• Moe Factz with Adam Curry for September 11th 2024, Episode number 100 - "Hard R"

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  • This is it! The pinnacle! We have reached the mountaintop. Welcome to 100, the final episode!
  • I'm Adam Curry coming to you from the heart of The Texas Hill Country and it's time once again to spin the wheel of Topics from here to Northern Virginia, please say hello to my friend on the other end: Mr. Moe Factz

• "Hard R"

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  • FACT SHEET: President Obama Announces New Actions to Promote Rehabilitation and Reintegration for the Formerly- Incarcerated | whitehouse.gov
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    • Archived Version
    • Wed, 11 Sep 2024 19:54
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    • This Administration has consistently taken steps to make our criminal justice system fairer and more effective and to address the vicious cycle of poverty, criminality, and incarceration that traps too many Americans and weakens too many communities. Today, in Newark, New Jersey, President Obama will continue to promote these goals by highlighting the reentry process of formerly-incarcerated individuals and announce new actions aimed at helping Americans who've paid their debt to society rehabilitate and reintegrate back into their communities.
    • Each year, more than 600,000 individuals are released from state and federal prisons. Advancing policies and programs that enable these men and women to put their lives back on track and earn their second chance promotes not only justice and fairness, but also public safety. That is why this Administration has taken a series of concrete actions to reduce the challenges and barriers that the formerly incarcerated confront, including through the work of the Federal Interagency Reentry Council, a cabinet-level working group to support the federal government's efforts to promote public safety and economic opportunity through purposeful cross-agency coordination and collaboration.
    • The President has also called on Congress to pass meaningful criminal justice reform, including reforms that reduce recidivism for those who have been in prison and are reentering society. The Sentencing Reform and Corrections Act of 2015, which recently received a strong bipartisan vote in the Senate Judiciary Committee, would be an important step forward in this effort, by providing new incentives and opportunities for those incarcerated to participate in the type of evidence-based treatment and training and other programs proven to reduce recidivism, promote successful reentry, and help eliminate barriers to economic opportunity following release. By reducing overlong sentences for nonviolent drug offenses, the bill would also free up additional resources for investments in other public safety initiatives, including reentry services, programs for mental illness and addiction, and state and local law enforcement.
    • Today, the President is pleased to announce the following measures to help promote rehabilitation and reintegration:
    • Adult Reentry Education Grants. The Department of Education will award up to $8 million (over 3 years) to 9 communities for the purpose of supporting educational attainment and reentry success for individuals who have been incarcerated. This grant program seeks to build evidence on effective reentry education programs and demonstrate that high-quality, appropriately designed, integrated, and well-implemented educational and related services in institutional and community settings are critical in supporting educational attainment and reentry success. Arrests Guidance for Public and other HUD-Assisted Housing. The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) will release guidance today to Public Housing Authorities and owners of HUD-assisted housing regarding the use of arrests in determining who can live in HUD-assisted properties. This Guidance will also clarify the Department's position on ''one strike'' policies and will include best practices from Public Housing Authorities.Banning the Box in Federal Employment. The President has called on Congress to follow a growing number of states, cities, and private companies that have decided to ''ban the box'' on job applications. We are encouraged that Congress is considering bipartisan legislation that would ''ban the box'' for federal hiring and hiring by federal contractors. In the meantime, the President is directing the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) to take action where it can by modifying its rules to delay inquiries into criminal history until later in the hiring process. While most agencies already have taken this step, this action will better ensure that applicants from all segments of society, including those with prior criminal histories, receive a fair opportunity to compete for Federal employment. TechHire: Expanding tech training and jobs for individuals with criminal records. As a part of President Obama's TechHire initiative, over 30 communities are taking action '' working with each other and national employers '' to expand access to tech jobs for more Americans with fast track training like coding boot camps and new recruitment and placement strategies. Today we are announcing the following new commitments:Memphis, TN and New Orleans, LA are expanding TechHire programs to support people with criminal records. Newark, NJ, working with the New Jersey Institute of Technology and employers like Audible, Panasonic, and Prudential, will offer training through the Art of Code program in software development with a focus on training and placement for formerly incarcerated people.New Haven, CT, Justice Education Center, New Haven Works, and others will launch a pilot program to train and place individuals with criminal records, and will start a program to train incarcerated people in tech programming skills. Washington, DC partners will train and place 200 formerly incarcerated people in tech jobs. They will engage IT companies to develop and/or review modifications to hiring processes that can be made for individuals with a criminal record.Establishing a National Clean Slate Clearinghouse. In the coming weeks, the Department of Labor and Department of Justice will partner to establish a National Clean Slate Clearinghouse to provide technical assistance to local legal aid programs, public defender offices, and reentry service providers to build capacity for legal services needed to help with record-cleaning, expungement, and related civil legal services. Permanent Supportive Housing for the Reentry Population through Pay for Success. The Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Bureau of Justice Assistance at the Department of Justice have launched an $8.7 million demonstration grant to address homelessness and reduce recidivism among the justice-involved population. The Pay for Success (PFS) Permanent Supportive Housing Demonstration will test cost-effective ways to help persons cycling between the criminal justice and homeless service systems, while making new Permanent Supportive Housing available for the reentry population. PFS is an innovative form of performance contracting for the social sector through which government only pays if results are achieved. This grant will support the design and launch of PFS programs to reduce both homelessness and jail days, saving funds to criminal justice and safety net systems.Juvenile Reentry Assistance Program Awards to Support Public Housing Residents. With funding provided by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention at the Department of Justice, the Department of Housing and Urban Development will provide $1.75 million to aid eligible public housing residents who are under the age of 25 to expunge or seal their records in accordance with their applicable state laws. In addition, the National Bar Association '' the nation's oldest and largest national association of predominantly African-American lawyers and judges '' has committed to supplementing this program with 4,000 hours of pro bono legal services. Having a criminal record can result in major barriers to securing a job and other productive opportunities in life, and this program will enable young people whose convictions are expungable to start over.Many of the announcements being made today stem from the President's My Brother's Keeper Task Force, which is charged with addressing persistent opportunity gaps facing boys and young men of color and ensuring all young people can reach their full potential. In May of 2014, the Task Force provided the President with a series of evidence-based recommendations focused on the six key milestones on the path to adulthood that are especially predictive of later success, and where interventions can have the greatest impact, including Reducing Violence and Providing a Second Chance. The Task Force, made up of key agencies across the Federal Government, has made considerable progress towards implementing their recommendations, many times creating partnerships across agencies and sectors. Today's announcements respond to a wide range of recommendations designed to ''eliminate unnecessary barriers to giving justice-involved youth a second chance.''
    • These announcements mark a continuation of the Obama Administration's commitment to mitigating unnecessary collateral impacts of incarceration. In particular, the Administration has advanced numerous effective reintegration strategies through the work of the Federal Interagency Reentry Council, whose mission is to reduce recidivism and victimization; assist those returning from prison, jail or juvenile facilities to become productive citizens; and save taxpayer dollars by lowering the direct and collateral costs of incarceration.
    • Through the Reentry Council and other federal agency initiatives, the Administration has improved rehabilitation and reintegration opportunities in meaningful ways, including recent initiatives in the following areas:
    • Reducing barriers to employment.
    • Last month, the Department of Justice awarded $3 million to provide technology-based career training for incarcerated adults and juveniles. These funds will be used to establish and provide career training programs during the 6-24 month period before release from a prison, jail, or juvenile facility with connections to follow-up career services after release in the community.
    • The Department of Justice also announced the selection of its first-ever Second Chance Fellow, Daryl Atkinson. Recognizing that many of those directly impacted by the criminal justice system hold significant insight into reforming the justice system, this position was designed to bring in a person who is both a leader in the criminal justice field and a formerly incarcerated individual to work as a colleague to the Reentry Council and as an advisor to the Bureau of Justice Assistance Second Chance programs.
    • In addition, the Department of Labor awarded a series of grants in June that are aimed at reducing employment barriers, including:
    • Face Forward: The Department awarded $30.5 million in grants to provide services to youth, aged 14 to 24, who have been involved in the juvenile justice system. Face Forward gives youth a second chance to succeed in the workforce by removing the stigma of having a juvenile record through diversion and/or expungement strategies. Linking to Employment Activities Pre-Release (LEAP): The Department awarded $10 million in pilot grants for programs that place One Stop Career Center/American Job Centers services directly in local jails. These specialized services will prepare individuals for employment while they are incarcerated to increase their opportunities for successful reentry.Training to Work: The Department awarded $27.5 million in Training to Work grants to help strengthen communities where formerly incarcerated individuals return. Training to Work provides workforce-related reentry opportunities for returning citizens, aged 18 and older, who are participating in state and/or local work-release programs. The program focuses on training opportunities that lead to industry-recognized credentials and job opportunities along career pathways. Increasing access to education and enrichment.
    • High-quality correctional education '-- including postsecondary correctional education '-- has been shown to measurably reduce re-incarceration rates. In July, the Departments of Education and Justice announced the Second Chance Pell Pilot Program to allow incarcerated Americans to receive Pell Grants to pursue postsecondary education and trainings that can help them turn their lives around and ultimately, get jobs, and support their families. Since this pilot was announced, over 200 postsecondary institutions across the nation have applied for consideration.
    • In June, the Small Business Administration published a final rule for the Microloan Program that provides more flexibility to SBA non-profit intermediaries and expands the pool of microloan recipients. The change will make small businesses that have an owner who is currently on probation or parole eligible for microloan programs, aiding individuals who face significant barriers to traditional employment to reenter the workforce.
    • Expanding opportunities for justice-involved youth to serve their communities.
    • In October, the Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS) and the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention at the Department of Justice announced a new round of Youth Opportunity AmeriCorps grants aimed at enrolling at-risk and formerly incarcerated youth in national service projects. These grants, which include $1.2 million in AmeriCorps funding, will enable 211 AmeriCorps members to serve through organizations in Washington, D.C. and four states: Maine, Maryland, New York, and Texas.
    • In addition, the Department of Labor partnered with the Department of Defense's National Guard Youth ChalleNGe program and awarded three $4 million grants in April of this year to provide court-involved youth with work experiences, mentors, and vocational skills training that prepares them for successful entry into the workforce.
    • Increasing access to health care and public services.
    • In October, the Department of Justice announced $6 million in awards under the Second Chance Act to support reentry programming for adults with co-occurring substance abuse and mental disorders. This funding is aimed at increasing the screening and assessment that takes place during incarceration as well as improving the provision of treatment options.
    • In September, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) at HHS announced the winners of its reintegration toolkit challenge to develop software applications aimed at transforming existing resources into user-friendly tools with the potential to promote successful reentry and reduce recidivism. And in October, HHS issued a ''Guide for Incarcerated Parents with Children in the Child Welfare System'' in order to help incarcerated parents who have children in the child welfare system, including in out-of-home-care, better understand how the child welfare system works so that they can stay in touch.'' The information can be found at: http://youth.gov/youth-topics/children-of-incarcerated-parents.
    • The Social Security Administration (SSA) finalized written statewide prerelease agreements in September with the Department of Corrections in Iowa and Kansas. These agreements '' now covering the majority of states '' ensure continuity of services for returning citizens. SSA also has prisoner SSN replacement card MOUs in place with 39 states and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. A dedicated reentry webpage is accessible at www.socialsecurity.gov/reentry.
    • Increasing reentry service access to incarcerated veterans.
    • In September, the Department of Labor's Veterans' Employment and Training Service announced the award of $1.5 million in grants to help once incarcerated veterans considered "at risk" of becoming homeless. In all, seven grants will serve more than 650 formerly incarcerated veterans in six states.
    • The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) also has developed a web-based system '' the Veterans Reentry Search Service (VRSS) '' that allows prison, jail, and court staff to quickly and accurately identify veterans among their populations. The system also prompts VA field staff '' automatically '' so that they can efficiently connect veterans with services. As of this summer, more than half of all state prison systems, and a growing number of local jails, are now using VRSS to identify veterans in their populations.
    • Improving opportunities for children of incarcerated parents and their families.
    • In October, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) took action to make it easier for incarcerated individuals to stay in touch with their families by capping all in-state and interstate prison phone rates. The FCC also put an end to most of the fees imposed by inmate calling service providers. Studies have consistently shown that inmates who maintain contact with their families experience better outcomes and are less likely to return to prison after they are released. Reduced phone rates will make calls significantly more affordable for inmates and their families, including children of incarcerated parents, who often live in poverty and were at times charged $14 per minute phone rates.
    • In October, the Department of Justice announced new grant awards to fund mentoring services for incarcerated fathers who are returning to their families. These awards will fund mentoring and comprehensive transitional services that emphasize development of parenting skills in incarcerated young fathers.
    • Moreover, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention at the Department of Justice has awarded $1 million to promote and expand services to children who have a parent who is incarcerated in a Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) correctional facility. This program aims to provide opportunities for positive youth development, and to identify effective strategies and best practices that support children of incarcerated parents, including mentoring and comprehensive services that facilitate healthy and positive relationships. In addition to engaging the parent while he or she is incarcerated, this solicitation also supports the delivery of transitional reentry services upon release.
    • Private Sector Commitments to Support Reentry.
    • The Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO), an organization that provides comprehensive employment services to people with recent criminal convictions, has committed to more than double the number of people served from 4,500 to 11,000 across existing geographies and 3-5 new states. This winter, CEO will open in San Jose with support from Google and in the next year, the team will launch in Los Angeles. This growth has been catalyzed by federal investments, including support from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the Social Innovation Fund, and a Department of Labor Pay for Success Project.
    • In addition, Cengage Learning will roll out Smart Horizons Career Online Education in correctional facilities in up to four new states over the next 12 months, providing over 1,000 new students with the opportunity to earn a high-school diploma and/or career certificate online. Smart Horizons Career Online Education is the world's first accredited online school district, with a focus on reaching underserved populations. The program has been piloted in Florida with 428 students who have received diplomas or certificates.
  • Kwame Kilpatrick - Wikipedia
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    • Archived Version
    • Wed, 11 Sep 2024 18:35
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    • American politician (born 1970)
    • Kwame Malik Kilpatrick (born June 8, 1970) is an American former politician who served as the 72nd mayor of Detroit from 2002 to 2008. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously represented the 9th district in the Michigan House of Representatives from 1997 to 2002. Kilpatrick resigned as mayor in September 2008 after being convicted of perjury and obstruction of justice. He was sentenced to four months in jail and was released on probation after serving 99 days.
    • In May 2010, Kilpatrick was sentenced to eighteen months to five years in state prison for violating his probation, [ 3 ] and served time at the Oaks Correctional Facility in northwest Michigan. In March 2013, he was convicted on 24 federal felony counts, including mail fraud, wire fraud, and racketeering. [ 4 ] In October 2013, Kilpatrick was sentenced to 28 years in federal prison, [ 5 ] and was incarcerated at the Federal Correctional Institution in El Reno, Oklahoma. In January 2021, after Kilpatrick had served 76 months of his 336-month sentence, President Donald Trump commuted his sentence. [ 6 ] [ 7 ]
    • Early life, education, and family [ edit ] Kwame Malik Kilpatrick was born June 8, 1970, to Bernard Kilpatrick and Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick. His parents divorced in 1981. [ 8 ] Kilpatrick attended Detroit's Cass Technical High School and graduated from Florida A&M University with a Bachelor of Science degree in political science in 1992. While at FAMU, he played football under NFL Hall of Famer Ken Riley as an offensive tackle and was team captain. On September 9, 1995, he married Carlita Poles in Detroit. [ 9 ] They have three children together, Jalil, Jonas, and Jelani. [ 1 ] In 1999 he received a Juris Doctor from Detroit College of Law-Michigan State University [ 10 ] He has a sister Ayanna and a half-sister, Diarra. [ 8 ]
    • Kilpatrick's mother Carolyn was a career politician, representing Detroit in Michigan House of Representatives from 1979 to 1996 and serving in the United States House of Representatives for Michigan's 13th congressional district from 1996 to 2010. She was not re-elected to office because she lost her primary election in August 2010 to State Senator Hansen Clarke. NPR and CBS News both noted that throughout her re-election campaign, Carolyn was dogged by questions about Kilpatrick following his tenure as mayor of Detroit. [ 11 ] [ 12 ]
    • Kilpatrick's father Bernard was a semi-professional basketball player and politician. [ 8 ] He was elected to the Wayne County Commission, served as head of Wayne County Health and Human Services Department from 1989 to 2002, [ 13 ] and as chief of staff to former Wayne County Executive Edward H. McNamara. Later he operated a Detroit consulting firm called Maestro Associates. [ 14 ] [ 15 ]
    • Kilpatrick filed for divorce from Carlita in 2018. [ 16 ] In July 2021 he married Laticia Maria McGee at Historic Little Rock Missionary Baptist Church in Detroit. [ 17 ]
    • Michigan state representative [ edit ] Kilpatrick was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives in 1996 after his mother vacated her Detroit-based seat to mount a successful bid for Congress. [ 18 ] Kilpatrick's campaign staff consisted of high school classmates Derrick Miller and Christine Beatty, who became his legislative aide; later, Kilpatrick had an affair with Beatty. According to Kilpatrick, the campaign was run on a budget of $10,000 and did not receive endorsements from trade unions, congressional districts, or the Democratic establishment. [ 18 ]
    • Kilpatrick was elected minority floor leader for the Michigan Democratic Party, serving in that position 1998 to 2000. He was subsequently elected as house minority leader in 2001, the first African-American to hold that position. [ 19 ] Later in 2001, Kilpatrick ran for mayor of Detroit, hiring Berg/Muirhead Associates for his campaign. They were retained as his public relations firm upon his election. [ 20 ] During the 2000 presidential election, Kilpatrick was a Michigan state co-chair of GoreNet. [ 21 ] GoreNet was a group that supported Al Gore's presidential campaign with a focus on grassroots and online organizing as well as hosting small dollar donor events. [ 22 ]
    • In 2001, Kilpatrick used his influence while in the Michigan legislature to funnel state grant money to two organizations that were vague on their project description. The groups were run by friends of Kilpatrick and both agreed to subcontract work to U.N.I.T.E., a company owned by Kilpatrick's wife Carlita. Carlita was the firm's only employee, and the firm received $175,000 from the organizations. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Detroit 3D was one of the groups and the State canceled its second and final installment of $250,000 because 3D refused to divulge details on how the funds were being spent. [ 23 ] [ 24 ]
    • Mayor of Detroit (2002''2008) [ edit ] Kilpatrick greeting President George W. Bush in 2005On New Year's Day 2002, Kilpatrick became the youngest mayor of Detroit when he took office at age 31.
    • During his first term, Kilpatrick was criticized for using city funds to lease a Lincoln Navigator for use by his family [ 25 ] and using his city-issued credit card to charge thousands of dollars' worth of spa massages, extravagant dining, and expensive wines. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Kilpatrick paid back $9,000 of the $210,000 credit card charges. [ 19 ] Meanwhile, Kilpatrick closed the century-old Belle Isle Zoo and Belle Isle Aquarium because of the city's budget problems. The City Council overrode his funding veto for the zoo and gave it a budget of $700,000.
    • In 2005, Time magazine named Kilpatrick as one of the worst mayors in America. [ 25 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ]
    • Special administratorship [ edit ] Since the 1970s, a federal judge had made the mayor of Detroit the special administrator of the Detroit Water Department because of severe pollution issues. When serious questions about water department contracts came to light in late 2005, Judge Feikens ended Kilpatrick's special administratorship in his capacity as mayor. In January 2006, The Detroit News reported that, "Kilpatrick used his special administrator authority to bypass the water board and City Council on three controversial contracts." These included a $131 million radio system for the city's police and fire departments, as well as a no-bid PR contract to a close personal aide. [ 30 ] But Judge Feikens praised Kilpatrick's work as steward of the department, referring questions on the contracts to the special master in charge of that investigation. [ 30 ]
    • Rumored Manoogian Mansion party and Greene killing [ edit ] The Manoogian Mansion, official residence of the Mayor of DetroitIn the fall of 2002, it was alleged that Kilpatrick had held a wild party involving strippers at the Manoogian Mansion, the city-owned residence of the mayor of Detroit. Former members of the Executive Protection Unit (EPU), the mayor's police security detail, alleged that Carlita Kilpatrick, Kilpatrick's wife, came home unexpectedly and physically attacked an exotic dancer, Tamara Greene. [ 31 ] Officer Harold C. Nelthrope contacted the Internal Affairs unit of the Detroit Police Department in April 2003 to recommend that they investigate abuses by the EPU. Kilpatrick denied any wrongdoing. An investigation by Michigan Attorney General Cox and the Michigan State Police found no evidence that the party took place. [ 31 ]
    • Greene was murdered on April 30, 2003, at around 3:40 a.m., near the intersection of Roselawn and West Outer Drive while sitting in her car with her 32-year-old boyfriend. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] She was shot multiple times with a .40 caliber Glock pistol. At the time, this was the same model and caliber firearm as those officially issued by the Detroit Police Department. The family believed the killing to have been a "deliberate hit". [ 33 ]
    • Greene's family filed a $150 million lawsuit against the city of Detroit in federal court, claiming she was murdered to prevent her testimony about the Manoogian Mansion party. [ 33 ] In late 2011, Judge Gerald Ellis Rosen granted summary judgment in favor of the city. [ 34 ] Greene's children appealed the decision, but the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district-court decision. [ 35 ] Several affidavits were filed in the lawsuit prior to its dismissal; in his summary-judgment order, Judge Rosen wrote, "[I]t is fair to say that the parties'--and, in particular, Plaintiffs'--were given wide latitude to pursue any and all matters that were arguably relevant to their claims or defenses". [ 36 ] Many affidavits related to whether the party took place and whether Carlita and Greene had been in an altercation. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Detroit Police lieutenant Alvin Bowman stated that he had suspected the shooter was a Detroit law-enforcement officer [ 32 ] and claimed that high-ranking Detroit Police personnel, including Cummings, deliberately sabotaged his investigation, stating that he was eventually transferred out of the Homicide Division because he had asked too many questions about the Greene murder and the Manoogian Mansion party. [ 32 ] Mayer Morganroth, the lawyer representing the city, said, "The Bowman affidavit is a little less than idiotic and more than absurd." [ 32 ]
    • Denial of courtesy protection in Washington, D.C. [ edit ] In 2002, the Washington D.C. police announced that they would only offer professional courtesy protection to Kilpatrick while he was conducting official business in the nation's capital. D.C. police no longer provided after-hours police protection to Kilpatrick because of his inappropriate partying during past visits. Sergeant Tyrone Dodson of Washington D.C. explained by saying "we arrived at this decision because we felt that the late evening partying on the part of Mayor Kilpatrick would leave our officers stretched too thin and might result in an incident at one of the clubs." The Kilpatrick administration alleged that the statements and actions of the Washington D.C. police were part of a political conspiracy to "ruin" the mayor. [ 40 ]
    • 2005 re-election campaign [ edit ] At a campaign rally in May 2005, Kilpatrick's father Bernard adamantly argued that allegations that the Mayor had held a party at the Manoogian Mansion were a lie, likening such statements to the false scapegoating of Jewish people by the Nazis. Bernard later apologized. [ 41 ] In October 2005, a third-party group supporting Kilpatrick, named The Citizens for Honest Government, generated controversy by its print advertisement that compared media criticism of the mayor to lynch mobs. [ 42 ]
    • Kilpatrick and his opponent Freman Hendrix, both Democrats, each initially claimed victory. However, as the votes were tallied, it became clear that Kilpatrick had come back from his stretch of unpopularity to win a second term in office. Three months previously, most commentators declared his political career over after he was the first incumbent mayor of Detroit to come in second in a primary. Pre-election opinion polls predicted a large win for Hendrix; however, Kilpatrick won with 53% of the vote. [ 43 ] [ 44 ]
    • Kilpatrick in 2006In July 2006, Kilpatrick was hospitalized and diagnosed with diverticulitis while in Houston, Texas. His personal physician indicated that Kilpatrick's condition may have been caused by a high-protein weight-loss diet. [ 45 ] That month, Detroit's City Council had voted unanimously to approve Kilpatrick's tax plan, with which he intended to offer homeowners some relief from the city's high property tax rates. The cuts ranged from 18% to 35%, depending on the property's value. [ 46 ]
    • The city of Detroit was fourteen months late in filing its 2005''2006 audit. In March 2008, officials estimated the audit would cost an additional $2.4 million because of new auditing requirements that were not addressed by the city. The 2006''2007 fiscal year audit due on December 31, 2007, was expected to be eleven months late. [ 47 ]
    • The state treasury chose to withhold $35 million of its monthly revenue sharing to the city and required Detroit to receive approval before selling bonds to raise money. [ 47 ] Kilpatrick told the City Council that he would take partial blame for the late audits because he laid off too many accountants, but he also blamed the firm hired to replace them. [ 48 ]
    • Abuse of power allegations [ edit ] It was revealed on July 15, 2008, by WXYZ reporter Steve Wilson that, in 2005, Kilpatrick, Christine Beatty, and the chief of police Ella Bully-Cummings allegedly used their positions to help an influential Baptist minister arrested for soliciting a prostitute get his case dismissed. The arresting officer, Antoinette Bostic, was told by her supervisors that Mangedwa Nyathi was a minister (Assistant Pastor at Hartford Memorial Baptist Church on Detroit's west side), and that the mayor and police chief were calling to persuade Bostic not to show up to court, in which case the judge would be forced to dismiss the case against Nyathi. Bostic ignored her supervisors and appeared in court. [ 49 ]
    • The defense lawyer, Charles Hammons, had the case postponed a couple of times and stated in court that "The mayor told me yesterday that this case is not gonna go forward." Hammons admitted to Wilson that this was the fact and that this was how many cases for people who know the mayor in Detroit are handled. Bully-Cummings angrily denied that she had ever asked her officers to perform such acts of impropriety. Kilpatrick stated that Wilson of WXYZ "was just making up stories again." [ 49 ]
    • Reporting on nepotism and preferential hiring of friends and family [ edit ] A 2008 Detroit Free Press article revealed that at any given time there were about 100 appointees of Kilpatrick employed with the city. The Detroit Free Press examined city records and found that 29 of Kilpatrick's closest friends and family were appointed to positions within the various city departments. This hiring practice came to be known as 'the friends and family plan'. Some appointees had little to no experience, while others, among them Kilpatrick's uncle Ray Cheeks and cousin Nneka Cheeks, falsified their r(C)sum(C)s. Kilpatrick's cousin Patricia Peoples was appointed to the deputy director of human resources, giving her the ability to hire more of Kilpatrick's friends and family without such hirings being viewed as mayoral appointments. Although political appointments are not illegal, the sheer volume of Kilpatrick's appointments compared to all the appointments made by Detroit mayors since 1970, along with Kilpatrick's cutting of thousands of city jobs, made his appointments controversial. [ 50 ]
    • The jobs held by friends and family ranged from secretarial positions to department heads. The appointees had an average salary increase of 36% compared with a 2% raise in 2003 and 2% raise in 2004 for fellow city workers. Some of the biggest salary increases were for April Edgar, half-sister of Christine Beatty, whose pay increase was 86% over 5 years. One of Kilpatrick's cousins, Ajene Evans, had a 77% increase in his salary during this 5-year period. The biggest salary increase among the 29 appointees was that of LaTonya Wallace-Hardiman who went from $32,500 staff secretary, to an executive assistant making $85,501'--163% in five years. [ 50 ]
    • 2008 assault of a police officer [ edit ] On July 24, 2008, at approximately 4 p.m., Wayne County Sheriff's Detective Brian White and Joanne Kinney, an investigator from Wayne County Prosecutor Kym Worthy's office, went to the home of Kilpatrick's sister in an attempt to serve a subpoena. While on the front porch of the home, Kilpatrick came out of the house with his bodyguards and pushed the sheriff's deputy, as Sheriff Warren Evans said, "with significant force to make [the deputy] bounce into the prosecutor's investigator". The mayor yelled at Kinney "How can a black woman be riding in a car with a man named White?" [ 51 ]
    • Evans went on to say "There were armed executive protection officers. My officers were there armed. And all of them had the consummate good sense not to let it escalate"... and "the two officers 'wisely' left the property and returned to their office to report on the incident." [ 52 ]
    • Sheriff Evans stated that due to the "politically charged nature" of the incident, the case had been transferred to the Michigan State Police to investigate. Evans's daughter, who was on Kilpatrick's staff, [ 52 ] resigned shortly after this incident. [ 53 ]
    • Events leading to resignation [ edit ] Text-messaging scandal and coverup [ edit ] In 2003, a civil lawsuit was filed against Kilpatrick by ex-bodyguard Harold Nelthrope and former Deputy Police Chief Gary Brown, who claimed they were fired in retaliation for an internal-affairs investigation. Brown had led the investigation, and Nelthrope had told investigators about the aforementioned rumors of a party that occurred at the Mayor's mansion. [ 54 ] Both claimed that Kilpatrick was motivated, in part, by his concern that the probe would uncover his extramarital affairs. [ 55 ] The trial began in August 2007. Kilpatrick and his chief of staff, Christine Beatty, both testified under oath that they were not involved in an extramarital affair. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] In September 2007, after three hours of deliberation, the jury found in favor of Nelthrope and Brown, awarding $6.5 million in damages. After the verdict was read, Kilpatrick said that the racial composition of the jury'--which was mostly white and suburban'--had played a role in the outcome and vowed an appeal. [ 55 ]
    • Michigan Hall of Justice, home of the Michigan Supreme CourtIn October, plaintiffs' attorney Mike Stefani received thousands of text messages he had been endeavoring to obtain via subpoena'--the messages indicated an affair between Kilpatrick and Beatty. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] A day after he presented the files to the city's attorneys, Kilpatrick announced that he had agreed to settle the case, and the city counsel approved the $8.4 million deal, which included a proviso that Stefani would turn the files over to the mayor. [ 55 ] [ 60 ] [ 61 ] After the Detroit Free Press filed a Michigan Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request, the proviso was removed from the main settlement document and put into a confidential supplement. [ 55 ] But the Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News filed a FOIA suit, seeking all settlement-related documents, [ 62 ] [ 63 ] and, in February 2008, the Michigan Supreme Court ordered the settlement documents be turned over to the plaintiffs. [ 64 ] The bulk of the text messages were released in late October 2008 by Circuit Court Judge Timothy Kenny, who instructed that some portions be redacted. [ 65 ]
    • Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm began an inquiry that led to the removal of Kilpatrick from office.Beatty resigned from her position as Kilpatrick's chief of staff. [ 66 ] The City Council requested that Kilpatrick resign as mayor and that Governor Granholm use her authority to remove him from office. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] Granholm said the inquiry was like a trial and that her role would be "functioning in a manner similar to that of a judicial officer." [ 67 ] Kilpatrick said he had paid back the $8.4 million through "hard work for the city" and dismissed any intentions of removing himself from office as "political rhetoric". [ 69 ]
    • 2008 State of the City address [ edit ] In March 2008, Kilpatrick delivered his seventh "State of the City" address to the city of Detroit. The speech marked a turning point in his career. The majority of the 70-minute speech focused on positive changes occurring throughout Detroit and future plans. Kilpatrick specifically noted increased police surveillance, new policing technologies, and initiatives to rebuild blighted neighborhoods. He received repeated standing ovations from the invitation-only audience.
    • Toward the end of the speech, Kilpatrick deviated from the transcript given to the media [ 70 ] and posted on his official website [ 71 ] to address the scandals and controversies surrounding his years in office, saying that the media had focused on those controversies only to increase their viewership, and that their focus had led to racist attacks against him and his family.
    • Kilpatrick's comments generated many negative responses. Michigan Governor and fellow Democrat Jennifer Granholm issued a statement in which she condemned the use of the N-word in any context. [ 72 ] Michigan Attorney General Mike Cox stated on WJR talk radio that he thought that using the N-word was "reprehensible", saying, "I thought his statements were race-baiting on par with David Duke and George Wallace, all to save his political career. I'm not a Detroiter, but last night crossed the line ... those statements not only hurt Detroit, [but] as long as the mayor is there, he will be a drag on the whole region." Cox said that whether Kilpatrick is criminally charged or not, he should resign as mayor. Former Kilpatrick political adviser Sam Riddle labeled the address a race-baiting speech. "It's an act of desperation to use the N-word," said Riddle. "He's attempting to regain his base of support by playing the race card. He's gone to that well one too many times." [dead link ]
    • The Wayne County Election Committee approved a recall petition to remove Kilpatrick as mayor based, in part, on the accusation that Kilpatrick misled the City Council into approving the settlement. The recall petition was filed by Douglas Johnson, a city council candidate. [ 74 ] Kilpatrick appealed to the commission to reconsider its decision on the grounds that Johnson was not a resident of Detroit. [ 75 ] Johnson also requested that Jennifer Granholm use her power as Governor to remove Kilpatrick from office.
    • On March 12, 2008, at the request of the Mayor's office, Wayne County Election Commission rescinded its earlier approval for the recall. The Mayor's office argued that there was not any evidence that the organizer, Douglas Johnson, actually resided within the city limits of Detroit. Johnson stated that his group would refile using another person whose residency would not be an issue. [ 76 ] On March 27, 2008, a second recall petition was filed against Kilpatrick by Angelo Brown. Brown stated in his filing that Kilpatrick is too preoccupied with his legal problems to be effective. Kilpatrick's spokesman James Canning again dismissed this latest recall by saying: "It's Mr. Brown's right to file a petition, but it's just another effort by a political hopeful to grab headlines." [ 77 ]
    • On May 14 the Detroit City Council voted to request that the governor of Michigan, Jennifer Granholm, remove Kilpatrick from office. [ 78 ]
    • Criminal charges and resignation [ edit ] On March 24, 2008, Wayne County Prosecutor Kym Worthy announced a twelve-count criminal indictment against Kilpatrick and Beatty, charging Kilpatrick with eight felonies and Beatty with seven. Charges for both included perjury, misconduct in office, and obstruction of justice. Worthy suggested that others in the Kilpatrick administration could also be charged. [ 79 ] The preliminary examination scheduled for September 22, 2008, was waived by both defendants, thereby allowing the case to proceed directly to trial. [ 80 ] [ 81 ]
    • In July 2008, Kilpatrick violated the terms of his bail by briefly traveling to Windsor, Ontario, where he met with Windsor mayor Eddie Francis concerning a deal to have the city of Windsor take over operational control of the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel in exchange for a $75 million loan. [ 82 ] As a result, on August 7, 2008, Kilpatrick was remanded to spend a night in the Wayne County Jail. It was the first time in history that a sitting Detroit mayor had been ordered to jail. In issuing the order, Chief Judge Ronald Giles stated that he could not treat the mayor differently from "John Six-Pack." [ 83 ] [ 84 ] On August 8, 2008, after arguments on Kilpatrick's behalf by attorneys Jim Parkman and Jim Thomas, Judge Thomas Jackson reversed the remand order and permitted Kilpatrick to be released on posting a $50,000 cash bond and the further condition that the mayor not travel, and wear an electronic tracking device.
    • The same day Kilpatrick was released under the second bail agreement, Michigan Attorney General Mike Cox announced that two new felony counts had been filed against the mayor for assaulting or interfering with a law officer. The new charges arose out of allegations that Kilpatrick on July 24, 2008, shoved two Wayne County Sheriff's Deputies who were attempting to serve a subpoena on Bobby Ferguson, a Kilpatrick ally, and a potential witness in the mayor's then-upcoming perjury trial.[citation needed ]
    • On September 4, 2008, Kilpatrick announced his resignation as mayor, [ 85 ] effective September 18, [ 86 ] and pleaded guilty to two felony counts of obstruction of justice and pleaded no contest to assaulting the deputy. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Kilpatrick had agreed to resign as part of the plea agreement, in which he also agreed to serve four months in the Wayne County Jail, pay one million dollars of restitution to the city of Detroit, surrender his license to practice law, submit to five years probation and not run for public office during his probation period, and surrender his state pension from his six years' service in the Michigan House of Representatives before being elected mayor. In an allocution given as part of his plea, Kilpatrick admitted that he lied under oath several times.[citation needed ]
    • In the separate assault case, he pleaded no contest to one felony count of assaulting and obstructing a police officer in exchange for a second assault charge being dropped. This deal also required his resignation and 120 days in jail, to be served concurrently with his jail time for the perjury counts. [ 88 ] Kilpatrick was sentenced on October 28, 2008. The judge ordered that Kilpatrick not be given an opportunity for early release, but instead serve the entire 120 days in jail. [ 89 ]
    • Detroit City Council President Kenneth Cockrel, Jr. replaced Kilpatrick as mayor at 12:01 a.m. September 19, 2008.
    • Judge David Groner sentenced Kilpatrick to four months in jail on October 28, 2008, calling him "arrogant and defiant" and questioning the sincerity of a guilty plea that ended his career at City Hall. The punishment was part of a plea agreement worked out a month earlier. "When someone gets 120 days in jail, they should get 120 days in jail," Groner said. Kilpatrick also was given a 120-day concurrent sentence for assaulting a sheriff's officer who was trying to deliver a subpoena in July. [ 90 ] He was seen smirking, laughing, and even calling the sentencing a "joke". [ 91 ]
    • Wayne County Sheriff Warren Evans said that they take 40,000 prisoners into the prison annually, but that Kilpatrick would be kept separate from the general population and "won't be treated any worse or any better than other prisoners."He was housed in a secured, 15 feet by 10 feet cell with a bed, chair, toilet and a shower, spending approximately 23 hours a day there. [ 92 ] At 12:35 a.m. on Tuesday, February 3, 2009, Kilpatrick left jail after serving 99 days. He boarded a privately chartered Lear jet and landed in Texas that evening. [ 93 ] He was supposed to join his family in a $3,000 per month rental house in Southlake, Texas. [ 94 ]
    • Within a couple of weeks, Kilpatrick was hired by Covisint, a Texas subsidiary of Compuware, headquartered in Detroit. CEO of Compuware Peter Karmanos, Jr. was one of the parties who loaned large sums of money to Kilpatrick in late 2008. [ 95 ] Kilpatrick was let go from Compuware in May 2010 after being sentenced to prison. [ 96 ]
    • Restitution hearing [ edit ] Kilpatrick claimed poverty to Judge David Groner. He said he only had $3,000 per month (later lowered to $6) for the restitution payments. [ 97 ]
    • Judge Groner requested detailed financial records for Kilpatrick, his wife, their children, etc. By November 2009, Kilpatrick was on the stand in Detroit to explain his apparent poverty. He claimed to have no knowledge about who paid for his million-dollar home, Cadillac Escalades, and other lavish expenses. The former mayor also denied any knowledge of his wife's finances, or even whether she was employed. During this hearing, it was revealed that Peter Karmanos Jr., Roger Penske and other business leaders had provided substantial monies to the Kilpatricks to convince the mayor to resign his office and plead guilty. [ 98 ] On January 20, 2010, Judge Groner ruled that Kilpatrick pay the sum of $300,000 to the city of Detroit within 90 days. [ 99 ]
    • July 2010 mugshot of KilpatrickOn February 19, 2010, Kilpatrick missed a required restitution payment of $79,000. The court received only $14,000 on February 19 and then only another $21,175 on February 22. On February 23, Judge Groner approved a warrant for Kilpatrick and ruled in April that he had violated the terms of his probation. On May 25, 2010, Kilpatrick was sentenced to one and a half to five years with the Michigan Department of Corrections (with credit for 120 days previously served) for violation of probation, [ 100 ] and was afterwards taken back into correctional custody. He was housed for fourteen days in the hospital unit of the state prisoner reception center. [ 101 ] Kilpatrick was later housed in the Oaks Correctional Facility. [ 102 ]
    • After he was indicted in federal court for additional crimes related to alleged misuse of his campaign funds, Kilpatrick lobbied for a transfer from the Oaks Correctional Facility. [ 103 ] On July 11, 2010, he was transferred into the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP). [ 101 ] Kilpatrick was incarcerated in the Milan Federal Prison near Milan, Michigan. [ 104 ] He was released from federal custody on April 6, 2011. [ 105 ] During his final 118 days of state imprisonment, Kilpatrick resided in the Cotton Correctional Facility. [ 101 ] Kilpatrick was released on parole on August 2, 2011. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] [ 108 ] In August 2011 the court ordered Kilpatrick to pay for his incarceration costs. [ 101 ]
    • Second criminal trial and conviction [ edit ] On December 14, 2010, Kilpatrick was again indicted on new corruption charges, in what a federal prosecutor called a "pattern of extortion, bribery and fraud" by some of the city's most prominent officials. His father, Bernard Kilpatrick, was also indicted, as was contractor Bobby Ferguson; Kilpatrick's aide, Derrick Miller; and Detroit water department chief Victor Mercado. [ 4 ] [ 109 ] The original 38-charge indictment listed allegations of 13 fraudulent schemes in awarding contracts in the city's Department of Water and Sewerage, with pocketed kickbacks of nearly $1,000,000. He was arraigned on January 10, 2011, on charges in the 89-page indictment. Federal prosecuting attorneys proposed a trial date in January 2012, but defense attorneys asked for a trial date in the summer of 2012. [ 110 ]
    • Opening statements in the trial began on September 21, 2012. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Prosecutors soon brought forth a large number of witnesses who gave damaging testimony. [ 113 ] Mercado took a plea deal while the trial was in progress. [ 114 ] On March 11, 2013, in spite of a vigorous defense that cost taxpayers more than a million dollars, [ 115 ] Kilpatrick was found guilty by a jury on two dozen counts including those for racketeering, extortion, mail fraud, and tax evasion, among others. Shortly after conviction, speaking about Kilpatrick, Judge Nancy Edmunds ruled in favor of remand saying "detention is required in his circumstance". [ 116 ]
    • He was sentenced to 28 years in prison on October 10, 2013. [ 5 ] [ 117 ] Kilpatrick, Federal Bureau of Prisons Register #44678-039, was serving his sentence at Federal Correctional Institution, Oakdale, a low-security prison in Oakdale, Louisiana. There is no parole in the federal prison system. However, with time off for good behavior, his earliest possible release date was August 1, 2037'--when he would be 67 years old. [ 118 ] [ 119 ]
    • Mercado pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy, Bobby Ferguson was sentenced to 21 years in prison, [ 120 ] Derrick Miller pleaded guilty to tax evasion and was sentenced to three years supervision, the first year in a halfway house. [ 121 ] [ 122 ] Bernard Kilpatrick was sentenced to 15 months in prison. [ 123 ] Emma Bell received two years probation and was fined $330,000 in back taxes as part of a plea deal where she testified that she frequently handed Kilpatrick large amounts of cash skimmed from campaign accounts. [ 124 ]
    • First Independence Bank, used by Kilpatrick and Ferguson, was fined $250,000 for failing to follow anti-money-laundering regulations. [ 125 ] 14 companies were suspended from bidding on contracts with the water department in the wake of the scandal. Inland Waters Pollution Control Inc. paid $4.5 million in the settlement of a lawsuit over their involvement with Kilpatrick, Ferguson and the Detroit Water Board. [ 126 ] Lakeshore TolTest Corp. reached a $5 million settlement with the Water Board to avoid litigation. [ 127 ]
    • In August 2015, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit upheld his convictions but ordered that the amount of restitution be recalculated. [ 128 ] In June 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court denied his appeal. [ 129 ]
    • In June 2018 Kilpatrick began seeking a pardon from President Donald Trump. [ 130 ] His application was opposed by the U.S. Attorney's Office for southeast Michigan. [ 131 ] Restitution claims and other civil lawsuits accumulated claimed $10 million in debts, for which Kilpatrick is responsible. Kilpatrick has no assets to settle these claims. [ 132 ]
    • Commutation of sentence [ edit ] On January 20, 2021, President Donald Trump commuted Kilpatrick's sentence with less than 12 hours remaining before he was due to leave office as president. [ 133 ] The White House statement on the pardoning of Kilpatrick reads: "Mr. Kilpatrick has served approximately 7 years in prison for his role in a racketeering and bribery scheme while he held public office. During his incarceration, Mr. Kilpatrick has taught public speaking classes and has led Bible Study groups with his fellow inmates." [ 133 ]
    • President Trump's commutation allowed Kilpatrick to gain release 20 years early, though it did not vacate his conviction. [ 7 ] The commutation left in place the almost $4.8 million in restitution and the three-year probation. [ 134 ] Kilpatrick will not be able to run for office in Michigan until 2033 as a felon is excluded from politics for 20 years after conviction under Michigan law. [ 135 ]
    • Other post-mayoral legal developments [ edit ] In 2012, the Securities and Exchange Commission charged Kilpatrick and former city treasurer Jeffrey W. Beasley for having received $180,000 in travel, hotel rooms, and gifts from a company seeking investments from the city pension fund. Chauncey C. Mayfield and his company were also brought before administrative proceedings. [ 136 ] The company received a $117 million investment in a real estate investment trust that it controlled. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] MayfieldGentry proceeded to misappropriate $3.1 million from the pension fund which was revealed during the influence peddling investigation. [ 139 ] Mayfield pleaded guilty in 2013. The case was scheduled for June 2014. [ 140 ]
    • According to The Detroit News (June 24, 2010), Kilpatrick, his father Bernard, and the Kilpatrick Civic Fund may have been important figures in the sludge hauling contract that saw city council president Monica Conyers (wife of Rep. John Conyers) and her chief of staff Sam Riddle convicted for conspiracy and bribery. "Kilpatrick and his father also figured, but have not been charged, in evidence surrounding a bribery-tainted, $1.2 billion sewage sludge contract the Detroit City Council awarded to Synagro Technologies Inc. in 2007. According to court documents and people familiar with the case, former Synagro official James Rosendall made large contributions to the Kilpatrick Civic Fund and gave Kilpatrick free flights to Las Vegas and Mackinac Island. Rosendall also told investigators he made cash payments to Bernard N. Kilpatrick, who told Rosendall he got him access to City Hall, records show." [ 141 ] Rosendall and a Synagro consultant Rayford Jackson were also convicted of bribery.
    • Kilpatrick co-wrote a memoir about his life and political experiences titled Surrendered: The Rise, Fall, & Revelation of Kwame Kilpatrick. [ 142 ] The book was originally scheduled for release on August 2, 2011, a date that would have just barely preceded his scheduled release from a Michigan prison. [ 143 ] However, the publisher delayed the release to August 9, almost a week after Kilpatrick was paroled. Kilpatrick appeared at public events in Michigan and elsewhere to promote his book. [ 144 ]
    • The public prosecutor in Wayne County, Michigan has asked the state courts to order the book's publisher, Tennessee-based Creative Publishing Consultants Inc., to remit Kilpatrick's share on the book's proceeds for payment toward Kilpatrick's criminal restitution and his cost of incarceration. [ 145 ] On November 16, 2011, the publisher's attorney failed to appear at a hearing on the matter in Wayne County Circuit Court. A bench warrant was issued for the attorney, Jack Gritton, and was forwarded to authorities in Tennessee, where Gritton's practice is based. [ 146 ]
    • Post-release activities [ edit ] Since release, Kilpatrick has worked as an "ordained minister, motivational speaker, consultant, and certified character coach". [ 147 ] In April 2023, Kilpatrick was a guest speaker at the "Black Agenda Movement" conference, organized by YouTuber Michelle R. Kulczyk (Meechi X). [ 148 ]
    • On June 15, 2024, Kilpatrick endorsed Donald Trump in the 2024 United States presidential election. [ 149 ]
    • 2005 Race for Mayor (Detroit)Kwame Kilpatrick (D) (incumbent), 53%Freman Hendrix (D), 47%2005 Race for Mayor (Detroit) (Primary Election)Freman Hendrix (D), 45%Kwame Kilpatrick (D) (incumbent), 34%Sharon McPhail (D), 12%Hansen Clarke (D), 8%2001 Race for Mayor (Detroit)Kwame Kilpatrick (D), 54%Gil Hill (D), 46%As a politician, Kilpatrick was a member of the Democratic Party. [ 150 ]
    • Kilpatrick was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, a bi-partisan anti-gun group with a stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets." The Coalition was co-chaired by Mayor Thomas Menino of Boston and Michael Bloomberg of New York City. Following Kilpatrick's conviction in 2013 on federal charges, his membership status in the organization was initially not clear. As of September 2010, there had been no announcement of his resignation from Mayors Against Illegal Guns; however, by December 2012, he was no longer listed as a member. [ 151 ]
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Event occurs at 4:00 . Retrieved February 14, 2008 . I think it's absurd to assert that every woman that works with a man is a whore. ^ Schaefer, Jim; Elrick, M.L.; Cruden, Alex; Millikin, Eric (February 28, 2008). "Text message scandal: The key events, people and relationships". Detroit Free Press: 14A. ^ Schaefer, Jim; M.L. Elrick (January 24, 2008). "Mayor Kilpatrick, chief of staff lied under oath, text messages show romantic exchanges undercut denials". freep.com. Gannett . Retrieved January 24, 2008 . ^ Guthrie, Doug; Christine MacDonald (March 8, 2008). "Council seeks to join suit for texts". detnews.com. The Detroit News . Retrieved March 8, 2008 . ^ Schaefer, Jim; M.L. Elrick (April 28, 2008). "Judge orders release of key document in whistle-blower case". freep.com. Gannett. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008 . Retrieved May 9, 2008 . ^ Williams, Corey (Associated Press) (February 7, 2008). "Reports: Detroit Approved Secret Deal". FOXNews.com. FOXNews Network. Archived from the original on April 9, 2008 . Retrieved May 9, 2008 . ^ Ashenfelter, David (March 22, 2008). "City council gains in effort to obtain secret documents". freep.com. Gannett . Retrieved April 5, 2008 . ^ Bunkley, Nick (February 28, 2008). "Detroit Mayor Loses Fight Over Secret Papers". New York Times. ^ "Read text messages between Kilpatrick, Beatty here". Detroit Free Press. October 23, 2008. Click below to read text message exchanges between former Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick and his chief of staff Christine Beatty. Circuit Court Judge Timothy Kenny instructed that some portions of the text messages be redacted. ... The Free Press also is reviewing the messages and is redacting selected explicit sexual terms. The messages do contain profanity and some sexual and racial references that may be offensive to some readers. ^ Swickard, Joe (January 29, 2008). "Beatty quits, Kilpatrick lawyer sought lid on texts; staff chief silent about denying affair under oath". Detroit Free Press. p. 1A. ^ a b Gorchow, Zachary; Ben Schmitt (May 22, 2008). "Granholm starts Kilpatrick ouster inquiry". freep.com. Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on September 18, 2008 . Retrieved May 27, 2008 . ^ Gorchow, Zachary; Suzette Hackney (March 4, 2008). "City Council votes to table resolution". freep.com. Gannett. Archived from the original on April 29, 2008 . Retrieved March 4, 2008 . ^ Josar, David (February 28, 2008). "Kilpatrick says he won't resign". detnews.com. The Detroit News . Retrieved February 29, 2008 . ^ Kilpatrick, Kwame (March 11, 2008). "2008 State of the City". ABC News Detroit. Archived from the original on March 17, 2008 . Retrieved March 12, 2008 . ^ Kilpatrick, Kwame (March 11, 2008). "2008 State of the City". City of Detroit Mayor's Webpage. Archived from the original on March 17, 2008 . Retrieved March 12, 2008 . ^ Christoff, Chris (March 14, 2008). "Granholm sees no place for N-word". The Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on March 18, 2008 . Retrieved March 14, 2008 . ^ Gorchow, Zachary (March 6, 2008). "Recall petition gets go-ahead". Detroit Free Press. Gannett. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015 . Retrieved March 7, 2008 . ^ Schmitt, Ben (March 7, 2008). "Petitioner's residency questioned". Detroit Free Press. Gannett. Archived from the original on March 16, 2008 . Retrieved March 7, 2008 . ^ Ashenfelter, DAVID (March 13, 2008). "Reversed decision kills recall petition". The Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on March 1, 2014 . Retrieved March 13, 2008 . ^ Ashenfelter, David (March 27, 2008). "Detroit resident files recall petition against mayor". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014 . Retrieved March 28, 2008 . ^ Bunkley, Nick (May 14, 2008). "Detroit Council Seeks Mayor's Ouster". The New York Times . Retrieved May 14, 2008 . ^ Ashenfelter, David; Joe Swickard (March 24, 2008). "Kilpatrick, Beatty face felony charges. The 12-count criminal information charges perjury, conspiracy, misconduct in office, and obstruction of justice". freep.com. Detroit Free Press . Retrieved March 24, 2008 . ^ Guthrie, Doug (May 19, 2008). "Worthy to appeal for new judge today". detnews.com. The Detroit News . Retrieved May 22, 2008 . ^ Elrick, M.L.; Jim Schaefer (August 7, 2008). "Judge allows Kilpatrick, Beatty to waive prelim, go to trial". detnews.com. The Detroit News. Archived from the original on September 23, 2008 . Retrieved August 7, 2008 . ^ "Detroit mayor jailed over trip to Canada". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on April 20, 2009 . Retrieved August 8, 2008 . ^ Schaefer, Jim; Schmitt, Ben (August 7, 2008). "Judge orders Detroit mayor to jail". USA Today . Retrieved May 7, 2010 . ^ "Detroit mayor ordered jailed for violating bond". NBC News. August 7, 2008 . Retrieved December 22, 2021 . ^ "Deal Reached in Mayor Scandal". WXYZ. September 4, 2008. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. ^ a b "Mayor: 'I lied under oath' " . Retrieved September 4, 2008 . ^ Schaefer, Jim; Elrick, M.L.; Swickard, Joe; Schmitt, Ben (September 5, 2008). "Mayor admits guilt, resigns from office: 'I lied' ". Detroit Free Press: 1A. ^ "Kilpatrick pleads no contest to charge of assaulting police" . Retrieved September 4, 2008 . ^ "Judge: No early release for Kilpatrick". Associated Press. October 28, 2008. [dead link ] ^ "Former Detroit mayor Kwame Kilpatrick sent to jail". The Seattle Times. October 29, 2008. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. ^ McGraw, Bill (October 28, 2008). "Kilpatrick's smirks, family's fury add to drama in the court". Detroit Free Press. ^ Huliq (October 28, 2008). "Kwame Kilpatrick Text Messages With Christine Beatty Leading To J". Huliq.com . Retrieved August 23, 2010 . ^ Hunter, George; Josar, David; Guthrie, Doug (February 5, 2009). "Kilpatrick takes on 'the Big D' in style". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014 . Retrieved December 14, 2012 . ^ Wilonsky, Robert (February 4, 2009). "Really? Kwame Kilpatrick's Flying Private Planes to Love Field and Living in Southlake? '' Dallas News '' Unfair Park". Blogs.dallasobserver.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010 . Retrieved August 23, 2010 . ^ "Kilpatrick backer now his employer | detnews.com | The Detroit News". detnews.com . Retrieved August 23, 2010 . ^ "Kilpatrick imprisoned, faces 1½ to 5 years". freep.com . Retrieved February 3, 2012 . ^ "Lawyer: Kilpatrick can't pay restitution". UPI.com. March 28, 2009 . Retrieved August 23, 2010 . ^ "Kilpatrick Hearing Ends, Ex-Mayor to Return Home". Detroit Free Press. December 10, 2009. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. ^ "Judge orders ex-Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick pay Detroit more than $300,000 within 90 days". Associated Press. January 20, 2010 . Retrieved August 23, 2010 . ^ ClickonDetroit.com (May 25, 2010). "Kilpatrick Headed to Prison '' Detroit Local News Story '' WDIV Detroit". Archived from the original on May 28, 2010 . Retrieved May 25, 2010 . ^ a b c d Guthrie, Doug (August 10, 2011). "Kwame Kilpatrick ordered to pay $15,190 in prison costs". The Detroit News . Retrieved August 13, 2011 . Kilpatrick spent his last 118 days in a general population cell at the Cotton Correctional Facility in Jackson at a daily cost of $83.08. ... Figures provided in court Wednesday through the testimony of a Michigan Department of Corrections auditor show that when Kilpatrick first reported to prison, he was held 14 days in the hospital facility of the state's inmate reception center in Jackson at a cost of $127.40 per day. [dead link ] ^ Doug Guthrie (June 9, 2010). "Kilpatrick moves to new prison for his 40th birthday". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013 . Retrieved September 18, 2010 . ^ "Offender Tracking Information System (OTIS) '' Offender Profile". Michigan Department of Corrections. May 25, 2010. Archived from the original on February 2, 2011 . Retrieved May 30, 2010 . ^ "Kwame Malik Kilpatrick". Federal Bureau of Prisons. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011 . Retrieved September 16, 2010 . ^ "Kwame Malik Kilpatrick". Federal Bureau of Prisons. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011 . Retrieved August 13, 2011 . ^ "Kwame Malik Kilpatrick". Michigan Department of Corrections . Retrieved August 13, 2011 . ^ "State Parole Board votes to release ex-mayor Kwame Kilpatrick". Detroit Free Press. June 24, 2011. Archived from the original on June 30, 2011 . Retrieved June 24, 2011 . ^ "Kwame Kilpatrick Released On Parole". WWJ-TV. August 2, 2011. Archived from the original on October 13, 2011 . Retrieved October 20, 2011 . ^ Feds say 'culture of corruption is over' as grand jury indicts former Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick, 4 others in city hall probe, Jeff T. Wattrick, MLive.com, December 15, 2010 ^ "Kwame Kilpatrick, four others arraigned". UPI.com. January 10, 2011 . Retrieved March 13, 2013 . ^ "Kilpatrick federal corruption trial date set for September 2012". Action News wxyz.com. April 13, 2011. Archived from the original on April 18, 2011 . Retrieved September 3, 2011 . ^ "Venue change nixed; Kilpatrick corruption trial gets under way". Detroit Free Press freep.com. September 21, 2012 . Retrieved September 21, 2012 . ^ "Kwame Kilpatrick Trial 2012". The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 13, 2013 . ^ Victor Mercado plea deal a boost for U.S. prosecutors in Kwame Kilpatrick trial, Detroit Free Press, November 6, 2012 ^ "Kwame Kilpatrick's legal bill to public". Lansing State Journal. February 13, 2014. p. 3A. ^ "Kwame Kilpatrick and Bobby Ferguson arrive at federal prison in Milan after guilty convictions". WXYZ. Scripps Media, Inc. March 9, 2013. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013 . Retrieved March 9, 2013 . ^ Ex-Detroit mayor Kilpatrick convicted of range of corruption charges NBC News, March 11, 2013 ^ "Inmate Locator". www.bop.gov. ^ " 'Corruption no more': Judge sends a message with 28-year sentence for Kilpatrick". Detroit Free Press. ^ Judge hits Bobby Ferguson with 21 years: 'Catalyst at the center' of Detroit corruption, Detroit Free Press, October 11, 2013 ^ Former City of Detroit Administrative Officer Pleads Guilty to Corruption and Tax Offenses Archived October 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, U.S. attorney's Office, Eastern District of Michigan, September 12, 2011 ^ Former Kilpatrick friend Derrick Miller dodges prison, sentenced to 1 year in halfway house Archived June 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Heather Catallo, ABC News Detroit, May 29, 2014 ^ Bernard Kilpatrick sentenced to 15 months in prison, Detroit Free Press, October 17, 2013 ^ Emma Bell gets 2 years probation, Dave Bartkowiak Jr., WDIV, January 30, 2014 ^ Former Detroit mayor Kwame Kilpatrick's bank fined $250K Archived October 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine WXYZ-TV News, October 18, 2013 ^ Kilpatrick contractor, Crain's Detroit Business, February 27, 2013 ^ [Lakeshore TolTest reaches $5M settlement to avert liability in Kilpatrick corruption case], Crain's Detroit Business, February 19, 2013 ^ Ex-Detroit mayor Kilpatrick loses appeal of conviction, Reuters, Jonathan Stempel, August 14, 2015 ^ US Supreme Court denies appeal from former Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick Kilpatrick convicted of rigging contracts, taking bribes, Halston Herrera, ClickOnDetroit, June 27, 2016 ^ "Kwame Kilpatrick asks Donald Trump for pardon, clemency". Detroit Free Press . Retrieved August 23, 2018 . ^ Baldas, Tresa (February 19, 2020). "US Attorney: Kwame Kilpatrick shouldn't get pardon. He got what he deserved". The Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. ^ Snell, Robert (April 30, 2018). "Kilpatrick faces $11M debt once he leaves prison". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on May 2, 2018. ^ a b "Statement from the Press Secretary Regarding Executive Grants of Clemency". whitehouse.gov (Press release). January 20, 2021. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021 . Retrieved January 20, 2021 '' via National Archives. ^ Kwame Kilpatrick to pay nearly $5 million in restitution, serve three-year probation, WXYZ, January 21, 2021 ^ President Trump commutes sentence for former Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick, WXYZ, January 20, 2021 ^ SEC Mayfield ^ SEC Charges Former Detroit Officials and Investment Adviser to City Pension Funds in Influence Peddling Scheme, SEC, May 9, 2012 ^ 2:12-cv-12109-VAR-RSW United States Securities and Exchange Commission v. Hon. Kwame M. Kilpatrick, Jeffrey W. Beasley, Chauncey C. Mayfield, and Mayfield Gentry Advisors, LLC, SEC, May 9, 2012 ^ SEC Charges Top Officials At Investment Adviser in Scheme to Hide Theft from Pension Fund of Detroit Police and Firefighters, SEC, June 10, 2013 ^ Pension funds settle class-action negligence suit for $7.9M, Christine Ferretti, The Detroit News, February 26, 2014 ^ "Feds Not Finished With Detroit Corruption Probe". The Detroit News. June 24, 2010. [dead link ] ^ "Surrendered: The Rise, Fall, & Revelation of Kwame Kilpatrick". Archived from the original on November 16, 2011 . Retrieved November 29, 2011 . ^ Jeff T. Wattrick (August 1, 2010). "Felon Kwame Kilpatrick's book delayed as he's set to leave prison, and why his legacy matters". MLive.com . Retrieved November 29, 2011 . ^ Kellie Woodhouse (November 28, 2010). "Students say Kwame Kilpatrick has something to offer on redemption". AnnArbor.com . Retrieved November 29, 2011 . ^ Doug Guthrie (November 5, 2011). "Court seeks Kwame Kilpatrick book profits". The Detroit News . Retrieved November 29, 2011 . ^ Joe Swickard (November 16, 2011). "Lawyer flouts subpoena in Kwame Kilpatrick book-profits case; judge issues arrest warrant". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on December 21, 2011 . Retrieved April 18, 2016 . ^ "Kwame Kilpatrick - About". Movemental Ministries . Retrieved April 26, 2023 . ^ "Bio: Kwame Malik Kilpatrick, CEO, Movemental Ministry". Black Agenda Conference . Retrieved April 26, 2023 . ^ "Ex-Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick Endorses Donald Trump". Deadline Detroit . Retrieved June 17, 2024 . ^ "Detroit's mayor indicted in sex scandal". Reuters. March 24, 2008. ^ "Coalition Members". Mayors Against Illegal Guns. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013 . Retrieved December 14, 2012 . Media related to Kwame Kilpatrick at Wikimedia Commons
    • Appearances on C-SPAN
  • Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution - Wikipedia
    • Link to Article
    • Archived Version
    • Wed, 11 Sep 2024 17:27
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    • 1865 Reconstruction amendment
    • The Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. The amendment was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, by the House of Representatives on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the required 27 of the then 36 states on December 6, 1865, and proclaimed on December 18. It was the first of the three Reconstruction Amendments adopted following the American Civil War.
    • President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, effective on January 1, 1863, declared that the enslaved in Confederate-controlled areas (and thus almost all slaves) were free. When they escaped to Union lines or federal forces (including now-former slaves) advanced south, emancipation occurred without any compensation to the former owners. Texas was the last Confederate-slave territory, where enforcement of the proclamation was declared on June 19, 1865. In the slave-owning areas controlled by Union forces on January 1, 1863, state action was used to abolish slavery. The exceptions were Kentucky and Delaware, and to a limited extent New Jersey, where chattel slavery and indentured servitude were finally ended by the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1865.
    • In contrast to the other Reconstruction Amendments, the Thirteenth Amendment has rarely been cited in case law, but it has been used to strike down peonage and some race-based discrimination as "badges and incidents of slavery". The Thirteenth Amendment has also been invoked to empower Congress to make laws against modern forms of slavery, such as sex trafficking.
    • From its inception in 1776, the United States was divided into states that allowed slavery and states that prohibited it. Slavery was implicitly recognized in the original Constitution in provisions such as the Three-fifths Compromise (Article I, Section 2, Clause 3), which provided that three-fifths of each state's enslaved population ("other persons") was to be added to its free population for the purposes of apportioning seats in the United States House of Representatives, its number of Electoral votes, and direct taxes among the states. The Fugitive Slave Clause (Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3) provided that slaves held under the laws of one state who escaped to another state did not become free, but remained slaves.
    • Though three million Confederate slaves were eventually freed as a result of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, their postwar status was uncertain. To ensure that abolition was beyond legal challenge, an amendment to the Constitution to that effect was drafted. On April 8, 1864, the Senate passed an amendment to abolish slavery. After one unsuccessful vote and extensive legislative maneuvering by the Lincoln administration, the House followed suit on January 31, 1865. The measure was swiftly ratified by nearly all Northern states, along with a sufficient number of border states up to the assassination of President Lincoln. However, the approval came via his successor, President Andrew Johnson, who encouraged the "reconstructed" Southern states of Alabama, North Carolina, and Georgia to agree, which brought the count to 27 states, leading to its adoption before the end of 1865.
    • Though the Amendment abolished slavery throughout the United States, some black Americans, particularly in the South, were subjected to other forms of involuntary labor, such as under the Black Codes, white supremacist violence, and selective enforcement of statutes, as well as other disabilities. Many such abuses were given cover by the Amendment's penal labor exclusion, discussed below.
    • Text
    • Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
    • Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. [ 1 ]
    • Slavery in the United States
    • Abolitionist imagery focused on atrocities against slaves. [ 2 ] (Photo of Peter, 1863.)Slavery existed and was legal in the United States of America upon its founding in 1776. It was established by European colonization in all of the original thirteen American colonies of British America. Prior to the Thirteenth Amendment, the United States Constitution did not expressly use the words slave or slavery but included several provisions about unfree persons. The Three-Fifths Compromise, Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 of the Constitution, allocated Congressional representation based "on the whole Number of free Persons" and "three-fifths of all other Persons". This clause was a compromise between Southern politicians who wished for enslaved African-Americans to be counted as 'persons' for congressional representation and Northern politicians rejecting these out of concern of too much power for the South, because representation in the new Congress would be based on population in contrast to the one-vote-for-one-state principle in the earlier Continental Congress. [ 3 ] Under the Fugitive Slave Clause, Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3, "No person held to Service or Labour in one State" would be freed by escaping to another. Article I, Section 9, Clause 1 allowed Congress to pass legislation outlawing the "Importation of Persons", which would not be passed until 1808. However, for purposes of the Fifth Amendment'--which states that "No person shall ... be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law"'--slaves were understood as property. [ 4 ] Although abolitionists used the Fifth Amendment to argue against slavery, it became part of the legal basis in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) for treating slaves as property. [ 5 ]
    • Stimulated by the philosophy of the Declaration of Independence, between 1777 and 1804 every Northern state provided for the immediate or gradual abolition of slavery. (Slavery was never legal in Vermont; it was prohibited in the 1777 constitution creating Vermont, to become the fourteenth state.) Most of the slaves who were emancipated by such legislation were household servants. No Southern state did so, and the enslaved population of the South continued to grow, peaking at almost four million in 1861. An abolitionist movement, headed by such figures as William Lloyd Garrison, Theodore Dwight Weld, and Angelina Grimk(C), grew in strength in the North, calling for the immediate end of slavery nationwide and exacerbating tensions between North and South. The American Colonization Society, an alliance between abolitionists who felt the "races" should be kept separated and slaveholders who feared the presence of freed blacks would encourage slave rebellions, called for the emigration of both free blacks and slaves to Africa, where they would establish independent colonies. Its views were endorsed by politicians such as Henry Clay, who feared that the American abolitionist movement would provoke a civil war. [ 6 ] Proposals to eliminate slavery by constitutional amendment were introduced by Representative Arthur Livermore in 1818 and by John Quincy Adams in 1839, but failed to gain significant traction. [ 7 ]
    • As the country continued to expand, the issue of slavery in its new territories became the dominant national issue. The senatorial votes of new states could break the deadlock in the Senate over slavery. The Southern position was that slaves were property and therefore could be moved to the territories like all other forms of property. [ 8 ] The 1820 Missouri Compromise provided for the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, preserving the Senate's equality between the regions. In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso was introduced to a war appropriations bill to ban slavery in all territories acquired in the Mexican''American War; the Proviso repeatedly passed the House, but not the Senate. [ 8 ] The Compromise of 1850 temporarily defused the issue by admitting California as a free state, instituting a stronger Fugitive Slave Act, banning the slave trade in Washington, D.C., and allowing New Mexico and Utah self-determination on the slavery issue. [ 9 ]
    • Despite the compromise, tensions between North and South continued to rise over the subsequent decade, inflamed by, among other things, the publication of the 1852 anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin; fighting between pro-slavery and abolitionist forces in Kansas, beginning in 1854; the 1857 Dred Scott decision, which struck down provisions of the Compromise of 1850; abolitionist John Brown's 1859 attempt to start a slave revolt at Harpers Ferry, and the 1860 election of slavery critic Abraham Lincoln to the presidency. The Southern states seceded from the Union in the months following Lincoln's election, forming the Confederate States of America, and beginning the American Civil War. [ 10 ]
    • Proposal and ratification
    • Crafting the amendment
    • Abraham LincolnActing under presidential war powers, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862, with effect on January 1, 1863, which proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten states that were still in rebellion. [ 11 ] In his State of the Union message to Congress on December 1, 1862, Lincoln also presented a plan for "gradual emancipation and deportation" of slaves. This plan envisioned three amendments to the Constitution. The first would have required the states to abolish slavery by January 1, 1900. [ 12 ] Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation then proceeded immediately freeing slaves in January 1863 but did not affect the status of slaves in the border states that had remained loyal to the Union. [ 13 ] By December 1863, Lincoln again used his war powers and issued a "Proclamation for Amnesty and Reconstruction", which offered Southern states a chance to peacefully rejoin the Union if they immediately abolished slavery and collected loyalty oaths from 10% of their voting population. [ 14 ] Southern states did not readily accept the deal, and the status of slavery remained uncertain.
    • Representative James Mitchell Ashley proposed an amendment abolishing slavery in 1863.In the final years of the Civil War, Union lawmakers debated various proposals for Reconstruction. [ 15 ] Some of these called for a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery nationally and permanently. On December 14, 1863, a bill proposing such an amendment was introduced by Representative James Mitchell Ashley of Ohio. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Representative James F. Wilson of Iowa soon followed with a similar proposal. On January 11, 1864, Senator John B. Henderson of Missouri submitted a joint resolution for a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery. The Senate Judiciary Committee, chaired by Lyman Trumbull of Illinois, became involved in merging different proposals for an amendment.
    • Radical Republicans led by Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner and Pennsylvania Representative Thaddeus Stevens sought a more expansive version of the amendment. [ 18 ] On February 8, 1864, Sumner submitted a constitutional amendment stating:
    • All persons are equal before the law, so that no person can hold another as a slave; and the Congress shall have power to make all laws necessary and proper to carry this declaration into effect everywhere in the United States. [ 19 ] [ 20 ]
    • Sumner tried to have his amendment sent to his committee, rather than the Judiciary Committee, controlled by Trumbull, but the Senate refused. [ 21 ] On February 10, the Senate Judiciary Committee presented the Senate with an amendment proposal based on drafts of Ashley, Wilson and Henderson. [ 22 ] [ 23 ]
    • The committee's version used text from the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which stipulates, "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." [ 24 ] [ 25 ] :'Š1786'Š Though using Henderson's proposed amendment as the basis for its new draft, the Judiciary Committee removed language that would have allowed a constitutional amendment to be adopted with only a majority vote in each House of Congress and ratification by two-thirds of the states (instead of two-thirds and three-fourths, respectively). [ 26 ]
    • Passage by Congress
    • The Senate passed the amendment on April 8, 1864, by a vote of 38 to 6; two Democrats, Oregon Senators Benjamin F Harding and James Nesmith voted for the amendment. [ 27 ] However, just over two months later on June 15, the House failed to do so, with 93 in favor and 65 against, thirteen votes short of the two-thirds vote needed for passage; the vote split largely along party lines, with Republicans supporting and Democrats opposing. [ 28 ] In the 1864 presidential race, former Free Soil Party candidate John C. Fr(C)mont threatened a third-party run opposing Lincoln, this time on a platform endorsing an anti-slavery amendment. The Republican Party platform had, as yet, failed to include a similar plank, though Lincoln endorsed the amendment in a letter accepting his nomination. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Fr(C)mont withdrew from the race on September 22, 1864, and endorsed Lincoln. [ 31 ]
    • With no Southern states represented, few members of Congress pushed moral and religious arguments in favor of slavery. Democrats who opposed the amendment generally made arguments based on federalism and states' rights. [ 32 ] Some argued that the proposed change so violated the spirit of the Constitution it would not be a valid "amendment" but would instead constitute "revolution". [ 33 ] Representative Chilton A. White, among other opponents, warned that the amendment would lead to full citizenship for blacks. [ 34 ]
    • Republicans portrayed slavery as uncivilized and argued for abolition as a necessary step in national progress. [ 35 ] Amendment supporters also argued that the slave system had negative effects on white people. These included the lower wages resulting from competition with forced labor, as well as repression of abolitionist whites in the South. Advocates said ending slavery would restore the First Amendment and other constitutional rights violated by censorship and intimidation in slave states. [ 34 ] [ 36 ]
    • White, Northern Republicans and some Democrats became excited about an abolition amendment, holding meetings and issuing resolutions. [ 37 ] Many blacks though, particularly in the South, focused more on land ownership and education as the key to liberation. [ 38 ] As slavery began to seem politically untenable, an array of Northern Democrats successively announced their support for the amendment, including Representative James Brooks, [ 39 ] Senator Reverdy Johnson, [ 40 ] and the powerful New York political machine known as Tammany Hall. [ 41 ]
    • Celebration erupts after the Thirteenth Amendment is passed by the House of Representatives.President Lincoln had had concerns that the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 might be reversed or found invalid by the judiciary after the war. [ 42 ] He saw constitutional amendment as a more permanent solution. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] He had remained outwardly neutral on the amendment because he considered it politically too dangerous. [ 45 ] Nonetheless, Lincoln's 1864 election platform resolved to abolish slavery by constitutional amendment. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] After winning reelection in the election of 1864, Lincoln made the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment his top legislative priority. He began with his efforts in Congress during its "lame duck" session, in which many members of Congress had already seen their successors elected; most would be concerned about unemployment and lack of income, and none needed to fear the electoral consequences of cooperation. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] Popular support for the amendment mounted and Lincoln urged Congress on in his December 6, 1864 State of the Union Address: "there is only a question of time as to when the proposed amendment will go to the States for their action. And as it is to so go, at all events, may we not agree that the sooner the better?" [ 50 ]
    • Lincoln instructed Secretary of State William H. Seward, Representative John B. Alley and others to procure votes by any means necessary, and they promised government posts and campaign contributions to outgoing Democrats willing to switch sides. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Seward had a large fund for direct bribes. Ashley, who reintroduced the measure into the House, also lobbied several Democrats to vote in favor of the measure. [ 53 ] Representative Thaddeus Stevens later commented that "the greatest measure of the nineteenth century was passed by corruption aided and abetted by the purest man in America"; however, Lincoln's precise role in making deals for votes remains unknown. [ 54 ]
    • Republicans in Congress claimed a mandate for abolition, having gained in the elections for Senate and House. [ 55 ] The 1864 Democratic vice-presidential nominee, Representative George H. Pendleton, led opposition to the measure. [ 56 ] Republicans toned down their language of radical equality in order to broaden the amendment's coalition of supporters. [ 57 ] In order to reassure critics worried that the amendment would tear apart the social fabric, some Republicans explicitly promised the amendment would leave broader American society's patriarchal traditions intact. [ 58 ]
    • In mid-January 1865, Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax estimated the amendment to be five votes short of passage. Ashley postponed the vote. [ 59 ] At this point, Lincoln intensified his push for the amendment, making direct emotional appeals to particular members of Congress. [ 60 ] On January 31, 1865, the House called another vote on the amendment, with neither side being certain of the outcome. With a total of 183 House members (one seat was vacant after Reuben Fenton was elected governor), 122 would have to vote "aye" to secure passage of the resolution; however, eight Democrats abstained, reducing the number to 117. Every Republican (84), Independent Republican (2), and Unconditional Unionist (16) supported the measure, as well as fourteen Democrats, almost all of them lame ducks, and three Unionists. The amendment finally passed by a vote of 119 to 56, [ 61 ] narrowly reaching the required two-thirds majority. [ 62 ] The House exploded into celebration, with some members openly weeping. [ 63 ] Black onlookers, who had only been allowed to attend Congressional sessions since the previous year, cheered from the galleries. [ 64 ]
    • While the Constitution does not provide the President any formal role in the amendment process, the joint resolution was sent to Lincoln for his signature. [ 65 ] Under the usual signatures of the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate, President Lincoln wrote the word "Approved" and added his signature to the joint resolution on February 1, 1865. [ 66 ] On February 7, Congress passed a resolution affirming that the Presidential signature was unnecessary. [ 67 ] The Thirteenth Amendment is the only ratified amendment signed by a President, although James Buchanan had signed the Corwin Amendment that the 36th Congress had adopted and sent to the states in March 1861. [ 68 ] [ 69 ]
    • Ratification by the states
    • Ratified amendment, 1865
    • Ratified amendment post-enactment, 1865''1870
    • Ratified amendment after first rejecting amendment, 1866''1995
    • On February 1, 1865, when the proposed amendment was submitted to the states for ratification, there were 36 states in the U.S., including those that had been in rebellion; at least 27 states had to ratify the amendment for it to come into force. By the end of February, 18 states had ratified the amendment. Among them were the ex-Confederate states of Virginia and Louisiana, where ratifications were submitted by Reconstruction governments. These, along with subsequent ratifications from Arkansas and Tennessee raised the issues of how many seceded states had legally valid legislatures; and if there were fewer legislatures than states, if Article V required ratification by three-fourths of the states or three-fourths of the legally valid state legislatures. [ 70 ] President Lincoln in his last speech, on April 11, 1865, called the question about whether the Southern states were in or out of the Union a "pernicious abstraction". He declared they were not "in their proper practical relation with the Union"; whence everyone's object should be to restore that relation. [ 71 ] Lincoln was assassinated three days later.
    • With Congress out of session, the new president, Andrew Johnson, began a period known as "Presidential Reconstruction", in which he personally oversaw the creation of new state governments throughout the South. He oversaw the convening of state political conventions populated by delegates whom he deemed to be loyal. Three leading issues came before the conventions: secession itself, the abolition of slavery, and the Confederate war debt. Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina held conventions in 1865, while Texas' convention did not organize until March 1866. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Johnson hoped to prevent deliberation over whether to re-admit the Southern states by accomplishing full ratification before Congress reconvened in December. He believed he could silence those who wished to deny the Southern states their place in the Union by pointing to how essential their assent had been to the successful ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment. [ 75 ]
    • Direct negotiations between state governments and the Johnson administration ensued. As the summer wore on, administration officials began giving assurances of the measure's limited scope with their demands for ratification. Johnson himself suggested directly to the governors of Mississippi and North Carolina that they could proactively control the allocation of rights to freedmen. Though Johnson obviously expected the freed people to enjoy at least some civil rights, including, as he specified, the right to testify in court, he wanted state lawmakers to know that the power to confer such rights would remain with the states. [ 76 ] When South Carolina provisional governor Benjamin Franklin Perry objected to the scope of the amendment's enforcement clause, Secretary of State Seward responded by telegraph that in fact the second clause "is really restraining in its effect, instead of enlarging the powers of Congress". [ 76 ] Politicians throughout the South were concerned that Congress might cite the amendment's enforcement powers as a way to authorize black suffrage. [ 77 ]
    • When South Carolina ratified the Amendment in November 1865, it issued its own interpretive declaration that "any attempt by Congress toward legislating upon the political status of former slaves, or their civil relations, would be contrary to the Constitution of the United States." [ 25 ] :'Š1786''1787'Š [ 78 ] Alabama and Louisiana also declared that their ratification did not imply federal power to legislate on the status of former slaves. [ 25 ] :'Š1787'Š [ 79 ] During the first week of December, North Carolina and Georgia gave the amendment the final votes needed for it to become part of the Constitution.
    • The first 27 states to ratify the Amendment were: [ 80 ]
    • Illinois: February 1, 1865Rhode Island: February 2, 1865Michigan: February 3, 1865Maryland: February 3, 1865New York: February 3, 1865Pennsylvania: February 3, 1865West Virginia: February 3, 1865Missouri: February 6, 1865Maine: February 7, 1865Kansas: February 7, 1865Massachusetts: February 7, 1865Virginia: February 9, 1865Ohio: February 10, 1865Indiana: February 13, 1865Nevada: February 16, 1865Louisiana: February 17, 1865Minnesota: February 23, 1865Wisconsin: February 24, 1865Vermont: March 9, 1865Tennessee: April 7, 1865Arkansas: April 14, 1865Connecticut: May 4, 1865New Hampshire: July 1, 1865South Carolina: November 13, 1865Alabama: December 2, 1865North Carolina: December 4, 1865Georgia: December 6, 1865Having been ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the states (27 of the 36 states, including those that had been in rebellion), Secretary of State Seward, on December 18, 1865, certified that the Thirteenth Amendment had become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the Constitution. [ 81 ] Included on the enrolled list of ratifying states were the three ex-Confederate states that had given their assent, but with strings attached. Seward accepted their affirmative votes and brushed aside their interpretive declarations without comment, challenge or acknowledgment. [ 82 ]
    • The Thirteenth Amendment was subsequently ratified by the other states, as follows: [ 80 ] :'Š30'Š
    • Oregon: December 8, 1865California: December 19, 1865Florida: December 28, 1865 (reaffirmed June 9, 1868)Iowa: January 15, 1866New Jersey: January 23, 1866 (after rejection March 16, 1865)Texas: February 18, 1870Delaware: February 12, 1901 (after rejection February 8, 1865)Kentucky: March 18, 1976 [ 83 ] (after rejection February 24, 1865)Mississippi: March 16, 1995 (after rejection December 5, 1865; not certified until February 7, 2013) [ 84 ] With the ratification by Mississippi in 1995, and certification thereof in 2013, the amendment was finally ratified by all states having existed at the time of its adoption in 1865.
    • Effects
    • Amendment XIII in the National Archives, bearing the signature of Abraham LincolnFreeing slaves
    • The immediate impact of the amendment was to make the entire pre-war system of chattel slavery in the U.S. illegal. [ 85 ] The impact of the abolition of slavery was felt quickly. When the Thirteenth Amendment became operational, the scope of Lincoln's 1863 Emancipation Proclamation was widened to include the entire nation. Although the majority of Kentucky's slaves had been emancipated, 65,000''100,000 people remained to be legally freed when the amendment went into effect on December 18. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] In Delaware, where a large number of slaves had escaped during the war, nine hundred people became legally free. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] With slavery abolished, the Fugitive Slave Clause remained in place but became largely moot.
    • Native American territory
    • Despite being rendered unconstitutional, slavery continued in areas under the jurisdiction of Native American tribes beyond ratification. The federal government negotiated new treaties with the "Five Civilized Tribes" in 1866, in which they agreed to end slavery. [ 89 ]
    • Electoral changes
    • The Three-Fifths Compromise in the original Constitution counted, for purposes of allocating taxes and seats in the House of Representatives, all "free persons", three-fifths of "other persons" (i.e., slaves) and excluded untaxed Native Americans. The freeing of all slaves made the three-fifths clause moot. Compared to the pre-war system, it also had the effect of increasing the political power of former slave-holding states by increasing their share of seats in the House of Representatives, and consequently their share in the Electoral College (where the number of a state's electoral votes, under Article II of the United States Constitution, is tied to the size of its congressional delegation). [ 90 ] [ 91 ]
    • Even as the Thirteenth Amendment was working its way through the ratification process, Republicans in Congress grew increasingly concerned about the potential for there to be a large increase in the congressional representation of the Democratic-dominated Southern states. Because the full population of freed slaves would be counted rather than three-fifths, the Southern states would dramatically increase their power in the population-based House of Representatives. Republicans hoped to offset this advantage by attracting and protecting votes of the newly enfranchised black population. [ 93 ] They would eventually attempt to address this issue in section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment.
    • Political and economic change in the South
    • Southern culture remained deeply racist, and those blacks who remained faced a dangerous situation. J. J. Gries reported to the Joint Committee on Reconstruction: "There is a kind of innate feeling, a lingering hope among many in the South that slavery will be regalvanized in some shape or other. They tried by their laws to make a worse slavery than there was before, for the freedman has not the protection which the master from interest gave him before." [ 94 ] W. E. B. Du Bois wrote in 1935:
    • Slavery was not abolished even after the Thirteenth Amendment. There were four million freedmen and most of them on the same plantation, doing the same work they did before emancipation, except as their work had been interrupted and changed by the upheaval of war. Moreover, they were getting about the same wages and apparently were going to be subject to slave codes modified only in name. There were among them thousands of fugitives in the camps of the soldiers or on the streets of the cities, homeless, sick, and impoverished. They had been freed practically with no land nor money, and, save in exceptional cases, without legal status, and without protection. [ 95 ] [ 96 ]
    • Official emancipation did not substantially alter the economic situation of most blacks who remained in the south. [ 97 ]
    • As the amendment still permitted labor as punishment for convicted criminals, Southern states responded with what historian Douglas A. Blackmon called "an array of interlocking laws essentially intended to criminalize black life". These laws, passed or updated after emancipation, were known as Black Codes. [ 99 ] Mississippi was the first state to pass such codes, with an 1865 law titled "An Act to confer Civil Rights on Freedmen". [ 100 ] The Mississippi law required black workers to contract with white farmers by January 1 of each year or face punishment for vagrancy. Blacks could be sentenced to forced labor for crimes including petty theft, using obscene language, or selling cotton after sunset. States passed new, strict vagrancy laws that were selectively enforced against blacks without white protectors. [ 102 ] The labor of these convicts was then sold to farms, factories, lumber camps, quarries, and mines.
    • After its ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in November 1865, the South Carolina legislature immediately began to legislate Black Codes. [ 104 ] The Black Codes created a separate set of laws, punishments, and acceptable behaviors for anyone with more than one black great-grandparent. Under these Codes, Blacks could only work as farmers or servants and had few Constitutional rights. [ 105 ] Restrictions on black land ownership threatened to make economic subservience permanent. [ 38 ]
    • Some states mandated indefinitely long periods of child "apprenticeship". [ 106 ] Some laws did not target blacks specifically, but instead affected farm workers, most of whom were black. At the same time, many states passed laws to actively prevent blacks from acquiring property. [ 107 ]
    • Congressional and executive enforcement
    • As its first enforcement legislation, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, guaranteeing black Americans citizenship and equal protection of the law, though not the right to vote. The amendment was also used as authorizing several Freedmen's Bureau bills. President Andrew Johnson vetoed these bills, but Congress overrode his vetoes to pass the Civil Rights Act and the Second Freedmen's Bureau Bill. [ 108 ] [ 109 ]
    • Proponents of the Act, including Trumbull and Wilson, argued that Section 2 of the Thirteenth Amendment authorized the federal government to legislate civil rights for the States. Others disagreed, maintaining that inequality conditions were distinct from slavery. [ 25 ] :'Š1788''1790'Š Seeking more substantial justification, and fearing that future opponents would again seek to overturn the legislation, Congress and the states added additional protections to the Constitution: the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) defining citizenship and mandating equal protection under the law, and the Fifteenth Amendment (1870) banning racial voting restrictions.
    • The Freedmen's Bureau enforced the amendment locally, providing a degree of support for people subject to the Black Codes. [ 111 ] Reciprocally, the Thirteenth Amendment established the Bureau's legal basis to operate in Kentucky. [ 112 ] The Civil Rights Act circumvented racism in local jurisdictions by allowing blacks access to the federal courts. The Enforcement Acts of 1870''1871 and the Civil Rights Act of 1875, in combating the violence and intimidation of white supremacy, were also part of the effort to end slave conditions for Southern blacks. [ 113 ] However, the effect of these laws waned as political will diminished and the federal government lost authority in the South, particularly after the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in exchange for a Republican presidency. [ 114 ]
    • Peonage law
    • Southern business owners sought to reproduce the profitable arrangement of slavery with a system called peonage, in which disproportionately black workers were entrapped by loans and compelled to work indefinitely due to the resulting debt. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] Peonage continued well through Reconstruction and ensnared a large proportion of black workers in the South. [ 117 ] These workers remained destitute and persecuted, forced to work dangerous jobs and further confined legally by the racist Jim Crow laws that governed the South. [ 116 ] Peonage differed from chattel slavery because it was not strictly hereditary and did not allow the sale of people in exactly the same fashion. However, a person's debt'--and by extension a person'--could still be sold, and the system resembled antebellum slavery in many ways. [ 118 ]
    • Slavery in New Mexico also continued de facto in the form of peonage, which became a Spanish colonial tradition to work around the prohibition of hereditary slavery by the New Laws of 1542. Though this practice was rendered unconstitutional by the Thirteenth Amendment, enforcement was lax. The Peonage Act of 1867 specifically mentioned New Mexico and increased enforcement by banning nationwide "the holding of any person to service or labor under the system known as peonage", [ 119 ] specifically banning "the voluntary or involuntary service or labor of any persons as peons, in liquidation of any debt or obligation, or otherwise." [ 120 ]
    • In 1939, the United States Department of Justice created the Civil Rights Section, which focused primarily on First Amendment and labor rights. [ 121 ] The increasing scrutiny of totalitarianism in the lead-up to World War II brought increased attention to issues of slavery and involuntary servitude, abroad and at home. [ 122 ] The U.S. sought to counter foreign propaganda and increase its credibility on the race issue by combatting the Southern peonage system. [ 123 ] Under the leadership of Attorney General Francis Biddle, the Civil Rights Section invoked the constitutional amendments and legislation of the Reconstruction Era as the basis for its actions. [ 124 ]
    • In 1947, the DOJ successfully prosecuted Elizabeth Ingalls for keeping domestic servant Dora L. Jones in conditions of slavery. The court found that Jones "was a person wholly subject to the will of defendant; that she was one who had no freedom of action and whose person and services were wholly under the control of defendant and who was in a state of enforced compulsory service to the defendant." [ 125 ] The Thirteenth Amendment enjoyed a swell of attention during this period, but from Brown v. Board of Education (1954) until Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. (1968) it was again eclipsed by the Fourteenth Amendment. [ 126 ]
    • Penal labor exemption
    • The Thirteenth Amendment exempts penal labor from its prohibition of forced labor. This allows prisoners who have been convicted of crimes (not those merely awaiting trial) to be required to perform labor or else face punishment while in custody. [ 127 ]
    • Map of states where obligatory prison labor is permitted in the state constitution as of November 2022 [ 128 ] permitted
    • forbidden
    • no mention in constitution
    • Few records of the committee's deliberations during the drafting of the Thirteenth Amendment survive, and the debate that followed both in Congress and in the state legislatures featured almost no discussion of this provision. It was apparently considered noncontroversial at the time, or at least legislators gave it little thought. [ 127 ] The drafters based the amendment's phrasing on the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which features an identical exception. [ 127 ] Thomas Jefferson authored an early version of that ordinance's anti-slavery clause, including the exception of punishment for a crime, and also sought to prohibit slavery in general after 1800. Jefferson was an admirer of the works of Italian criminologist Cesare Beccaria. [ 127 ] Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishments suggested that the death penalty should be abolished and replaced with a lifetime of enslavement for the worst criminals; Jefferson likely included the clause due to his agreement with Beccaria. Beccaria, while attempting to reduce "legal barbarism" of the 1700s, considered forced labor one of the few harsh punishments acceptable; for example, he advocated slave labor as a just punishment for robbery, so that the thief's labor could be used to pay recompense to their victims and to society. [ 129 ] Penal "hard labor" has ancient origins, and was adopted early in American history (as in Europe) often as a substitute for capital or corporal punishment. [ 130 ]
    • Various commentators have accused states of abusing this provision to re-establish systems similar to slavery, [ 131 ] or of otherwise exploiting such labor in a manner unfair to local labor. The Black Codes in the South criminalized "vagrancy", which was largely enforced against freed slaves. Later, convict lease programs in the South allowed local plantations to rent inexpensive prisoner labor. [ 132 ] While many of these programs have been phased out (leasing of convicts was forbidden by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1941), prison labor continues in the U.S. under a variety of justifications. Prison labor programs vary widely; some are uncompensated prison maintenance tasks, some are for local government maintenance tasks, some are for local businesses, and others are closer to internships. Modern rationales for prison labor programs often include reduction of recidivism and re-acclimation to society; the idea is that such labor programs will make it easier for the prisoner upon release to find gainful employment rather than relapse to criminality. However, this topic is not well-studied, and much of the work offered is so menial as to be unlikely to improve employment prospects. [ 133 ] As of 2017, most prison labor programs do compensate prisoners, but generally with very low wages. What wages they do earn are often heavily garnished, with as much as 80% of a prisoner's paycheck withheld in the harshest cases. [ 134 ]
    • In 2018, artist and entertainer Kanye West advocated for repealing the Thirteenth Amendment's exception for penal labor in a meeting with President Donald Trump, calling the exception a "trap door". [ 135 ] In late 2020, Senator Jeff Merkley (D-OR) and Representative William Lacy Clay (D-MO) introduced a resolution to create a new amendment to close this loophole. [ 136 ] [ 137 ]
    • Judicial interpretation
    • In contrast to the other "Reconstruction Amendments", the Thirteenth Amendment was rarely cited in later case law. As historian Amy Dru Stanley summarizes, "beyond a handful of landmark rulings striking down debt peonage, flagrant involuntary servitude, and some instances of race-based violence and discrimination, the Thirteenth Amendment has never been a potent source of rights claims." [ 138 ] [ 139 ]
    • Black slaves and their descendants
    • United States v. Rhodes (1866), [ 140 ] one of the first Thirteenth Amendment cases, tested the constitutionality of provisions in the Civil Rights Act of 1866 that granted blacks redress in the federal courts. Kentucky law prohibited blacks from testifying against whites'--an arrangement which compromised the ability of Nancy Talbot ("a citizen of the United States of the African race") to reach justice against a white person accused of robbing her. After Talbot attempted to try the case in federal court, the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled this federal option unconstitutional. Noah Swayne (a Supreme Court justice sitting on the Kentucky Circuit Court) overturned the Kentucky decision, holding that without the material enforcement provided by the Civil Rights Act, slavery would not truly be abolished. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] With In Re Turner (1867), Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase ordered freedom for Elizabeth Turner, a former slave in Maryland who became indentured to her former master. [ 143 ]
    • In Blyew v. United States, (1872) [ 144 ] the Supreme Court heard another Civil Rights Act case relating to federal courts in Kentucky. John Blyew and George Kennard were white men visiting the cabin of a black family, the Fosters. Blyew apparently became angry with sixteen-year-old Richard Foster and hit him twice in the head with an ax. Blyew and Kennard killed Richard's parents, Sallie and Jack Foster, and his blind grandmother, Lucy Armstrong. They severely wounded the Fosters' two young daughters. Kentucky courts would not allow the Foster children to testify against Blyew and Kennard. Federal courts, authorized by the Civil Rights Act, found Blyew and Kennard guilty of murder. The Supreme Court ruled that the Foster children did not have standing in federal courts because only living people could take advantage of the Act. In doing so, the Courts effectively ruled that the Thirteenth Amendment did not permit a federal remedy in murder cases. Swayne and Joseph P. Bradley dissented, maintaining that in order to have meaningful effects, the Thirteenth Amendment would have to address systemic racial oppression. [ 145 ]
    • The Blyew case set a precedent in state and federal courts that led to the erosion of Congress's Thirteenth Amendment powers. The Supreme Court continued along this path in the Slaughter-House Cases (1873), which upheld a state-sanctioned monopoly of white butchers. In United States v. Cruikshank (1876), the Court ignored Thirteenth Amendment dicta from a circuit court decision to exonerate perpetrators of the Colfax massacre and invalidate the Enforcement Act of 1870. [ 113 ]
    • John Marshall Harlan became known as "The Great Dissenter" for his minority opinions favoring powerful Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. [ 146 ] The Thirteenth Amendment is not solely a ban on chattel slavery; it also covers a much broader array of labor arrangements and social deprivations. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] As the U.S. Supreme Court explicated in the Slaughter-House Cases with respect to the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendment, and the Thirteenth Amendment in particular:
    • Undoubtedly while negro slavery alone was in the mind of the Congress which proposed the thirteenth article, it forbids any other kind of slavery, now or hereafter. If Mexican peonage or the Chinese coolie labor system shall develop slavery of the Mexican or Chinese race within our territory, this amendment may safely be trusted to make it void. And so if other rights are assailed by the States which properly and necessarily fall within the protection of these articles, that protection will apply, though the party interested may not be of African descent. But what we do say, and what we wish to be understood is, that in any fair and just construction of any section or phrase of these amendments, it is necessary to look to the purpose which we have said was the pervading spirit of them all, the evil which they were designed to remedy, and the process of continued addition to the Constitution, until that purpose was supposed to be accomplished, as far as constitutional law can accomplish it. [ 149 ]
    • In the Civil Rights Cases (1883), [ 150 ] the Supreme Court reviewed five consolidated cases dealing with the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which outlawed racial discrimination at "inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement". The Court ruled that the Thirteenth Amendment did not ban most forms of racial discrimination by non-government actors. In the majority decision, Bradley wrote (again in non-binding dicta) that the Thirteenth Amendment empowered Congress to attack "badges and incidents of slavery". However, he distinguished between "fundamental rights" of citizenship, protected by the Thirteenth Amendment, and the "social rights of men and races in the community". [ 152 ] The majority opinion held that "it would be running the slavery argument into the ground to make it apply to every act of discrimination which a person may see fit to make as to guests he will entertain, or as to the people he will take into his coach or cab or car; or admit to his concert or theatre, or deal with in other matters of intercourse or business." [ 153 ] In his solitary dissent, John Marshall Harlan (a Kentucky lawyer who changed his mind about civil rights law after witnessing organized racist violence) argued that "such discrimination practiced by corporations and individuals in the exercise of their public or quasi-public functions is a badge of servitude, the imposition of which congress may prevent under its power." [ 154 ]
    • The Court in the Civil Rights Cases also held that appropriate legislation under the amendment could go beyond nullifying state laws establishing or upholding slavery, because the amendment "has a reflex character also, establishing and decreeing universal civil and political freedom throughout the United States" and thus Congress was empowered "to pass all laws necessary and proper for abolishing all badges and incidents of slavery in the United States." [ 150 ] The Court stated about the amendment's scope:
    • This amendment, as well as the Fourteenth, is undoubtedly self-executing, without any ancillary legislation, so far as its terms are applicable to any existing state of circumstances. By its own unaided force and effect, it abolished slavery and established universal freedom. Still, legislation may be necessary and proper to meet all the various cases and circumstances to be affected by it, and to prescribe proper modes of redress for its violation in letter or spirit. And such legislation may be primary and direct in its character, for the amendment is not a mere prohibition of State laws establishing or upholding slavery, but an absolute declaration that slavery or involuntary servitude shall not exist in any part of the United States. [ 150 ]
    • Attorneys in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) [ 155 ] argued that racial segregation involved "observances of a servile character coincident with the incidents of slavery", in violation of the Thirteenth Amendment. In their brief to the Supreme Court, Plessy's lawyers wrote that "distinction of race and caste" was inherently unconstitutional. [ 156 ] The Supreme Court rejected this reasoning and upheld state laws enforcing segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. In the (7''1) majority decision, the Court found that "a statute which implies merely a legal distinction between the white and colored races'--a distinction which is founded on the color of the two races and which must always exist so long as white men are distinguished from the other race by color'--has no tendency to destroy the legal equality of the two races, or reestablish a state of involuntary servitude." Harlan dissented, writing: "The thin disguise of 'equal' accommodations for passengers in railroad coaches will not mislead anyone, nor, atone for the wrong this day done." [ 158 ]
    • In Robertson v. Baldwin, 165 U.S. 275 (1897) the Court laid out the scope and exceptions of the Thirteenth Amendment:
    • The prohibition of slavery in the Thirteenth Amendment is well known to have been adopted with reference to a state of affairs which had existed in certain states of the Union since the foundation of the government, while the addition of the words "involuntary servitude" were said, in the Slaughter-House Cases, 16 Wall. 36, to have been intended to cover the system of Mexican peonage and the Chinese coolie trade, the practical operation of which might have been a revival of the institution of slavery under a different and less offensive name. It is clear, however, that the amendment was not intended to introduce any novel doctrine with respect to certain descriptions of service which have always been treated as exceptional, such as military and naval enlistments, or to disturb the right of parents and guardians to the custody of their minor children or wards. The amendment, however, makes no distinction between a public and a private service. To say that persons engaged in a public service are not within the amendment is to admit that there are exceptions to its general language, and the further question is at once presented, where shall the line be drawn? We know of no better answer to make than to say that services which have from time immemorial been treated as exceptional shall not be regarded as within its purview. [ 159 ]
    • In Hodges v. United States (1906), [ 160 ] the Court struck down a federal statute providing for the punishment of two or more people who "conspire to injure, oppress, threaten or intimidate any citizen in the free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to him by the Constitution or laws of the United States". A group of white men in Arkansas conspired to violently prevent eight black workers from performing their jobs at a lumber mill; the group was convicted by a federal grand jury. The Supreme Court ruled that the federal statute, which outlawed conspiracies to deprive citizens of their liberty, was not authorized by the Thirteenth Amendment. It held that "no mere personal assault or trespass or appropriation operates to reduce the individual to a condition of slavery." Harlan dissented, maintaining his opinion that the Thirteenth Amendment should protect freedom beyond "physical restraint". [ 161 ] Corrigan v. Buckley (1922) reaffirmed the interpretation from Hodges, finding that the amendment does not apply to restrictive covenants.
    • Enforcement of federal civil rights law in the South created numerous peonage cases, which slowly traveled up through the judiciary. The Supreme Court ruled in Clyatt v. United States (1905) that peonage was involuntary servitude. It held that although employers sometimes described their workers' entry into contract as voluntary, the servitude of peonage was always (by definition) involuntary. [ 162 ]
    • In Bailey v. Alabama the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed its holding that the Thirteenth Amendment is not solely a ban on chattel slavery, it also covers a much broader array of labor arrangements and social deprivations. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] In addition to the aforesaid the Court also ruled on Congress enforcement power under the Thirteenth Amendment. The Court said:
    • The plain intention [of the amendment] was to abolish slavery of whatever name and form and all its badges and incidents; to render impossible any state of bondage; to make labor free, by prohibiting that control by which the personal service of one man is disposed of or coerced for another's benefit, which is the essence of involuntary servitude. While the Amendment was self-executing, so far as its terms were applicable to any existing condition, Congress was authorized to secure its complete enforcement by appropriate legislation. [ 163 ]
    • Jones and beyond
    • Legal histories cite Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. (1968) as a turning point of Thirteen Amendment jurisprudence. [ 164 ] [ 165 ] The Supreme Court confirmed in Jones that Congress may act "rationally" to prevent private actors from imposing "badges and incidents of servitude". [ 164 ] [ 166 ] The Joneses were a black couple in St. Louis County, Missouri, who sued a real estate company for refusing to sell them a house. The Court held:
    • Congress has the power under the Thirteenth Amendment rationally to determine what are the badges and the incidents of slavery, and the authority to translate that determination into effective legislation. ... this Court recognized long ago that, whatever else they may have encompassed, the badges and incidents of slavery'--its "burdens and disabilities"'--included restraints upon "those fundamental rights which are the essence of civil freedom, namely, the same right ... to inherit, purchase, lease, sell and convey property, as is enjoyed by white citizens." Civil Rights Cases, 109 U. S. 3, 109 U. S. 22. [ 167 ]
    • Just as the Black Codes, enacted after the Civil War to restrict the free exercise of those rights, were substitutes for the slave system, so the exclusion of Negroes from white communities became a substitute for the Black Codes. And when racial discrimination herds men into ghettos and makes their ability to buy property turn on the color of their skin, then it too is a relic of slavery.
    • Negro citizens, North and South, who saw in the Thirteenth Amendment a promise of freedom'--freedom to "go and come at pleasure" and to "buy and sell when they please"'--would be left with "a mere paper guarantee" if Congress were powerless to assure that a dollar in the hands of a Negro will purchase the same thing as a dollar in the hands of a white man. At the very least, the freedom that Congress is empowered to secure under the Thirteenth Amendment includes the freedom to buy whatever a white man can buy, the right to live wherever a white man can live. If Congress cannot say that being a free man means at least this much, then the Thirteenth Amendment made a promise the Nation cannot keep. [ 168 ]
    • The Court in Jones reopened the issue of linking racism in contemporary society to the history of slavery in the United States. [ 169 ]
    • The Jones precedent has been used to justify Congressional action to protect migrant workers and target sex trafficking. [ 170 ] The direct enforcement power found in the Thirteenth Amendment contrasts with that of the Fourteenth, which allows only responses to institutional discrimination of state actors. [ 171 ] The Supreme Court in Jones stated with respect to the reach of the Thirteenth Amendment: "The Thirteenth Amendment "is not a mere prohibition of State laws establishing or upholding slavery, but an absolute declaration that slavery or involuntary servitude shall not exist in any part of the United States." Civil Rights Cases, 109 U. S. 3, 109 U. S. 20. It has never been doubted, therefore, "that the power vested in Congress to enforce the article by appropriate legislation," ibid., includes the power to enact laws "direct and primary, operating upon the acts of individuals, whether sanctioned by State legislation or not." Id. at 109 U. S. 23." [ 172 ]
    • Other cases of involuntary servitude
    • The Supreme Court has taken an especially narrow view of involuntary servitude claims made by people not descended from black (African) slaves. In Robertson v. Baldwin (1897), a group of merchant seamen challenged federal statutes which criminalized a seaman's failure to complete their contractual term of service. The Court ruled that seamen's contracts had been considered unique from time immemorial, and that "the amendment was not intended to introduce any novel doctrine with respect to certain descriptions of service which have always been treated as exceptional." In this case, as in numerous "badges and incidents" cases, Justice Harlan authored a dissent favoring broader Thirteenth Amendment protections. [ 173 ]
    • In Selective Draft Law Cases, [ 174 ] the Supreme Court ruled that the military draft was not "involuntary servitude". In United States v. Kozminski, [ 175 ] the Supreme Court ruled that the Thirteenth Amendment did not prohibit compulsion of servitude through psychological coercion. [ 176 ] [ 177 ] Kozminski defined involuntary servitude for purposes of criminal prosecution as "a condition of servitude in which the victim is forced to work for the defendant by the use or threat of physical restraint or physical injury or by the use or threat of coercion through law or the legal process. This definition encompasses cases in which the defendant holds the victim in servitude by placing him or her in fear of such physical restraint or injury or legal coercion." [ 175 ]
    • The U.S. Courts of Appeals, in Immediato v. Rye Neck School District, Herndon v. Chapel Hill, and Steirer v. Bethlehem School District, have ruled that the use of community service as a high school graduation requirement did not violate the Thirteenth Amendment. [ 178 ]
    • Prior proposed Thirteenth Amendments
    • During the six decades following the 1804 ratification of the Twelfth Amendment two proposals to amend the Constitution were adopted by Congress and sent to the states for ratification. Neither has been ratified by the number of states necessary to become part of the Constitution. Each is referred to as Article Thirteen, as was the successful Thirteenth Amendment, in the joint resolution passed by Congress.
    • The Titles of Nobility Amendment (pending before the states since May 1, 1810) would, if ratified, strip citizenship from any United States citizen who accepts a title of nobility or honor from a foreign country without the consent of Congress. [ 179 ] The Corwin Amendment (pending before the states since March 2, 1861) would, if ratified, shield "domestic institutions" of the states (in 1861 this was a common euphemism for slavery) from the constitutional amendment process and from abolition or interference by Congress. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] See also
    • Crittenden CompromiseEnd of slavery in the United StatesHistory of unfree labor in the United StatesHistory of slavery in the United States by stateList of amendments to the United States ConstitutionMarriage of enslaved people (United States)National Freedom DaySlave Trade ActsSlavery Abolition Act 1833 in the United KingdomUnited States labor lawFilms
    • 13th, a 2016 documentary on the Thirteenth AmendmentLincoln, 2012 filmReferences
    • Citations
    • ^ "13th Amendment". Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. November 20, 2012 . Retrieved November 30, 2012 . ^ Kenneth M. Stampp (1980). The Imperiled Union:Essays on the Background of the Civil War. Oxford University Press. p. 85. ISBN 9780199878529. ^ Allain, 2012, pp. 116-117 ^ Allain, 2012, pp. 119-120 ^ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), p. 14. ^ Foner, 2010, pp. 20''22 ^ Vile, John R., ed. (2003). "Thirteenth Amendment". Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues: 1789''2002. ABC-CLIO. pp. 449''52. ^ a b Goodwin, 2005, p. 123 ^ Foner, 2010, p. 59 ^ "The Gathering Storm: The Secession Crisis". American Battlefield Trust. April 4, 2017 . Retrieved July 4, 2020 . ^ "The Emancipation Proclamation". National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved June 27, 2013 . ^ Lind, Michael, What Lincoln believed. The Values and Convictions of America's Greatest President (2004). Anchor Books, a division of Random House, Inc. New York ISBN 1-4000-3073-0, 978-1-4000-3073-6. Chapter Six Race and Restoration, pp. 205-212. ^ McPherson, 1988, p. 558 ^ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 47. ^ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 48''51. ^ Leonard L. Richards, Who Freed the Slaves?: The Fight over the Thirteenth Amendment (2015) excerpt ^ "James Ashley". Ohio History Central. Ohio Historical Society. ^ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), (2001), pp. 38''42. ^ Stanley, "Instead of Waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment" (2010), pp. 741''742. ^ Michigan State Historical Society (1901). Historical collections. Michigan Historical Commission. p. 582 . Retrieved December 5, 2012 . ^ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), pp. 52''53. "Sumner made his intentions clearer on February 8, when he introduced his constitutional amendment to the Senate and asked that it be referred to his new committee. So desperate was he to make his amendment the final version that he challenged the well-accepted custom of sending proposed amendments to the Judiciary Committee. His Republican colleagues would hear nothing of it. ^ "Congressional Proposals and Senate Passage" Archived November 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Harpers Weekly, The Creation of the 13th Amendment, Retrieved Feb 15, 2007 ^ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 53. "It was no coincidence that Trumbull's announcement came only two days after Sumner had proposed his amendment making all persons 'equal before the law'. The Massachusetts senator had spurred the committee into final action." ^ "Northwest Ordinance; July 13, 1787". Avalon Project. Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School . Retrieved February 17, 2014 . ^ a b c d McAward, Jennifer Mason (November 2012). "McCulloch and the Thirteenth Amendment". Columbia Law Review. 112 (7). Columbia Law School: 1769''1809. JSTOR 41708164. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Pdf. ^ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 54. "Although it made Henderson's amendment the foundation of the final amendment, the committee rejected an article in Henderson's version that allowed the amendment to be adopted by the approval of only a simple majority in Congress and the ratification of only two-thirds of the states." ^ "Voteview | Plot Vote: 38th Congress > Senate > 134". voteview.com . Retrieved January 7, 2023 . ^ Goodwin, 2005, p. 686 ^ Goodwin, 2005, pp. 624''25 ^ Foner, 2010, p. 299 ^ Goodwin, 2005, p. 639 ^ Benedict, "Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment" (2012), p. 179. ^ Benedict, "Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment" (2012), p. 179''180. Benedict quotes Senator Garrett Davis: "there is a boundary between the power of revolution and the power of amendment, which the latter, as established in our Constitution, cannot pass; and that if the proposed change is revolutionary it would be null and void, notwithstanding it might be formally adopted." The full text of Davis's speech, with comments from others, appears in Great Debates in American History (1918), ed. Marion Mills Miller. ^ a b Colbert, "Liberating the Thirteenth Amendment" (1995), pp. 10''11. ^ Benedict, "Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment" (2012), p. 182. ^ tenBroek, Jacobus (June 1951). "Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States: Consummation to Abolition and Key to the Fourteenth Amendment". California Law Review. 39 (2): 180. doi:10.2307/3478033. JSTOR 3478033. It would make it possible for white citizens to exercise their constitutional right under the comity clause to reside in Southern states regardless of their opinions. It would carry out the constitutional declaration "that each citizen of the United States shall have equal privileges in every other state". It would protect citizens in their rights under the First Amendment and comity clause to freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion and freedom of assembly [permanent dead link ] Preview. ^ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 61. ^ a b Trelease, White Terror (1971), p. xvii. "Negroes wanted the same freedom that white men enjoyed, with equal prerogatives and opportunities. The educated black minority emphasized civil and political rights more than the masses, who called most of all for land and schools. In an agrarian society, the only kind most of them knew, landownership was associated with freedom, respectability, and the good life. It was almost universally desired by Southern blacks, as it was by landless peasants the world over. Give us our land and we can take care of ourselves, said a group of South Carolina Negroes to a Northern journalist in 1865; without land the old masters can hire us or starve us as they please." ^ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 73. "The first notable convert was Representative James Brooks of New York, who, on the floor of Congress on February 18, 1864, declared that slavery was dying if not already dead, and that his party should stop defending the institution." ^ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 74. "The antislavery amendment caught Johnson's eye, however, because it offered an indisputable constitutional solution to the problem of slavery." ^ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 203. ^ "The Reputation of Abraham Lincoln". C-SPAN.org. ^ Foner, 2010, pp. 312''14 ^ Donald, 1996, p. 396 ^ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 48. "The president worried that an abolition amendment might foul the political waters. The amendments he had recommended in December 1862 had gone nowhere, mainly because they reflected an outdated program of gradual emancipation, which included compensation and colonization. Moreover, Lincoln knew that he did not have to propose amendments because others more devoted to abolition would, especially if he pointed out the vulnerability of existing emancipation legislation. He was also concerned about negative reactions from conservatives, particularly potential new recruits from the Democrats." ^ Willis, John C. "Republican Party Platform, 1864". University of the South. Archived from the original on March 29, 2013 . Retrieved June 28, 2013 . Resolved, That as slavery was the cause, and now constitutes the strength of this Rebellion, and as it must be, always and everywhere, hostile to the principles of Republican Government, justice and the National safety demand its utter and complete extirpation from the soil of the Republic; and that, while we uphold and maintain the acts and proclamations by which the Government, in its own defense, has aimed a deathblow at this gigantic evil, we are in favor, furthermore, of such an amendment to the Constitution, to be made by the people in conformity with its provisions, as shall terminate and forever prohibit the existence of Slavery within the limits of the jurisdiction of the United States. ^ "1864: The Civil War Election". Get Out the Vote. Cornell University. 2004 . Retrieved June 28, 2013 . Despite internal Party conflicts, Republicans rallied around a platform that supported restoration of the Union and the abolition of slavery. ^ Goodwin, 2005, pp. 686''87 ^ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 176''177, 180. ^ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 178. ^ Foner, 2010, pp. 312''13 ^ Goodwin, 2005, p. 687 ^ Goodwin, 2005, pp. 687''689 ^ Donald, 1996, p. 554 ^ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 187. "But the clearest sign of the people's voice against slavery, argued amendment supporters, was the recent election. Following Lincoln's lead, Republican representatives like Godlove S. Orth of Indiana claimed that the vote represented a 'popular verdict ... in unmistakable language' in favor of the amendment." ^ Goodwin, 2005, p. 688 ^ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 191. "The necessity of keeping support for the amendment broad enough to secure its passage created a strange situation. At the moment that Republicans were promoting new, far-reaching legislation for African Americans, they had to keep this legislation detached from the first constitutional amendment dealing exclusively with African American freedom. Republicans thus gave freedom under the antislavery amendment a vague construction: freedom was something more than the absence of chattel slavery but less than absolute equality." ^ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), pp. 191''192. "One of the most effective methods used by amendment supporters to convey the measure's conservative character was to proclaim the permanence of patriarchal power within the American family in the face of this or any textual change to the Constitution. In response to Democrats who charged that the antislavery was but the first step in a Republican design to dissolve all of society's foundations, including the hierarchical structure of the family, the Iowa Republican John A. Kasson denied any desire to interfere with 'the rights of a husband to a wife' or 'the right of [a] father to his child'." ^ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), pp. 197''198. ^ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 198. "It was at this point that the president wheeled into action on behalf of the Amendment [...] Now he became more forceful. To one representative whose brother had died in the war, Lincoln said, 'your brother died to save the Republic from death by the slaveholders' rebellion. I wish you could see it to be your duty to vote for the Constitutional amendment ending slavery. ' " ^ "TO PASS S.J. RES. 16. (P. 531-2)". GovTrack.us. ^ Foner, 2010, p. 313 ^ Foner, 2010, p. 314 ^ McPherson, 1988, p. 840 ^ Harrison, "Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments" (2001), p. 389. "For reasons that have never been entirely clear, the amendment was presented to the President pursuant to Article I, Section 7, of the Constitution, and signed. ^ "Joint Resolution Submitting 13th Amendment to the States; signed by Abraham Lincoln and Congress". The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress. Series 3. General Correspondence. 1837''1897. February 1, 1865. Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. ^ Thorpe, Constitutional History (1901), p. 154. "But many held that the President's signature was not essential to an act of this kind, and, on the fourth of February, Senator Trumbull offered a resolution, which was agreed to three days later, that the approval was not required by the Constitution; 'that it was contrary to the early decision of the Senate and of the Supreme Court; and that the negative of the President applying only to the ordinary cases of legislation, he had nothing to do with propositions to amend the Constitution. ' " ^ Thorpe, Constitutional History (1901), p. 154. "The President signed the joint resolution on the first of February. Somewhat curiously the signing has only one precedent, and that was in spirit and purpose the complete antithesis of the present act. President Buchanan had signed the proposed amendment of 1861, which would make slavery national and perpetual." ^ Lincoln's struggle to get the amendment through Congress, while bringing the war to an end, is portrayed in Lincoln. ^ Harrison (2001), Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments, p. 390. ^ Samuel Eliot Morison (1965). The Oxford History of the American People . Oxford University Press. p. 710. ^ Harrison, "Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments" (2001), pp. 394''397. ^ Eric L. McKitrick (1960). Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction. U. Chicago Press. p. 178. ISBN 9780195057072. ^ Clara Mildred Thompson (1915). Reconstruction in Georgia: economic, social, political, 1865''1872. Columbia University Press. p. 156. ^ Vorenberg (2001), Final Freedom, pp. 227''228. ^ a b Vorenberg (2001), Final Freedom, p. 229. ^ Du Bois (1935), Black Reconstruction, p. 208. ^ Thorpe (1901), Constitutional History, p. 210. ^ Tsesis (2004), The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom, p. 48. ^ a b U.S. Government Printing Office, 112th Congress, 2nd Session, SENATE DOCUMENT No. 112''9 (2013). "The Constitution of the United States Of America Analysis And Interpretation Centennial Edition Interim Edition: Analysis Of Cases Decided By The Supreme Court Of The United States To June 26, 2013s" (PDF) . p. 30 . Retrieved February 17, 2014 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Seward certificate proclaiming the Thirteenth Amendment to have been adopted as part of the Constitution as of December 6, 1865. ^ Vorenberg (2001), Final Freedom, p. 232. ^ Kocher, Greg (February 23, 2013). "Kentucky supported Lincoln's efforts to abolish slavery'--111 years late". Lexington Herald-Leader. Archived from the original on February 20, 2014 . Retrieved February 17, 2014 . ^ Ben Waldron (February 18, 2013). "Mississippi Officially Abolishes Slavery, Ratifies 13th Amendment". ABC News. Archived from the original on June 27, 2013 . Retrieved April 23, 2013 . ^ Greene, Jamal; Mason McAward, Jennifer. "Constitutional Law. Thirteenth Amendment". National Constitution Center. 55. doi:10.2307/1071811. JSTOR 1071811 . Retrieved July 4, 2020 . ^ Lowell Harrison & James C. Klotter, A New History of Kentucky, University Press of Kentucky, 1997; p. 180; ISBN 9780813126210 ^ a b Forehand, "Striking Resemblance" (1996), p. 82. ^ Hornsby, Alan, ed. (2011). "Delaware". Black America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 139. ISBN 9781573569767. ^ Neil P. Chatelain (July 10, 2018). "Beyond the 13th Amendment: Ending Slavery in the Indian Territory". ^ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), pp. 17 & 34. ^ "The Thirteenth Amendment", Primary Documents in American History, Library of Congress. Retrieved Feb 15, 2007 ^ Nelson, William E. (1988). The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine. Harvard University Press. p. 47. ISBN 9780674041424 . Retrieved June 6, 2013 . ^ J. J. Gries to the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, quoted in Du Bois, Black Reconstruction (1935), p. 140. ^ Du Bois, Black Reconstruction (1935), p. 188. ^ Quoted in Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 244. ^ Trelease, White Terror (1971), p. xviii. "The truth seems to be that, after a brief exulation with the idea of freedom, Negroes realized that their position was hardly changed; they continued to live and work much as they had before." ^ Stromberg, "A Plain Folk Perspective" (2002), p. 111. ^ Novak, Wheel of Servitude (1978), p. 2. ^ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), pp. 51''52. ^ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), pp. 230''231. "The black codes were a violation of freedom of contract, one of the civil rights that Republicans expected to flow from the amendment. Because South Carolina and other states anticipated that congressional Republicans would try to use the Thirteenth Amendment to outlaw the codes, they made the preemptive strike of declaring in their ratification resolutions that Congress could not use the amendment's second clause to legislate on freed people's civil rights." ^ Benjamin Ginsberg, Moses of South Carolina: A Jewish Scalawag during Radical Reconstruction; Johns Hopkins Press, 2010; pp. 44''46. ^ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), p. 50. ^ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), p. 51. ^ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), pp. 233''234. ^ W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Freedmen's Bureau", The Atlantic, March 1901. ^ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), pp. 50''51. "Blacks applied to local provost marshalls and Freedmen's Bureau for help against these child abductions, particularly in those cases where children were taken from living parents. Jack Prince asked for help when a woman bound his maternal niece. Sally Hunter requested assistance to obtain the release of her two nieces. Bureau officials finally put an end to the system of indenture in 1867." ^ Forehand, "Striking Resemblance" (1996), p. 99''100, 105. ^ a b Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), p. 66''67. ^ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), pp. 56''57, 60''61. "If the Republicans had hoped to gradually use Section 2 of the Thirteenth Amendment to pass Reconstruction legislation, they would soon learn that President Johnson, using his veto power, would make increasingly more difficult the passage of any measure augmenting the power of the national government. Further, with time, even leading antislavery Republicans would become less adamant and more willing to reconcile with the South than protect the rights of the newly freed. This was clear by the time Horace Greely accepted the Democratic nomination for president in 1872 and even more when President Rutherford B. Hayes entered the Compromise of 1877, agreeing to withdraw federal troops from the South." ^ Tobias Barrington Wolff (May 2002). "Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy". Columbia Law Review. 102 (4). p. 981 in 973-1050. doi:10.2307/1123649. JSTOR 1123649. S2CID 155279033. Peonage was a system of forced labor that depended upon the indebtedness of a worker, rather than an actual property right in a slave, as the means of compelling work. A prospective employer would offer a laborer a "loan" or "advance" on his wages, typically as a condition of employment, and then use the newly created debt to compel the worker to remain on the job for as long as the employer wished. ^ a b Wolff (2002). "The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy". Columbia Law Review. 102 (4). p. 982(?). doi:10.2307/1123649. JSTOR 1123649. S2CID 155279033. Not surprisingly, employers used peonage arrangements primarily in industries that involved hazardous working conditions and very low pay. While black workers were not the exclusive victims of peonage arrangements in America, they suffered under its yoke in vastly disproportionate numbers. Along with Jim Crow laws that segregated transportation and public facilities, these laws helped to restrict the movement of freed black workers and thereby keep them in a state of poverty and vulnerability. ^ Wolff (May 2002). "The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy". Columbia Law Review. 102 (4). p. 982. doi:10.2307/1123649. JSTOR 1123649. S2CID 155279033. Legally sanctioned peonage arrangements blossomed in the South following the Civil War and continued into the twentieth century. According to the Professor Jacqueline Jones, 'perhaps as many as one-third of all [sharecropping farmers] in Alabama, Mississippi, and Georgia were being held against their will in 1900. ^ Wolff, "The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy" (May 2002), p. 982. "It did not recognize a property right in a human being (a peon could not be sold in the manner of a slave); and the condition of peonage did not work 'corruption of blood' and travel to the children of the worker. Peonage, in short, was not chattel slavery. Yet the practice unquestionably reproduced many of the immediate practical realities of slavery'--a vast underclass of laborers, held to their jobs by force of law and threat of imprisonment, with few if any opportunities for escape." ^ Goluboff, "Lost Origins of Civil Rights" (2001), p. 1638. ^ Soifer, "Prohibition of Voluntary Peonage" (2012), p. 1617. ^ Goluboff, "Lost Origins of Civil Rights" (2001), p. 1616. ^ Goluboff, "Lost Origins of Civil Rights" (2001), pp. 1619''1621. ^ Goluboff, "Lost Origins of Civil Rights" (2001), pp. 1626''1628. ^ Goluboff, "Lost Origins of Civil Rights" (2001), pp. 1629, 1635. ^ Goluboff, "Lost Origins of Civil Rights" (2001), p. 1668. ^ Goluboff, "Lost Origins of Civil Rights", pp. 1680''1683. ^ a b c d Howe, Scott (2009). "Slavery as Punishment: Original Public Meaning, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, and the Neglected Clause in the Thirteenth Amendment". Arizona Law Review. 51 (4): 983 . Retrieved December 28, 2017 . ^ Radde, Kaitlyn (November 17, 2022). "Louisiana voters rejected an antislavery ballot measure. The reasons are complicated". NPR. ^ Beccaria, Cesare (1764). On Crimes and Punishments. ^ Weiss, Robert P. (2005). "Hard Labor". In Bosworth, Mary (ed.). Encyclopedia of Prisons and Correctional Facilities. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781506320397. ^ Ajunwa, Ifeoma; Onwuachi-Willig, Angela (2018). "Combating Discrimination Against the Formerly Incarcerated in the Labor Market". Northwestern University Law Review. 112 (6): 1407 . Retrieved February 24, 2020 . ^ Benns, Whitney (September 21, 2015). "American Slavery, Reinvented". The Atlantic. ^ "Prison labour is a billion-dollar industry, with uncertain returns for inmates". The Economist. ^ Chandra Bozelko (January 11, 2017). "Give Working Prisoners Dignity'--and Decent Wages". National Review. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. ^ Nilsen, Ella (October 11, 2018). "Kanye West's meeting with President Trump turned into an extended rant on mental health and the 13th Amendment". Vox . Retrieved October 27, 2018 . ^ Axelrod, Tal (December 2, 2020). "Democrats introduce legislation to strike slavery exception in 13th Amendment". The Hill. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022 . Retrieved December 4, 2020 . ^ Jeff Merkley and William Lacy Clay Lacy. "116th Congress 2nd Session Joint Resolution The Abolition Amendment by Senator Jeff Merkley (D-Oregon) and Representative William Lacy Clay Lacy Clay (D-Missouri)" (PDF) . www.merkley.senate.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2022 . Retrieved March 6, 2023 . ^ Amy Dru Stanley (June 2010). "Instead of Waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment: The War Power, Slave Marriage, and Inviolate Human Rights". American Historical Review. 115 (3): 735. ^ Kenneth L. Karst (January 1, 2000). "Thirteenth Amendment (Judicial Interpretation)". Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. Archived from the original on March 28, 2015 . Retrieved June 16, 2013 . ^ "United States v Rhodes, 27 f Cas 785 (1866)". August 19, 2011. Archived from the original on August 19, 2011. ^ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), pp. 62''63. ^ Seth P. Waxman (2000). "Twins at Birth: Civil Rights and the Role of the Solicitor General". Indiana Law Journal. 75: 1302''1303. ^ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), pp. 63''64. ^ 80 U.S. 581 (1871) ^ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), pp. 64''66. ^ Waskey, Andrew J. (December 6, 2011). "John Marshall Harlan". In Wilson, Steven Harmon (ed.). The U.S. Justice System: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 547. ISBN 978-1-59884-305-7. ^ a b Maria L. Ontiveros, Professor of Law, University of San Francisco School of Law, and Joshua R. Drexler, J.D. Candidate, May 2008, University of San Francisco School of Law (July 21, 2008), The Thirteenth Amendment and Access to Education for Children of Undocumented Workers: A New Look at Plyler v. Doe'; Publisher: University of San Francisco Law Review, Volume 42, Spring 2008, Pages 1045''1076; here page 1058-1059. The article was developed from a working paper prepared for the roundtable, "The Education of All Our Children: The 25th Anniversary of Plyler v. Doe", sponsored by the Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Race, Ethnicity & Diversity (University of California, Berkeley, Boalt Hall School of Law), held on May 7, 2007. Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Jamal Greene (Dwight Professor of Law at Columbia Law School); ennifer Mason McAward (Associate Professor of Law and Director of Klau Center for Civil and Human Rights at the University of Notre Dame Law School). "Common Interpretation: The Thirteenth Amendment". The National Constitution Center. Archived from the original on July 15, 2020 . Retrieved July 19, 2020 . ^ The Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. (36 Wall.), at 72 (1873) ^ a b c Text of Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883) is available from: Findlaw Justia LII ^ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), p. 70. ^ Appleton's Annual Cyclop...dia and Register of Important Events of the Year ... D. Appleton & Company. 1888. p. 132 . Retrieved June 11, 2013 . ^ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), p. 73. ^ 163 U.S. 537 (1896) ^ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), p. 76. ^ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), p. 78. ^ Robertson v. Baldwin, 165 U.S. 275 (1897), at 282. ^ 203 U.S. 1 (1906) ^ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), p. 79''80. ^ Wolff, "The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy" (2002), p. 983. ^ Bailey v. Alabama, 219 U.S. 219, 241 (1910). ^ a b Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), p. 3. "After Reconstruction, however, a series of Supreme Court decisions substantially diminished the amendment's significance in achieving genuine liberation. The Court did not revisit the amendment's meaning until 1968, during the heyday of the Civil Rights Movement. In Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer, the Court found that the Thirteenth Amendment not only ended unrecompensed, forced labor but that its second section also empowered Congress to develop legislation that is 'rationally' related to ending any remaining 'badges and incidents of servitude'." ^ Colbert, "Liberating the Thirteenth Amendment" (1995), p. 2. ^ "Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 392 U.S. 409 (1968)". Legal Information Institute at Cornell University Law School . Retrieved October 22, 2015 . Syllabus: "[T]he badges and incidents of slavery that the Thirteenth Amendment empowered Congress to eliminate included restraints upon those fundamental rights which are the essence of civil freedom, namely, the same right ... to inherit, purchase, lease, sell and convey property, as is enjoyed by white citizens. Civil Rights Cases, 09 U.S. 3, 22. Insofar as Hodges v. United States, 203 U.S. 1, suggests a contrary holding, it is overruled." Footnote 78: "[W]e note that the entire Court [in the Civil Rights Cases; content added] agreed upon at least one proposition: the Thirteenth Amendment authorizes Congress not only to outlaw all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude, but also to eradicate the last vestiges and incidents of a society half slave and half free by securing to all citizens, of every race and color, the same right to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to inherit, purchase, lease, sell and convey property, as is enjoyed by white citizens. ... The conclusion of the majority in Hodges rested upon a concept of congressional power under the Thirteenth Amendment irreconcilable with the position taken by every member of this Court in the Civil Rights Cases and incompatible with the history and purpose of the Amendment itself. Insofar as Hodges is inconsistent with our holding today, it is hereby overruled." ^ 'Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409 (1968) ^ Shay, Alison (June 17, 2012). "Remembering Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co". Publishing the Long Civil Rights Movement. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. " ^ Colbert, "Liberating the Thirteenth Amendment" (1995), pp. 3''4. ^ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), p. 3. "The Court's holding in Jones enables Congress to pass statutes against present-day human rights violations, such as the trafficking of foreign workers as sex slaves and the exploitation of migrant agricultural workers as peons." ^ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), pp. 112''113. "... the Thirteenth Amendment remains the principal constitutional source requiring the federal government to protect individual liberties against arbitrary private and public infringements that resemble the incidents of involuntary servitude. Moreover, the Thirteenth Amendment is a positive injunction requiring Congress to pass laws to that end, while the Fourteenth Amendment is 'responsive' to 'unconstitutional behavior'." ^ "Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409 (1968), at 438". Justia US Supreme Court Center. Archived from the original on May 20, 2023 . Retrieved May 20, 2023 . ^ Wolff, "The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy" (2002), p. 977. ^ 245 U.S. 366 (1918) ^ a b 487 U.S. 931 (1988) ^ "Thirteenth Amendment'--Slavery and Involuntary Servitude" Archived February 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, GPO Access, U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 1557 ^ Risa Goluboff (2001), "The 13th Amendment and the Lost Origins of Civil Rights", Duke Law Journal, Vol 50, no. 228, p. 1609 ^ Loupe, Diane (August 2000). "Community Service: Mandatory or Voluntary?'--Industry Overview". School Administrator: 8. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. ^ Mark W. Podvia (2009). "Titles of Nobility". In David Andrew Schultz (ed.). Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution. Infobase. pp. 738''39. ISBN 9781438126777. ^ "Constitutional Amendments Not Ratified". United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012 . Retrieved November 21, 2013 . ^ Foner, 2010, p. 158 Bibliography
    • Allain, Jean, ed. (2012). The Legal Understanding of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199660469. Belz, Herman (1978). Emancipation and Equal Rights: Politics and Constitutionalism in the Civil War Era . New York: W. W. Norton. Benedict, Michael L. (2011). "Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment". Maryland Law Review. 71 (1). University of Maryland School of Law: 163''188. Pdf.Blackmon, Douglas A. (March 25, 2008). Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 9780385506250. Preview.Colbert, Douglas L. (Winter 1995). "Liberating the Thirteenth Amendment". Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review. 30 (1). Harvard Law School: 1''55. [permanent dead link ] Cramer, Clayton E. (1997). Black Demographic Data, 1790''1860: A Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313302435. Donald, David Herbert (1996). Lincoln. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780684825359. Preview.Du Bois, W.E.B. (1935). Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860''1880' . New York: Russell & Russell. OCLC 317424. Foner, Eric (2010). The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery. W. W. Norton. ISBN 9780393066180. Preview.Forehand, Beverly (1996). Striking Resemblance: Kentucky, Tennessee, Black Codes and Readjustment, 1865''1866 (Masters thesis). Western Kentucky University. Goluboff, Risa L. (April 2001). "The Thirteenth Amendment and the Lost Origins of Civil Rights". Duke Law Journal. 50 (6). Duke University School of Law: 1609''1685. doi:10.2307/1373044. JSTOR 1373044. Pdf.Goldstone, Lawrence (2011). Inherently Unequal: The Betrayal of Equal Rights by the Supreme Court, 1865''1903 . Walker & Company. ISBN 9780802717924. Preview.Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2005). Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln . Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780743270755. Preview.Harrison, John (Spring 2001). "The Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments". University of Chicago Law Review. 68 (2). University of Chicago Law School: 375''462. doi:10.2307/1600377. JSTOR 1600377. Heriot, Gail & Somin, Alison, Sleeping Giant?: Section Two of the Thirteenth Amendment, Hate Crimes Legislation, and Academia's Favorite New Vehicle for the Expansion of Federal Power, 13 Engage 31 (October 2012).Kachun, Mitch (2003). Festivals of Freedom: Memory and Meaning in African American Emancipation Celebrations, 1808''1915. Preview.Maltz, Earl M. (2009). Slavery and the Supreme Court, 1825-1861. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0700-61666-4. Preview.McAward, Jennifer Mason (2010). "The scope of Congress's Thirteenth Amendment enforcement power after City of Boerne v. Flores". Washington University Law Review. 88 (1). Washington University School of Law: 77''147. Pdf.Response to McAward: Tsesis, Alexander (2011). "Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment". Maryland Law Review. 71 (1). University of Maryland School of Law: 40''59. SSRN 1753224. Pdf.Response to Tsesis: McAward, Jennifer Mason (2011). "Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment: a response to Professor Tsesis". Maryland Law Review. 71 (1). University of Maryland School of Law: 60''82. SSRN 2271791. Pdf.McConnell, Joyce E. (Spring 1992). "Beyond metaphor: battered women, involuntary servitude and the Thirteenth Amendment". Yale Journal of Law and Feminism. 4 (2). Yale Law School: 207''253. Pdf.McPherson, James M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195038637. Preview.Novak, Daniel A. (1978). The Wheel of Servitude: Black Forced Labor after Slavery. Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813113717. Richards, Leonard L. (2015). Who Freed the Slaves?: The Fight over the Thirteenth Amendment. Excerpt. Emphasis on the role of Congressman James Ashley.Samito, Christian G., Lincoln and the Thirteenth Amendment (Southern Illinois University Press, 2015) xii, 171 pp.Stanley, Amy Dru (June 2010). "Instead of waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment: the war power, slave marriage, and inviolate human rights". The American Historical Review. 115 (3). Oxford Journals for the American Historical Association: 732''765. doi:10.1086/ahr.115.3.732 . JSTOR 10.1086/ahr.115.3.732. Pdf.tenBroek, Jacobus (June 1951). "Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States: Consummation to Abolition and Key to the Fourteenth Amendment". California Law Review. 39 (2). California Law Review, Inc. via JSTOR: 171''203. doi:10.2307/3478033. JSTOR 3478033. [permanent dead link ] Pdf.Thorpe, Francis Newton (1901). "The Constitutional History of the United States, vol. 3: 1861''1895". Chicago. Trelease, Allen W. (1971). White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction . New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 9780807119532. Tsesis, Alexander (2004). The Thirteenth Amendment and American freedom: a legal history. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0814782760. Vicino, Thomas J.; Hanlon, Bernadette (2014). Global Migration The Basics. Routledge. ISBN 9781134696871. Vorenberg, Michael (2001). Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139428002. Preview.Barrington Wolff, Tobias (May 2002). "The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy". Columbia Law Review. 102 (4). Columbia Law School: 973''1050. doi:10.2307/1123649. JSTOR 1123649. S2CID 155279033. Wood, Gordon S (2010). Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789''1815. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195039146. , BookMaryland Law Review, special issue: Symposium'--the Maryland Constitutional Law Schmooze
    • Garber, Mark A. (2011). "Foreword: Plus or minus one: the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments". Maryland Law Review. 71 (1). University of Maryland School of Law: 12''20. Pdf.Carter, William M. Jr. (2011). "The Thirteenth Amendment, interest convergence, and the badges and incidents of slavery". Maryland Law Review. 71 (1). University of Maryland School of Law: 21''39. SSRN 1932762. Pdf.Tsesis, Alexander (2011). "Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment". Maryland Law Review. 71 (1). University of Maryland School of Law: 40''59. SSRN 1753224. Pdf.McAward, Jennifer Mason (2011). "Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment: a response to Professor Tsesis". Maryland Law Review. 71 (1). University of Maryland School of Law: 60''82. SSRN 2271791. Pdf.McClain, Linda C. (2011). "Involuntary servitude, public accommodations laws, and the legacy of Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States". Maryland Law Review. 71 (1). University of Maryland School of Law: 83''162. SSRN 2188939. Pdf.Benedict, Michael Les (2011). "Constitutional politics, constitutional law, and the Thirteenth Amendment". Maryland Law Review. 71 (1). University of Maryland School of Law: 163''188. Pdf.Pope, James Gray (2011). "What's different about the Thirteenth Amendment, and why does it matter?". Maryland Law Review. 71 (1). University of Maryland School of Law: 189''202. SSRN 1894965. Pdf.Novkov, Julie (2011). "The Thirteenth Amendment and the meaning of familial bonds". Maryland Law Review. 71 (1). University of Maryland School of Law: 203''228. Pdf.Kersch, Ken I. (2011). "Beyond originalism: conservative declarationism and constitutional redemption". Maryland Law Review. 71 (1). University of Maryland School of Law: 229''282. Pdf.Zietlow, Rebecca E. I. (2011). "Conclusion: the political Thirteenth Amendment". Maryland Law Review. 71 (1). University of Maryland School of Law: 283''294. SSRN 2000929. Pdf.Columbia Law Review, special issue: Symposium: The Thirteenth Amendment: Meaning, Enforcement, and Contemporary Implications
    • INTRODUCTIONTsesis, Alexander (November 2012). "Into the light of day: relevance of the Thirteenth Amendment to contemporary law". Columbia Law Review. 112 (7). Columbia Law School: 1447''1458. JSTOR 41708155. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Pdf.PANEL I: THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT IN CONTEXTBalkin, Jack M.; Levinson, Sanford (November 2012). "The dangerous Thirteenth Amendment". Columbia Law Review. 112 (7). Columbia Law School: 1459''1499. JSTOR 41708156. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Pdf.Graber, Mark A. (November 2012). "Subtraction by addition?: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments". Columbia Law Review. 112 (7). Columbia Law School: 1501''1549. JSTOR 41708157. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Pdf.Rutherglen, George (November 2012). "The Thirteenth Amendment, the power of Congress, and the shifting sources of civil rights law". Columbia Law Review. 112 (7). Columbia Law School: 1551''1584. JSTOR 41708158. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Pdf.PANEL II: RECONSTRUCTION REVISITEDFoner, Eric (November 2012). "The Supreme Court and the history of reconstruction'--and vice-versa". Columbia Law Review. 112 (7). Columbia Law School: 1585''1606. JSTOR 41708159. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Pdf.Soifer, Aviam (November 2012). "Federal protection, paternalism, and the virtually forgotten prohibition of voluntary peonage". Columbia Law Review. 112 (7). Columbia Law School: 1607''1639. JSTOR 41708160. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Pdf.Tsesis, Alexander (November 2012). "Gender discrimination and the Thirteenth Amendment". Columbia Law Review. 112 (7). Columbia Law School: 1641''1695. JSTOR 41708161. Archived from the original on November 28, 2014. Pdf.Zietlow, Rebecca E. (November 2012). "James Ashley's Thirteenth Amendment". Columbia Law Review. 112 (7). Columbia Law School: 1697''1731. JSTOR 41708162. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Pdf.PANEL III: THE LIMITS OF AUTHORITYGreene, Jamal (November 2012). "Thirteenth Amendment optimism". Columbia Law Review. 112 (7). Columbia Law School: 1733''1768. JSTOR 41708163. Archived from the original on January 7, 2015. Pdf.McAward, Jennifer Mason (November 2012). "McCulloch and the Thirteenth Amendment". Columbia Law Review. 112 (7). Columbia Law School: 1769''1809. JSTOR 41708164. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. (link: Pdf)Miller, Darrell A.H. (November 2012). "The Thirteenth Amendment and the regulation of custom". Columbia Law Review. 112 (7). Columbia Law School: 1811''1854. JSTOR 41708165. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. (link: Pdf)PANEL IV: CONTEMPORARY IMPLICATIONSCarter, William M. Jr. (November 2012). "The Thirteenth Amendment and pro-equality speech". Columbia Law Review. 112 (7). Columbia Law School: 1855''1881. JSTOR 41708166. SSRN 2166859. Pdf.Delgado, Richard (November 2012). "Four reservations on civil rights reasoning by analogy: the case of Latinos and other Nonblack groups". Columbia Law Review. 112 (7). Columbia Law School: 1883''1915. JSTOR 41708167. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Pdf.Koppelman, Andrew (November 2012). "Originalism, abortion, and the Thirteenth Amendment". Columbia Law Review. 112 (7). Columbia Law School: 1917''1945. JSTOR 41708168. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. (link: Pdf)Further reading
    • Ripley, C. Peter et al., eds. Witness for Freedom: African American Voices on Race, Slavery, and Emancipation (1993) online Archived August 16, 2011, at the Wayback MachineExternal links
    • Thirteenth Amendment and related resources at the Library of CongressCRS Annotated Constitution: Thirteenth AmendmentOriginal Document Proposing Abolition of SlaveryModel State Anti-trafficking Criminal Statute'--U.S. Dept of Justice"Abolishing Slavery: The Thirteenth Amendment Signed by Abraham Lincoln"; website of Seth Kaller, a dealer who has sold six Lincoln-signed copies of the Thirteenth Amendment.Seward certificate announcing the Amendment's passage and affirming the existence of 36 StatesWhen Was The Thirteenth Amendment Ratified? Archived March 12, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  • Nigger Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
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    • 1
    • offensive ; see usage paragraph below '-- used as an insulting and contemptuous term for a Black person 2
    • offensive ; see usage paragraph below '-- used as an insulting and contemptuous term for a member of any dark-skinned race (see race entry 1 sense 1a ) 3
    • now often offensive ; see usage paragraph below : a member of a class or group of people who are systematically subjected to discrimination and unfair treatment it's time for somebody to lead all of America's niggers '... all the people who feel left out of the political process '-- Ron Dellums Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search'--ad free!
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• Music in this Episode
  • Intro: Bobby Shmurda - Hot Nigga Instrumental
  • Outro: James Brown - Mind Power

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