field of five other candidates, including former U.S. representative Gwen Graham and former Miami Beach mayor Philip Levine. In the general election, he lost in a close race to Republican U.S. representative Ron DeSantis.
    • In 2022, Gillum was indicted on 21 felony counts, including wire fraud, conspiracy, and making false statements, for allegedly diverting money raised during the campaign to a company controlled by one of his top advisors.[2][3]
    • Early life and education [ edit ] Gillum was born in Miami and raised in Gainesville, Florida. He is the fifth of seven children born to Charles and Frances Gillum, respectively a construction worker and a school bus driver. Gillum graduated from Gainesville High School in 1998 and was recognized by the Gainesville Sun as one of the city's "persons of the year." He then moved to Tallahassee to attend Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU) to major in political science.[4]
    • Gillum served as president of the FAMU Student Government Association from 2001 to 2002 and was the first student member of the FAMU Board of Trustees. He was recognized by the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation as "emerging leader for 2003." Gillum was also a board member of the Black Youth Vote Coalition, a program of the National Coalition of Black Civic Participation in Washington, D.C. Gillum was elected to the Tallahassee City Commission prior to the completion of his college studies.[4][5]
    • Political career [ edit ] City of Tallahassee commissioner [ edit ] In 2003, aged 23, Gillum was elected to the Tallahassee City Commission for a one-year term, becoming the youngest person to be elected to the commission.[6] Gillum was a political science student at FAMU when he was elected.[4]
    • He was subsequently elected to a full four-year term, in 2004, garnering 72 percent of the vote, and was reelected in 2008 and again in 2012.[6]
    • Gillum served a one-year term as Mayor Pro Tem from November 10, 2004, through November 9, 2005. The joint body of city and county commissioners, known as the Capital Region Transportation Planning Agency, elected him to serve as their chairperson for a year (January 2005 through December 2005). Gillum has also served as lead commissioner for the Long Range Community Based Target Issue Committee.[7]
    • In 2005, Gillum was one of the commissioners who voted to give themselves a new retirement benefit through deferred compensation. The policy was later repealed by the commission after public outrage.[4]
    • City of Tallahassee projects [ edit ] During his eleven years as a city commissioner, Gillum championed a number of community enrichment projects.[7] The Digital Harmony Project is an initiative championed by Gillum with support from the City of Tallahassee, local businesses and technology partnerships. Digital Harmony won the Significant Achievement Award in the Web & e-Government Services category from the Public Technology Institute. For the first two years, it provided every incoming Nims Middle School sixth and seventh-grader with a new desktop computer, free internet access and online academic curriculum training on core subjects. The school holds ongoing training courses for parents and students on basic computer skills and school curriculum. This effort places 200 computers into the homes of Nims Middle School students.[8]
    • Gillum championed the opening of the first Tallahassee Teen Center, the Palmer Munroe Center, which serves as a safe haven for many area youth and operates a restorative justice program.[9] Restorative justice programs have shown significant success, compared to non-restorative measures, in improving victim and/or offender satisfaction, increasing offender compliance with restitution, and decreasing the recidivism of offenders.[10] Gillum stressed these results as some of the reasons for the great importance of the Palmer Munroe Center.[11]
    • Gillum supported the city's development project of Cascades Park, located in downtown Tallahassee. The park was built in 2013 and doubles as a storm-water management facility, protecting local neighborhoods from flooding.[4]
    • Mayor of Tallahassee [ edit ] Election [ edit ] In April 2013, Andrew Gillum announced his intention to run for mayor of Tallahassee.[12] Gillum ran against three opponents: Larry Hendricks, Zach Richardson, and write-in candidate Evin Matthews.[13] In the August 26, 2014 nonpartisan primary, Gillum defeated Richardson and Hendricks; capturing 76 percent of the vote with 19,658 votes.[14] On August 27, 2014, write-in candidate Evin Matthews withdrew from the race, resulting in Gillum becoming mayor-elect.[15]
    • Tenure in office [ edit ] Before taking office, Gillum met with various mayors to learn from their successes.[16] He also launched the Tallahassee Mayoral Fellows Program in partnership with Florida Agricultural And Mechanical University and Florida State University, allowing high-achieving graduate students to gain experience working in City government.[17] Gillum was sworn into Office on November 21, 2014.[18]
    • In January 2015, Gillum strongly supported the City of Tallahassee joining in the Ban the Box campaign; arguing that the initiative does not stop the city from conducting background checks, but rather gives applicants a fair shot at employment and reduces recidivism.[19] On January 28 the Tallahassee City Commission voted 3''2 to drop the box.[20]
    • On February 17, 2015, Gillum welcomed United States secretary of transportation Anthony Foxx to Tallahassee to kick off the Grow America Express Tour.[21] Gillum also contributed to the DOT Fastlane Blog, in which he stressed the importance of long-term transportation investments for America's mid-size cities.[22]
    • In an effort to overhaul how City Advisory Committees, a series of local advisory boards, operate in Tallahassee, Mayor Gillum released a survey in March 2015 to gain feedback into the city's numerous boards and motivate citizens to get involved with local government.[23] Also in March 2015, Gillum participated in a conference call with other Florida mayors and United States deputy secretary of commerce, Bruce Andrews; a call in which Gillum stated his support for Congress to pass trade promotion legislation that would bolster international trade, and stressed the importance for local governments of a leveled playing field.[24]
    • On March 27, 2015, Gillum held the Mayor's Summit on Children,[25] a large conference in which business and community leaders came together to learn about the importance of investments in quality Early Childhood Education (ECE).[26] Speakers included Dr. Craig Ramey, research scholar of human development at Virginia Tech, who spoke about the importance of ECE to language development and the vocabulary gap that can form between those who receive quality ECE and those who do not; and Rob Grunewald, economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, who spoke about the importance of early learning to the long-term economic success of a community.
    • On the heels of the Summit on Children, Gillum launched four community-led task forces as part of his Family First Agenda; these task forces, which Gillum introduced at the Summit, examine: Improved Quality and Affordable Child Care, Family Friendly Workplaces and Culture, Greater Community Investments in Children and Families, and Resources and Training for Parents and Families.[27] Gillum stressed that investments in early childhood education have been proven to return six dollars for every one dollar invested; this is due to lowering community costs on those children as they grow older.[28]
    • In May 2015, Gillum launched a 1,000 Mentors Initiative, which aimed to recruit 1,000 men and women from diverse backgrounds to increase youth mentoring opportunities in Tallahassee, and help youth in need.[29] Also in May 2015, Gillum, in partnership with several local and national organizations, orchestrated the Tallahassee Future Leaders Academy (TFLA), a summer jobs program which employed over 100 youths throughout city government.[30] Gillum summarized the importance of a program like the TFLA in a July Op-ed, in which he highlighted how similar summer jobs programs from around the country have been shown to reduce arrests for violent crime, reduce youth mortality rates, and increase the likelihood of college attendance.[31]
    • In response to an increase in shootings, Gillum and the Tallahassee Police Department worked with community organizations to implement Operation Safe Neighborhoods in 2015.[32][33] This initiative called for an increase in law enforcement visibility and capacity; strengthening strategic partnerships and community programs/opportunities; and enhancing community engagement and response, through the implementation of a community watch program called, Neighbors on the Block.[34]
    • In October 2015, more than 400 strangers gathered around a 350-foot-long table in downtown Tallahassee to participate in the launch of The Longest Table, an annual initiative aiming to use the dinner table as a medium for generating meaningful conversation among people of diverse ethnic, religious, and political backgrounds. Organized by the Office of the Mayor and spearheaded by Community Engagement Director Jamie Van Pelt, the project won a $57,250 grant from the Knight Cities Challenge via the Knight Foundation.[35]
    • Corruption and misuse investigations [ edit ] In February 2017, Gillum apologized after the Tallahassee Democrat reported that his government office had been used to send emails through web-based software purchased from NGP VAN, a company that provides technology to Democratic and progressive campaigns.[36] An investigation into the emails started after Paul Henry, a retired state trooper from Monticello, wrote State Attorney Jack Campbell in March to allege Gillum committed grand theft and official misconduct by paying for the software with city funds when he believed they served no public purpose. Gillum reimbursed the city for the $5,082.45 cost of the software on March 2, 2017.[37] In August 2017, a Leon County grand jury declined to indict Gillum personally due to lack of evidence of criminal wrongdoing.[37]
    • During his mayoral campaign in 2014, Gillum faced allegations of misconduct after hiring private equity investor Adam Corey as the treasurer. Corey is an investor in The Edison, a restaurant that received taxpayer money from the city to help with the Cascades Park development project. During a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigation into the matter, city officials stated that Gillum's vote did not constitute a conflict of interest[4] and Gillum cut ties with Corey.[38]
    • According to text messages uncovered by the Tampa Bay Times, Gillum accepted tickets to the Broadway musical Hamilton from his brother, Marcus Gillum, who got them through an undercover FBI agent conducting a corruption investigation. The agent was posing as a real estate developer.[39] Gillum responded to the Tampa Bay Times story, "These messages only confirm what we have said all along. We did go to see Hamilton. I did get my ticket to Hamilton from my brother. At the time, we believed that they were reserved by friends of Adam's, Mike Miller. And when I got there after work, got my ticket, we went in there and saw it, assumed my brother paid for it, and so far as I know, that was the deal."[39]
    • In late January 2019, the Florida Commission on Ethics found probable cause that Gillum violated state ethics laws when he accepted gifts during out-of-town excursions with lobbyists and vendors and failed to report them.[40] Ultimately, a $5,000 settlement was agreed to on four out of the five charges.[41]
    • 2018 gubernatorial campaign [ edit ] Andrew Gillum campaigning in 2018.
    • Gillum announced his candidacy for governor in March 2017, and was the first to declare his intention to run as a Democrat.[42][43] Gillum won the Democratic nomination for governor in an upset victory over the expected winner, former congresswoman Gwen Graham, 34''31%. Gillum was the first black nominee for governor in Florida's history.[44] Gillum conceded to Republican candidate Ron DeSantis on the evening of November 6, 2018.[45] However, when the recount began, Gillum withdrew his concession, saying: "I am replacing my words of concession with an uncompromised and unapologetic call that we count every single vote."[46] Gillum conceded again on November 17, after a machine recount was completed. The final tally showed DeSantis had successfully beaten Gillum by 36,219 votes, equalling about 0.4% of the over 8.2 million total votes cast.[47]
    • The campaign was marked by racial controversy, as DeSantis was accused of using the verb monkey as a dog whistle when he said, "The last thing we need to do is to monkey this up by trying to embrace a socialist agenda with huge tax increases and bankrupting the state. That is not going to work. That's not going to be good for Florida."[48] During the campaign, President Donald Trump claimed that Gillum was a "thief," which was also interpreted as a racial dog whistle.[49]
    • In May 2019, the FBI subpoenaed Gillum regarding his gubernatorial campaign.[50]
    • Political positions [ edit ] Gillum has been widely described as a progressive,[51] and by some conservatives as a democratic socialist.[52] During the 2018 gubernatorial campaign, DeSantis said that Gillum had a "far left socialist platform"; PolitiFact rated this assertion as false.[53]
    • Gillum supports the replacement of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement with the U.S. Department of Justice. He seeks to expand Medicaid to cover "700,000 people, who right now don't have access to health care".[54] He supports the removal of Confederate monuments.[55] Gillum wants to raise the Florida corporate tax rate to 7.75 percent, up from the current 5.5 percent, which he said would be used on education funding.[56] Gillum supports a $15 minimum wage.[57] He was endorsed by Bernie Sanders and received financial support from Tom Steyer and George Soros[58][59] Gillum has called for the impeachment of Donald Trump.[60] Gillum accepts the scientific consensus on climate change, and has warned that climate change causes sea level rise with adverse effects for Florida.[61][62] He opposed the Trump administration's decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement, and said that he would as Florida governor work with other states in a state-based climate alliance.[63]
    • Gillum opposes Florida's stand-your-ground law.[57] Gillum is in favor of a 2018 ballot proposition, Amendment 4, to restore the voting rights of most individuals who have completed felony convictions.[57][64] Gillum said, "Floridians who have paid their debts deserve a second chance and they should have a voice in our state's future. Our current system for rights restoration is a relic of Jim Crow that we should end for good."[65]
    • Indictment [ edit ] On June 22, 2022, Gillum was indicted by the U.S. Attorney's Office in the Northern District of Florida on 21 felony counts, including wire fraud, conspiracy, and making false statements for allegedly diverting money raised during the campaign to a company controlled by Sharon Lettman-Hicks, one of his top advisors on his campaign, who then used the money to pay Gillum. In response, Gillum released a statement declaring his innocence and calling the indictment "political" in nature.[2][3]
    • Honors and accolades [ edit ] Gillum has received various honors and accolades. While attending FAMU, Gillum was recognized by the National Center for Policy Alternatives in Washington, D.C., as the country's top student leader in 2001.[66] In 2004, he was named to Ebony magazine's "Fast Track 30 Leaders Who Are 30 and Under."[67] Gillum was named as a "2010 Emerging Leader" by Essence Magazine.[68]
    • As part of Florida A&M University's 2012 125th Anniversary Quasiquicentennial Celebration, Gillum was honored as an Outstanding Alumnus, along with 124 other FAMU alumni.[69] Also in 2012, Gillum was named as one of "50 Young Progressive Activists Who Are Changing America," by The Huffington Post.[70] In 2014, Gillum was named as one of the 40 Under 40 by The Washington Post political blog "The Fix."[71]
    • Personal life [ edit ] On May 24, 2009, Gillum married Rashada Jai Howard, a fellow FAMU graduate.[72] The couple have three children.[5][73]
    • In March 2020, the Tallahassee Democrat reported that Gillum was one of three men, one of whom was experiencing a drug overdose, who were found with "plastic baggies of suspected crystal meth" in a hotel room in Miami Beach; however, no arrests were made. The person who overdosed has been reported by numerous outlets as a gay male escort.[74][75] Initially, Gillum was too inebriated to speak with police.[76] On March 16, Gillum stated that he would enter rehabilitation, citing struggles with alcohol after narrowly losing the 2018 Florida gubernatorial race.[77]
    • On September 14, 2020, Gillum came out as bisexual in an interview with Tamron Hall on her nationally syndicated talk show.[78]
    • Electoral history [ edit ] Tallahassee City Commission, 2003''2012 [ edit ] 2003 Nonpartisan Primary,Tallahassee City Commission Seat 2[79]CandidateVotes%Mayo Woodward7,62729.1Andrew D. Gillum6,66225.4Bob Henderson6,43924.5Norma Parrish4,09015.6Jack Traylor1,0133.9Joshua Hicks4141.6Total votes26,245 2003 Nonpartisan Runoff,Tallahassee City Commission Seat 2[80]CandidateVotes%Andrew D. Gillum16,11956.9Mayo Woodward12,20643.1Total votes28,325 2004 Nonpartisan Primary,Tallahassee City Commission Seat 2[81]CandidateVotes%Andrew D. Gillum22,04072.0Allen Turnage4,67015.3D.J. Johnson3,90312.8Total votes30,613 2008 Election,Tallahassee City Commission Seat 2[82]CandidateVotes%Andrew D. GillumUnopposed''2012 Nonpartisan Primary,Tallahassee City Commission Seat 2[83]CandidateVotes%Andrew D. Gillum20,32972.2Nick Halley3,32111.8David (Bubba) Riddle2,7389.7Jacob S. Eaton1,7696.3Total votes28,157 Mayor of Tallahassee, 2014 [ edit ] 2014 Nonpartisan Primary,Mayor of Tallahassee[84]CandidateVotes%Andrew D. Gillum19,80575.7Zack Richardson3,70514.2Larry Hendricks2,66110.2Total votes26,171 Florida gubernatorial election, 2018 [ edit ] References [ edit ] ^ "Good news for Democrats: wins in Tallahassee, Orlando mayor races". Sarasota Herald Tribune. March 3, 2003 . Retrieved November 5, 2008 . ^ a b "Andrew Gillum, DeSantis' 2018 opponent, accused in indictment of wire fraud, false statements". NBC News. ^ a b Bort, Ryan; Bort, Ryan (June 22, 2022). "Former Florida Governor Candidate Andrew Gillum Charged With Campaign Fraud". Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 22, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f Waters, TaMaryn (August 27, 2014). "Andrew Gillum wins mayoral primary". Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved August 30, 2018 . ^ a b "Mayor Andrew Gillum". Office of the Mayor. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015 . Retrieved December 7, 2015 . ^ a b "Andrew Gillum." Contemporary Black Biography. Vol. 128: Profiles from the International Black Community. Detroit: Gale, 2015. Retrieved via Biography In Context database, August 29, 2018. ^ a b "Andrew Gillum: Director of Youth Leadership Programs, People For the American Way Foundation". huffingtonpost.com. Huffington Post . Retrieved September 3, 2018 . ^ Krystin Goodwin. " "Digital Harmony Project" Making a Difference for Students" . Retrieved December 7, 2015 . ^ "Day-Long Restorative Justice Training Offered". City of Tallahassee. February 19, 2013 . Retrieved July 29, 2015 . ^ Lattimer, Jeff; Dowden, Craig; Muise, Danielle (June 2005). "The Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Practices: A Meta-analysis" (PDF) . The Prison Journal. 85 (2): 127''144, 138. doi:10.1177/0032885505276969. S2CID 18534688 . Retrieved July 29, 2015 . ^ "Juvenile Delinquency and Restorative Justice". WCTV. February 20, 2013 . Retrieved July 29, 2015 . ^ "Andrew Gillum confirms interest in Tallahassee mayor job". Tallahassee News '' ABC 27 WTXL. April 3, 2013 . Retrieved December 7, 2015 . ^ "More candidates make the ballot ahead of today's qualifying deadline". Tallahassee Democrat. June 20, 2014 . Retrieved December 7, 2015 . ^ "Andrew Gillum wins mayoral primary". Tallahassee Democrat. August 26, 2014 . Retrieved December 7, 2015 . ^ Andy Alcock. "Update: Withdrawal Makes Gillum Mayor-Elect, Focus Shifts To Governing" . Retrieved December 7, 2015 . ^ "Gillum meeting with mayors as part of transition". Tallahassee Democrat. September 29, 2014 . Retrieved December 7, 2015 . ^ "Mayor-Elect Gillum Launches Mayoral Fellows Program". WCTV. October 16, 2014 . Retrieved July 23, 2015 . ^ "Gillum talks of hope, unity during swearing-in ceremony". Tallahassee Democrat. November 21, 2014 . Retrieved December 7, 2015 . ^ "Gillum: 'Ban the Box' helps people to pass first hurdle". Tallahassee Democrat. January 25, 2015 . Retrieved December 7, 2015 . ^ Chris Gros, James Buechele. "Tallahassee "Drops The Box" " . Retrieved December 7, 2015 . ^ Waters, TaMaryn (February 17, 2015). "Tallahassee first stop on 'Grow America Express' tour". Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved July 23, 2015 . ^ Gillum, Andrew (February 17, 2015). "America's mid-size cities need long-term transportation investment". U.S. Department of Transportation Fast Lane . Retrieved July 23, 2015 . ^ Duran, Vanity (March 16, 2015). "Tallahassee Mayor Wants More Participation In Local Advisory Boards". WFSU . Retrieved July 23, 2015 . ^ Waters, TaMaryn (March 19, 2015). "Mayor Gillum stresses 'leveling the playing field' in international trade discussion". Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved July 23, 2015 . ^ Gillum, Andrew (May 7, 2015). "2015 Mayor's Summit on Children". YouTube. Andrew Gillum . Retrieved July 24, 2015 . ^ Dobson, Byron (March 27, 2015). "Tallahassee businesses are critical to meeting children's needs". Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved July 23, 2015 . ^ Dobson, Byron (April 5, 2015). "Tax among options to fund children's services in Leon County". Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved July 24, 2015 . ^ Schultz, Edan (May 8, 2015). " 'Summit on Children' Moves Forward". WCTV . Retrieved July 24, 2015 . ^ Mitchell, Andrew (May 27, 2015). "Mayor Gillum Calls For 1,000 Mentors". WFSU . Retrieved July 24, 2015 . ^ Dobson, Byron (June 22, 2015). "City commits $100,000 to south-side initiatives". Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved July 24, 2015 . ^ Gillum, Andrew (July 18, 2015). "Summer jobs for youth vital for Tallahassee's future". Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved July 24, 2015 . ^ Shultz, Edan (June 2, 2015). "Tallahassee Unveils "Operation Safe Neighborhoods" ". WCTV . Retrieved July 24, 2015 . ^ Godfrey, Georgiaree (June 2, 2015). "Tallahassee Residents Take the Streets Back". WTXL . Retrieved July 24, 2015 . ^ "Operation Safe Neighborhoods" (PDF) . Talgov.com. City of Tallahassee. June 2015 . Retrieved July 24, 2015 . ^ Poon, Linda (April 12, 2016). "Can Dinner at an Enormous Table Help Tallahassee Break Down Barriers?". Bloomberg.com. ^ Burlew, Jeff (February 28, 2017). "Mayor Gillum apologizes for political emails". Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved August 29, 2018 . ^ a b Schweers, Jeffrey (August 8, 2017). "Mayor Gillum cleared in email software investigation". Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved August 29, 2018 . ^ Mahoney, Emily (June 1, 2018). "Report: Andrew Gillum scheduled meeting with undercover FBI agents during Costa Rica trip with lobbyists". Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 30, 2018 . ^ a b Mower, Lawrence (October 23, 2018). "Records show FBI agents gave Andrew Gillum tickets to 'Hamilton' in 2016". Tampa Bay Times. ^ Burlew, Jeff (January 25, 2019). "Florida Ethics Commission finds probable cause in complaint against Andrew Gillum". Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved July 23, 2019 . ^ "Andrew Gillum's $5,000 settlement accepted by state ethics panel". The Orlando Sentinel. June 7, 2019 . Retrieved July 23, 2019 . ^ Man, Anthony (May 2, 2018). "Gwen Graham makes it official, announces campaign for Florida governor". SunSentinel . Retrieved August 29, 2018 . ^ Larrabee, Brandon (March 1, 2018). "Tallahassee mayor Andrew Gillum says he'll run for governor in 2018". Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved August 29, 2018 . ^ Mazzei, Patricia (August 28, 2018). "Andrew Gillum Upends Expectations in Florida Primary Victory". The New York Times . Retrieved August 29, 2018 . ^ Mazzei, Patricia (November 7, 2018). "Andrew Gillum Concedes to Ron DeSantis in Florida Governor's Race". The New York Times . Retrieved November 7, 2018 . ^ "Andrew Gillum withdraws concession as Florida recount begins". CNN. November 11, 2018 . Retrieved November 11, 2018 . ^ "Florida Election Watch - Governor". Archived from the original on August 29, 2020 . Retrieved September 11, 2020 . ^ "DeSantis under fire for saying Florida shouldn't 'monkey this up' by electing Gillum, who is black". NBC News . Retrieved August 29, 2018 . ^ "Trump calls Florida Democratic gubernatorial candidate Andrew Gillum a 'thief' without citing evidence". Washington Post . Retrieved October 29, 2018 . ^ Contorno, Steve. "Federal subpoena demands records on Andrew Gillum and his campaign for governor". Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 23, 2019 . ^ "Racist Robocalls Target Andrew Gillum, Democratic Nominee for Florida Governor" . Retrieved September 1, 2018 . ^ Luce, Edward (August 31, 2018). "Socialism in Florida". Financial Times . Retrieved September 2, 2018 . ^ "No, Andrew Gillum doesn't want to turn Fla. into Venezuela". @politifact . Retrieved September 8, 2018 . ^ Kugle, Andrew (August 29, 2018). "Florida Dem Gubernatorial Candidate Supports Abolishing ICE, Medicare for All". Washington Free Beacon . Retrieved August 29, 2018 . ^ Burlew, Jeff. "Andrew Gillum talks racism, Confederate flags in Tallahassee during Tampa campaign stop". Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved August 29, 2018 . ^ Mahoney, Emily (January 19, 2018). "Andrew Gillum proposes corporate tax hike for more education funding". Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 29, 2018 . ^ a b c Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (August 26, 2018). "Andrew Gillum's Campaign for Governor of Florida, and the Extent of the Progressive Revolution". The New Yorker. ^ Nilsen, Ella (August 29, 2018). "Who is Andrew Gillum? Meet Florida's history-making Democratic nominee for governor". Vox . Retrieved August 29, 2018 . ^ Wilson, Kirby (August 23, 2018). "Andrew Gillum gets another $650,000 from billionaire donors Soros, Steyer". Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 29, 2018 . ^ Stracqualursi, Veronica (August 29, 2018). "Democratic nominee Andrew Gillum: Florida wants a governor who's 'not misogynist, not racist' ". CNN . Retrieved August 29, 2018 . ^ "Gillum knocks Trump, Scott and Graham on environmental issues". Politico PRO . Retrieved August 31, 2018 . ^ "Mayor promises to bring jobs, education home to Florida". Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved August 31, 2018 . ^ "Florida gubernatorial candidates react to Trump withdrawal from Paris Climate Accord". Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved August 31, 2018 . ^ Levine, Sam (September 6, 2018). "He Could Be Florida's First Black Governor '' Unless A Jim Crow-Era Law Stops Him". Huffington Post . Retrieved September 6, 2018 . ^ Bousquet, Steve. "Where they stand: Candidates for governor on vote for felons". Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved September 6, 2018 . ^ "FAMU Alum Named Emerging Leader of the Year". FAMU Headlines . Retrieved July 29, 2015 . ^ Company, Johnson Publishing (February 2004). "Fast Track 30 Leaders Who Are 30 and Under". Ebony Magazine (February 2004): 94 . Retrieved July 29, 2015 . ^ "Emerging Leaders 2010". Essence. 2010. Archived from the original on August 30, 2018 . Retrieved September 27, 2020 . ^ "FAMU to Honor 125 Alumni during Homecoming Gala". FAMU News Headlines. Florida A&M University. October 29, 2012 . Retrieved July 29, 2015 . ^ Dreier, Peter (December 12, 2012). "50 Young Progressive Activists Who Are Changing America". The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 29, 2015 . ^ Blake, Aaron (May 29, 2014). "40 under 40". The Washington Post . Retrieved July 29, 2015 . ^ "Alumni Spotlight: R. Jai Gillum, Class I '' Florida Gubernatorial Fellows". floridafellows.com. ^ "Meet Andrew". Andrew Gillum for Governor. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018 . Retrieved September 27, 2020 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Luscombe, Richard (March 14, 2020). "Police find Andrew Gillum in hotel room with man treated for apparent overdose". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved March 17, 2020 . ^ Fineout, Gary; Caputo, Marc. "Gillum withdraws from politics after link to suspected drug overdose". Politico PRO . Retrieved March 17, 2020 . ^ Jeff Burlew (March 13, 2020). "Andrew Gillum linked to meth overdose incident in Miami hotel, police reports state". Tallahassee Democrat . Retrieved March 14, 2020 . ^ "Democratic star ex-mayor Andrew Gillum to enter rehab". BBC News. March 16, 2020 . Retrieved March 17, 2020 . ^ Portwood, Jerry (September 14, 2020). "Andrew Gillum Comes Out as Bisexual". Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 14, 2020 . ^ "2003 Municipal Primary Election Summary Report" (PDF) . Retrieved August 9, 2018 . ^ "2003 Regular Municipal Election Summary Report" (PDF) . ^ "2004 Primary Election Summary Report" (PDF) . Retrieved August 9, 2018 . ^ "2008 Filed Candidates, Leon County, Florida" (PDF) . Retrieved August 9, 2018 . ^ "2012 Primary Election Summary Report" (PDF) . Retrieved August 9, 2018 . ^ "2014 Primary Election Summary Report" (PDF) . Retrieved August 9, 2018 . ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 9, 2018 . Retrieved March 19, 2019 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) External links [ edit ] 2018 Gubernatorial Election SiteCity of Tallahassee2015 Mayor's Summit on ChildrenOffice of the Mayor Mid-Year ReportLeary, Alex (August 25, 2007). "Obama's quest: Turn support into votes. The Democrat's grass roots network is thriving". St. Petersburg Times. Florida . Retrieved November 5, 2008 . Wright, Todd (February 17, 2005). "Plan for city, students unveiled" . Tallahassee Democrat. Knight-Ridder/Tribune Business News . Retrieved November 5, 2008 .
  • Kentucky Democrat wears noose in new ad attacking Rand Paul - ABC News
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Wed, 29 Jun 2022 17:09
    •  
    • LOUISVILLE, Ky. -- Kentucky Democrat Charles Booker appears on camera with a noose around his neck to condemn Republican U.S. Sen. Rand Paul for blocking anti-lynching legislation two years ago '-- a personally searing ad for a trailblazing Black candidate who says some of his own ancestors were lynched.
    • The new online ad '-- which comes with a warning about its content '-- shows a grisly photo of a lynching victim dangling from a tree. But it fails to mention that Paul co-sponsored a new version of the Emmett Till Anti-Lynching Act that cleared Congress this year and was signed into law by President Joe Biden. The measure, named for the Black teenager whose 1955 killing in Mississippi became a galvanizing moment in the civil rights era, made lynching a federal hate crime.
    • The ad exemplifies Booker's no-holds-barred approach to confronting racial and economic justice issues in a mostly rural, conservative-leaning state where only about 8% of the population is Black. And it ignores Paul's long-running outreach into mostly Black neighborhoods to discuss criminal justice issues and ways to turn around economically distressed communities, improve schools and combat gun violence.
    • The libertarian-leaning Paul will face Booker in a November matchup in a state that hasn't elected a Democrat to the Senate since 1992. The ad shows that Booker, the first Black major party nominee for U.S. Senate in Kentucky, won't shy from raising issues that might make some Kentuckians uncomfortable.
    • Booker's ad zeroes in on Paul's efforts to stall the anti-lynching legislation in 2020. At the time, Paul said the legislation was drafted too broadly and could define minor assaults as lynching. Booker says it's an example of Paul embracing divisive politics.
    • But the ad contains a broader message aimed at the ''continued assaults on humanity,'' Booker said Wednesday in an interview, pointing to mass shootings haunting the nation.
    • ''The choice couldn't be clearer,'' Booker says in the ad, which debuted Wednesday. ''Do we move forward together? Or do we let politicians like Rand Paul forever hold us back and drive us apart?"
    • Paul's campaign said the senator worked to strengthen the anti-lynching legislation and overlooking that role amounts to "a desperate misrepresentation of the facts.'' In his own response, the senator said Thursday that he's made reaching out to Black communities a priority.
    • ''I've introduced over two dozen bipartisan criminal justice reform bills,'' Paul said in a statement to The Associated Press. "I fought to pass a strong anti-lynching bill. To this day, I continue to work hand in hand with community leaders on issues like violence and its effect on Louisville's youth and their education and look forward to keeping up those efforts when I'm re-elected this November.''
    • Booker's ad has evoked strong responses.
    • Ricky L. Jones, a professor and chair of the Pan-African Studies Department at the University of Louisville, tweeted: ''Some people are calling this 'controversial' '-- even 'disgusting.' I think it's one of the most powerful political ads I've ever seen!''
    • Lavel White, a community activist, documentary filmmaker and photographer from Louisville said: ''The African American community is going to buy into it. They're going to understand it. They're going to be like, 'Charles is speaking the truth.'''
    • But Booker needs to avoid alienating some white voters who might wonder why he's using a lynching-themed ad to attack Paul, White said. Booker has embraced a ''hood to the holler'' theme to promote his progressive agenda and show the shared interests of inner city and rural voters.
    • Booker first gained statewide prominence in 2020 when he marched with protesters as a Senate candidate to demand justice for Breonna Taylor and other Black people killed in encounters with police. His campaign surged, but he narrowly lost the Democratic primary that year to an establishment-backed opponent.
    • Booker routinely invokes his past to promote policy, talking about rationing his insulin as he touts his plan to expand health care access. In the new ad, he talks about how lynchings were "used to kill my ancestors'' while standing next to a tree, a noose looped around his neck.
    • He had great-great-uncles on his mother's side of the family who were lynched, he told the AP.
    • ''It was crushing to put that rope around my neck,'' Booker said Wednesday. ''I felt the weight of history when I did it. I imagined my uncles, you know. But I feel that being in this unique position gives me a responsibility, and it requires me to be vulnerable so that we can face hard truths.''
    • Booker said he realized the ad could cause ''discomfort'' for some Kentuckians but hoped they ''can see my sincerity."
    • The ad includes the eerie creaking sound of rope hanging from a tree branch. Booker's hands grip the rope around his neck as he talks, then he removes the noose and walks away. It's a moment steeped in symbolism aimed at people feeling frustrated and hopeless, he said.
    • ''I want to tell the story that we can change things,'' Booker said. ''That we can get the healing and the brighter future that we deserve, but it's going to require us to stand together.''

• Clips
  • 02. Andrew Gillum Indicted For Wire Fraud, Lying To FBI 1.mp3
  • 03. Who is Andrew Gillum 1.mp3
  • 04. Who is Andrew Gillum 2.mp3
  • 05. Taking Trump’s Lies & Fear-Mongering, Obama Delivers Closing Argument For Gillum Deadline MSNBC 1.mp3
  • 06. Taking Trump’s Lies & Fear-Mongering, Obama Delivers Closing Argument For Gillum Deadline MSNBC 2.mp3
  • 07. Taking Trump’s Lies & Fear-Mongering, Obama Delivers Closing Argument For Gillum Deadline MSNBC 3.mp3
  • 08. Gillum gets endorsement from President Obama 1.mp3
  • 11. Former Gubernatorial Candidate Andrew Gillum Found In Room With Possible Crystal Meth 1.mp3
  • 12. Video and photos show hotel room where Andrew Gillum found in apparent incoherent state 1.mp3
  • 13. Video and photos show hotel room where Andrew Gillum found in apparent incoherent state 2.mp3
  • 14. The silence over gay meth 1.mp3
  • 15. Prominent Democratic donor Ed Buck convicted on all counts in fatal overdoses of 2 Black men 1.mp3
  • 16. Prominent Democratic donor Ed Buck convicted on all counts in fatal overdoses of 2 Black men 2.mp3
  • 17. TBC08 - Tiffany Graham - LGBT Youth Homelessness and Survival Sex 3.mp3
  • 18. Prominent Democratic donor Ed Buck convicted on all counts in fatal overdoses of 2 Black men 2.1.mp3
  • 20. TBC08 - Is Gay the New Black - Michael Eric Dyson 1.mp3
  • 21. TBC08 - Is Gay the New Black - Michael Eric Dyson 2.mp3
  • 22. Former rising Democratic star speaks out l GMA 1.mp3
  • 23. Former rising Democratic star speaks out l GMA 2.mp3
  • 24. Former rising Democratic star speaks out l GMA 3.mp3
  • 25. Former rising Democratic star speaks out l GMA 4.mp3
  • 26. Andrew Gillum Comes Out As Bisexual On “Tamron Hall 1.mp3
  • 27. Andrew Gillum Full Interview- Segment 3.1.mp3
  • 28. Andrew Gillum Full Interview- Segment 4.1.mp3
  • 30. NBJC's Sharon Lettman-Hicks Get out the Vote (MSNBC) 1.mp3
  • 31. Sharon Lettman-Hicks Pt. 1 6.1.mp3
  • 32. Sharon Lettman-Hicks Pt. 1 6.2.mp3
  • 33. Sharon Lettman-Hicks Pt. 2 6.1.mp3
  • 34. Sharon Lettman-Hicks Pt. 2 6.2.mp3
  • 35. Sharon Lettman-Hicks Pt. 2 6.3.mp3
  • 36. NEELY FULLER JR - ON HOMOSEXUALITY & LESBIANISM 1.mp3
  • 37. NEELY FULLER JR - ON HOMOSEXUALITY & LESBIANISM 2.mp3
  • 38. NEELY FULLER JR - WHO IS SUPREME OVER YOU ... RIGHT NOW 1.mp3

• Music in this Episode
  • Intro: Method Man - Judgment Day - 14 seconds
  • Outro: Stephanie Mills - Somewhere over the Rainbow - 14 seconds

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