- Moe Factz with Adam Curry for August 30th 2023, Episode number 93 - "Higher Infinite Power"
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- Did you not expect us? Experience the unexpected here
- I'm Adam Curry coming to you from the heart of The Texas Hill Country and it's time once again to spin the wheel of Topics from here to Northern Virginia, please say hello to my friend on the other end: Mr. Moe Factz
- Moe and Adam bring you part one of the history of Hip Hop
- Chapter Architect: Dreb Scott
- Associate Executive Producers
- Boost us with Value 4 Value on:
- Shownotes
- The Harvard Report: A Study of the Soul Music Environment Prepared for Columbia Group: Westbrooks, Dr. Logan H., Tattersall, Marnie: 9780998782201: Amazon.com: Books
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- Logan Westbrooks
- The Anatomy of the Music Industry embodies an unprecedented pool of experts from all aspects of the music business. The talent noted in the book have worked with Michael Jackson, Prince, Janet Jackson, Mariah Carey, Barbara Streisand, Whitney Houston, Elvis, Kirk Franklin, Tamela Mann, Mary J. Blige, Earth Wind & Fire, Peter White, Robert Randolph & The Family Band, India Arie and many more.
- Other expertise in the book is shared by: Angelo Ellerbee, Double XXposure Public Relations New York Bill Speed, Music Video Programming Pioneer Bishop Donald Hilliard, Pastor of Cathedral International Clifford Russell, CEO of CR Marketing, Promotions & Media Dan Weiner, V. P. Western Region at Pandora David Wasserman, CEO of Latin Cool Recordings & Latin Cool Now Dorie Pride, Singer, Songwriter, Musician & Author Eunice Mosley, Freelance Associates Public Relations Gary A. Watson, Esq., Entertainment Attorney Gil Robertson, Journalist & Executive at African American Film Critics Association Greg Coakley, Music Analyst & Consultant Greg Savage, Sound Designer & Owner of DIY Music Biz Jay King, Artist, Writer, Producer, Club Nouveau Jazzy Rita Shelby, Entertainer and Media & Marketing Exec Jesus Garber, Former Exec w/Motown, A&M, Zoo Ent & Hollywood Records Jo Jo McDuffie Funderburg, Formerly of The Mary Jane Girls Jonathan Butler, Artist, Writer & Producer Kashif, Artist, Producer, Songwriter & Author Kevin Ross, Publisher of Radio Facts Magazine Larry Blackmon, Artist, Writer, Producer from Cameo Logan H. Westbrooks, Music Executive, Author of Anatomy of the Music Industry Marc Brogdon, N2U Creative Marketing Group Maryann Johnson, VP of Fox Music Administration Marquis Hill, Winner of 2015 Monk Institute International Jazz Trumpet Competition Michael Brae, CEO of Hit Man Records, Inc. Michael Corcoran, CEO of MusicSubmit.com Michael Nixon, N5 Marketing, expert in Street Team Promotions Michael White, Former Marketing Exec at Capitol Records Paul McKinney, Instructor at Stax Music Academy Ray Chew, Music Director Dancing With The Stars & American Idol Rick Scott, Great Scott Public Relations Stephanie Spruill, Singer, Songwriter, Artist Development Expert Stephen Herring, Artist, Publisher and Instructor at Musicians Institute Shannon Sanders, Grammy winning artist & producer, Music Director for India Arie The Prophet X, Artist, Writer, Producer, Hip Hop Pastor Thornell Jones, Fortress Marketing Vicki Mack Lataillade, Founder of Gospo Centric Records, CEO of Lataillade Entertainment
- Frank Olson - Wikipedia
- American bacteriologist (1910-1953)
- Frank Rudolph Emmanuel Olson (July 17, 1910 '' November 28, 1953) was an American bacteriologist, biological warfare scientist, and an employee of the United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories (USBWL) who worked at Camp Detrick (now Fort Detrick) in Maryland. At a meeting in rural Maryland, he was covertly dosed with LSD by his colleague Sidney Gottlieb (head of the CIA's MKUltra program) and, nine days later, plunged to his death from the window of the Hotel Statler in New York. The U.S. government first described his death as a suicide, and then as misadventure, while others allege murder.[1] The Rockefeller Commission report on the CIA in 1975 acknowledged their having conducted covert drug studies on fellow agents. Olson's death is one of the most mysterious outcomes of the CIA mind control project MKUltra.
- Biography [ edit ] Youth and education [ edit ] Olson was born to Swedish immigrant parents in Hurley, Iron County, Wisconsin.[2] Olson graduated from Hurley High School in 1927.[3] Olson enrolled at the University of Wisconsin, earning both a B.S. and, in 1938, a Ph.D. in bacteriology. He married his classmate, Alice, and would go on to have three children.[4] Olson enrolled in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps to help pay off his college costs, and was called to active duty at Fort Hood in Texas as the United States entered World War II. Olson worked for a short time at Purdue University's Agricultural Experimentation Station before being called to active duty.
- Work with the Army & CIA [ edit ] Olson served as a captain in the U.S. Army Chemical Corps. In December 1942, he got a call from Ira Baldwin, his thesis adviser at UoW and the future mentor of Sidney Gottlieb, who would go on to be the CIA's leading chemist and director of MK-ULTRA. Ira had been called to leave his University post to direct a secret program regarding the development of biological weapons, and wanted Olson to join him as one of the first scientists at what would become Fort Detrick. The army transferred him to Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland. A few months later, the Chemical Corps took over Detrick and established its secret Biologicals Warfare Laboratories.
- At Camp Detrick, Baldwin worked with industrial partners such as George W. Merck and the U.S. military to establish the top secret U.S. bioweapons program beginning in 1943, during World War II, a time when interest in applying modern technology to warfare was high. Olson also worked with ex-Nazis who had been brought into the country through Operation Paperclip on the utilization of aerosolized anthrax.[1]
- Olson was discharged from the Army in 1944 and remained at Detrick on a civilian contract, continuing his research into aerobiology. In 1949, he joined many other Detrick scientists in Antigua for Operation Harness, which tested the vulnerability of different animals to toxic clouds. In 1950, he was a part of Operation Sea-Spray, where the bacterium "Serratia marcescens" was released into the coastal mists of San Francisco through a minesweeper, reaching all of San Francisco's 800,000 residents, as well as people living in eight surrounding cities. Olson traveled often to Fort Terry, a secret army base off Long Island, where toxins too deadly to be brought onto the U.S. mainland were tested.
- This was the period where senior military officials and CIA officers were becoming deeply troubled at Soviet progress, and feared they were heading towards mastery of microbe warfare. Their alarm led to the forming of the Special Operations Division at Detrick in spring of 1949, with the purpose of conducting research on covert ways to utilize chemical weapons. SOD was known as a "Detrick within a Detrick" due to its level of secrecy. Olson became acting chief of SOD within a year of its creation, originally invited to join by colleague and SOD's first chief, John Schwab.
- At some point while assigned as a civilian U.S. Army contractor, Olson began working as a CIA employee.[1] In May 1952, Frank Olson was appointed to the committee for Project Artichoke, an experimental CIA interrogation program.[5]
- Disaffection [ edit ] By the time Olson stepped down as chief of SOD in early 1953, citing "pressures of the job" that aggravated his ulcers, he had officially joined the CIA after working closely with them for years. He did stay with SOD, which functioned as a CIA research station hidden within a military base. Olson did a lot of work at Detrick that his children said had a lasting effect on his psyche. Olson witnessed and assisted in the poisoning, gassing, and torture of laboratory animals at Detrick, which his son Eric recalled having a deep effect on Olson: "He'd come to work in the morning and see piles of dead monkeys. That messes with you. He wasn't the right guy for that." Olson also witnessed multiple torture sessions in international CIA safe-houses, where people were "literally interrogated to death in experimental methods combining drugs, hypnosis, and torture to attempt to master brainwashing techniques and memory erasing."[6]
- On February 23, 1953, the Chinese broadcast charges that two captured American pilots had claimed the U.S. was conducting germ warfare against North Korea.[7] Other captured Americans such as Colonel Walker "Bud" Mahurin made similar statements.[8][9] The United States government threatened to charge some POWs with treason for cooperating with their captors.[10] After their release, the prisoners of war would publicly repudiate their confessions as having been extracted by torture.[11] On 27 July 1953, the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed, launching Operation Big Switch, the repatriation of Korean War POWs. Twenty-one American POWs refused repatriation and defected, and the returning POWs were viewed as potential security risks. As a result, debriefings became "hostile investigations in search of possible disloyalty".[12] The day the armistice was signed, Olson, a bacteriologist, arrived in Northolt, UK. Olson's home movies from the trip indicate he traveled to London, Paris, Stockholm, and Berlin.[13] Upon his return, Olson's mood was noticeably changed, according to his family.[14][15][16] According to coworker Norman Cournoyer, Olson had witnessed interrogations in Europe and become convinced that the United States had used biological weapons during the Korean War.[13][17] Journalist Gordon Thomas claims that Olson subsequently visited William Sargant, a British psychiatrist with high level security clearances. According to Thomas, Sargant reported that Olson had become a security threat and his access to military facilities should be limited.[14]
- Olson had spent a decade at Detrick and knew all the secrets of the Special Operations Division. He frequently traveled to Germany to witness interrogation sessions in multiple secret prisons (Evidence places Olson in Frankfurt, Berlin, and Heidelberg), where the victims would occasionally die from trauma of the tactics used. Olson was one of the several SOD scientists who traveled to, or through, France in the summer of '51 when the French village of Pont-Saint-Esprit was poisoned by naturally occurring ergot, the fungus from which LSD was derived. If American forces did use biological weapons during the Korean War (there is circumstantial evidence but no concrete proof), Olson would know. The prospect that he might reveal what he had seen or done was a terrifying thought.[18]
- Drugging of Olson [ edit ] A semi-monthly retreat of the men closest to MK-ULTRA was scheduled at a cabin at Deep Creek Lake for Wednesday, November 18, to Friday, November 20, 1953. A tentative participants list included twelve names:[19][20]
- Fort Detrick participantsOlson, a scientist with the Special Operations Division of the United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories at Fort Detrick, who was suspected of being a security risk.Lt. Col. Vincent Ruwet, Olson's supervisor, the head of the Special Operations Division.John L. Schwab, who had founded the division and in 1953 served as its lab chief[21]John Stubbs, one of the Fort Detrick personnel[21]Benjamin Wilson, a member of the Special Operations Division.Herbert "Bert" Tanner, one of the Fort Detrick personnel[21]John C. Malinowski, a Detrick staffer who didn't drink alcohol and thus was not dosed.[22]Gerald Yonetz, a Special Operations Division scientistCIA participantsSidney Gottlieb, a CIA chemist responsible for Project MKUltra.[23]Robert Lashbrook, Gottlieb's deputy, who dosed the liquor everyone was drinking along with Gottlieb.A. Hughes, suspected to be CIA[21]Henry Bortner, of the CIA[21][24]Aftermath of drugging [ edit ] On Thursday evening around 7:30, Olson and some of the other participants were drugged with a "potential truth serum", decades later discovered to be LSD.[25][26] The next morning, Olson headed back to Maryland a changed man. Having dinner with his family, Olson refused to eat, and seemed distant from his family, not speaking about his trip or attending to his children. He blurted out to his wife, "I've made a terrible mistake." MK-ULTRA had been underway for seven months at this time, and barely two dozen men knew the true nature and intentions of the project.
- On November 23, Olson and his boss, Lt. Col. Vincent Ruwet, arrived to work at Detrick, both still in bad shape from the retreat. Ruwet later recalled that Olson appeared to be agitated, and asked if Ruwet should fire him or if he should quit. While Ruwet was able to calm him down for the day, Olson only worsened by the next day. Ruwet later testified Olson was "disoriented," felt "all mixed up" about the work he had been doing, and felt "all mixed up" and "incompetent" in his field.
- Attempted resignation [ edit ] On Tuesday, November 24, Olson went to work as usual, but unexpectedly returned home before noon, accompanied by a coworker, John Stubbs. Olson explained Stubbs's presence, saying "They're afraid I might hurt you." Olson informed his wife that he had agreed to undergo psychiatric treatment.[5]
- That same day, Olson, Ruwet, and CIA chemist Robert Lashbrook flew to New York City. In New York, Olson and Lashbrook met with Harold Abramson, a CIA-linked medical doctor, who had worked with Olson years earlier on studies of aerosolization.[26]:'158' [27]
- Death [ edit ] The Hotel Pennsylvania, NYC (called the Hotel Statler in 1953).Around 2 a.m. on the morning of Saturday, November 28, 1953, Olson plummeted onto the sidewalk in front of the Hotel Pennsylvania. (At that time it was called the Statler Hilton Hotel.) The night manager rushed to Olson, who was still alive and who "tried to mumble something". Olson died before medical help arrived.[14] Years later, the night manager recalled "In all my years in the hotel business, I never encountered a case where someone got up in the middle of the night, ran across a dark room in his underwear, avoiding two beds, and dove through a closed window with the shade and curtains drawn."[15]
- When police entered the hotel room, they found Robert Lashbrook sitting on the toilet in the room he shared with Olson.[14]
- The motel's switchboard operator reported having connected a call from room 1018A to a number listed as belonging to Dr. Harold Abramson. According to the operator, who overheard the entirety of the brief call, the occupant in 1018A reported "Well, he's gone." to which the call's recipient had replied "Well, that's too bad."[14]
- Lashbrook's wallet contained the initials, address, and phone number of magician-turned-CIA asset John Mullholland. Lashbrook claimed he and Olson had visited Mulholland, although this is disputed by author H.P. Albarelli.[20][28][29]
- At the scene, and in their written report, the two police officers discussed similarities to the 1948 Laurence Duggan case, in which a high-level government official suspected of espionage died after plummeting from his New York office.[30][31] The ensuing police report said that on his last night in Manhattan, Olson purposely threw himself out of the window of his tenth-floor hotel room at the Hotel Statler, which he had been sharing with Lashbrook, and died shortly after impact.[32]
- Murder and wrongful death allegations [ edit ] 1975 [ edit ] Although Olson's family told friends that he "fell or jumped" and had suffered "a fatal nervous breakdown" which resulted in the fall,[1] the family had no real knowledge of the specific details surrounding the tragedy, until the Rockefeller Commission uncovered some of the CIA's MKULTRA activities in 1975. That year, the government admitted that Olson had been dosed with LSD, without his knowledge, nine days before his death. After the family announced they planned to sue the Agency over Olson's "wrongful death," the government offered them an out-of-court settlement of $1,250,000, later reduced to $750,000 (about $3.8 million in 2021 value [33]), which they accepted.[34] The family received apologies from President Gerald Ford and CIA director William Colby.[35]
- 1994''1996 [ edit ] In 1994, Eric Olson had his father's body exhumed to be buried with his mother. The family decided to have a second autopsy performed. The 1953 medical report completed immediately after Dr. Olson's death indicated that there were cuts and abrasions on the body.[36] Theories that sparked about Olson having been assassinated by the CIA led to the second autopsy, which was performed by James Starrs, Professor of Law and Forensic Science at the George Washington University National Law Center. His team searched the body for any cuts and abrasions and found none, though did find a large hematoma on the left side of Olson's head and a large injury on his chest. Most of the team concluded that the blunt-force trauma to the head and the injury to the chest had not occurred during the fall, but most likely before the fall (one team member dissented).[1] Starrs called the evidence "rankly and starkly suggestive of homicide."[35]
- Also in 1994, Eric Olson testified before the U.S. House of Representatives' "Legislation and National Security Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations" hearings on the US Government's "Cold War Era Human Subject Experiments". He spoke about how the sudden and mysterious death of his father deeply affected his family and appealed to the Congress to help with their ongoing battle to get the CIA to release more details of his father's final days.[37]
- In 1996, Eric Olson approached the U.S. District Attorney in Manhattan, Robert Morgenthau, to see if his office would open a new investigation. Stephen Saracco and Daniel Bibb of the office's "cold case" unit collected preliminary information, including a deposition of Lashbrook, but concluded that there was no compelling case to send to a grand jury.[1] In 2001, Canadian historian Michael Ignatieff wrote for The New York Times Magazine an account of Eric's decades-long campaign to clear his father's name.[1][38][39] Eric Olson asserts that the forensic evidence of death is suggestive of a method used by the CIA found in the first manual of assassination that says "The most efficient accident, in simple assassination, is a fall of 75 feet or more onto a hard surface."[40]
- 2012''2013 [ edit ] On November 28, 2012, sons Eric and Nils Olson filed suit in the US District Court in Washington, D.C.,[41] seeking unspecified compensatory damages as well as access to documents related to their father's death and other matters that they claimed the CIA had withheld from them.[42][43] The case was dismissed in July 2013, due in part to the 1976 settlement between the family and government.[44] In the decision dismissing the suit, U.S. District Judge James Boasberg wrote, "While the court must limit its analysis to the four corners of the complaint, the skeptical reader may wish to know that the public record supports many of the allegations [in the family's suit], farfetched as they may sound."[45]
- 2017''2018 [ edit ] Netflix released a documentary miniseries, entitled Wormwood (2017), based on the mystery of Olson's death; it was directed by Errol Morris.[46] In the miniseries, journalist Seymour Hersh says the government had a security process to identify and execute domestic dissidents (perceived to pose a risk). He said that Frank Olson was a victim of this and an ongoing cover-up after his death. However, Hersh explained that he cannot elaborate or publish on the facts because it would compromise his source.[40]
- Writing for The New York Review of Books, scholar Michael Ignatieff concludes "Though I still resist the facts, the facts, as [Eric] Olson's research has established, are that Allen Dulles, Richard Helms, and other unnamed persons at the highest levels of the American government ordered the death of Eric's father [Frank Olson] because they feared he knew too much about US biological warfare during the Korean War and about the torture and execution of Soviet agents and ex-Nazi "expendables" in black sites in Europe during the early 1950s. Having killed him, the CIA confected the story that Olson's death was a suicide brought on by stress, and later attributed his jump from the window to the effects of a cocktail laced with LSD. It now appears that the LSD was administered, at a CIA retreat in Maryland, to discover exactly what Olson knew. When this experiment revealed that he was indeed "unreliable," he was taken to New York and disposed of."[47] Academic Milton Leitenberg strongly disputed Ignatieff's conclusions, arguing that "there was no biological warfare carried out by any agency of the US government during the Korean War, or for that matter by anyone else."[48]
- See also [ edit ] Harold BlauerLaurence DugganReferences [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g Ignatieff, Michael (April 1, 2001). "What did the C.I.A. do to Eric Olson's father?". The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved January 17, 2013 . ^ "Dr. Frank R. Olson Dies in New York City". Iron County Miner. December 4, 1953. p. 1 . Retrieved August 2, 2018 '' via Newspapers.com. ^ "Dr. Frank R. Olson Dies In New York City". Montreal River Miner. December 4, 1953. ^ "Family Statement on the Murder of Frank Olson". Frank Olson Project. Archived from the original on February 11, 2003 . Retrieved January 2, 2018 . ^ a b A Terrible Mistake ^ Kinzer, Stephen (2019). Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control. New York: Henry Holt. pp. 112''113. ^ "Red Germ Charges Cite 2 U.S. Marines" (PDF) . New York Times. February 23, 1954 . Retrieved January 19, 2013 . ^ Harris, Sheldon H.; Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932''45, and the American Cover-up; Taylor & Francis; 2002 ISBN 978-0-203-43536-6[page needed ] ^ "Marine Ex-P.O.W. Backs Schwable" (PDF) . The New York Times. March 3, 1954 . Retrieved March 13, 2020 . ^ "Dirty little secrets". Al Jazeera. Government of Qatar. April 4, 2010 . Retrieved May 21, 2019 . ^ Lech, Raymond B. (2000), Broken Soldiers, Chicago: University of Illinois, pp. 162''163, ISBN 0-252-02541-5 ^ Oldenburg, Don (April 15, 2003). "Tending to the Psychic Wounds of POWs" '' via www.washingtonpost.com. ^ a b 27 July departure per Codename Artichoke, The CIA's Secret Experiments on Humans ^ a b c d e Ignatieff, Michael (April 1, 2001). "C.I.A.; What Did the C.I.A. Do to His Father? (Published 2001)". The New York Times. ^ a b Kinzer, Stephen (September 6, 2019). "From mind control to murder? How a deadly fall revealed the CIA's darkest secrets". The Guardian '' via www.theguardian.com. ^ Dead Silence, p. 95 ^ Wormwood episode 2[time needed ] ^ Kinzer, Stephen (2019). Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control. New York: Henry Holt. pp. 116''117. ^ "Deep Creek Lake Memorandum". Frank Olson Project. ^ a b "The Search for the Manchurian Candidate - Chapter 5". www.druglibrary.net. ^ a b c d e "Olson Frank". The Weisberg Archive, Beneficial-Hodson Library, Hood College '' via Internet Archive. ^ Baseless: My Search for Secrets in the Ruins of the Freedom of Information Act. Penguin. July 21, 2020. ISBN 9780735215771. ^ Weinberger, Sharon (September 10, 2019). "When the C.I.A. Was Into Mind Control". New York Times . Retrieved December 15, 2019 . ^ Times, Nicholas M. Horrock Special to The New York (July 18, 1975). "Destruction of LSD Data Laid to C.I.A. Aide in '73 (Published 1975)". The New York Times. ^ A Terrible Mistake, timeline ^ a b Regis, Ed (1999). The Biology of Doom: America's Secret Germ Warfare Project. New York: Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 978-0-80505-764-5. ^ Wormwood ep 2[time needed ] ^ Terrible Mistake ^ Treaster, Joseph B. (August 3, 1977). "C.I.A HIRED MAGICIAN IN BEHAVIOR PROJECT (Published 1977)". The New York Times. ^ Wormwood, ep 1[time needed ] ^ A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson ^ Hersh, Seymour (July 10, 1975). "Family Plans to Sue C.I.A. Over Suicide in Drug Test". The New York Times . Retrieved March 16, 2008 . The widow and children of a researcher who committed suicide in 1953 after his participant in a Central intelligence Agency drug experiment said today that they planned to sue the agency over what they claimed was his "wrongful death." ^ "Inflation Calculator | Find US Dollar's Value from 1913-2022". www.usinflationcalculator.com. ^ Coen, Bob; Nadler, Eric (2009). Dead Silence: Fear and Terror on the Anthrax Trail. Berkeley: Counterpoint Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-58243-509-1. ^ a b Brown, Matthew Hay (December 8, 2012). "Six decades later, sons seek answers on death of Detrick scientist". The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved September 24, 2016 . ^ "CIA Documents Concerning The Death of Dr. Frank Olson" (PDF) . Frank Olson Project. January 11, 1975 . Retrieved January 6, 2019 . ^ "USA Cold War Era Human Subject Experiments - Prepared Testimony of Dr. Eric Olson" (PDF) . Friends of WikiLeaks Chicago. September 28, 1975. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 11, 2021 . Retrieved March 11, 2021 . ^ Fischer, Mary A. (January 2000). "The Man Who Knew Too Much". GQ. Archived from the original on February 5, 2002 . Retrieved May 10, 2018 '' via Frank Olson Project. ^ Ignatieff, Michael (February 22, 2018). "Who Killed Frank Olson?". The New York Review of Books . Retrieved January 6, 2019 . ^ a b Scherstuhl, Alan (December 12, 2017). "Errol Morris's "Wormwood" Descends Into Time-Killing Conspiracy Fanfic". The Village Voice . Retrieved December 17, 2017 . ^ The case was Olson v. U.S., 12-cv-01924, U.S. District Court, District of Columbia (Washington). ^ Frommer, Frederic J. (November 28, 2012). "Family Sues US Over Scientist's Mysterious Death". Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 2, 2012 . Retrieved November 29, 2012 . ^ McVeigh, Karen (November 29, 2012). "CIA sued over 1950s 'murder' of government scientist plied with LSD". The Guardian. London, UK . Retrieved January 12, 2013 . ^ Gaines, Danielle (July 18, 2013). "Lawsuit by family of drugged Detrick employee dismissed". Frederick News-Post . Retrieved October 20, 2013 . ^ Schoenberg, Tom (July 17, 2013). "CIA Cover-Up Suit Over Scientist's Fatal Fall Dismissed". Bloomberg News . Retrieved February 22, 2014 . ^ Scott, A. O. (December 14, 2017). "Review: 'Wormwood' Confirms That Errol Morris Is Our Great Cinematic Sleuth". The New York Times . Retrieved December 15, 2017 . ^ "Who Killed Frank Olson? | by Michael Ignatieff | the New York Review of Books". www.nybooks.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2018 . Retrieved January 17, 2022 . ^ Ignatieff, Michael. "No, They Didn't". Further reading [ edit ] Andrews, George (2001). MKULTRA : The CIA's Top Secret Program in Human Experimentation and Behavior Modification. Healthnet Press. ISBN 0-9616475-8-2. Marks, John D. (1979). The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control. Times Books. ISBN 0-8129-0773-6. Ronson, Jon (2005). The Men Who Stare At Goats. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-7060-6. External links [ edit ] Shane, Scott (September 12, 2004). "Son probes strange death of WMD worker". The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved May 10, 2021 '' via sfgate.com. The Frank Olson Project - explores the circumstances of Olson's death and the political and ethical issues embedded in them LSD A Go Go on YouTube, Short documentary about the Frank Olson case"Did the CIA Drug Paul Robeson? '' a Look at the Secret Program Mk Ultra" Part 1. 23:16 minutes. Amy Goodman interviews Paul Robeson, Jr., Dr. Eric Olson, Martin Lee. Democracy Now!. Thursday, July 1, 1999. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
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- YouTube Demonetized And Bans 'Fresh and Fit' Podcast
- Fresh & Fit Podcast Photo Credit: Screenshot/TikTok*Webbies, Social Heat, sets the standards and raises the bar. The hosts of the ''Fresh & Fit Podcast,'' Myron Gaines and Walter Weekes announced to their listeners that YouTube demonetized and banned their channel from its YouTube Partner Program. Even the location where the distasteful duo shoot their content wants them out of the building. Walter and Myron have spewed anti-Black women rhetoric, alleged hate speech, and misogynistic controversial statements. Walter once said, ''I don't really date Black girls'...most Black girls are annoying, how do I put this, ratchet, and they don't know how to [be] reserved.'' Actress Erika Alexander posted, ''Don't cry for me, Argentina. I think fox and friends will pick them up. The sad part is that they'll use it as an excuse to become more radicalized '' toxic. I believe that if they find a path towards a life of good and redemption this could be a life raft. Because it's not about a show, or money, it's about your life, dignity, decency and legacy. It's about what you stand for. #standup Bon voyage gentleman.'' We would also like to send our condolences for the end of Fit and Fresh reign of terror, sorrows, sorrows, prayers.
- NBA vet Matt Barnes posted a Kobe Bryant tribute to honor his birthday today. He added to the caption, ''Happy heavenly birthday Kobe '¾¸ The ultimate competitor since day 1. We have a special Kobe tribute dropping tomorrow on the @shobasketball YouTube. Stay tuned for more.'' We look forward to the episode.
- No Lauryn Hill will not be tolerated; Ms. Hill revealed she will host The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill 25th Anniversary Tour to honor her 1998 solo album. The tour includes 17 dates and will stop at Brooklyn's Barclays Center, Chicago's United Center, and Los Angeles' Kia Forum; she will also perform for her fans down under in Australia and New Zealand. Her hip-hop group, The Fugees, will co-headline the tour in the United States and Canada.
- Syria Smith pranked her mother, the vocal bible, Brandy, using the lyrics by Kaliii's song ''Area Codes.'' Brandy becomes increasingly concerned that her little girl is stepping into the dark side as the conversation progresses. Fans are tripping out to see Brandy, whom they grew up listening to, become a full-fledged mother, ''It's so weird hearing Brandy sound like a whole fed-up momma. I feel so old. This is cute.''
- Get the visuals to these stories, below.
- @bwdivest Poor banditos #demonetized #themsthebreaks #winteriscoming #protectblackwomen #youtubers #blacktiktok #podcasters #freshandfitpodcast '¬ original sound '' BWdivest'¸@syraismith @brandy does not play. #prank '¬ original sound '' RaiMORE NEWS ON EURWEB: Nia Long Files for FULL Custody of Son w/Ime Udoka '' Twitter Comes for Jennifer Aniston's Neck For Her Remarks on Cancel Culture + More | PicsVIDEOs
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- H. L. Hunt - Wikipedia
- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- American businessman (1889''1974)
- From print ad for Hunt's 1965 book Hunt for Truth: A Timely Collection of the Stimulating Daily Newspaper Columns of H. L. Hunt.
- BornHaroldson Lafayette Hunt Jr.
- ( 1889-02-17 ) February 17, 1889DiedNovember 29, 1974 (1974-11-29) (aged 85)NationalityAmericanOccupationPetroleum industrySpousesLyda Bunker
- Frania Tye(m. 1925''1941) (bigamy)Children15, including Margaret, Caroline Rose, Nelson Bunker, William Herbert, Lamar, Ray Lee, June, Helen and Swanee HuntRelativesHaroldson Lafayette Hunt Jr. (February 17, 1889 '' November 29, 1974) was an American oil tycoon.[1] By trading poker winnings for oil rights according to legend, but more likely through money he gained from successful speculation in oil leases, he ultimately secured title to much of the East Texas Oil Field, one of the world's largest oil deposits. He acquired rights to East Texas oil lands initially through a $30,000 land purchase from oil speculator Dad Joiner, and founded Hunt Oil in 1936.[2] From it and his other acquisitions, which included diverse interests in publishing, cosmetics, pecan farming, and health food producers, he accrued a fortune that was among the world's largest. In the 1950's, his Facts Forum Foundation supported highly conservative newspaper columns and radio programs, some of which he authored and produced himself, and for which he became known.[2] At his death, he was reputed to have one of the highest net worths of any individual in the world, a fortune estimated between two and three billion dollars.[2]
- Life [ edit ] Hunt was born near Ramsey, in Carson Township, Fayette County, Illinois, the youngest of eight children.[1] He was named after his father, Haroldson Lafayette Hunt, who was a prosperous farmer-entrepreneur. His mother was Ella Rose (Myers) Hunt.
- Hunt was homeschooled. He did not go to elementary school or to high school. Later, he said that education is an obstacle to making money.[3] As a teenager, Hunt traveled to different places before he settled in Arkansas, where he was running a cotton plantation by 1912. He had a reputation as a math prodigy and was a gambler. It was said that after his cotton plantation was flooded, he turned his last $100 into more than $100,000 after he had gambled in New Orleans. With his winnings, he purchased oil properties in the neighborhood of El Dorado, Arkansas. He was generous to his employees, who, in turn, were loyal to him by informing him of rumors of a massive oil field to the south, in East Texas. In negotiations over cheese and crackers, at the Adolphus Hotel in Dallas, with the wild-catter who discovered the East Texas Oil Field, Columbus Marion "Dad" Joiner, Hunt secured title to what was the largest known oil deposit in the world. Hunt had agreed to pay Joiner $1,000,000 and to protect him from liability for his many fraudulent transactions surrounding the property.
- In 1957, Fortune estimated that Hunt had a fortune of $400''700 million,[4] and was one of the eight richest people in the United States. J. Paul Getty, who was considered to be the richest private citizen in the world, said of Hunt, "In terms of extraordinary, independent wealth, there is only one man'--H. L. Hunt."[5]
- Personal life [ edit ] Hunt had fifteen children by three wives.
- He married Lyda Bunker of Lake Village, Arkansas, in November 1914 and remained married to her until her death in 1955.[6] His seven children by her were: Margaret (1915''2007), Haroldson ("Hassie", 1917''2005), Caroline (1923''2018), Lyda (born and died in 1925), Nelson Bunker (1926''2014), William Herbert (1929), and Lamar (1932''2006). Their home on White Rock Lake in Dallas was styled after Mount Vernon though much larger.
- His first son, Hassie, who was expected to succeed him in control of the family business, was lobotomized in response to increasingly erratic behavior. He outlived his father. Lamar founded the American Football League and created the Super Bowl, drawing on the assistance of his children in selecting the game's name. Two other children, Herbert and Bunker, are famous for their purchasing much of the world's silver, in an attempt to corner the market. They ultimately owned more silver than any government in the world before their scheme was discovered and undone. Bunker Hunt was briefly one of the wealthiest men in the world, having discovered and taken title to the Libyan oil fields, before Muammar Gaddafi nationalized the properties.
- While still married to Lyda, H. L. Hunt is said to have married Frania Tye of Tampa, Florida, in November 1925 by using the name Franklin Hunt. Frania claimed to have discovered the bigamous nature of her marriage in 1934, and in a legal settlement in 1941, Hunt created trust funds for each of their four children, and she signed a document stipulating that no legal marriage between them had ever existed. About the same time, she briefly married then divorced Hunt's employee, John Lee, taking the last name Lee for herself and her four children.[7] Her four children by Hunt were: Howard (born 1926), Haroldina (1928), Helen (1930), and Hugh ("Hue", 1934). Frania Tye Lee died in 2002.[8]
- Hunt supported and had children by Ruth Ray of Shreveport, Louisiana, whom he had met when she was a secretary in his Shreveport office. They married in 1957 after the death of Hunt's wife Lyda. His four children by her were: Ray Lee (born 1943), June (1944), Helen (1949), and Swanee (1950).[9] His youngest son, Ray Lee, ultimately inherited the business and was a major supporter of President George W. Bush.
- His 15 children in birth order are:
- Margaret Hunt Hill (October 19, 1915 '' June 14, 2007): philanthropist and co-owner of Hunt Petroleum.H. L. "Hassie" Hunt III (November 23, 1917 '' April 20, 2005): diagnosed with schizophrenia in the early 1940s; co-owner of Hunt Petroleum.Caroline Rose Hunt (January 8, 1923 '' November 13, 2018): Founder and Honorary Chairman of Rosewood Hotels & Resorts which operates The Mansion on Turtle Creek.Lyda Bunker Hunt (February 19, 1925 '' March 20, 1925) (Died as an infant).Nelson Bunker Hunt (February 22, 1926 '' October 21, 2014): A major force in developing Libyan oil fields. Eventually attempted to corner the world market in silver in 1979, and was convicted of conspiring to manipulate the market. Legendary owner-breeder [10] of Thoroughbred racehorses.Howard Lee Hunt (October 25, 1926 '' October 13, 1975)Haroldina Franch Hunt (October 26, 1928 '' November 10, 1995)William Herbert Hunt (born March 6, 1929) A major and defining force in the oil industry, he was also a legendary businessman and oilman. At times, ran Hunt Oil, Hunt Petroleum, Hunt Energy, Placid Oil, etc. The founder of Petro-Hunt LLC.Helen Lee Cartledge Hunt (October 28, 1930 '' June 3, 1962) died in the Air France Flight 007 disaster, the worst single aircraft disaster up until that time.Lamar Hunt (August 2, 1932 '' December 13, 2006): co-founder of the American Football League and the North American Soccer League; owner of the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League; owner of the Columbus Crew and FC Dallas of Major League Soccer; backer of World Championship Tennis; impetus behind 1966 AFL-NFL merger, coined the name "Super Bowl".Hugh S. Hunt (October 14, 1934 '' November 12, 2002): lived in Potomac, Maryland, founder of Constructivist Foundation.Ray Lee Hunt (born c. 1943): chairman of Hunt Oil.June Hunt (born c. 1944): host of a daily religious radio show, Hope for the Heart.Helen LaKelly Hunt (born c. 1949): a pastoral counselor in Dallas; co-manager of the Hunt Alternatives Fund, one of the family's charitable arms.Swanee Hunt (born May 1, 1950): former U.S. ambassador to Austria; now head of the Women and Public Policy Program at the John F. Kennedy School of Government in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and president of Hunt Alternatives Fund.A scandal emerged in 1975, after his death, when it was discovered that he had a hidden bigamous relationship, with his second wife living in New York.[11]
- After marriage to Ruth Ray, Hunt became a Baptist and was a member of the First Baptist Church of Dallas.[12] He was a major financial contributor toward the establishment of the conservative Christian evangelical Criswell College in Dallas.
- After several months at Baylor Hospital in Dallas, Hunt died at age 85,[13][14] and was buried in Sparkman-Hillcrest Memorial Park Cemetery.[15]
- The founder of the "transcendental black metal" band Liturgy, Haela Hunt-Hendrix, is his grandchild.[16]
- Hunt served as inspiration behind the character J. R. Ewing from the television show Dallas.[17]
- Connection to white supremacy [ edit ] Multiple sources, including American civil rights icon Malcolm X, implicate Hunt, a Democrat, as a lifelong racist who provided major financial assistance to several far-right organizations, such as the Minutemen and the John Birch Society. Hunt considered African Americans a political threat and made this clear in his radio interviews and broadcasts.[18] One of Hunt's chief allies, Allen Zoll, said that since 1936 Hunt advocated deporting all African Americans to Africa. For this reason, Hunt supplied Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad continuous financial support due to the latter's belief in racial separation from whites.[19]
- In 1965, Hunt encouraged the Democrat Alabama Gov. George C. Wallace, a white supremacist, to use the scheme of running his wife, Lurleen Wallace, for election as governor in a bald effort to evade the state's constitutional rule that a governor could not succeed himself.[20]
- JFK conspiracy allegations [ edit ] Madeleine Duncan Brown, an advertising executive who claimed to have had both an extended love affair and a son with President Lyndon B. Johnson, said that she was present at a party at the Dallas home of Clint Murchison Sr. (another oil tycoon), on the evening prior to the assassination of John F. Kennedy that was attended by Johnson as well as other famous, wealthy, and powerful individuals including Hunt, Murchison, J. Edgar Hoover, and Richard Nixon.[21]
- According to Brown, Johnson had a meeting with several of the men after which he told her: "After tomorrow, those goddamn Kennedys will never embarrass me again. That's no threat. That's a promise."[21][nb 1] Brown's story received national attention and became part of at least a dozen John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories.[21]
- This conspiracy theory was debunked by Kennedy assassination investigator Dave Perry. Evidence showed neither President Johnson nor Hoover were in Dallas at the time of the alleged party and Murchison had not lived in his Dallas home for a number of years. Witnesses place Murchison at his East Texas ranch.[23]
- Publications [ edit ] Books
- Fabians Fight Freedom. Dallas: H. L. Hunt Press.Alpaca. Dallas: H. L. Hunt Press (1960)Alpaca Revisited. Dallas: HLH Products (1967)H. L. Hunt: Early Days. Dallas: Parade (1973)Hunt Heritage: The Republic and Our Families. Dallas: Parade (1973)Right of Average. Dallas: HLH Products (1960s)Articles
- "From H. L. Hunt." American [Odessa, Texas] (February 2, 1967)."Reducing Hospital Costs." Life Lines, vol. 16, no. 4 (January 9, 1974), p. 4. JSTOR community.28146704.See also [ edit ] Walter L. Buenger, historian at Texas A&M University, in 1994 wrote the Hunt biography in Dictionary of American Biography.Hunt Oil CompanyList of richest Americans in historyExplanatory notes [ edit ] ^ Brown provided a similar account on A Current Affair stating: "On the day of the assassination, not but a couple of hours prior to the assassination, he said that John Kennedy would never embarrass him again and that wasn't a threat '' that was a promise."[22] Citations [ edit ] ^ a b Ford, Robert E. (November 30, 1974). "H.L. Hunt, among world's riches, dies". St. Petersburg Times. (Florida). Associated Press. p. 1A. ^ a b c Enclopedia Britannica online, "H. L. Hunt", Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 Feb. 2022, Retrieved July 24, 2022. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Ð'Ð>>адÑки без маÑок. ÐÐ"Ñок на ÐÐ>>имÐе". YouTube . Retrieved October 26, 2021 . ^ "Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount - 1790 to Present". Measuringworth.com . Retrieved October 26, 2021 . ^ Lohr, Steve (August 20, 1981). "Books of the Times". The New York Times . Retrieved June 13, 2012 . ^ Brown, pp. 40 & 191. ^ Brown, pp. 78''79 & 156''157. ^ Burrough, p. 437. ^ Brown, pp. 192''193. ^ Nelson Bunker Hunt biography Archived September 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, National Thoroughbred Racing Association. ^ Palmer, Jerrell Dean. "Hunt, Haroldson Lafayette." In: Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original. ^ Porterfield, Bill. "H.L. Hunt's Long Goodbye." Texas Monthly (February 28, 1975). Archived from the original. ^ "Billionaire H.L. Hunt". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. November 30, 1974. p. 1A. ^ Weil, Martin (November 30, 1974). "Billionaire Hunt succumbs". Victoria Advocate. (Texas). (Washington Post). p. 1A. ^ Charrier, Emily (September 20, 2016). "Ghosts of Sparkman-Hillcrest: Mickey Mantle, Mary Kay Ash and H.L. Hunt". The Advocate . Retrieved June 18, 2023 . ^ "Archived copy" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on June 17, 2020 . Retrieved May 13, 2020 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Forbes Profile: The Hunt family" . Retrieved June 13, 2023 . ^ Washington Post, May 6, 1967, p. E-15, July 2, 1967, January 30, 1975, p. B7. ^ Hakim Jamal, From the Dead Level, p. 247-248; Louis Lomax, To Kill a Black Man, p. 108-109; Karl Evanzz, The Judas Factor, p. 284-286, The Messenger, p. 303. ^ Carter, Dan T. (1995). The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 273. ISBN 0-684-80916-8. OCLC 32739924. ^ a b c Aynesworth, Hugh (November 17, 2012). " 'One-man truth squad' still debunking JFK conspiracy theories". The Dallas Morning News. Dallas . Retrieved February 6, 2013 . ^ "Celebrity". Boston Herald. Boston. February 24, 1992. p. 015 . Retrieved February 6, 2013 . [permanent dead link ] ^ name=Aynesworth General sources [ edit ] Brown, Stanley H. (1976) H. L. Hunt. Chicago: Playboy Press. ISBN 978-0872234499. OCLC 2164939.Burrough, Bryan. (2010) The Big Rich: The Rise and Fall of the Greatest Texas Oil Fortunes. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0143116820. OCLC 430052039.Further reading [ edit ] Buckley, Tom. "Just Plain H. L. Hunt." Esquire (January 1967), pp. 64+. Portrait photograph by Diane Arbus."The richest American would like to be no different from you and me. He wears shiny blue suits, cuts his own hair and carries his lunch in a brown paper bag."Curington, John, and Michael Whitington. H. L. Hunt: Motive & Opportunity. Foreword by Cyril Wecht, M.D., J.D. 23 House (2018). ISBN 978-1939306241.Curtis, Adam. "YOU THINK YOU ARE A CONSUMER BUT MAYBE YOU HAVE BEEN CONSUMED". BBC (March 5, 2013).Hendershot, Heather. What's Fair on the Air? Cold War Right-Wing Broadcasting and the Public Interest. University of Chicago Press (2011).Honorable Mention for the Prose Book Award, Association of American Publishers. Covers the rise and fall of prominent right wing radio hosts: H. L. Hunt, Dan Smoot, Carl McIntire, and Billy James Hargis.Hurt, Harry (III). Texas Rich: The Hunt Dynasty, From the Early Oil Days Through the Silver Crash. New York: W.W. Norton (1981). ISBN 978-0393013917. OCLC 6916014.Glaser, Vera. "Millionaire H. L. Hunt Talks Politics." News [Chicago, Ill.] (August 27, 1964)."Interview with H. L. Hunt". Playboy (August 1966), pp. 47+.This article can be collected in the video game Mafia 3 on the PlayStation 4 and read in its entirety.Tuccille, Jerome. Kingdom: The Story of the Hunt Family of Texas. Beard Books (2004).Vertical Files. Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin.External links [ edit ] Hunt OilH. L. Hunt at Find a GraveFiles on Hunt at the Harold Weisberg ArchiveMirrored at Internet ArchiveH.L. Hunt's Boys and the Circle K CowboysHunt Heirs fight over EstateBiography of H. L. Hunt by Jerrell Dean Palmer in the Handbook of Texas OnlineA Matter of Trust [permanent dead link ] by Gretel C. Kovach . D Magazine (c. February 2008).Hunt's FBI files at Internet ArchivePart 1.Part 2.
- 'One Night in Miami': Muhammad Ali , Malcolm X, Sam Cooke and Jim Brown challenge racism and one another - The Washington Post
- It is one of the most famous moments in sports history: the February 1964 match when a braggadocious 22-year-old named Cassius Clay beat Sonny Liston in Miami Beach to win the world heavyweight boxing championship.
- Yet what happened in the hours that followed is little known: Clay '-- soon to be known as Muhammad Ali '-- celebrated his triumph in a room at the Hampton House, a motel in Miami's Black Brownsville neighborhood that was frequented by Black celebrities.
- Accompanying Clay to the two-story lodge were three friends who had been in the smoky, crowded Convention Hall when Liston surrendered: Nation of Islam minister Malcolm X, crossover soul singer Sam Cooke and Cleveland Browns running back and future Hall of Famer Jim Brown, then all in the prime of youth.
- But what did the men rap about? Very little is known about that, which makes the conversation a perfect playground for an imaginative writer. That would be Kemp Powers, who penned the well-praised 2013 play ''One Night in Miami'' before writing a screenplay for the movie of the same name. The film, the first directed by Regina King, debuted on Amazon Friday to strong reviews.
- Malcolm X didn't fear being killed: 'I live like a man who is dead already'
- The fictional debate that unfolds between the four men centers on a much more consequential fight than the one in the ring: the real-life struggle for Black equality or, at its most elemental, merely to be treated as human beings. But how to win that battle? The opinions in the hotel room and in the broader Black society were various, just as they are now.
- In 1964, the rising clout and salaries of star Black athletes were granting them a new freedom to speak out on racial injustice, and with it came a new pressure to do so, said Aram Goudsouzian, a professor of history at the University of Memphis who has written about the intersection of race, sports and culture. ''There is a new generation of Black superstars who can sort of write their own tickets,'' he said.
- In the film, Malcolm X aggressively prods the men in his hotel room to use their talent and stature to help Black people, taking particular (and some critics say unfair) aim at Sam Cooke. The back and forth between the friends, at turns passionate, poignant and funny, serves as a kind of fictional preamble to what happened afterward in the lives of the four men. Here's the full story:
- Muhammad Ali: 'Free to be what I want'
- On the morning of Feb. 26, 1964, the day after he won the championship, Cassius Clay emerged in the Miami Convention Hall and proclaimed to the throng of reporters that he had joined the Nation of Islam.
- ''I believe in Allah and in peace,'' he said. ''I don't try to move into White neighborhoods. I don't want to marry a White woman. I was baptized when I was 12, but I didn't know what I was doing,'' he said. ''I'm not a Christian anymore. I know where I'm going, and I know the truth, and I don't have to be what you want me to be. I'm free to be what I want.''
- It was classic Ali, defying racist expectations of the Black athlete as an integrationist hero who in his dignity and determination was a ''credit to his race '... the human race,'' as boxing sportswriter Jimmy Cannon referred to early Black boxing great Joe Louis. That is, as long as he stayed focused on his sport and didn't get riled up publicly about racial injustice.
- 'Shoot them for what?' How Muhammad Ali won his greatest fight
- At that time, ''the model for the Black athlete is one who is exceptional to achieve equality, and that's kind of in line with the notion of nonviolent protesters '... that you have to be on higher moral plane,'' Goudsouzian said. At the very vanguard of change, Brown, Clay and other star Black athletes ''were just making it up as they went along.''
- In a week's time, Clay's words would also turn out to be a declaration of freedom from Malcolm X. As Clay's spiritual mentor who had recruited him to Islam, Malcolm X had tried to persuade the boxer to join him in leaving the Nation of Islam. He had grown disillusioned by its leader, Elijah Muhammed. Rumors swirled that Ali would soon follow him.
- On March 4, Malcolm X and Clay toured the United Nations, where Clay told African delegates that he was looking forward to touring their countries and visiting Mecca, according to author Jonathan Eig in his book ''Ali: A Life.'' But just two days later, Muhammad announced in a radio address that Ali would receive the honor of a full Muslim name.
- ''This Clay name has no divine meaning,'' he said. ''Muhammad Ali is what I will give to him as long as he believes in Allah and follows me.''
- Malcom X: Endangered icon
- By the night of the Clay-Liston match, Malcolm X was well aware of the talk that he would be assassinated for breaking with the Nation of Islam. After Ali chose Muhammad over their friendship, Malcolm X openly expressed his fears to the press. According to a late-March 1964 FBI report quoted in Eig's book, Muhammad had warned that the only way to stop Malcolm X is ''to get rid of him the way Moses and others did their bad ones.''
- Even so, Malcolm X moved with rebellious speed to establish the Muslim Mosque, positioning it as an alternative to Martin Luther King Jr.'s nonviolent civil rights movement. ''Concerning nonviolence, it is criminal to teach a man not to defend himself,'' he said. And yet he also began to support desegregation and soon voiced regret for his earlier condemnation of the entire White race.
- Martin Luther King Jr. met Malcolm X just once. The photo still haunts us with what was lost.
- As he recruited members to his new organization, Malcolm X appeared hopeful that his former friend and protege would return to him. In April 1964, Malcolm embarked on the Muslim spiritual pilgrimage to Mecca known as the Hajj. Later staying at the Hotel Ambassador in Accra, Ghana, he caught a glimpse of Ali, who had also been touring Africa.
- ''Brother Muhammad!'' Malcolm X exclaimed to Ali, who was traveling with Herbert Muhammad, the son of Elijah, according to Eig.
- Ali turned to Malcolm X in the hotel lobby. ''You left the Honorable Elijah Muhammad,'' he said sternly. ''That was the wrong thing to do.'' He later made fun of Malcolm X's long white robe and walking stick, according to news reports at the time.
- On Feb. 21, 1965, just a few days shy of the first anniversary of the Ali-Liston fight, Malcolm X was shot to death at the age of 39 as he took the stage for a rally at the Audubon Ballroom in upper Harlem.
- Nation of Islam members Muhammad Aziz, Mujahid Abdul Halim and Khalil Islam were later convicted of killing the civil rights leader and sentenced to life in prison, although some have questioned whether the true killers were ever brought to justice.
- Decades later, in his 2004 autobiography, ''The Soul of A Butterfly,'' Ali wrote that spurning Malcolm X ''was one of the mistakes that I regret most in my life.''
- ''I wish I'd been able to tell Malcolm I was sorry, that he was right about so many things,'' Ali, who died in 2016 at 74, wrote. ''But he was killed before I got the chance.''
- Sam Cooke: A song of hope and pain
- In ''One night in Miami,'' Powers portrays Malcolm X as aggressively pushing Cooke to stop using his formidable songwriting talent to appeal to White audiences and instead train it on the cause of Black equality. He tells Cooke that he should have already written a civil rights anthem like Bob Dylan's ''Blowin' in the Wind,'' which had been performed by Peter, Paul and Mary at the March on Washington the previous August and had managed to climb to the top of the pop charts.
- Powers said in an interview with The Washington Post that the debate over the song was purely fictional. However, it was also grounded in history. Despite their vastly different personalities and faiths '-- Cooke had grown up a church boy and was uninterested in joining the Nation '-- Malcolm X had a great influence on Cooke. The minister's message of ''Black pride and self-determination, the principle of ownership, the need above all to control your own destiny'' resonated with the lessons Sam's father had taught him in childhood, wrote Peter Guralnick in his 2005 book ''Dream Boogie: The Triumph of Sam Cooke.''
- Cooke was indeed envious of ''Blowin' in the Wind,'' as soon as he heard it on the newly released ''The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan'' album. Cooke was ''so carried away with the message, and the fact that a White boy had written it, that '... he was almost ashamed not to have written it himself,'' Eig wrote.
- ''I'm going to write something,'' Cooke told his friend and mentor, Black musician J.W. Alexander. Long after the civil rights movement, that song of pain and hope, ''A Change is Gonna Come,'' has the frustrating ring of a prophecy that must still be fulfilled. ''I think my Daddy would be proud,'' Alexander recalled Cooke saying, in an interview with Guralnick.
- Students from Dorothy I. Height Elementary School sang Sam Cooke's "A Change is Gonna Come" during their virtual winter concert. (Video: The Washington Post)
- Cooke performed the song live only once, on ''The Johnny Carson Show'' on Feb. 7, 1964, two weeks before he joined Ali, Brown and Malcolm X in the Miami hotel.
- Ten months later, on Dec. 11, the 33-year-old Cooke was shot to death at the Hacienda Motel in Los Angeles by the motel's manager, who said Cooke had attacked her in search of a woman he had brought to his room. The woman said Cooke, who was drunk, had forced her to come to the hotel and attempted to rape her before she fled. Contradictory reports and conspiracy theories followed in the wake of the killing.
- In the seat of Cooke's candy-red Ferrari parked outside the motel, police found a bottle of whiskey and a copy of Muhammad Speaks, the official newspaper of the Nation of Islam '-- a detail, Powell noted, that spoke to Cooke's connection to Malcolm X and his own internal tensions.
- Jim Brown: The quest for equality
- By the time of the meeting at the Hampton House, famed Cleveland Browns running back Jim Brown had finished filming his first movie, ''Rio Conchos,'' a Western action flick in which he played a buffalo soldier. The film premiered eight months later at Cleveland's Hippodrome Theater, on Oct. 23, 1964.
- In 1966, Brown starred in the box office hit ''The Dirty Dozen,'' in which he played one of 12 convicts sent to France during World War II to assassinate German officers before the D-Day invasion.
- Not coincidentally, in July of that year, he announced his retirement from the NFL at the height of his career to pursue acting full time at the age of 30.
- In an interview with writer Alex Haley for Playboy Magazine, Brown talked about the role of Black actors in combating racism, a stance that probably would have made Malcolm X proud.
- ''There's a crying need for more Negro actors, because for so long, ever since the silent screen, in fact, the whole world has been exposed to Negroes in stereotype roles,'' he said. ''That's why I feel so good that Negroes are finally starting to play roles that other Negroes, watching, will feel proud of '... instead of being crushed by some Uncle Tom on the screen.''
- Brown also believed, much like Booker T. Washington, that Black people needed to become economically powerful to achieve equality. In 1966, the same year he retired, he founded the Negro Industrial Economic Union to support entrepreneurship in the African American community.
- His political conservatism '-- he has supported President Trump in recent years '-- set him apart from Ali, Cooke and Malcolm X, but that did not appear to affect their friendship, Powers said.
- ''The most important thing I would love people to take away is that it's possible to disagree with one another and still fight for the same things, to still maintain our friendships and still be allies despite the fact that we disagree,'' he said. ''These guys disagree pretty vocally and pretty viciously over the course of this night, but at the end of it all, they still want the same things, and they still want to get there together.''
- With Malcolm X and Cooke both gone, Brown had Ali's back. He convened a meeting in Cleveland of some of the nation's most prominent Black athletes '-- among them Boston Celtic Bill Russell and the UCLA basketball center Lewis Alcindor (who later changed his name to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) '-- to discuss lending their support to the boxing champion. Ali had just been stripped of his heavyweight title and faced charges of draft dodging for his refusal as a Black Muslim to serve in the Vietnam War.
- ''I felt with Ali taking the position he was taking, and with him losing the crown, and with the government coming at him with everything they had, that we as a body of prominent athletes could get the truth and stand behind Ali and give him the necessary support,'' Brown, now the only survivor among the four friends, told the Cleveland Plain Dealer in 2012.
- The men at the Cleveland summit did not all agree with Ali's stance on the war, and the gathering reportedly became impassioned at points. Yet they were all of the same mind in one way: They had the right as Black athletes and Black men to speak out about injustice, foreshadowing the actions of another NFL star, who a half-century later led his teammates to take a knee.
- 'Shoot them for what?' How Muhammad Ali won his greatest fight
- Malcolm X didn't fear being killed: 'I live like a man who is dead already'
- Martin Luther King Jr. met Malcolm X just once. The photo still haunts us with what was lost.
- Allen Klein - Wikipedia
- American businessman (1931 '' 2009)
- Klein (center) signing the Beatles in 1969
- Born ( 1931-12-18 ) December 18, 1931DiedJuly 4, 2009 (2009-07-04) (aged 77)Alma materUpsala CollegeOccupation(s)Accountant, record label executive, business managerYears active1956''2009OrganizationABKCO RecordsAllen Klein (December 18, 1931 '' July 4, 2009) was an American businessman whose aggressive negotiation tactics affected industry standards for compensating recording artists. He founded ABKCO Music & Records Incorporated. Klein increased profits for his musician clients by negotiating new record company contracts. He first scored monetary and contractual gains for Buddy Knox and Jimmy Bowen, one-hit rockabillies of the late 1950s, then parlayed his early successes into a position managing Sam Cooke, and eventually managed the Beatles and the Rolling Stones simultaneously, along with many other artists, becoming one of the most powerful individuals in the music industry during his era.
- Rather than offering financial advice and maximizing his clients' income, as a business manager normally would, Klein set up what he called "buy/sell agreements" where a company that Klein owned became an intermediary between his client and the record label, owning the rights to the music, manufacturing the records, selling them to the record label, and paying royalties and cash advances to the client. Although Klein greatly increased his clients' incomes, he also enriched himself, sometimes without his clients' knowledge. The Rolling Stones' $1.25 million advance from the Decca Records label in 1965, for example, was deposited into a company that Klein had established, and the fine print of the contract did not require Klein to release it for 20 years. Klein's involvement with both the Beatles and Rolling Stones would lead to years of litigation and, specifically for the Rolling Stones, accusations from the group that Klein had withheld royalty payments, stolen the publishing rights to their songs, and neglected to pay their taxes for five years; thus had necessitated their French "exile" in 1971.
- After years of pursuit by the IRS, Klein was convicted of the misdemeanor charge of making a false statement on his 1972 tax return, for which, in 1980, he was jailed for two months.
- Early life [ edit ] Klein was born in Newark, New Jersey, the fourth child and only son of Jewish immigrants. His mother died of cancer soon afterward, and Klein lived for a time with his grandparents, then subsequently in a Jewish orphanage, until his father remarried shortly before Klein's 10th birthday. An indifferent student, he graduated from Weequahic High School in 1950; fellow graduate Philip Roth was the only classmate to sign his yearbook.[12]
- In early work experience with a magazine and newspaper distribution company he showed skill with numbers, and learned about how profits were often concealed from those who had been crucial in generating them. Eventually he would realize that much the same situation existed in popular music, where labels routinely took much profit from the transitory careers of the artists who created the profit-generating music, paying them less than what Klein thought they should.
- Klein enlisted in the US Army in 1951 where he served as a clerk typist on Governors Island, New York. After military service, and with the assistance of the G.I. Bill, Klein majored in accounting at Upsala College, graduating in June 1957, and was hired by a Manhattan accounting firm, Joseph Fenton and Company. He was assigned to assist Joe Fenton in an audit of a music publishers' organization, the Harry Fox Agency, and several record companies, including Dot Records, Liberty Records, and Monarch Records. In an early setback to Klein's career, he was fired by Joseph Fenton and Company after four months because of chronic lateness. The company wrote to the State of New Jersey urging officials not to approve him as a Certified Public Accountant, and Klein chose not to take the examination. He briefly attended law school but soon dropped out.
- Aided by his friendship with music publisher Don Kirshner, a fellow alumnus of Upsala College, Klein worked as an accountant for the next several years, assisted by Henry Newfeld, a CPA who was a friend from school and the Army, and Marty Weinberg, another CPA, under the name Allen Klein and Company. Klein's clients included Ersel Hickey, Dimitri Tiomkin, Steve Lawrence, Eydie Gorm(C), Sam Cooke, Buddy Knox, Jimmy Bowen, Lloyd Price, Neil Sedaka, Bobby Darin, Bobby Vinton, Scepter Records, and the estate of Mike Todd. A key early contact was attorney Marty Machat, who frequently performed legal work for Klein over the years.
- In June 1958, Klein married Betty Rosenblum, a Hunter College student seven years his junior. The couple had three children: Robin, Jody, and Beth.[29]
- Klein acquired a reputation as a tough negotiator who could bring money to his clients. Two of them, rockabilly singers Knox and Bowen, were owed royalties by Roulette Records. Morris Levy, co-owner of Roulette, was feared because of his organized crime connections. He was known to pay artists as little as possible. Klein persuaded him to pay Knox and Bowen the royalties they were owed over a four-year period. Klein's success with the Knox and Bowen negotiation brought him new clients, and he and Levy became lifelong friends.[29][31]
- Sam Cooke [ edit ] In 1963, Klein began a business partnership with Jocko Henderson, an urbane black disc jockey who had daily radio shows in both Philadelphia and New York. Henderson hosted lavish, profitable live rhythm and blues shows at the Apollo Theater in Harlem, and formed a partnership with Klein to begin doing the same in Philadelphia. As Henderson's partner, Klein was introduced to Sam Cooke, a pre-eminent talent who was equally adept at writing, producing, and performing his numerous hit records. Cooke had scored four top ten hits between 1957 and 1963, including his number one hit, "You Send Me," among 33 records in the top 100 in that period. Although Cooke was clearly making his label, RCA Records, a great deal of money, label executives nonetheless repeatedly refused to honor his many requests for a review of his accounts. Klein forced the reluctant label to open its books for a thorough audit. Shortly afterward, RCA agreed to re-negotiate Cooke's contract.
- Klein secured for his client a genuinely groundbreaking deal. Cooke created a holding company, Tracey Ltd., which was named after Cooke's middle daughter. Klein, Cooke's manager, sneakily changed paperwork and listed himself as owner instead (and Sam Cooke as his employee). Sam Cooke trusted him to protect him against crooked music executives but Klein used that trust to his advantage.
- Tracey would manufacture Cooke's recordings and give exclusive rights to RCA to sell them for 30 years, after which the rights would revert to Tracey. Cooke would receive a cash advance of $100,000 per year for three years, followed by $75,000 for each of two option years. Instead of being paid the first $100,000 in cash, Cooke was paid in Tracey preferred stock, which would be taxed only when he sold it. While the deal benefited Cooke, it also greatly benefited Klein, who ended up owning the rights to all of Cooke's recordings made since the contract re-negotiation when Cooke was killed in 1964 and his widow sold Cooke's remaining rights to Klein.
- Klein's successful negotiations on behalf of Cooke brought him new clients, including Bobby Vinton and the Dave Clark Five. As with Cooke, Klein arranged for his clients to be paid over a period of time to reduce their tax liability. This also benefited Klein, who took advantage of the earning potential of money over time to "make money from the money."
- According to the 2019 documentary Lady You Shot Me: The Life and Death of Sam Cooke, Klein was a predator in his relationship with the singer. As of 2019, Cooke's family received no royalties or benefits from his music. All royalties and publishing profits go to the Klein's corporation.
- Mickie Most and the British Invasion [ edit ] In 1964, Klein became the American business manager of Mickie Most, a former singer who was the savvy producer of hits for the Animals and Herman's Hermits. Klein extended to Most a million-dollar promise, adding that if he failed to deliver in only one month, Most owed him nothing. Klein did deliver, through strategic re-negotiations of existing contracts and new producing opportunities for RCA, including offers for Most to produce for both Sam Cooke and Elvis Presley. Though the latter two prospects did not materialize, Most was suddenly one of the most talked-about and financially gratified figures in the English recording industry, and Klein was a step closer to eventual agreements with both the Beatles and the Rolling Stones.
- His victories for Most won Klein access to several key English musicians. He eventually negotiated vastly improved deals for The Animals, Herman's Hermits, the Kinks, Lulu, Donovan, and Pete Townshend of the Who. However, Klein's help came at a price. To shelter his clients' money from Britain's high taxation rate on income earned abroad, Klein held the money for them at the Chemical Bank in New York City and paid it to them over periods of time of up to 20 years. Klein invested that money, which earned far more than Klein was obligated to pay to his clients, and he kept the difference in the accounts, thereby maintaining control over the money.
- The Rolling Stones [ edit ] In the spring of 1965 Andrew Loog Oldham, co-manager of the Rolling Stones, saw in Klein a terrific business adviser and ally, one who could help him win an incipient power struggle with Eric Easton, a music business veteran who was then the other half of the band's management team. Barely 21, Oldham was profoundly important in the development of the Stones' image, and in initiating the songwriting partnership of Keith Richards and Mick Jagger. After some management mishaps, blame for which fell at Easton's feet, and Jagger's ascension in the band's hierarchy following "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction", the Stones' first number one record in America, Oldham sought and received Jagger's blessing to bring Klein aboard for re-negotiation of the group's contract with Decca Records. The label offered the band the opportunity to make $300,000 if their records continued to sell. Klein countered with, and quickly secured, an arrangement paying the Stones twice as much, in the form of an advance. He also forced London Records, Decca's American subsidiary, to sign a separate contract. It too was for $600,000. By the time Klein subsequently re-negotiated the deal one year later, Easton having been removed as co-manager, the Stones were guaranteed $2.6 million'--more than the Beatles were making.
- When Klein examined the Stones' management contract with Easton and Oldham he found that the two were receiving a disproportionate share of the group's income: not only did Easton and Oldham receive an 8 percent royalty on sales of the Stones' singles'--the Stones themselves received only 6 percent'--but they also received a 25 percent commission on the Stones' income. At Klein's insistence, Oldham increased the Stones' royalties to 7 percent and relinquished his commission. Klein offered the Stones a million-dollar minimum guarantee, paid over a 20-year period to reduce the Stones' tax liability, to let him become their music publisher, based on his faith in the Jagger-Richards songwriting team. He also arranged for a level of tour support and publicity far above anything the band had ever previously experienced for the Stones' 1965 American tour in support of the album December's Children.
- Jagger, who had studied at the London School of Economics, gradually became distrustful of Klein, particularly for the latter's ability to insert himself as a profit participant in the group's ever-growing financial affairs. For example, in 1968 Klein very profitably bought out Oldham's share in the band for $750,000.[63][65] By 1968 the Stones were so concerned with how their finances were being handled by Klein that they hired a London law firm, Berger Oliver & Co, to look into their financial situation and Jagger hired the titled merchant banker Prince Rupert Loewenstein to be his personal financial adviser. Another possible factor in the Stones' dissatisfaction with Klein was that when the latter began to manage the Beatles he focused more of his attention on that band's affairs than on the concerns of the Stones. In 1970, on the occasion of needing to negotiate a new contract with Decca, Jagger announced that Klein would be replaced as manager by Loewenstein.
- The split between Klein and the Stones led to years of litigation. In 1971 the Stones sued Klein over U.S. publishing rights. The suit was settled the following year, with the Stones receiving $1.2 million as a settlement of all American royalties earned up to that point (and was essentially the $1.25 million advance that Decca had paid the Stones in 1965 that Klein had been withholding since August 1965). However, the Stones were unable to break their contract with Klein, who held an additional $2 million of the Stones' money to be paid over a 15-year period, ostensibly for tax purposes. Klein's company, ABKCO, continued to control the rights to publish the Stones' music and it was Klein who made a fortune off the band's all-time best-selling album, Hot Rocks 1964''1971.
- In 1972, Klein alleged that some of the songs on their album Exile on Main Street had been composed while the Stones were still under contract with ABKCO. As a result, ABKCO acquired ownership of the disputed songs and was able to publish another Rolling Stones album, More Hot Rocks (Big Hits and Fazed Cookies). In 1974 negotiations over royalties led to a payment of $375,000 to the Stones and ABKCO's release of an additional Rolling Stones album, Metamorphosis. In 1975 more lawsuits and negotiations resulted in a $1 million payment to the Stones for non-payment by Klein of songwriting royalties, and the release of four Rolling Stones albums including Rock and Roll Circus and Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones.[71] In 1984 Jagger and Richards sued to break their publishing agreement with ABKCO because of non-payment of royalties. The judge encouraged the two sides to reach a settlement.
- Starting in 1986, when the introduction of compact discs brought great profits to the music industry, relations began to improve between Klein and the Stones. In 2002, the Stones' album Forty Licks and the Licks Tour, celebrating the band's 40th anniversary, incorporated songs owned by ABKCO. The Stones agreed to a five-year payment plan suggested by Klein's son, Jody. In 2003, Klein negotiated with Steve Jobs to make ABKCO's Rolling Stones songs available on iTunes.
- Cameo-Parkway and ABKCO [ edit ] In February 1967, with an eye toward producing films and finding a way to invest his clients' money, Klein attempted to acquire Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. His hopes were blunted when Edgar Bronfman, Sr., heir to the Seagram fortune, instead took control of the firm. Klein then turned his attention to Cameo-Parkway Records, a Philadelphia-born, Los Angeles-based label which had enjoyed hits in the late 1950s and early 1960s, thanks to Chubby Checker, Bobby Rydell, Dee Dee Sharp and others, but which by 1967 was no longer prospering. It was one of the first publicly traded record companies, making it ideal for a financial maneuver Klein had in mind, known as a reverse acquisition. It was meant to take Allen Klein and Company public via its being acquired on paper by Cameo-Parkway. By July 1967, Klein and his associate Abbey Butler had acquired a controlling interest and filed to rename Cameo-Parkway as ABKCO, which is an acronym for "The Allen and Betty Klein Company." Fueled by speculation, the stock price increased from $1.75 a share in July 1967 to a peak of 76'
' in February 1968 before the SEC halted trading. The American Stock Exchange declined to reinstate the stock; instead, ABKCO continued to trade over the counter, and the stock price dropped to more realistic levels. In 1987, Klein made ABKCO a privately held company.
- The Beatles [ edit ] In 1964 Klein approached the Beatles' manager, Brian Epstein, with an offer for the Beatles to sign with RCA for $2 million but Epstein was not interested, saying that he was loyal to EMI. After Epstein died in August 1967, the group formed Apple Corps in January 1968. They hoped it would provide the means for correcting Epstein's unfortunate business decisions, which had both limited their incomes and ensured high tax burdens. Although "Hey Jude", the Beatles' first Apple release, was an enormous success, the label itself was a financial mess, with little accountability for how money was being spent.
- Klein contacted John Lennon after reading his press comment that the Beatles would be "broke in six months" if things continued as they were.[82] On January 26, 1969, he met with Lennon, who retained Klein as his financial representative, and the next day met with the other Beatles. Paul McCartney preferred to be represented by Lee and John Eastman, the father and brother respectively of McCartney's girlfriend Linda, whom he married on March 12. Given a choice between Klein and the Eastmans, George Harrison and Ringo Starr preferred Klein. Following rancorous London meetings with both Eastmans, in April, Klein was appointed as the Beatles' manager on an interim basis, with the Eastmans being appointed as their attorneys. Continued conflict between Klein and the Eastmans made this arrangement unworkable. The Eastmans were dismissed as the Beatles' attorneys, and on May 8 Klein was given a three-year contract as business manager of the Beatles. McCartney refused to sign the contract but was outvoted by the other Beatles.
- Once in charge of Apple, Klein fired a large number of the organization's employees, including Apple Records president Ron Kass, and replaced them with his own people. He closed Apple Electronics, which was headed by Alexis Mardas. Mardas resigned his directorship in May 1971.[87] Klein's attempt to fire Neil Aspinall, a longtime confidant of the Beatles, was immediately thwarted by the band.[31]
- Klein was hit with his first crisis in managing the Beatles when Clive Epstein, brother of Brian Epstein and chief heir to NEMS, the management company his brother had founded, sold NEMS to Triumph, a British investment group managed by Leonard Richenberg. NEMS held a 25% stake in the Beatles' earnings, which Klein as well as the Beatles themselves desperately wanted to buy out. This led to tough negotiations with Triumph. Klein ultimately secured the Beatles' rights in their previous work for just four annual payments amounting to 5% of their earnings. However, in the lead-up to those negotiations Richenberg commissioned a hostile investigative report on Klein, which The Sunday Times ran under the headline "The Toughest Wheeler-Dealer in the Pop Jungle".
- An even more important battle to secure the Beatles a financial situation commensurate with their worldwide popular acclaim was with Northern Songs Ltd., the publishing company. Northern Songs was managed by Dick James, whom Brian Epstein had rewarded with the Beatles' publishing rights in return for his helping them get placed on a TV show, Thank Your Lucky Stars, early in their career. But James had constructed a contract that gave him an outsized share, and Epstein had not understood its implications. James knew that Klein would soon eliminate his perks, so he quickly offered to sell Northern Songs to ATV, run by entertainment mogul Lew Grade, rather than allow Lennon and McCartney an opportunity to buy back publishing rights to their own songs. Klein worked feverishly to pull together a consortium which would beat Grade's offer, but ultimately his efforts were derailed by infighting between McCartney and Lennon themselves.
- In September 1969, while Klein was in the midst of renegotiating the Beatles' unsatisfactory recording agreements with EMI, Lennon told him of his plans to quit the group. It was agreed that this was the wrong time to either make or announce such a move. EMI was loath to re-negotiate, but their American subsidiary, Capitol Records, was so impressed by Abbey Road that they agreed to vastly improved royalty terms. McCartney joined his bandmates in endorsing the deal Klein had secured.
- Abbey Road proved to be the Beatles' last true collaboration, but Klein recognised an opportunity in the band's shelved January 1969 album and related documentary project, both titled Get Back, to get another album release out of the splintered group while also fulfilling their obligation to provide one more film to United Artists, the studio that had previously released both A Hard Day's Night and Help! Phil Spector, the producer famous for his "wall of sound" recordings with artists such as the Ronettes and the Righteous Brothers, was eager to sign on as producer for the album, which was eventually titled Let It Be. McCartney did not approve of Spector, but the other Beatles did. This proved to be McCartney and Klein's last face-to-face meeting. However, Apple made $6 million in the first month following the May 1970 release of the record and the film.
- Unhappy with production decisions on the Let It Be album and the other Beatles' decision to hire Klein as their manager, McCartney went public with his plans to leave the Beatles in April 1970. He wanted to be released from his partnership with Lennon, Starr, and Harrison, who had in recent months proved a steady three-to-one majority against McCartney's proposals. The Eastmans convinced McCartney to file suit against his former bandmates for dissolution of the Beatles' partnership, which he did on December 31, 1970.
- The judge ruled in McCartney's favor in March 1971. He decided that the combined financial affairs of the former Beatles should be placed in the care of a receiver until mutually acceptable terms for their break-up could be found. Klein thereby retained a position in the post-breakup solo careers of Harrison, Starr, and Lennon, but was no longer in charge of their affairs as a partnership.
- Solo Beatles [ edit ] For the first few years after the Beatles' contentious break-up, George Harrison was widely seen as the most accomplished and artistically successful former Beatle.[102][103][104] His November 1970 three-disc set, All Things Must Pass, was a sales triumph, and produced hit singles in "My Sweet Lord" and "What Is Life". In the spring of 1971, Harrison learned from his friend and mentor, Ravi Shankar, about the desperate people of Bangladesh, who had been devastated both by military violence and a vicious cyclone. Harrison immediately set about organizing an event which would take place in Madison Square Garden within just five weeks'--the Concert for Bangladesh'--from which a live album could raise further funds for the Bangladeshi refugees. Klein hustled to get the invited artists, including Bob Dylan and Eric Clapton, to play for free while donating their shares of royalties to charity, and convinced Capitol Records to grant an unprecedented 50% royalty rate. The Concert for Bangladesh live album and film raised over $15 million. Klein had failed to register the shows as a UNICEF charity event, however; as a result, the proceeds were denied tax-exempt status in Britain and the US. The IRS attempted to tax the income, and $10 million of that amount was held back for years.
- Both Harrison and John Lennon soon became disenchanted with Klein. By mid 1972, Harrison was incensed at the outcome of Klein's handling of the Bangladesh relief effort. Aside from the question of its charity status, unwelcome attention had been drawn to the project after an article published in New York magazine accused Klein of pocketing $1.14 on each copy of the live album (priced at $10)[111]'--allegations that raised suspicions among the three former Beatles with regard to his conduct in their business affairs. Lennon also felt betrayed by Klein's lack of support for his and Yoko Ono's increasingly politically focused work, which was typified by the couple's 1972 album Some Time in New York City.[nb 1] In early 1973 Lennon, Harrison and Starr served notice that they would not be renewing Klein's management contract when it expired in March. Early the following month, Lennon told an interviewer: "Let's say possibly Paul's suspicions were right '... and the timing was right."
- Klein responded by suing the Beatles and Apple in New York, in order to recoup the loans he had made to his three former clients and other costs owing to ABKCO. They then sued him in the London courts, citing excessive commission fees, the mishandling of the Concert for Bangladesh, his misrepresentation of their individual financial standings, and his failure to ensure that the roster of artists at Apple Records prospered under his control.[nb 2] While the suits were ongoing, Klein made a play for the US portion of Harrison's publishing company, Harrisongs, in late 1974, without success. He also attempted to influence the outcome of Lennon's arrangement with music publisher Morris Levy regarding an alleged copyright infringement (of the Chuck Berry song "You Can't Catch Me") in Lennon's 1969 Beatles composition "Come Together". Lennon's song "Steel and Glass" from the 1974 album Walls and Bridges was his thinly veiled dig at Klein.[nb 3]
- Klein's 1973 lawsuit against the Beatles was settled out of court in January 1977, with Ono representing the former bandmates. Klein received a lump sum payment of approximately $5 million in lieu of future royalties and as repayment of the loans that ABKCO had made to the Beatles.
- Harrison had been sued for copyright infringement in 1971 because of the alleged similarity of his song "My Sweet Lord" to "He's So Fine", which had been recorded by the Chiffons in 1963 and was owned by Bright Tunes Music. The case was still pending in 1976; as an alternate strategy to access Harrison's US publishing, Klein now purchased Bright Tunes and thus became the plaintiff in the lawsuit against Harrison. The judge ruled that Harrison had infringed on Bright Tunes' copyright, and the ruling was upheld on appeal. The judge initially assessed damages of $2,133,316, which Harrison would have to pay to Klein, then reduced the figure to $1,599,987, but finally ruled in 1981 that Klein still had a fiduciary responsibility to Harrison and should not be allowed to profit from his acquisition of Bright Tunes. Klein was ordered to hold "He's So Fine" in trust for Harrison provided that Harrison reimburse him the $587,000 that it had cost Klein to purchase the company.
- Films and theater [ edit ] The multi-Academy Award-winning 1955 film Marty, an independently produced movie that undercut the Hollywood studio system, provided a business template which Allen Klein closely studied and later adapted to the recording industry. In the late 1950s Klein shared an office with press agent Bernie Kamber, who represented Burt Lancaster, one of Marty's producers. Klein absorbed much from Kamber on how the producers had structured their business model, a paradigm whose strength derived from the fact that artists, not film studios or record labels, drove marketplace success and that intense preparation and canny negotiation could lavishly reward artists and their representatives. In 1961 Klein did accountancy work for an independent film, Force of Impulse, where he formed lasting relationships that he would turn to for many film projects of his own. In 1962 Klein produced a film called Without Each Other. He took it to the Cannes Film Festival and later claimed that it had won the "Best American Picture Award" there, though no such award actually existed. A distributor never materialized, but Klein's enthusiasm for film persisted.
- Starting in 1967 Klein produced four films in the Spaghetti Western genre, a lean-and-mean style of cowboy movie with taciturn heroes and explosive violence. Klein utilized actor Tony Anthony, whom he'd met on Force of Impulse, in all four. Their films included a trilogy comprising A Stranger In Town, The Stranger Returns (1967), and The Silent Stranger (shot in 1968 but not released until 1975 by United Artists).[132][133] Blindman (1970) featured Ringo Starr as a Mexican bandit, Anthony as its lead, and Klein as an extra. The first two "Stranger" films were released by MGM the studio where Klein produced Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter starring the popular Herman's Hermits. Klein, who had tried to purchase MGM in the mid '60s, became involved with a lawsuit against MGM with each accusing the other of not performing on their contracts with each other.[136]
- In 1971, John Lennon directed Klein's attention to El Topo, a surrealistic western by the Chilean director Alejandro Jodorowsky. Inspired by Lennon's enthusiasm, Klein bought the film and put it in American release. He then produced and financed Jodorowsky's next film, The Holy Mountain, an allegorical journey with psychedelic overtones. Later the producer and the director's planned collaboration on a proposed film version of Story of O was halted when Jodorowsky refused to make the film and to return substantial advance monies. Klein retaliated by withdrawing both El Topo and The Holy Mountain from distribution. In 2008 Jodorowsky released the films in Europe and was sued by Klein. After a face-to-face reconciliation between the two men Klein dropped his lawsuit and ABKCO released the films on video, paying Jodorowsky to remaster them.
- Klein's legs appeared in Lennon and Yoko Ono's 1971 film Up Your Legs Forever.[139] With George Harrison, Klein co-produced the 1972 concert film The Concert for Bangladesh. Klein also produced the 1978 film The Greek Tycoon, in which Anthony Quinn and Jacqueline Bisset played characters based on Aristotle Onassis and Jacqueline Kennedy. In the early 1980s Klein produced two Broadway plays. It Had to be You, a romantic comedy starring Ren(C)e Taylor and Joseph Bologna, ran for barely a month. Next Klein produced The Man Who Had Three Arms, written by Edward Albee. Although Albee had also written big successes in The Zoo Story and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, the play Klein produced had an even shorter run than his previous attempt.
- Criminal conviction and jail time [ edit ] In 1977, Klein and ABKCO's former head of promotion, Pete Bennett, were each charged with three felony counts of income tax evasion for 1970, 1971, and 1972, and related misdemeanor counts of making false statement on their income tax returns for each of those years. The IRS, which had been investigating Klein for several years, claimed that Klein and Bennett had sold promotional copies of Beatles and post-Beatles albums'--common practice in the music industry at the time'--without declaring the sales on their tax returns. Klein was alleged to have received over $200,000. Bennett pleaded guilty to a single misdemeanor charge and became a witness against Klein. Klein testified that he had not instructed Bennett to sell promotional copies of albums and that although he'd received cash payments from Bennett the payments were a return of cash advances which Bennett had been given. Klein's first trial ended in a mistrial because the jury was deadlocked. At his second trial in 1979, the jury found Klein not guilty of the felony charges, but guilty of a single misdemeanor charge for false statements on his 1972 tax return. Klein was fined $5,000 and sentenced to two months in jail, which he served in July''September 1980.[63]
- Phil Spector [ edit ] In 1988 Klein began managing Phil Spector's business affairs, including his publishing and recording assets. Although Spector had not been active as a producer for several years, his early work was still frequently broadcast and also licensed for film soundtracks. Spector's publishing company, Mother Bertha Music, Inc, was controlled by Trio, a Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller company, which was in turn administered by Warner/Chappell Music. Warner/Chappell was making appropriate payments, but significant amounts were not being passed on to Spector. Klein's goal was to get Spector all the money owed him, and also to wrest a concession allowing Spector to co-administer the future licensing of his music. Klein and Spector brought suit in federal court where a courtroom win would secure the first goal but not the second. Klein accordingly then advised a settlement strategy which proved successful.
- The Verve [ edit ] On their 1997 single "Bitter Sweet Symphony", the English band the Verve sampled a 1965 orchestral version of the Rolling Stones song "The Last Time" by the Andrew Oldham Orchestra.[144] Klein, who owned the copyrights to the Rolling Stones' early work, refused clearance for the sample; following a lawsuit, the Verve ceded the songwriting credits and royalties. In 2019, Klein's son and the Rolling Stones returned the credits and royalties to Richard Ashcroft of the Verve.[145]
- The song became a hit, popular for use at sporting events, and it was a big money-maker for ABKCO, which licensed its use for commercials advertising Nike shoes and Opel automobiles. In 1999, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards were nominated for a Grammy for Best Rock Song, even though "Bitter Sweet Symphony" actually bears little resemblance to the Rolling Stones's "The Last Time."
- Death [ edit ] Klein was diagnosed with diabetes at age 40. He suffered several heart attacks over the years, of varying severity. In 2004, the same year that ABKCO collected a Grammy Award for a Sam Cooke documentary, Legend, Klein fell and broke bones in his foot, requiring surgery. He was subsequently diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. He died on July 4, 2009 in New York City. The cause of his death was respiratory failure. Yoko Ono and Sean Ono Lennon attended Klein's funeral. Andrew Loog Oldham commented at a subsequent memorial service that Klein had greatly magnified the success of the Rolling Stones.
- In June 2015, American journalist Fred Goodman published a biography of Klein, Allen Klein: The Man Who Bailed Out the Beatles, Made the Stones, and Transformed Rock & Roll.[150]
- Legacy [ edit ] In the 1978 television mockumentary The Rutles: All You Need is Cash, which parodies the career of the Beatles, Allen Klein is portrayed as "Ron Decline", played by John Belushi. Introduced as "the most feared promoter in the world", Decline is so intimidating to his colleagues that they choose to throw themselves out of skyscraper windows rather than face him.
- In his book You Never Give Me Your Money: The Battle for the Soul of the Beatles, Peter Doggett says that Klein has come to be seen as one of the controversial "intruders" in the Beatles' story. Doggett writes:
- Suspected for their motives, hated for their disruptive power, they all arrived from America and were all regarded as suspects for the crime of breaking up the Beatles, on the assumption that without them the group would have continued happily in each other's company until their dying days. The first of these intruders was Yoko Ono; the second was Linda Eastman; and the third was Allen Klein.
- With the possible exception of Alexis Mardas, who occupied a far less central role, nobody in the Beatles' milieu has received a more damning verdict from historians than Allen Klein. He was, one said, "a tough little scorpion"; for another, "fast-talking, dirty-mouthed '... sloppily dressed and grossly overweight"; again, "short and fat, beady-eyed and greasily pompadoured". Beatles aide Alistair Taylor said, "He had all the charm of a broken lavatory seat" ... So consistent was the vilification that when biographer Philip Norman merely described Klein as "a tubby little man", it sounded like a compliment.
- '... No such rehabilitation [as was later afforded Ono and Eastman] was available for Allen Klein, who entered the Beatles' story as a villain from central casting, and never escaped that role. Yet we are asked to believe that three of the four Beatles found this "beady-eyed" "grossly overweight" "scorpion" such an attractive figure that they were prepared to trust him with their futures. Clearly the Demon King didn't always exude the stench of sulphur.
- Notes [ edit ] ^ Klein's opposition to Some Time in New York City was based on the likelihood that its US sales would fall short of 500,000 units, which would disqualify the former Beatles from receiving their second royalty increase, under the terms of their agreement with Capitol. Before its release, Klein negotiated with the record company to have the album discounted from this contractual stipulation, so demonstrating a degree of foresight that, author Peter Doggett writes, "Lennon never gave him credit for" when discussing Klein's contribution. ^ Klein immediately countersued in London, in November 1973, for $19 million in unpaid fees. He also sued McCartney separately, for $34 million, but the suit was thrown out of court. ^ In 1970, Harrison had included the line "Beware of ABKCO" in an early demo version of the song "Beware of Darkness". During his 1974 North American tour'--the end of which he spent avoiding Klein's process server in New York'--Harrison introduced a gag in the lyrics to "Sue Me, Sue You Blues": "Bring your lawyer and I'll bring Klein / Get together and we could have a bad time." References [ edit ] ^ Distinguished Weequahic Alumni, Weequahic High School Alumni Association. Accessed December 19, 2019. "Allen Klein (1950) a music producer with Sam Cooke, the Beatles and Rolling Stones as clients." ^ a b Laing, Dave (July 5, 2009). "Allen Klein: US business manager who made sure the Rolling Stones and the Beatles got paid". The Guardian . Retrieved January 16, 2016 . ^ a b Perrone, Pierre (July 5, 2009). "Allen Klein: Notorious business manager for the Beatles and the Rolling Stones" . The Independent. Archived from the original on July 9, 2009 . Retrieved October 20, 2017 . ^ a b Sisario, Ben (July 5, 2009). "Allen Klein, 77, Dies; Managed Music Legends". The New York Times . Retrieved April 23, 2010 . ^ Todd, Patrick (August 11, 2010). "Who/What Is Nanker Phelge?". rollingtimes.org. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016 . Retrieved January 21, 2016 . ^ News staff (June 5, 1975). "Stones Settle With Allen Klein: Four More Albums". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013 . Retrieved February 4, 2016 . ^ Staff writer (July 5, 2009). "Allen Klein". The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved October 21, 2017 . ^ "John Alexis Mardas". The Independent. August 21, 2006. Archived from the original on April 1, 2011 . Retrieved October 21, 2017 . ^ Goodman 2015, p. 232: "the former Beatle was now a huge artistic and commercial power in his own right ... [Lennon] hated the idea that George Harrison was suddenly the most popular and successful Beatle." ^ Rodriguez 2010, p. 159: "[Band on the Run] restored Paul's good name and put him back in the game for good, redefining perceptions of who was the ex-Beatle most capable of carrying on their legacy. Until Band on the Run, that ex-Fab had been widely assumed to be George." ^ Inglis 2010, pp. 23, 36: "[All Things Must Pass] elevate[d] 'the third Beatle' into a position that, for a time at least, comfortably eclipsed that of his former bandmates ... By mid-1972, Harrison, his music, and his humanitarian concerns were universally acclaimed ... his efforts to draw attention to the tragedies in Bangladesh had propelled him to the position of popular music's first statesman." ^ Fong-Torres, Ben (March 30, 1972). "Did Allen Klein Take Bangla Desh Money?". Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 21, 2017 . ^ Marco Giusti (2007). Dizionario del western all'italiana. Mondadori, 2007. pp. 157''158. ISBN 978-88-04-57277-0. ^ Mavis, Paul (May 6, 2015). "The Stranger Trilogy (Warner Archive Collection: A Stranger in Town, The Stranger Returns, The Silent Stranger)". DVDTalk.com . Retrieved January 22, 2016 . ^ News staff (July 4, 1970). "Not So, Says AKKCO in Reply to MGM Pact Breach Charge". Billboard. p. 4 . Retrieved October 21, 2017 . ^ Jonathan Cott (2013). Days That I'll Remember: Spending Time With John Lennon & Yoko Ono. Omnibus Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-78323-048-8. ^ Fricke, David (April 16, 1998). "The Verve: Richard Ashcroft's bittersweet triumph". Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 14, 2022 . ^ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (May 23, 2019). "Bittersweet no more: Rolling Stones pass Verve royalties to Richard Ashcroft". The Guardian . Retrieved July 14, 2022 . ^ Greene, Andy (June 26, 2015). "Reconsidering Music-Business Boogeyman Allen Klein". Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 20, 2017 . Sources [ edit ] Badman, Keith (2001). The Beatles Diary Volume 2: After the Break-Up 1970''2001. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-8307-6. Beatles, The (2000). The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-2684-8. Clayson, Alan (2003). George Harrison. London: Sanctuary. ISBN 1-86074-489-3. Coleman, Ray (1984). Lennon . McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-011786-1. Doggett, Peter (2011). You Never Give Me Your Money: The Beatles After the Breakup. New York, NY: It Books. ISBN 978-0-06-177418-8. Goodman, Fred (2015). Allen Klein: The Man Who Bailed Out the Beatles, Made the Stones, and Transformed Rock & Roll. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-547-89686-1. Inglis, Ian (2010). The Words and Music of George Harrison. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-37532-3. McMillian, John (2013). Beatles vs. Stones. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-14391-5969-9. Rej, Bent (2006). The Rolling Stones: In the Beginning. New York, NY: Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-55407-230-9. Rodriguez, Robert (2010). Fab Four FAQ 2.0: The Beatles' Solo Years, 1970''1980. Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-9093-4. Soocher, Stan (2015). Baby You're a Rich Man: Suing the Beatles for Fun and Profit. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England. ISBN 978-1-61168-380-6. External links [ edit ] Allen Klein '' Daily Telegraph obituaryAllen Klein at IMDbBeaumont, Mark (September 12, 2017). " 'I signed Bitter Sweet Symphony away for one dollar': the unholy rows behind The Verve's Urban Hymns" . Daily Telegraph.
- Sam Cooke - Wikipedia
- American singer and songwriter (1931''1964)
- Samuel Cook[5] (January 22, 1931[6] '' December 11, 1964),[5] known professionally as Sam Cooke, was an American singer and songwriter. Considered one of the most influential soul artists of all time, Cooke is commonly referred to as the "King of Soul" for his distinctive vocals, pioneering contributions to the genre, and significance in popular music.[7]
- Cooke was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi, and later relocated to Chicago with his family at a young age, where he began singing as a child and joined the Soul Stirrers as lead singer in the 1950s. Going solo in 1957, he released a string of hit songs, including "You Send Me", "A Change Is Gonna Come", "Cupid", "Wonderful World", "Chain Gang", "Twistin' the Night Away", "Bring It On Home to Me", and "Good Times". During his eight-year career, Cooke released 29 singles that charted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Pop Singles chart, as well as 20 singles in the Top Ten of Billboard 's Black Singles chart.
- In 1964, Cooke was shot and killed by the manager of a motel in Los Angeles.[8] After an inquest and investigation, the courts ruled Cooke's death to be a justifiable homicide.[9] His family has since questioned the circumstances of his death.
- Cooke's contributions to soul music contributed to the rise of Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Billy Preston, and popularized the work of Otis Redding and James Brown.[10][11][12] AllMusic biographer Bruce Eder wrote that Cooke was "the inventor of soul music", and possessed "an incredible natural singing voice and a smooth, effortless delivery that has never been surpassed".[13]
- Cooke was also a central part of the civil rights movement, using his influence and popularity with the White and Black populations to fight for the cause. He was friends with boxer Muhammad Ali, activist Malcolm X and football player Jim Brown, who together campaigned for racial equality.[citation needed ]
- Early life [ edit ] Sam Cooke was born Samuel Cook in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1931 (he added the "e" to his last name in 1957 to signify a new start to his life).[14][15] He was the fifth of eight children of the Rev. Charles Cook, a Baptist minister in the Church of Christ (Holiness), and his wife, Annie Mae. One of his younger brothers, L.C. (1932''2017),[16][17] later became a member of the doo-wop band Johnny Keyes and the Magnificents. Cooke was raised Baptist.[19]
- Cooke's family moved to Chicago in 1933. There he attended Doolittle Elementary and Wendell Phillips Academy High School, the same school that Nat "King" Cole had attended a few years earlier. Cooke sang in the choir of his father's church and began his career with his siblings in a group called the Singing Children when he was six years old. He first became known as lead singer with the Highway Q.C.'s when he was a teenager, having joined the group at the age of 14. During this time, Cooke befriended fellow gospel singer and neighbor Lou Rawls, who sang in a rival gospel group.
- Career [ edit ] The Soul Stirrers [ edit ] In 1950, Cooke replaced gospel tenor R. H. Harris as lead singer of his gospel group the Soul Stirrers, who had signed with Specialty Records on behalf of the group. Their first recording under Cooke's leadership was the song "Jesus Gave Me Water" in 1951. They also recorded the gospel songs "Peace in the Valley", "How Far Am I from Canaan?", "Jesus Paid the Debt" and "One More River", among many others, some of which he wrote.[4] Cooke was often credited for bringing gospel music to the attention of a younger crowd of listeners, mainly girls who would rush to the stage when the Soul Stirrers hit the stage just to get a glimpse of Cooke.
- Billboard ' s 2015 list of "the 35 Greatest R&B Artists Of All Time" includes Cooke, "who broke ground in 1957 with the R&B/pop crossover hit 'You Send Me' ... And his activism on the civil rights front resulted in the quiet protest song 'A Change Is Gonna Come'."[27]
- Crossover pop success [ edit ] Cooke had 30 U.S. top 40 hits between 1957 and 1964, plus three more posthumously. Major hits like "You Send Me", "A Change Is Gonna Come", "Cupid", "Chain Gang", "Wonderful World", "Another Saturday Night", and "Twistin' the Night Away" are some of his most popular songs. Twistin' the Night Away was one of his biggest selling albums.[28] Cooke was also among the first modern Black performers and composers to attend to the business side of his musical career. He founded both a record label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer. He also took an active part in the Civil Rights Movement.[29]
- Cooke in Billboard, 1965, released posthumouslyHis first pop/soul single was "Lovable" (1956), a remake of the gospel song "Wonderful". It was released under the alias "Dale Cook"[30] in order not to alienate his gospel fan base; there was a considerable stigma against gospel singers performing secular music. However, it fooled no one[9] '-- Cooke's unique and distinctive vocals were easily recognized. Art Rupe, head of Specialty Records, the label of the Soul Stirrers, gave his blessing for Cooke to record secular music under his real name, but he was unhappy about the type of music Cooke and producer Bumps Blackwell were making. Rupe expected Cooke's secular music to be similar to that of another Specialty Records artist, Little Richard. When Rupe walked in on a recording session and heard Cooke singing Gershwin, he was quite upset. After an argument between Rupe and Blackwell, Cooke and Blackwell left the label.
- "Lovable" was neither a hit nor a flop, and indicated Cooke's future potential. While gospel was popular, Cooke saw that fans were mostly limited to low-income, rural parts of the country, and sought to branch out. Cooke later admitted he got an endorsement for a career in pop music from the least likely man, his pastor father. "My father told me it was not what I sang that was important, but that God gave me a voice and musical talent and the true use of His gift was to share it and make people happy." Taking the name "Sam Cooke", he sought a fresh start in pop.[citation needed ]
- In 1957, Cooke appeared on ABC's The Guy Mitchell Show. That same year, he signed with Keen Records. His first hit, "You Send Me", released as the B-side of "Summertime",[30] spent six weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard R&B chart.[33] The song also had mainstream success, spending three weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard pop chart.[34] It elevated him from earning $200 a week to over $5,000 a week.[35]
- In 1958, Cooke performed for the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin held at the Shrine Auditorium on August 3. The other headliners were Little Willie John, Ray Charles, Ernie Freeman, and Bo Rhambo. Sammy Davis Jr. was there to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest. The event featured the top four prominent disc jockeys of Los Angeles.[14]
- Billboard advertisement, May 29, 1961Cooke signed with the RCA Victor record label in January 1960, having been offered a guaranteed $100,000 (equivalent to $990,000 in 2022) by the label's producers Hugo & Luigi.[36][37] One of his first RCA Victor singles was "Chain Gang", which reached No. 2 on the Billboard pop chart. It was followed by more hits, including "Sad Mood", "Cupid", "Bring It On Home to Me" (with Lou Rawls on backing vocals), "Another Saturday Night", and "Twistin' the Night Away".
- In 1961, Cooke started his own record label, SAR Records, with J. W. Alexander and his manager, Roy Crain.[44] The label soon included the Simms Twins, the Valentinos (who were Bobby Womack and his brothers), Mel Carter and Johnnie Taylor. Cooke then created a publishing imprint and management firm named Kags.[45]
- Like most R&B artists of his time, Cooke focused on singles; in all, he had 29 top 40 hits on the pop charts and more on the R&B charts. He was a prolific songwriter and wrote most of the songs he recorded. He also had a hand in overseeing some of the song arrangements. In spite of releasing mostly singles, he released a well-received blues-inflected LP in 1963, Night Beat, and his most critically acclaimed studio album, Ain't That Good News, which featured five singles, in 1964.[46]
- In 1963, Cooke signed a five-year contract for Allen Klein to manage Kags Music and SAR Records and made him his manager. Klein negotiated a five-year deal (three years plus two option years) with RCA Victor in which a holding company, Tracey, Ltd, named after Cooke's daughter, owned by Klein and managed by J. W. Alexander, would produce and own Cooke's recordings. RCA Victor would get exclusive distribution rights in exchange for 6 percent royalty payments and payments for the recording sessions. For tax reasons, Cooke would receive preferred stock in Tracey instead of an initial cash advance of $100,000. Cooke would receive cash advances of $100,000 for the next two years, followed by an additional $75,000 for each of the two option years if the deal went to term.
- Personal life [ edit ] Cooke was married twice.[48] His first marriage was to singer-dancer Dolores Elizabeth Milligan Cook, who took the stage name "Dee Dee Mohawk" in 1953; they divorced in 1958.[49] She was killed in an auto collision in Fresno, California in 1959. Although he and Dolores were divorced, Cooke paid for his ex-wife's funeral expenses.[49][48] She was survived by her son Joey.[14]
- In 1958, Cooke married his second wife, Barbara Campbell (1935''2021), in Chicago.[49] His father performed the ceremony.[49] They had three children, Linda (b. 1953), Tracy (b. 1960), and Vincent (1961''1963), who drowned in the family swimming pool.[48][49] Less than three months after Cooke's death, his widow, Barbara, married his friend Bobby Womack.[57][58] Barbara and Womack divorced after she discovered Womack was having an affair with Cooke's 17-year-old daughter Linda.[59] Linda married Womack's brother, Cecil, and they became the duo Womack & Womack.[44]
- Cooke also fathered at least three other children out of wedlock. In 1958, a woman in Philadelphia, Connie Bolling,[14] claimed Cooke was the father of her son. Cooke paid her an estimated $5,000 settlement out of court.[49]
- In November 1958, Cooke was involved in a car accident en route from St. Louis to Greenville, Mississippi. His chauffeur Edward Cunningham was killed, while Cooke, guitarist Cliff White, and singer Lou Rawls were hospitalized.[49]
- Death [ edit ] "Lady, you shot me" redirects here. For the Har Mar Superstar song, see
- Cooke was killed on December 11, 1964 at the Hacienda Motel at 91st and South Figueroa streets in South Central Los Angeles. Answering separate reports of a shooting and a kidnapping at the motel, police found Cooke's body. He had sustained a gunshot wound to the chest, which was later determined to have pierced his heart.[61]
- The motel's manager, Bertha Franklin, said she shot him in self-defense. Her account was immediately disputed by Cooke's acquaintances.[62] The motel's owner, Evelyn Carr,[note 1] said she had been on the telephone with Franklin at the time of the incident. Carr said she overheard Cooke's intrusion and the ensuing conflict and gunshot, and called the police.
- The police record states that Franklin fatally shot Cooke, who had checked in earlier that evening.[65] Franklin said Cooke had banged on the door of her office, shouting "Where's the girl?!", in reference to Elisa Boyer, a woman who had accompanied Cooke to the motel, and who had called the police that night from a telephone booth near the motel minutes before Carr had.
- Franklin shouted back that there was no one in her office except herself, but an enraged Cooke did not believe her and forced his way into the office, naked except for one shoe and a sport jacket. He grabbed her, demanding again to know the woman's whereabouts. According to Franklin, she grappled with Cooke, the two of them fell to the floor, and she then got up and ran to retrieve a gun. She said she then fired at Cooke in self-defense because she feared for her life. Cooke was struck once in the torso. According to Franklin, he exclaimed, "Lady, you shot me", in a tone that expressed perplexity rather than anger, before advancing on her again. She said she hit him in the head with a broomstick before he finally fell to the floor and died. A coroner's inquest was convened to investigate the incident.
- Boyer told the police that she had first met Cooke earlier that night and had spent the evening in his company. She said that after they left a local nightclub together, she had repeatedly requested that he take her home, but it appeared he was intoxicated and drove her against her will to a place to have sex. As they sped down Harbor Freeway, Boyer noted they had passed a number of hotels and motor courts.
- Cooke ended up at the Hacienda Motel, a black-owned business in south central Los Angeles. Boyer noted Cooke's familiarity with the layout as if he had been a repeat customer. She said that once in one of the motel's rooms, Cooke physically forced her onto the bed, and then stripped her to her panties. She said she was sure he was going to rape her. Cooke allowed her to use the bathroom, from which she attempted an escape but found that the window was firmly shut. According to Boyer, she returned to the main room, where Cooke continued to molest her. When he went to use the bathroom, she quickly grabbed her clothes and ran from the room. She said that in her haste, she had also scooped up most of Cooke's clothing by mistake.
- She said she ran first to the manager's office and knocked on the door seeking help. However, she said that the manager took too long to respond, so, fearing Cooke would soon be coming after her, she fled from the motel before the manager opened the door. She said she then put her clothes back on, hid Cooke's clothing, went to a telephone booth, and called the police.
- Boyer's account is the only one that exists of what happened between her and Cooke that night, and it has long been called into question due to inconsistencies between her version of events and details reported by diners at Martoni's Restaurant, where Cooke dined and drank earlier in the evening. [65]
- According to restaurant employees and friends, Cooke was carrying a large amount of money at Martoni's. However, a search of Boyer's purse by police revealed nothing except a $20 bill (about $197 in 2023), and a search of Cooke's Ferrari found only a money clip with $108 (about $1,063 in 2023), as well as a few loose coins near the ashtray.[70]
- As Carr's testimony corroborated Franklin's version of events, and because both Boyer and Franklin later passed polygraph tests,[49][71] the coroner's jury ultimately accepted Franklin's explanation and returned a verdict of justifiable homicide.[9] With that verdict, authorities officially closed the case on Cooke's death.
- Some of Cooke's family and supporters, however, have rejected Boyer's version of events, as well as those given by Franklin and Carr. They believe that there was a conspiracy to murder Cooke and that the murder took place in some manner entirely different from the three official accounts.[73][74][75][77][78][79]
- On the perceived lack of an investigation, Cooke's close friend Muhammad Ali said: "If Cooke had been Frank Sinatra, the Beatles or Ricky Nelson, the FBI would be investigating".[80]
- Singer Etta James viewed Cooke's body before his funeral and questioned the accuracy of the official version of events. She wrote that the injuries she observed were well beyond the official account of Cooke having fought Franklin alone. James wrote that Cooke was so badly beaten that his head was nearly separated from his shoulders, his hands were broken and crushed, and his nose mangled.[81]
- Some have speculated that Cooke's manager, Allen Klein, had a role in his death. Klein owned Tracey Ltd, which ultimately owned all rights to Cooke's recordings. However, no concrete evidence supporting a criminal conspiracy has been presented.[77][78]
- Aftermath [ edit ] Grave of Sam Cooke in the Garden of Honor at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, CaliforniaThe first funeral service for Cooke was held on December 18, 1964, at A. R. Leak Funeral Home in Chicago; 200,000 fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body.[48][83]
- Afterward, his body was flown back to Los Angeles for a second service, at the Mount Sinai Baptist Church on December 19,[84] which included a much-heralded performance of "The Angels Keep Watching Over Me" by Ray Charles, who stood in for a grief-stricken Bessie Griffin. Cooke was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.[48][85]
- Two singles and an album were released in the month after his death. One of the singles, "Shake", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts. The B-side, "A Change Is Gonna Come", is considered a classic protest song from the era of the civil rights movement.[86] It was a Top 40 pop hit and a top 10 R&B hit. The album, also titled Shake, reached the number one spot for R&B albums.
- Bertha Franklin said she received numerous death threats after shooting Cooke. She left her position at the Hacienda Motel and did not publicly disclose where she had moved.[87] After being cleared by the coroner's jury, she sued Cooke's estate, citing physical injuries and mental anguish suffered as a result of Cooke's attack. Her lawsuit sought $200,000 ($1,937,200 in 2023) in compensatory and punitive damages.[87] Barbara Womack countersued Franklin on behalf of the estate, seeking $7,000 ($67,802 in 2023) in damages to cover Cooke's funeral expenses. Elisa Boyer provided testimony in support of Franklin in the case. In 1967, a jury ruled in favor of Franklin on both counts, awarding her $30,000 ($274,050 in 2023) in damages.[88] The business reputation of the Hacienda Motel was sufficiently damaged that Evelyn Carr sold it. The new owner had it demolished to make way for a gas station and tenement, both of which are extant as of 2023.
- Legacy [ edit ] Portrayals [ edit ] Cooke was portrayed by Paul Mooney in The Buddy Holly Story, a 1978 American biographical film which tells the life story of rock musician Buddy Holly.
- In the stage play One Night in Miami, first performed in 2013, Cooke is portrayed by Arinz(C) Kene. In the 2020 film adaptation, he is played by Leslie Odom Jr., who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal.
- Posthumous honors [ edit ] In 1986, Cooke was inducted as a charter member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[89]In 1987, Cooke was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.[90]In 1989, Cooke was inducted a second time to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when the Soul Stirrers were inducted.[91]On February 1, 1994, Cooke received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the music industry, located on 7051 Hollywood Boulevard.[92][93][94]Although Cooke never won a Grammy Award, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999,[95] presented by Larry Blackmon of funk super-group Cameo.In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cooke 16th on its list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time".[96][97]In 2008, Cooke was named the fourth "Greatest Singer of All Time" by Rolling Stone.[98]In 2008, Cooke received the first plaque on the Clarksdale Walk of Fame, located at the New Roxy theater.[99]In 2009, Cooke was honored with a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail in Clarksdale.[100]In June 2011, the city of Chicago renamed a portion of East 36th Street near Cottage Grove Avenue as the honorary "Sam Cooke Way" to remember the singer near a corner where he hung out and sang as a teenager. Many of his family was also in attendance, as many of them are living in the Chicago area.[101]In 2013, Cooke was inducted into the National Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, at Cleveland State University.[102] The founder of the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame, LaMont Robinson, said he was the greatest singer ever to sing.[103]The words "A change is gonna come" from the Sam Cooke song of the same name are on a wall of the Contemplative Court, a space for reflection in the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture; the museum opened in 2016.[104]Cooke is inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame.[105]In 2020, Dion released a song and music video as a tribute to Cooke called "Song for Sam Cooke (Here in America)" (featuring Paul Simon) from his album Blues with Friends. American Songwriter magazine honored "Song for Sam Cooke" as the "Greatest of the Great 2020 Songs".[106]In 2023, Cooke was named the third "Greatest Singer of All Time" by Rolling Stone.[107]Discography [ edit ] Sam Cooke (1958)Encore (1958)Tribute to the Lady (1959)Cooke's Tour (1960)Hits of the 50's (1960)Swing Low (1961)My Kind of Blues (1961)Twistin' the Night Away (1962)Mr. Soul (1963)Night Beat (1963)Ain't That Good News (1964)Notes [ edit ] ^ Some sources identify the motel owner's last name as "Card", according to Guralnick References [ edit ] ^ Eagle, Bob; LeBlanc, Eric S. (2013). Blues '' A Regional Experience. Santa Barbara: Praeger Publishers. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-313-34423-7. ^ Cooke's death certificate gives his year of birth as 1932 while his gravestone gives his year of birth as 1930. However, the Social Security Death Master File (number 329-26-4823) indicates 1931. ^ "Report '' HPLA". ^ a b "Jesus Gave Me Water". Songsofsamcooke.com. March 1, 1951. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013 . Retrieved February 13, 2013 . ^ a b David Ritz. "Sam Cooke". Encyclop...dia Britannica . Retrieved September 28, 2008 . ^ Cooke's death certificate gives 1932 as his year of birth while his gravestone gives 1930 as his year of birth. Copy of death certificate available midway through scrolling down. However, the Social Security Death Master File (number 329-26-4823) indicates 1931. ^ Janovitz, Bill. "Cupid '' Sam Cooke". AllMusic . Retrieved September 5, 2014 . ^ "Manager of motel shoots singing star". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. December 12, 1964. p. 10. ^ a b c Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits: The Inside Story Behind Every Number One Single on Billboard's Hot 100 from 1955 to the Present. Billboard Books. p. 30. ISBN 0-8230-7677-6. ^ Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., eds. (2004). Africana: An A-to-Z Reference of Writers, Musicians, and Artists of the African American Experience. Running Press. p. 146. ISBN 0-7624-2042-1. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) ^ DeCurtis, Anthony; Henke, James (1992). The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll: The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and their Music. Random House. p. 135. ISBN 0-679-73728-6. ^ Nite, Norm N. (1992). Rock On Almanac: The First Four Decades of Rock 'n' Roll: A Chronology. New York: HarperPerennial. pp. 140''142. ISBN 0-06-273157-2. ^ Eder, Bruce. "Sam Cooke: Biography". AllMusic . Retrieved September 2, 2014 . ^ a b c d Guralnick, Peter (2005). Dream Boogie: The Triumph of Sam Cooke. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-37794-5. ^ Note: His headstone gives his birth year as 1930. ^ "L.C. Cooke December 14, 1932 '' July 21, 2017". abkco.com. July 21, 2017 . Retrieved June 22, 2022 . ^ "About Sam". Official Sam Cooke. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) ^ Williams, Ken (March 6, 2006). "Dream Boogie: The Triumph of Sam Cooke". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. ^ "The 35 Greatest R&B Artists Of All Time". Billboard. November 12, 2015. ^ Eder, Bruce. "Sam Cooke AllMusic". AllMusic . Retrieved August 21, 2017 . ^ Guralnick, Peter (September 22, 2005). "The Man Who Invented Soul". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009 . Retrieved August 8, 2008 . ^ a b "Show 17 '' The Soul Reformation: More on the evolution of rhythm and blues". Pop Chronicles. Digital Library, University of North Texas. June 22, 1969 . Retrieved September 22, 2010 . ^ "Sam Cooke". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 10, 2017 . ^ Dean, Maury (2003). Rock 'N' Roll Gold Rush: A Singles Un-cyclopedia. Algora Publishing. p. 176. ISBN 0-87586-207-1. ^ "Sam Cooke Finds Single Click Leads to Big Payoff On One-Nighters, Video". Variety. February 5, 1958. p. 2 . Retrieved September 25, 2021 '' via Archive.org. ^ "Sam Cooke Signs With Hugo-Luigi". Billboard. January 18, 1960 . Retrieved May 2, 2020 . ^ "RCA Victor Signs Sam Cooke" (PDF) . Cash Box. New York. January 23, 1960 . Retrieved May 2, 2020 . ^ a b Warner, Jay; Jones, Quincy (2006). On This Day in Black Music History. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 10. ISBN 0-634-09926-4. ^ Goodman, Fred (2015). Allen Klein: The Man Who Bailed Out the Beatles, Made the Stones, and Transformed Rock & Roll. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-547-89686-1. ^ "Sam Cooke '' Billboard Charts". 2019 Billboard . Retrieved January 3, 2019 . ^ a b c d e Robinson, Louie (February 1965). The Tragic Death of Sam Cooke. Ebony. pp. 92''96 . Retrieved December 21, 2013 . ^ a b c d e f g h Robinson, Louie (December 31, 1964). "Tragedy-Filled Love of Singer Sam Cooke: Death Shocks Singer's Fans". Jet. Vol. 27, no. 13. pp. 56''65. ^ "Sam Cooke's Widow To Wed Hubby's Guitarist-Pal This Month". Jet. February 18, 1965. pp. 54''59. ^ "Sam Would Want It This Way'--Barbara Cooke: Widow of Slain Singer Marries Friend 77 Days After His Death". Jet. Vol. 27, no. 23. March 18, 1965. pp. 46''49. ^ Hyman, Dan (June 29, 2014). "Remembering Bobby Womack: A Passionate, Reckless Soul Man to the End". Time. ^ Krajicek, David. "The Death of Sam Cooke". Crime Library. Archived from the original on February 10, 2015 . Retrieved September 9, 2016 . ^ "Singer Sam Cooke Shot To Death". Jet. December 24, 1964. pp. 62''63. ^ a b Wolff, Daniel (1995). You Send Me: The Life and Times of Sam Cooke. New York City: William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-12403-8. ^ Krajicek, David. "The Death of Sam Cooke". CrimeLibrary.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2015 . Retrieved September 9, 2016 . ^ "Shooting of Sam Cooke Held 'Justifiable Homicide' ". The New York Times. United Press International. December 16, 1964. ^ Milicia, Joe (December 6, 2005). "Sam Cooke's story told from 'the inside out' '-- A thorough effort to give him his due". Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012 '' via Highbeam Research. That he was killed after being scammed by a prostitute just didn't make sense to many people. It's an end that his sister, Agnes Cooke-Hoskins, still discounts. 'My brother was first class all the way. He would not check into a $3-a-night motel; that wasn't his style', she said while attending a recent tribute to Cooke at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum ^ Greene, Erik (2006). Our Uncle Sam: The Sam Cooke Story from His Family's Perspective. Victoria, Canada: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-4122-0987-0. ^ James, Gary (January 27, 1992). "Interview with Solomon Burke". Classic Bands. I've always felt there was some sort of conspiracy there. ... I listened to the reports and I listened to the story of what happened and I can imagine Sam going after his pants. I can imagine Sam going up to the counter and saying 'Hey, somebody just took my pants.' And he's standing there, seeing the woman with his pants. I can imagine him saying 'Give me my pants.' But I can't imagine him attacking her. He wasn't that type of person to attack somebody. That wasn't his bag. He was a lover, OK. He wasn't a fighter. He wasn't a boxer. You never heard of Sam Cooke beating up his women. ^ a b Gordon, Ed (November 16, 2005). " 'Dream Boogie': The Life and Death of Sam Cooke". NPR. ...I would say within the community there is not a single person that believes that Sam Cooke died as he is said to have died: killed by a motel owner at a cheap motel in Los Angeles called the Hacienda which he had gone to with a prostitute named Elisa Boyer. I could have filled 100 pages of the book with an appendix on all the theories about his death. Central tenet of every one of those theories is that this was a case of another proud black man brought down by the white establishment who simply didn't want to see him grow any bigger. I looked into this very carefully. I had access to the private investigators' report, which nobody had seen and which filled in a good many more details. And no evidence has ever been adduced to prove any of these theories. ^ a b Hildebrand, Lee (April 10, 2007). "Elvis biographer Peter Guralnick tackles another music legend: Sam Cooke". San Francisco Bay Guardian. 'In the course of the two or three hundred different interviews with different people that I did for the book, there are two or three hundred different conspiracy theories,' he said. 'While they were all extremely interesting, and while every one of them reflected a basic truth about prejudice in America in 1964 and the truth of the prejudice that has continued into the present day, none of them came accompanied by any evidence beyond that metaphorical truth.' ^ Drozdowski, Ted (March 14''21, 2002). "Soul man, Sam Cooke's fulfilling late period". The Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on May 28, 2006 . Retrieved May 19, 2006 . It's hard to buy into conspiracy theories, though several swirl around this incident that paint Cooke as the victim of a plot by white supremacists to silence the country's most popular self-empowered black man. ^ Runtagh, Jordan. "Why Mystery Still Shrouds Singer Sam Cooke's Shooting Death Nearly 60 Years Later". People . Retrieved April 4, 2022 . ^ James, Etta; Ritz, David (2003). Rage To Survive: The Etta James Story. New York City: Da Capo Press. p. 151. ISBN 0-306-81262-2. ^ Fontenot, Robert. "Today in Oldies Music History: December 18". about.com. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015 . Retrieved August 31, 2015 . ^ "Crowd at Sam Cooke's Funeral". Corbis Images . Retrieved August 31, 2015 . ^ O'Connell, Sean J. (March 13, 2014). "Here's Where Five Soul Legends Are Buried in L.A." LA Weekly. ^ "Sam Cooke's Swan Song of Protest". NPR. December 16, 2007 . Retrieved August 8, 2008 . ^ a b "Cooke's killer sues his estate". Washington Afro-American. April 6, 1965. p. 1. ^ "Will Sam Cooke's widow appeal?". The Afro-American. June 10, 1967. p. 10. ^ "Sam Cooke". rockhall.com . Retrieved August 8, 2008 . ^ "Sam Cooke Biography". Songwriters Hall of Fame. 2015. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012 . Retrieved February 21, 2015 . ^ "The Death of Sam Cooke '' Crime Library on truTV.com". Archived from the original on February 7, 2009 . Retrieved April 25, 2020 . ^ "Sam Cooke | Hollywood Walk of Fame". www.walkoffame.com . Retrieved June 12, 2016 . ^ "Walk of Fame (1994)". IMDb . Retrieved June 12, 2016 . ^ "Sam Cooke". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 12, 2016 . ^ "Sam Cooke". Recording Academy Grammy Awards. November 19, 2019. ^ "The Immortals: The First Fifty". Rolling Stone (Issue 946). April 15, 2004. Archived from the original on March 16, 2006. ^ Art Garfunkel (December 2, 2010). "100 Greatest Artists: 16. Sam Cooke". Rolling Stone. ^ "100 Greatest Singers of All Time". Rolling Stone (Issue 1066). November 27, 2008. ^ Gage, Justin; Gage, Melissa (2009). Explorer's Guide Memphis & the Delta Blues Trail: A Great Destination (Explorer's Great Destinations). The Countryman Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-58157-923-9. ^ "Sam Cooke". Mississippi Blues Trail. ^ "Chicago Honors Sam Cooke With His Own Street". News One. June 20, 2011 . Retrieved February 10, 2012 . ^ Nash, JD (January 20, 2015). "This Week in Blues Past: Janis Joplin, sam Cooke, BB King's Record Collection '' American Blues Scene". American Blues Scene . Retrieved October 10, 2017 . ^ "Clarksdale beats Memphis and Detroit for R&B Music Hall of Fame Museum". WREG.com. November 5, 2014 . Retrieved October 10, 2017 . ^ Keyes, Allison (2017). "In This Quiet Space for Contemplation, a Fountain Rains Down Calming Waters". Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved March 10, 2018 . ^ "Inductees: Rhythm and Blues (R & B)". Mississippi Musicians Music Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020 . Retrieved November 4, 2019 . ^ Zollo, Paul (November 22, 2020). "Greatest of the Great 2020 Songs: Dion with Paul Simon, "Song for Sam Cooke (Here In America)" ". American Songwriter . Retrieved December 11, 2021 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) ^ "The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time". Rolling Stone. January 1, 2023. Further reading [ edit ] Guralnick, Peter (2005). Dream Boogie: The Triumph of Sam Cooke. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-37794-5. Our Uncle Sam: The Sam Cooke Story from His Family's Perspective by Erik Greene (2005) ISBN 1-4120-6498-8You Send Me: The Life and Times of Sam Cooke by Daniel Wolff, S. R. Crain, Clifton White, and G. David Tenenbaum (1995) ISBN 0-688-12403-8One More River to Cross: The Redemption of Sam Cooke by B. G. Rhule (2012) ISBN 978-1-4675-2856-6External links [ edit ] Sam Cooke (ABKCO Homepage)Sam Cooke at AllMusicSam Cooke at IMDbRosco Gordon interview at the Wayback Machine (archived November 14, 2007)"Black Elvis" by The Village Voice"Sam Cooke". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
- The Devil's Music: How Christians Inspired, Condemned, and Embraced Rock 'n' Roll | Religion Dispatches
- Over the past six decades, rock 'n' roll music has played a central role in American popular culture. Armed with a fun-loving and rebellious ethos, rock has had a liberating effect on generations of young people and inspired many of their more significant social movements.
- Indeed, rock has been so important to American life that its influence has come to rival that of larger and more ancient institutions. One of these, the Church, has responded to this challenge in different ways at different times. After unwittingly inspiring rock 'n' roll, Christian forces in the United States demonized, racialized, otherized, and fought the music passionately before trying to wield it to their own ends.
- The Devil's Music: How Christians Inspired, Condemned, and Embraced Rock 'n' Roll, historian Randall J. Stephens documents the turbulent relationship between Christian faith and popular music in the twentieth century United States.
- How did Christians inspire rock 'n' roll?
- I focus quite a bit on Pentecostalism; especially in chapter one, which focuses on the origins of rock 'n' roll. I argue that, in part, the music and the worship styles of Pentecostal churches proved instrumental in inspiring the first generation of rock 'n' roll musicians. In particular, you have Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, Johnny Cash, James Brown, B.B. King, and others who grew up in Pentecostal churches or attended Pentecostal worship services throughout their formative years. Fortunately, we have good documentation of them speaking about their youth in these churches and about how influential it was for them.
- Elvis, for instance, grew up in the congregation of Memphis First Assembly of God, and he talked often about his admiration for the gospel quartets who came through, including the white Statesmen Quartet and the Stamps Quartet, along with African-American groups like the Golden Gate Quartet. Asked by a reporter about why he moved the way he did on stage, Elvis replied simply, ''I just sing like they do back home.'' And continued: ''When I was younger, I always liked spiritual quartets and they sing like that.
- Ray Charles, too, was famous for retooling spirituals and black gospel music into love songs and releasing them as secular mega hits.
- Why then, were Christians so quick to demonize'--and racialize'--rock?
- Betty Friedan identified the Beatles as raising a middle finger to the masculine mystique.
- Well, they demonized it, in many cases, because of what they saw as a sort of sinful appropriation. Black and white Christians accused Ray Charles of blasphemy because of how he was secularizing sacred music. Blues legend Big Bill Broonzy certainly believed Charles had gone too far. A former pastor in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, Broonzy claimed that Charles had ''got the blues,'' but ''he's cryin' sanctified. He's mixing the blues with the spirituals.'' Or, as the critic Hollie West said about Aretha Franklin, whereas she ''once said Jesus, she now cries baby. She hums and moans with the transfixed ecstasy of a church sister who's experiencing the Holy Ghost.''
- There were some white Pentecostals who thought that rock and rollers were thieving from church music. One of these, the Pentecostal youth pastor and author of the Cross and the Switchblade, David Wilkerson, called it ''Satan's Pentecost'' and portrayed rock 'n' roll concerts as a kind of inverted Pentecostal worship, with demonic speaking in tongues. A lot of this was in the vivid imagination of believers, of course, but it shows that, for many of these observers, there was a thin but important line that was being crossed. In the 1950s, white and black conservative Christians worried that even their church music was becoming too ''worldly'' or too vulgar.
- On the race end of things, because I focus largely on the American South, I looked at the white Southern Baptist Convention, Southern Presbyterians, and Southern Pentecostals, and found that their reaction to rock was almost uniformly negative and very often racialized. They attacked rock as ''jungle music,'' ''congo rhythms,'' and ''savagery.''
- In some cases this is ironic because these are some of the very things that Pentecostals were criticized for themselves'--for race mixing and having ''debased'' music in their services, whether that be Hillbilly, boogie-woogie, or some kind of hybrid black and white styles. So there were all of these interesting, and specific, interconnections that I thought deserved more attention.
- Is this racist impulse inherent to evangelicalism? Or southern evangelicalism? Or was it just a sign of the times?
- It's indicative of the times, in a way, because that kind of racist rhetoric about rock and roll also appeared in national newspapers and magazines. But what I found in the case of the American South was that there was often this funny discourse about the missionary enterprise of these organizations'--the experiences that their missionaries had had in the field'--and how these experiences were supposedly applicable to the music. They referenced the ''caterwauling'' and the driving tribal drums that they had heard in the jungles of the southern hemisphere, and noted how this had a parallel in the music now blasting out of the mean streets and teenage hangouts of American cities.
- So for white fundamentalists and conservatives it took on this different kind of religious dimension. There was also a lot of talk about witchcraft and demon possession'--I even remember hearing some of this as a kid in the 1970s and 80s in the Church of the Nazarene. Some of that rhetoric persisted for decades after the 50s.
- Why were they so threatened by the Beatles?
- In part it had to do with their look, and also with their being from Britain'--being foreign. But I think the hard thing for us to wrap our heads around now is that, at the time, the hair length of the Beatles'--which they had borrowed from these sort of Beatnik existentialists in Germany'--was viewed as such a radical departure from how young men were supposed to look and to behave.
- There was a lot of talk about how tight their clothes were and how their hair was effeminate. But most of all, evangelicals, and some Catholics, had a pervasive fear about the hysteria that they inspired in young girls. In all of this, there was this view that teenagers looked to the Beatles as a kind of replacement for religion. And in worshipping the Beatles, they lost interest in the Bible and teachings of the church and the lessons of their parents.
- From our eyes today, in 2018, it just looks like they're these four guys with bowl cuts and these neo-Edwardian, tight collarless suits. But there really was a lot of talk back then about hair styles and comportment and what these meant for youngsters.
- I found this great interview from the Canadian Broadcast Corporation from the mid 1960s in which Betty Friedan identified the Beatles as raising a middle finger to the masculine mystique'--they were declaring that they had had enough of the crew cut, Prussian-style militarism of hyper-masculinity. So even on the other side of the aisle, there were people who believed the Beatles to be important agents of change.
- Timothy Leary, too, made a number of pretty hyperbolic statements about the Beatles ushering in a new religious sensibility'--a new way of being for young people. When the four came under the tutelage of the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, it confirmed the worries of many.
- Eventually, after a few decades of desperately fighting rock 'n' roll, evangelicals moved to appropriate it for themselves. What was the turning point?
- I make the case that one important turning point'--among a series of turning points'--came with a powerful fear about the growing ''generation gap.'' Conservative Christians became profoundly concerned that their young people were being led astray by worldly influences. When John Lennon claimed that the Beatles were more popular than Jesus Christ, Christians attacked him fiercely, even as they worried that, for the Baby Boom generation, he might have been right.
- ''If you like Huey Lewis and the News then you might also like DeGarmo & Key.''
- They worried that young people were being swept away by rock music and its accompanying celebration of drugs and bohemian lifestyle. As a member of the Missouri Synod Lutheran denomination asked: ''when and where and how are local churches giving their 12-to 16-year-old members such markedly special attention that they feel: 'This is for us'?''
- So, in the early years, in 1966 and '67, young men and women, countercultural Christians, experimented with rock music that had Christian lyrics. Similar innovation had already been taking place in England. In the US, groups like Mind Garage, the Crusaders, or Larry Norman made up the first wave.
- Other early bands and musicians included Andra(C) Crouch and the Disciples, Randy Matthews, the Armageddon Experience, Agape, Sound Foundation, and Honey Tree. Some of these were more awkward and less successful than others, but they all hoped that they could appeal to young people and potentially pull them back into churches.
- I remember that, when I was a kid in the early 90s, I once asked my parents for a Vanilla Ice tape and they bought me DC Talk's Nu Thang instead.
- Yeah, by that time there were just all sorts of different versions of Christian rock that followed on the heels of their secular counterparts.
- They were always accused of being kind of derivative and lame.
- Yes, exactly. And I think there was a lot of truth to that, because when you listen to some of it you find that it's basically imitative. In 2004 John Jeremiah Sullivan quipped that ''Christian rock is a musical genre, the only one I can think of, that has excellence-proofed itself.'' Some evangelical and Pentecostal groups even produced charts that were supposed to help teens and their parents find a Christian alternative to a favorite secular band or solo artist. So, you know, if you like Huey Lewis and the News then you might also like DeGarmo & Key. If you like the Beatles or Wings, you'll appreciate Phil Keaggy.
- The evangelicals you document seem to live in a constant state of moral panic. They freak out about Elvis' hips, the Beatles' haircuts, Amy Grant's sex appeal. Why all the anxiety?
- Some of it probably has to do with evangelicalism's eagerness to employ the latest means and technologies and forms of entertainment to appeal to young people, both inside and outside of the church. I think sometimes they have come to think of themselves as in competition with'--if not diametrically opposed to'--Hollywood and the entertainment industry as well as popular music because they are trying to reach similar mass audiences. It's little wonder that Billy Graham's crusades used to air on network television in the primetime slot. He also toured with DC Talk, however unlikely that might seem.
- There are also a lot of resentments that fuel evangelicalism. (I'm thinking in particular of Billy Graham's son, Franklin, and his bellicosity.) I think you can see this in end-times theology as a kind of revenge fantasy in which all of your enemies will get their just desserts. Maybe I'm reading too much into this and the new reality that we live in, but I don't think it should be too surprising that evangelicals rushed to the side of Trump. He speaks in the same language of the culture war and resentment/grievance that they have harbored for a very long time.
- It seems to me, too, that the evangelical commitment to non-stop moral panics has helped to give us Trump. They are constantly identifying social evils that will lead to the end of Western civilization'--rock 'n' roll, of course, but more recently same-sex marriage, national health care, etc. What can this study teach us about evangelical cultural engagement more broadly?
- In the book, I wanted to talk about evangelicalism in a way that went beyond politics, because there has already been quite a bit of focus on conservative Christianity and politics'--to a considerable extent, historians care about these religious groups specifically because they are politicized. But a lot of their activity is directly concerned with pop culture and cultural engagement outside of the explicitly political realm. A typical Christian bookstore, with its shelves of Christian kitsch and sanctified consumer goods, definitely fits this pattern.
- White evangelical political behavior is just one of many facets of the modern movement. Certainly, it's an important facet, with 81% of white evangelicals voting for Trump. But evangelicals also define themselves by what kind of goods they purchase, the music they listen to, the kinds of books and magazines they read, etc. I wanted to capture a little more of that aspect.
- Has the uneasy relationship between Christianity and rock 'n' roll changed either in a significant way?
- In the epilogue, I use U2 and Bono to speak more broadly about some of these transformations. The members of U2 were part of the charismatic movement in the 1970s in Ireland, looking across the Atlantic to the Jesus People and to some of the exciting things that were happening'--especially California. When you listen to early U2 records now, you find that they are just chockfull of religious imagery.
- Surely, the same is true of Bob Dylan's born-again trilogy of records. Dylan, U2'--along with Donna Summer, Van Morrison, Arlo Guthrie, and Johnny Cash'--have, or had, a kind of authenticity and a critical reception that Christian rock artists just didn't have. But groups like that, and other mainstream performers who have worked in some kind of Christian context, have changed rock 'n' roll. In them, rock has found faith in ways that it had not before'--at least not as overtly.
- As for the church, David Stowe and Larry Eskridge have both written about how the Baby Boomers and especially the Jesus People had an enormous impact on Christian worship in America'--the style of music that is played, the lyrics, etc. I recently visited a church in Colorado called Flatirons Community Church, and the worship is heavily driven by rock 'n' roll. The music is extremely loud, and it's hard to imagine that reality without the earlier experiments with pop culture in the early 60s.
- John Henry (folklore) - Wikipedia
- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Born1840s or 1850sKnown forAmerican folk heroJohn Henry is an American folk hero. An African American freedman, he is said to have worked as a "steel-driving man"'--a man tasked with hammering a steel drill into rock to make holes for explosives to blast the rock in constructing a railroad tunnel.
- The story of John Henry is told in a classic blues folk song about his duel against a drilling machine, which exists in many versions, and has been the subject of numerous stories, plays, books, and novels.[1][2]
- Legend [ edit ] Plaque celebrating the legend of John Henry (Talcott, West Virginia)According to legend, John Henry's prowess as a steel driver was measured in a race against a steam-powered rock drilling machine, a race that he won only to die in victory with a hammer in hand as his heart gave out from stress. Various locations, including Big Bend Tunnel in West Virginia,[3] Lewis Tunnel in Virginia, and Coosa Mountain Tunnel in Alabama, have been suggested as the site of the contest.
- The contest involved John Henry as the hammerman working in partnership with a shaker, who would hold a chisel-like drill against mountain rock, while the hammerman struck a blow with a hammer. Then the shaker would begin rocking and rolling: wiggling and rotating the drill to optimize its bite. The steam drill machine could drill but it could not shake the chippings away, so its bit could not drill further and frequently broke down.
- History [ edit ] The historical accuracy of many of the aspects of the John Henry legend are subject to debate.[1][2] According to researcher Scott Reynolds Nelson, the actual John Henry was born in 1848 in New Jersey and died of silicosis and not due to exhaustion of work.[4]
- Several locations have been put forth for the tunnel on which John Henry died.
- Big Bend Tunnel [ edit ] Location: 37°38'²56'"N 80°46'²04'"W >> / >> 37.64889°N 80.76778°W >> / 37.64889; -80.76778
- Sociologist Guy B. Johnson investigated the legend of John Henry in the late 1920s. He concluded that John Henry might have worked on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway's (C&O Railway) Big Bend Tunnel but that "one can make out a case either for or against" it.[5][3] That tunnel was built near Talcott, West Virginia, from 1870 to 1872 (according to Johnson's dating), and named for the big bend in the Greenbrier River nearby.
- Some versions of the song refer to the location of John Henry's death as "The Big Bend Tunnel on the C. & O."[3] In 1927, Johnson visited the area and found one man who said he had seen it.
- This man, known as Neal Miller, told me in plain words how he had come to the tunnel with his father at 17, how he carried water and drills for the steel drivers, how he saw John Henry every day, and, finally, all about the contest between John Henry and the steam drill.
- "When the agent for the steam drill company brought the drill here," said Mr. Miller, "John Henry wanted to drive against it. He took a lot of pride in his work and he hated to see a machine take the work of men like him.
- "Well, they decided to hold a test to get an idea of how practical the steam drill was. The test went on all day and part of the next day.
- "John Henry won. He wouldn't rest enough, and he overdid. He took sick and died soon after that."
- Mr. Miller described the steam drill in detail. I made a sketch of it and later when I looked up pictures of the early steam drills, I found his description correct. I asked people about Mr. Miller's reputation, and they all said, "If Neal Miller said anything happened, it happened."[6]
- When Johnson contacted Chief Engineer C. W. Johns of the C&O Railroad regarding Big Bend Tunnel, Johns replied that "no steam drills were ever used in this tunnel." When asked about documentation from the period, Johns replied that "all such papers have been destroyed by fire."[5]
- Talcott holds a yearly festival named for Henry, and a statue and memorial plaque have been placed in John Henry Historical Park at the eastern end of the tunnel.[7]
- Lewis Tunnel [ edit ] In the 2006 book Steel Drivin' Man: John Henry, the Untold Story of an American Legend, historian Scott Reynolds Nelson detailed his discovering documentation of a 19-year-old African-American man alternately referred to as John Henry, John W. Henry, or John William Henry in previously unexplored prison records of the Virginia Penitentiary. At the time, penitentiary inmates were hired out as laborers to various contractors, and this John Henry was notated as having headed the first group of prisoners to be assigned tunnel work. Nelson also discovered the C&O's tunneling records, which the company believed had been destroyed by fire. Henry, like many African Americans, might have come to Virginia to work on the clean-up of the battlefields after the Civil War. Arrested and tried for burglary, John Henry was in the first group of convicts released by the warden to work as leased labor on the C&O Railway.[8]:'39'
- According to Nelson, objectionable conditions at the Virginia prison led the warden to believe that the prisoners, many of whom had been arrested on trivial charges, would be better clothed and fed if they were released as laborers to private contractors. (He subsequently changed his mind about this and became an opponent of the convict labor system.) In the C&O's tunneling records, Nelson found no evidence of a steam drill used in Big Bend Tunnel.[9]
- The records Nelson found indicate that the contest took place 40 miles (64 km) away at the Lewis Tunnel, between Talcott and Millboro, Virginia, where prisoners did indeed work beside steam drills night and day.[10] Nelson also argues that the verses of the ballad about John Henry being buried near "the white house," "in the sand," somewhere that locomotives roar, mean that Henry's body was buried in a ditch behind the so-called white house of the Virginia State Penitentiary, which photos from that time indicate was painted white, and where numerous unmarked graves have been found.[11]
- Prison records for John William Henry stopped in 1873, suggesting that he was kept on the record books until it was clear that he was not coming back and had died. Nelson stresses that John Henry would have been representative of the many hundreds of convict laborers who were killed in unknown circumstances tunneling through the mountains or who died shortly afterwards of silicosis from dust created by the drills and blasting.
- In other media [ edit ] The tale of John Henry has been used as a symbol in many cultural movements, including labor movements[12] and the Civil Rights Movement.[13]
- John Henry is a symbol of physical strength and endurance, of exploited labor, of the dignity of a human being against the degradations of the machine age, and of racial pride and solidarity. During World War II his image was used in U.S. government propaganda as a symbol of social tolerance and diversity.[14]
- Film [ edit ] In 1995, John Henry was portrayed in the movie Tall Tale by Roger Aaron Brown. A former slave, John Henry appears to a runaway farmer's son named Daniel to both protect him from ruffians (alongside fellow folk hero figures Daniel's father told his son about, Pecos Bill and Paul Bunyan) and impart life lesson wisdom to him.In the 1996 film Basquiat, the story of John Henry was told to Basquiat by his friend Benny as words of wisdom.In 2018, a film centered around characters from classic America Folklore titled John Henry and the Statesmen was announced to be in development. Intended to be the start of a new film franchise, it includes Dwayne Johnson cast to portray John Henry. Jake Kasdan will serve as director, based on original story by Tom Wheeler and Hiram Garcia. Johnson, Garcia, Kasdan, and Beau Flynn will serve as producers. The project will be a joint-venture production between Seven Bucks Productions, Netflix Original Films, and Flynn Picture Company; and distributed by Netflix as a streaming exclusive movie.[15] In November 2021, producer Hiram Garcia stated that development on the project continues, while confirming that the most recent draft of the script had been completed while it requires additional work.[16]In 2020, Terry Crews played a modern-day adaptation of the character in John Henry. The plot centers around a former gang member who takes in two young teens who are on the run from the leader of his past. The film was released by Saban Films.[17]Animation [ edit ] In 1946, animator George Pal adapted the tale of John Henry into a short film titled John Henry and the Inky-Poo as part of his theatrical stop-motion Puppetoons series. The short is considered a milestone in American cinema as one of the first films to have a positive view of African-American folklore.[18][19]In 1974, Nick Bosustow and David Adams co-produced an 11-minute animated short, The Legend of John Henry, for Paramount Pictures.[20]The character later appeared in a Walt Disney Feature Animation short film, John Henry (2000). Directed by Mark Henn, plans for theatrical releases in 2000 and 2001 fell through after having a limited Academy Award qualifying run in Los Angeles,[21] a shorter version was released as the only new entry in direct-to-video release, Disney's American Legends (2002). It was eventually released in its original format as an interstitial on the Disney Channel, and later as part of the home video compilation Walt Disney Animation Studios Short Films Collection in 2015.In the Transformers: Rescue Bots episode "The Other Doctor", Cody Burns recounts the story of John Henry to the Rescue Bots to raise their spirits when they are facing a similar dilemma of being replaced by Doctor Morocco's Morbots. He initially leaves out the ending, worrying it will discourage them, until Boulder later reads the story and discovers the truth.[22]The 88th episode of season 5 of SpongeBob SquarePants, titled "SpongeBob vs. The Patty Gadget", is a reference to the story of John Henry. It features SpongeBob competing against a machine called the Patty Gadget in an attempt to keep his job at the Krusty Krab.John Henry is featured in the 20th episode of the season 5 of Teen Titans Go!, "Tall Titan Titles".The third episode of The Simpsons titled Homer's Odyssey has Bart sing ''John Henry was a Steel Driving Man'' in front of the class as punishment.John Henry appears in the Pinky and the Brain episode "An American Tail".Television [ edit ] Danny Glover played the character in the series, Shelley Duvall's Tall Tales & Legends from 1985 to 1987. Shelley Duvall served as the series' creator, presenter, narrator, and executive producer. The show aired on Showtime Network as well as Disney Channel, and received a Primetime Emmy Award.John Henry was mentioned in the season 7 premiere of Cheers.The story of John Henry was prominently featured in a 2008 episode of the CBS crime drama, Cold Case.In season 2 of the Smart Guy episode "TJ versus the Machine", Floyd and TJ mentioned John Henry and his victory over the steam drill.John Henry is briefly mentioned in an episode of 30 Rock, during season 6 titled ''The Ballad of Kenneth Parcell''.In Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles season 2 episode 10 John Henry is introduced both as the name of ZeiraCorp's A.I. and as the tale of a man who is unable to halt progress.On the adult swim series, Saul of the Mole Men, John Henry (played by Tommy "Tiny" Lister) has been living at the centre of the Earth since his victory over the steam drill, having become a cyborg at sometime in the intervening centuries. He befriends and later sacrifices himself to save protagonist Saul Malone.[23]John Henry is also referenced in episode 4 of season 6 of the television show How I Met Your Mother, his legend briefly told through Marshall's song.In the season 3 finale, "Kimmy Bites an Onion!", of Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt a version of The "Ballad of John Henry" is played with lyrics surmising the fight between Kimmy and a robot to become a crossing-guard. Like the legend, Kimmy gives her all to beat the robot and in doing so, effectively sacrifices her life.In the Gravity Falls season 2 episode "The Golf War", an anthropomorphic golf ball named "Big Henry" undertakes the task of pushing a golf ball through a cave which has experienced a gas leak, as the only person who is strong enough to perform such a task. Once he reaches the other side and delivers the ball to its destination, he collapses due to gas inhalation.In the season 5 episode 15, "Mr. Monk and the Really, Really Dead Guy" of Monk, Dr. Kroger sings a couple of stanzas to Monk during Monk's therapy session to remind him that Monk never needed technology before as he became a phenomenal detective.Radio [ edit ] Destination Freedom, a 1950's American old time radio series, featured John Henry in a July 1949 episode.[24]
- Music [ edit ] The story of John Henry is traditionally told through two types of songs: ballads, commonly called "The Ballad of John Henry", and "hammer songs" (a type of work song), each with wide-ranging and varying lyrics.[2][25] Some songs, and some early folk historian research, conflate the songs about John Henry with those of John Hardy, a West Virginian outlaw.[25] Ballads about John Henry's life typically contain four major components: a premonition by John Henry as a child that steel-driving would lead to his death, the lead-up to and the results of the legendary race against the steam hammer, Henry's death and burial, and the reaction of his wife.[25]
- The well-known narrative ballad of "John Henry" is usually sung in an upbeat tempo. Hammer songs associated with the "John Henry" ballad, however, are not. Sung more slowly and deliberately, often with a pulsating beat suggestive of swinging the hammer, these songs usually contain the lines "This old hammer killed John Henry / but it won't kill me." Nelson explains that:
- ... workers managed their labor by setting a "stint," or pace, for it. Men who violated the stint were shunned ... Here was a song that told you what happened to men who worked too fast: they died ugly deaths; their entrails fell on the ground. You sang the song slowly, you worked slowly, you guarded your life, or you died.[8]:'32'
- There is some controversy among scholars over which came first, the ballad or the hammer songs. Some scholars have suggested that the "John Henry" ballad grew out of the hammer songs, while others believe that the two were always entirely separate.
- Songs featuring the story of John Henry have been recorded by many musical artists and bands of different ethnic backgrounds. These include:
- They Might Be Giants named their fifth studio album after John Henry.
- The American cowpunk band Nine Pound Hammer is named after the traditional description of the hammer John Henry wielded.
- Bengalee singer-songwriter and musician Hemanga Biswas (1912''1987), considered to be as the Father of the Indian People's Theater Association Movement in Assam inspired by 'John Henry', the American ballad translated the song in Bengali as well as the Assamese language and also composed its music for which he was well recognized among the masses.[51][52] Bangladeshi mass singer Fakir Alamgir later covered Biswas' version of the song.[53][54]
- Literature [ edit ] Henry is the subject of the 1931 Roark Bradford novel John Henry, illustrated by noted woodcut artist J. J. Lankes. The novel was adapted into a stage musical in 1940, starring Paul Robeson in the title role.[2] According to Steven Carl Tracy, Bradford's works were influential in broadly popularizing the John Henry legend beyond railroad and mining communities and outside of African American oral histories.[2]In a 1933 article published in The Journal of Negro Education, Bradford's John Henry was criticized for "making over a folk-hero into a clown."[55] A 1948 obituary for Bradford described John Henry as "a better piece of native folklore than Paul Bunyan."[56]Ezra Jack Keats's John Henry: An American Legend, published in 1965, is a notable picture book chronicling the history of John Henry and portraying him as the "personification of the medieval Everyman who struggles against insurmountable odds and wins."[13]Colson Whitehead's 2001 novel John Henry Days uses the John Henry myth as story background. Whitehead fictionalized the John Henry Days festival in Talcott, West Virginia and the release of the John Henry postage stamp in 1996.[57]In his nonfiction account Steel Drivin' Man: John Henry, the Untold Story of an American Legend (Oxford University Press 2008), historian Scott Reynolds Nelson attempts to find the real man behind the legend, with a particular focus on Reconstruction-era Virginia and the use of prison labor for building railroads.The textbook titled American Music: A Panorama by Daniel Kingman displays the lyrics of the ballad titled "John Henry", explores its style and relates the history of the hero. That's in Chapter 2: The African''American Tradition.Elements of John Henry's legend were featured in DC Comics.In the comic series DC: The New Frontier, an African-American man named John Wilson becomes a vigilante named John Henry in order to battle the Ku Klux Klan after his family is lynched.The superhero Steel's civilian name "John Henry Irons" is inspired by John Henry.[58] The story of John Henry is further referenced by Steel's weapon of choice, a sledgehammer.In DC's Super Friends #21 (January 2010), Superman encountered the actual John Henry after being placed in the folk tale by the Queen of Fables.Issue #6 of "Flashpoint Beyond" and issue #1 of The New Golden Age revealed that there was a Golden Age superhero named John Henry Jr.Tristan Strong Punches a Hole in the Sky by Kwame M'balia is a juvenile fantasy novel about seventh grader Tristan Strong who travels to another world, Alke, and encounters black African and African-American gods. These include Br'er Rabbit, Anansi, and John Henry. John Henry is a protector and defender of the inhabitants of Alke against 'haints' and monsters. In the second novel of the trilogy, John Henry is nearly defeated by his own hammer, wielded by a spirit gone mad with grief.John Henry the Revelator[59] by Constantine von Hoffman is a magical realist novel, in which a teenage boy in 1930s Alabama, Moses Crawford, acquires superpowers and helps challenge the nation's white power structure. The black community calls Crawford John Henry, after the folk hero, because no one is aware of his true identity.He appears as a character in Peter Clines' novel Paradox Bound.He makes an appearance in the IDW Publishing miniseries The Transformers: Hearts of SteelUnited States postage stamp [ edit ] In 1996, the US Postal Service issued a John Henry postage stamp. It was part of a set honoring American folk heroes that included Paul Bunyan, Pecos Bill and Casey at the Bat.[60]
- Video games [ edit ] John Henry was featured as a fictional character in the 2014 video game Wasteland 2. The story is referenced by various NPCs throughout the game and is also available in full as a series of in game books which tell the story of the competition between John Henry and a contingent of robotic workers.[61]He also appeared as a playable character in the 3DS game Code Name: S.T.E.A.M..In the story of the Team Fortress 2 comics, he was the first Heavy of the original BLU team.[62]In Civilization IV, the quote "Before that steam drill shall beat me down, I'll die with my hammer in my hand." appears when steel is researched.[63]The Big Bend Tunnel is a location of the multiplayer videogame Fallout 76, set in Appalachia region. The story surrounding the Miner Miracles quest is a reference to John Henry's competition.See also [ edit ] John HenryismAlexey Stakhanov, Soviet minerPaul BunyanRosie the RiveterReferences [ edit ] ^ a b Stephen Wade (2 September 2002). "John Henry, Present at the Creation". NPR. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. ^ a b c d e f g Tracy, Steven C.; Bradford, Roark (2011). John Henry: Roark Bradford's Novel and Play. Oxford University Press, US. ISBN 978-0199766505. ^ a b c Giles Oakley (1997). The Devil's Music. Da Capo Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0306807435. ^ Grimes, William (2006-10-18). "Taking Swings at a Myth, With John Henry the Man (Published 2006)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-02-08 . ^ a b Johnson, Guy B. (1929). John Henry: Tracking Down a Negro Legend. Chapel Hill: UNC Press. pp. 44''49. ^ Johnson, Guy (2 February 1930). "First Hero of Negro Folk Lore". Modesto Bee and News-Herald. p. 22 . Retrieved 5 September 2014 '' via Newspapers.com. ^ "Park Map". John Henry Historical Park . Retrieved June 12, 2023 . ^ a b Nelson, Scott Reynolds (2006). Steel drivin' man: John Henry, the untold story of an American legend. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195300109. ^ Grimes, William. "Taking Swings at a Myth, With John Henry the Man", The New York Times, Books section, 18 October 2006. ^ Downes, Lawrence. "John Henry Days", The New York Times, Books section, 18 April 2008. ^ "John Henry '' The Story '' Lewis Tunnel". Ibiblio.org. 13 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . ^ Singer A (Winter 1997). "Using Songs to Teach Labor History". OAH Magazine of History. 11 (2): 13''16. doi:10.1093/maghis/11.2.13. JSTOR 25163131. ^ a b Nikola-Lisa W (Spring 1998). "John Henry: Then and Now". African American Review. 32 (1): 51''56. doi:10.2307/3042267. JSTOR 3042267. ^ a b c d e f g Bicknell J (Spring 2009). "Reflections on "John Henry": Ethical Issues in Singing Performance" (PDF) . The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 67 (2): 173''180. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6245.2009.01346.x. ^ Kroll, Justin (October 9, 2018). "Dwayne Johnson to Star in Netflix's 'John Henry and the Statesmen' ". Variety . Retrieved January 12, 2022 . ^ Meyer, Joshua (November 5, 2021). "Dwayne Johnson's John Henry Movie, Which Released A Trailer Three Years Ago, Is 'Still Totally Happening' [Exclusive]". Slash Film . Retrieved January 12, 2022 . ^ "John Henry: Official Trailer". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-11-11. ^ Shadow and Act (20 April 2017). "Have You Seen 'John Henry and the Inky-Poo'? ("1st Hollywood Film to Feature African American Folklore in a Positive Light")". Shadow and Act. Shadow & Act . Retrieved 22 May 2019 . ^ Lehman, Christopher (7 January 2019). "The George Pal Puppetoons and Jasper '' Part 4". Cartoon Research. Jerry Beck . Retrieved 22 May 2019 . ^ Lenburg, Jeff (2006). Who's Who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film and Television's Award-Winning and Legendary Animators. New York: Applause Books. ISBN 978-1557836717. ^ Hill, Jim (22 February 2001). "A black hero comes up short". Orlando Weekly . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . ^ Pontac, Ken; Graff, Warren (May 19, 2012). "The Other Doctor". Transformers: Rescue Bots. Season 1. Episode 12. Event occurs at 10:43. Discovery Family. ^ Saul of the Mole Men: 'A Hammer in His Hand' , IGN, 9 April 2007 , retrieved 2021-08-01 ^ " "The Legend of John Henry" ". Archived from the original on 2022-11-12 . Retrieved 2022-11-12 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Cohen, Norm (2000). Long steel rail: the railroad in American folksong. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0252068812. ^ Haddox, John Christopher. "The Williamson Brothers and Curry". West Virginia University . Retrieved 11 June 2023 . ^ Ann Arbor Blues Festival 1969: Vols 1&2, Third Man Records, Americana Music Productions, Inc. 2019 ^ "Josh White- John Henry | For Old Times Sake". Reddevillye.wordpress.com. 2008-01-07. Archived from the original on 2015-11-18 . Retrieved 2015-10-07 . ^ "The New Christy Minstrels '' Land of Giants Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic". AllMusic. ^ "The Legend of John Henry's Hammer" and "Nine Pound Hammer", both on Blood, Sweat and Tears; Cash also recorded a shorter version of the former as "John Henry" with a different account of the legend for Destination Victoria Station ^ Merle Travis '' John Henry, Composed by Traditional at AllMusic. Retrieved 18 September 2015. ^ Harry Belafonte '' John Henry at AllMusic. Retrieved 18 September 2015. ^ Mississippi John Hurt '' Folk Songs And Blues at Discogs (list of releases) ^ Giles Oakley (1997). The Devil's Music. Da Capo Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0306807435. ^ Flipside of "Rock Island Line" ^ album Long Time Gone 1979 ^ "Songs: Ohia '' John Henry Split My Heart Lyrics". SongMeanings. ^ Album: Rescattermastered '' 2016 ^ Song: John Henry '' Album: Waiting For The Day '' 1997 ^ "Nine Pound Hammer" on the 1968 LP The Voice of the Turtle ^ "They Killed John Henry" on his 2009 album, Midnight at the Movies ^ "C(C)cile McLorin Salvant '' John Henry". Genius.com. ^ "Those Poor Bastards '' John Henry Gonna" '' via genius.com. ^ "When I Get My New House Done Western North Carolina Fiddle Tunes and Songs" '' via mustrad.org.uk. ^ "G. B. Grayson '' Henry Whitter '' The Nine-Pound Hammer / Short Life Of Trouble". Discogs.com. ^ "John Henry" on his 2017 album "Folksinger Vol. 2" ^ "John Henry" on their 2003 album "House Band Feud" ^ https://open.spotify.com/track/6ibj963SmyltB0rP8TSbpS?si=Ss65EE28R2aSIbAYARZgMg&dd=1 ^ Kozinn, Allan (22 November 2009). "The John Henry Who Might Have Been". The New York Times . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . ^ Reinthaler, Joan (23 November 2009). "Review: Bang on a Can All-Stars and Trio Mediaeval Perform 'Steel Hammer' ". The Washington Post . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . ^ John Henry Hemanga Biswas, archived from the original on 2021-11-11 , retrieved 2020-05-15 ^ Hujuri, Raktima (15 July 2015). "Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET". hdl:10603/45142 . Retrieved 15 May 2020 . ^ "Fakir Alamgir performs live on RTV". 26 February 2010. ^ "Fakir Alamgir holds sway". 5 May 2013. ^ Sterling A. Brown. "Negro Character as Seen by White Authors", The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Apr., 1933), pp. 179''203 ^ "Bradford was one of Immortals", Robert C. Ruark, The Evening Independent, 22 November 1948 ^ "Freeloading Man", Jonathan Franzen, New York Times, 13 May 2001 ^ Action Comics #4 (February 2012) ^ "John Henry the Revelator", Constantine von Hoffman, Kirkus Reviews 18 March 2022 ^ Associated Press (July 24, 1996). "NEW STAMPS TELL TALL TALES OF FOLK HEROES". desertnews.com. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. ^ "The Story of John Henry '' Official Wasteland 3 Wiki". wasteland.gamepedia.com . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . ^ "Non-playable characters '' BLU Team (original)". wiki.teamfortress.com . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . ^ "Tech Quotes from Civilization IV '' Industrial Era Technologies". levelskip.com . Retrieved 21 January 2019 . Further reading [ edit ] Johnson, Guy B. (1929). John Henry: Tracking Down a Negro Legend. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina PressChappell, Louis W. (1933). John Henry; A Folk-Lore Study. Reprinted 1968. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat PressKeats, Ezra Jack (1965). John Henry, An American Legend. New York: Pantheon Books.Williams, Brett (1983). John Henry: A Bio-Bibliography by Brett Williams. Westport, CT: Greenwood PressNelson, Scott. "Who Was John Henry? Railroad Construction, Southern Folklore, and the Birth of Rock and Roll", Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas Summer 2005 2(2): 53''80; doi:10.1215/15476715-2-2-53Garst, John F. (2022). John Henry and His People: The Historical Origin and Lore of America's Great Folk Ballad. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to
- John Henry at The Seeger Sessions at the Wayback Machine (archived 13 October 2016)Lyrics to various versions of "John Henry"Survey of books about the legend of John HenryWebsite on racial protest and resistance in the John henry ballad.John Henry bibliography compiled by the Archive of Folk Culture staff at the Library of CongressHistoric American Engineering Record (HAER) No. WV-93, "Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, Great Bend Tunnel, Talcott, Summers County, WV"
- Gandy Dancer Work Song Tradition - Encyclopedia of Alabama
- Gandy Dancers ''Gandy dancers'' was a nickname for railroad section gangs in the days before modern mechanized track upkeep. The men were called dancers for their synchronized movements when repairing track under the direction of a lead workman known as the ''caller'' or ''call man.'' The name ''gandy'' supposedly arose from a belief that their hand tools once came from the Gandy tool company in Chicago (though no researcher has ever turned up such a company that made railroad tools). The name may also have derived from ''gander'' because the flat-footed steps of the workmen when lining track resembled the way that geese walk. There is, however, no consensus on the origin of the name.
- Each group of railroad workers, known as section gangs, typically maintained 10 to 15 miles of track. The men refilled the ballast (gravel) between the railroad ties, replaced rotted crossties, and either turned or replaced worn rails, driving spikes to lock them to the crossties. Spike driving required no group coordination, but the heavy rails had to be carried by teams of men with large clamps called ''rail dogs.'' A lead singer coordinated the effort with so-called ''dogging'' calls. A good half of a typical workday was spent on the constant chore of straightening out the track (known as lining), and it was from this activity that ''gandy dancers'' earned their name. When leveling the track, workmen jacked up the track at its low spots and pushed ballast under the raised ties with square-ended picks, often leaning shoulder-to-shoulder in pairs while the caller marked time with a four-beat ''tamping'' song.
- Gandy Dancer In the South in general and Alabama specifically, at least through the 1950s, the foreman of a section gang was invariably white and the members of the gang itself almost exclusively African American. The foreman typically positioned himself 50 yards or more from the section gang, squatted down, and examined the length of track for problems. He used visual signals to tell the caller where the track was out of alignment and when it was ''lined'' properly. At the time, rails typically came in 13-yard (12-meter) lengths. The section gang systematically aligned the rails at the joints and at specified points along its length in a well-defined order.
- Section gangs were made up of as few as four men but might include as many as 30 men, depending on the workload. Each workman carried a lining bar, a straight pry bar with a sharp end. The thicker bottom end was square-shafted (to fit against the rail) and shaped to a chisel point (to dig down into the gravel underneath the rail); the lighter top end was rounded (for better gripping). When lining track, each man would face one of the rails and work the chisel end of his lining bar down at an angle into the ballast under it. Then all would take a step toward their rail and pull up and forward on their pry bars to lever the track'--rails, crossties and all'--over and through the ballast.
- Gandy Dancers Lining track was difficult, tedious work, and the timing or coordination of the pull was more important than the brute force put forth by any single man. It was the job of the caller to maintain this coordination. He simultaneously motivated and entertained the men and set the timing through work songs that derived distantly from sea chanteys and more recently from cotton-chopping songs, blues, and African-American church music. Typical songs featured a two-line, four-beat couplet to which members of the gang would tap their lining bars against the rails, as in this example:
- 1 2 3 4 ''O joint ahead and quarter back''1 2 3 4 ''That's the way we line this track''
- When the liners were tapping in perfect time, he would call for a hearty pull on the third beat of a four-beat refrain:
- 1 2 3 4 ''Come on, move it! Huhn! (pause)'' 1 2 3 4 ''Boys, can you move it! Uhmm! (pause)''
- and so on until the foreman signaled that the track was properly aligned. A good caller could call all day and never repeat the same phrase twice. Veteran section gangs lining track, especially with an audience, often embellished their work with a one-handed flourish and with one foot stepping out and back on beats four, one, and two, between the two-armed pulls on the lining bars on beat three.
- In a ceremony at the Smithsonian in 1996, John Henry Mealing (who had worked on the Western and then the Frisco lines) and Cornelius Wright (who had worked on U.S. Steel's 1,100 miles of track), two former callers of this kind of work song in central Alabama, received National Heritage Fellowship Awards as ''Master Folk and Traditional Artists'' for their demonstrations of this form of African-American folk art.
- Courlander, Harold. Negro Songs from Alabama. Rev. & enl. 2nd ed. New York: Oak Publications, 1963.
- Corn Bread Crumbled in Gravy: Historical Alabama Field Recordings from the Byron Arnold Collection of Traditional Tunes. Audiocassette. Produced by Joy D. Baklanoff and John Bealle. Montgomery: Alabama Folklife Association, 1992.
- Gandy Dancers. VHS. Directed by Maggie Holtzberg-Call and Barry Dornfield. New York: Cinema Guild, 1994.
- Lomax, Alan. The Folk Songs of North America in the English Language. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960.
- Traditional Musics of Alabama: A Compilation. Compact disc. Produced by Steve Grauberger. Montgomery: Alabama Center for Traditional Culture, Alabama State Council on the Arts, 2002.
- Some preachers' annoying habit... | Baptist Christian Forums
- Informal English " holy tone A method of utterance, often used in their sermons by Primitive Baptist preachers,
- in which the sound "ah" occurs at the end of each breath pause, and the taking of fresh breath is intentionally made audible. Also
- chapter about "the mountain people" in a 1918 book put out by the Home Mission Board of the SBC!
- "In many remote sections the preachers in speaking still affect...the 'holy whine'....many of the older mountain church members regard this method of delivery by the preacher as a hallmark of downright earnestness"
- "A mountain woman who had been brought up under the recurrent sermonic 'a-ahs' of old Brother Jones, after hearing Dr. John A. Broadus, who was reckoned the foremost American Baptist preacher of his day, remarked: 'I'd ruther hear Brother Jones...'."
- The Whoop in Black Preaching - Soul Preaching
- I am by no means an expert on whooping, but I noticed that there is little information available on the web so I decided to write up a few posts ont he subject.
- It is usually spelled either as ''hooping'' or ''whooping.'' Go into many African American Baptist or Pentecostal churches and you will hear it. There is even a white version called the ''holy whine.'' Some churches don't think you have preached unless you have done it. Others look down on it as problematic. I have looked on the web and seen it referred to as a ''carnival.'' I have even heard some preaching instructors say that it is nothing more than an increase in intensity for your sermons. While there is often an increase in intensity, a ''whoop'' usually means more than just that.
- Whooping is when the words of the preacher begins taking on a musical quality. The preaching blends into musicality. Jasper Williams believes that the ''whoop'' is always unique to an individual. He also suggests that all who wish to whoop should just practice it and listen to other whoopers for inspiration.
- It is very difficult to describe it in words so here are two examples of whooping found on youtube. First is a Baptist example from the Rev Jasper Williams preaching the Eulogy of one of the greatest whoopers of them all C. L. Franklin:
- Now here is an example from a Pentecostal pastor Bishop Norman Wagner
- In my view, whooping is a part of our own African American heritage that should not be put down out of hand, neither should it be made to be the end-all of great preaching. Some of the greatest preachers do not whoop, but then again some great preachers of today and yesterday whoop. It is a part of our heritage that can be a tool for the effective preaching of the gospel.
- Urban Dictionary: Mooncricket
- Basically the same as saying
- NiggerDude...look at those
- Andrew September 28, 2004
- Flag Get the Mooncricket mug.MooncricketSlang for a black person. It has gained popularity on the eastern
- coast of the United States as it is drastically less offensive than the commonly used ''nigger''.
- Also used is the less common ''Cricket of the Moon''.
- The Emperor of Time and Space January 29, 2012
- Flag Get the Mooncricket mug.MooncricketAnother word for a
- _Jon_Doe_ December 24, 2020
- Flag Get the Mooncricket mug.mooncricketanother word for a
- Marcus you're a fucking mooncricket!
- Bananuhhhzzz October 25, 2006
- Flag Get the mooncricket mug.mooncricketA
- derogatory term usually associated with
- look out! That mooncricket is about to
- DA20 Pilot March 20, 2008
- Flag Get the mooncricket mug.MooncricketsA typical person of African descent. A
- black person, but not the
- Condoleezza type. Usually those of a less
- get outta here before we lose our
- wallets, this place is filled with
- advocates diaboli March 17, 2017
- Flag Get the Mooncrickets mug.mooncricketMoon-CricketA small black
- cambridgegal July 13, 2003
- Flag Get the mooncricket mug.1 2Next 'ºLast >>More random definitions Urban Dictionary is written by you
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- HIPHOP - What does HIPHOP stand for? The Free Dictionary
- AcronymDefinitionHIPHOPHomeless and Indigent Population Health Outreach Project (New Jersey)HIPHOPHealthy Individual People Helping Other PeopleWant to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content.
- References in periodicals archive?She whose longtime partnership with Timbaland has made major changes in the
- In February 2013, the next three CDs will be released every Tuesday beginning on February 5th with the Lounge Party CD, the
- Party (Old School) CD comes out on February 12th and then the Dance Party CD hits stores on February 19th.
- "We had the idea of doing a
- interpretation of a ballet, as we noticed that people were always redoing classic texts like Shakespeare.
- Asked how the music has changed from his heyday, Andrew E observed that the sound hasn't changed that much, except that
- artists are now incorporating more instruments into their work.
- label has its devoted following of fans anticipating brand new videos, of the single and a couple other songs on the fourteen (14) song full length CD.
- It started with 15 youngsters in 2003 and now works with more than 400 each week, on activities including football, basketball, dancing,
- , singing and performing arts.
- The Hip-Hop Studies Reader (0415969190, $35.00), a
- studies reader by a hip-hop scholar and culture critic.
- act, while Coldplay's Chris Martin, bottom, was delighted with the best group gong.
- scene has spawned a fanzine.
- They go to a studio that has
- classes and eventually find that they can't audition anywhere because they can't do anything else.
- We forget that Kanye West is considered to be one of the alltime greatest living
- The couple showed the world a united front at
- legend Timbaland's Grammy party in LA, though the host himself was nearly turned away.
- Music in this Episode
- Intro: Soul of Mischief - 93 'Til infinity - 20 seconds
- Outro: Kendrick Lamar - For Sale - For Sale Interlude 15 seconds
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