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- Executive Producers:
- Countess Kim Keeper of the nutty fluffers
- Sir Dirty Jersey Whore of The East Texas Piney Woods
- Sir & Dame Scott & Elizabeth Vervynck
- Associate Executive Producers:
- Become a member of the 1532 Club, support the show here
- Title Changes
- Viscountess > Countess Kim Keep of the nutty fluffers
- Knights & Dames
- Jessica Staszak Abitz> Dame Delphinium Jesser
- The Dirty Jersey Whore > Sir Dirty Jersey Whore of The East Texas Piney Woods
- End of Show Mixes: Brain Data - Robert Szolnicki - Tom Starkweather - Rolando Gonzalez - Sir Michaelanthony - Sound Guy Steve
- Engineering, Stream Management & Wizardry
- Mark van Dijk - Systems Master
- Ryan Bemrose - Program Director
- Clip Custodian: Neal Jones
- Earthquake Machine
- Turkey quake did not have an epicenter
- Turkish politicians are saying quake was man made by NATO
- An interesting statement by the head of the Ministry of Interior of Turkey after the earthquake:
- "There are no coincidences, and we told the American ambassador that. A week ago we did not agree with the increase in the number of NATO members, and a week later we had a catastrophic earthquake.... We know who did it and how. Get your dirty paws off Turkey. We will draw our own conclusions".
- Ohio
- Ohio Govenor looks like George Burns
- Amtrak's 2035 Map Has People Talking About The Future Of U.S. Train Travel : NPR
- Hey Adam sorry to keep bothering you. I did some digging based off your opinion that there is a third party directing the narrative, Amtrak. I’m seeing lots of maps and evidence that Amtrak needs that corridor to create a high speed rail connecting Cleveland to Pittsburgh and beyond. Here are the links I’ve found with maps showing paths right over the east Palestine area.
- Train Ohio BOTG Refrigerant
- Honeywell Refrigerant Explosion
- In the morning gents. The refrigerant industry is pushing for 410A refrigerant (which is used in almost all cooling & heat pump units) is being discontinued and industry is wanting to move towards R32 as the replacement. What people may not know is R32 is a part of 410A. It’s 50/50 mixture of R125 & R32. This hydrogen fluoride that was the explosion is the R32 side of the mixture. Compare it to gas and kerosene. If LP(liquid propane) & NG (natural gas) are the gasoline then R32 is like kerosene. While talking with a colleague as they are the engineer over the project here at our company; he agreed this is not the best route to take for home owners as like kerosene it burns hotter and longer than gasoline. Soon 410 will be replaced with 32. We will soon be testing this in the near future unless something changes. But this article is very helpful in showing the dangers we will be facing. Btw 410 is nonflammable.
- Anyway, worthless listener’s thoughts & hope to be “Cook Knight of the Camaros”.
- But I have a very long road ahead. Keep up the great work and keep up the great work.
- Ohio Train Experts BOYG
- Hot Box Detectors
- All mainline tracks have hot box detectors (HDBs.) They're an in-track safety device that checks axle/wheel temperatures and reports the findings on the main radio channel for that track, called the road channel.
- I've never been to Ohio, but from a bit of internet sleuthing I discovered that there is an HDB about 20 miles from the crash site near Salem OH. The train should have had its temperature checked and received a hot wheel alarm.
- Was the HDB working correctly? (It will report "system not working" over the road channel if it's not.)
- Did the crew fail to monitor radio or follow proper procedures?
- Were they ordered to continue traveling, despite the hot wheel alarm?
- I've read some unconfirmed internet rumors that they DID receive a hot wheel alarm and were ordered to continue traveling.
- All foreman, contractors and trains on track must monitor the road channel at all times. That channel is always recorded and stored for future investigations.) Perhaps some OH railroader with good taste in podcasts and can fill in more details.
- Pop Off Valves
- These cars have what we call a “pop off” valve on them. When the pressure inside the container gets too high the valve opens and releases pressure. There is no good way of responding to this incident. The only thing that you can do is cool the car and hope the pop off is still functional.
- Vinyl Chloride is deadly. The department was told by EOM or Homeland Security to pull the hoses off the cars. The department was told to go about this idiotic plan. I have rambled enough let me tell you why i think it was idiotic. Vinyl Chloride is deadly at 200 ppm for 4 hours. That is such a small amount. As the ppm goes up the time of exposure reduces. At 500 ppm it is deadly at 1 hour of exposure. I am positive the ppm on that scene was well over that.
- Vinyl Chloride (joke because that’s what firemen do) is known by the state of California to cause a sarcoma in the liver. The sarcoma is not the joke, California knows everything causes cancer. Sarcoma is a cancer of the connective tissue and this sarcoma is rare and aggressive.
- As first responders we put ourselves in bad situations. We know the danger. There was no good way to respond to this kind of scene. What pisses me off so much is of the 5 ways this scene could have been handled they picked the absolute worse one. We’ll I guess the worst way would have been to have jets brought in and blown up the tankers with air to surface missiles.
- Ohio derailment BOTG
- Hey Adam, love the content you two provide. I live 5 miles out from “ground zero” just want to give you a boots on the ground of what is happening here. The accident took place around 9:30 pm Friday, by 10:30 I had contact with firemen on the ground who knew there was vinyl chloride in the fire. By 4:00 am Saturday Norfolk Southern with the states EPA had taken over control of the site pushing back local fire crews and placing a no fly zone 1 mile out to try and stop drones from getting tank ID numbers and the “rumors” of vinyl chloride were “debunked”. Nothing accurate has come out since then. Norfolk got there train track fixed and left town claiming threats on there life’s were made. Unofficially the reason the emergency order was lifted before testing was that the trains couldn’t pass through town while there was a state of emergency still in effect. From what I can see there isn’t as much death as is reported, for one the chickens. The dead chickens were about 15 miles away from the crash while mine in the same path 5 miles away are happy as can be and if you saw how scratched up the woman making the claim was you would believe the local lore that she definitely “chocked” those poor birds. No dogs have died as of yet, no cats and there should be due to a very bad feral cat issue in the town, possibly 3 caged foxes and the fish were minnows and the stream the came from is 10-15 feet wide and never deeper than a foot usually less than 6 inch’s. That being said there will be long term effects as the chemicals ( vinyl chloride and petroleum based lubricant) were dumped into the soil and just burned then buried no amount of soil was actually taken off site because that would have taken more time and the priority was to get the train moving. As the town was told “ the east coast depends on this track and more than this town will suffer if the supplies don’t get down the line. Sorry for the length, take what you want or need. Feel free to email me for more info and thank you for the information and entertainment.
- BLM LBGGTQQIAAPK+ Noodle Boy
- UBC researchers involved in new language project
- Big Tech
- The Generative AI Race Has a Dirty Secret | WIRED
- While neither OpenAI nor Google, have said what the computing cost of their products is, third-party analysis by researchers estimates that the training of GPT-3, which ChatGPT is partly based on, consumed 1,287 MWh, and led to emissions of more than 550 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent—the same amount as a single person taking 550 roundtrips between New York and San Francisco.
- China Balloons
- F22 envelope
- Follow up for the show in response to JCD’s comments. (His questions and comments were spot on)
- The PRC balloon engagement was at the ragged edge of the F22s operational envelope. The higher altitude is harder for the airframe to maneuver. Therefore that engagement required 1.3 Mach. The other engagements were at much slower speeds since they were at lower altitudes, but still too dangerous to use guns for the aforementioned reasons.
- A pilot told me about the F22 not being able to use guns above 50k feet. I looked for a reference, but the pilots were too busy creaming over themselves from the raw demonstration of air power to provide reference material. I considered leaving it out of the report.
- STORIES
- UBC researchers involved in new language project
- (C) Provided by Toronto Sun The clock tower on the campus of the University of British Columbia, UBC in Vancouver. The language of science may be changing.
- An initiative called the EEB Language Project was launched this month by scientists in the U.S. and Canada who hope to change potentially harmful terms used in ecology and evolutionary biology.
- The goal is make language more inclusive and precise.
- According to a newsletter from the University of British Columbia '-- which boasts three researchers in the language project '-- there's a need to revise terminology that might be harmful to some people, especially people in groups historically excluded from science.
- The project began among researchers interested in calling attention to the power of language and the ways it can cause harm.
- This will be a crowdsourced effort. There are words and phrases that have been identified as harmful and suggestions for replacement terms. Other words and phrases that carry potential harm can be submitted to the website.
- The EEB Language Project website includes what's called a repository of harmful terms , and a list of possible other phrases or terms that would work better.
- RECOMMENDED VIDEO Harmful terms can include a common phrase such as ''double blind'' '-- a disability metaphor '-- or even words such as male and female as these are, ''terms used to reinforce societally-imposed ideas of a sex binary, emphasizing cis-normative and hetero-normative views;'' instead of male/female, XY or XX individual might be better.
- Researchers state in Trends in Ecology and Evolution (in cell.com ), '' Much of Western science is rooted in colonialism, white supremacy, and patriarchy, and these power structures continue to permeate our scientific culture.''
- To plan for a future that has, ''inclusive and equitable practices in research, collaboration, teaching, and mentoring,'' requires dealing with this exclusionary history, the article states.
- Choice of scientific terms is important, particularly, ''for redressing the ongoing marginalization of many groups in EEB, including Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) communities; lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and/or questioning, intersex, and asexual (LGBTQIA+) communities; and disabled communities among others.''
- UK government and Bank of England says a CBDC will be needed in the not-too-distant future '' The Expose
- Breaking News Last week, two big things happened in the Central Bank Digital Currency (''CBDC'') arena. Another G-7 economy, the UK, took a big step toward adopting a CBDC. At the same time, the first largish economy to have launched a CBDC, Nigeria, descends further into financial chaos.
- One of the world's oldest central banks, the Bank of England (''BoE''), and the British government jointly confirmed that a digital pound would probably be necessary at some point in the none-too-distant future. While they were saying that, lengthy queues were forming at ATMs across Nigeria, the first largish economy to launch a CBDC, as most Nigerians struggle to access physical money following the government's disastrous demonetisation campaign.
- Let's not lose touch'...Your Government and Big Tech are actively trying to censor the information reported by The Expos(C) to serve their own needs. Subscribe now to make sure you receive the latest uncensored news in your inbox'...
- By Sikh For Truth, Editor of Truth Talk UK and regular contributor to The Expos(C)
- ''A New and Trusted Way to Pay''?Let's begin with the UK, whose latest Chancellor of the Exchequer Jeremy Hunt this week described CBDCs as potentially ''a new and trusted (state-backed) way to pay'' that is likely to emerge some time this decade. John Cunliffe, Deputy Governor for Financial Stability of the Bank of England (not to be confused with the creator of the children's books and animated TV series, Postman Pat) said:
- Our assessment is that on current trends it is likely that a retail, general purpose digital central bank currency '-- a digital pound '-- will be needed in the UK.
- Jon Cunliffe: The digital pound, BIS, 7 February 2023With cash usage in rapid decline in the UK, a digital pound would perform the ''anchor function'' which cash currently carries, allowing the holder access to Bank of England money, Cunliffe said. It would also counter the risks posed by so-called ''stable coins'', which are relatively new forms of cryptocurrency that are pegged to the value of a fiat currency (e.g., the dollar or the euro), while also ensuring that certain tech firms are not able to monopolise areas of the online market with their own coins.
- These are all classic justifications for launching a CBDC. But not everyone in the UK's political establishment agrees that they constitute sufficient cause. For example, the former governor of the Bank of England, Mervyn King said in January 2022: ''By far the most important question is what is the problem to which a CBDC is the solution?'' King said a number had been proposed but ''none of them were terribly convincing''.
- Also, the House of Lords' Economic Affairs Committee recently concluded that it is ''yet to hear a convincing case'' for why the UK needs a retail CBDC. On the contrary, while a CBDC ''may provide some advantages'', it could present ''significant challenges'' for financial stability and the protection of privacy.
- But the Bank of England and the UK Treasury respectfully beg to differ.
- ''A digital pound would be a very substantial financial infrastructure project that would take several years to complete,'' Cunliffe said in a speech to UK Finance, a trade association representing over 300 firms in the UK's banking and financial services sector. ''It would, as many in this audience know, have major implications for the way we transact with each other and, more broadly, for the financial sector and the economy in general.''
- An Extra Layer of OperationsOne major implication is the impact it could have on the current banking system. As the UK-based economist Richard Werner and author of the critically acclaimed book, Princes of the Yen, has noted, if central banks were to offer retail CBDCs directly to individuals and businesses, meaning they would all be able to hold the equivalent of a current account at the central bank (as long as they have a smartphone and don't engage in the wrong sorts of behaviour), it would more or less mean the end of banking as we know it:
- ''All you would need is a shock or a crisis. All the money would move from the bank deposits to the central bank and the banking system shuts down.''
- This would lead to the creation of what Werner calls ''mono-banking,'' in which just one lender, the central bank, is able to operate.
- To avoid this outcome, the BoE is considering imposing a limit on the holdings of the new digital pound of £10,000 to £20,000 ($12,017 to $24,033) once it comes into existence. The digital pound would also not bear interest.
- The last thing the world's central banks want to do is wipe out large private banks, whose interests they tend to serve above all else. In fact, central banks are working hand-in-glove with many ''too big to fail'' (''TBTF'') lenders to set up the CBDC infrastructure. Instead, what the BoE and many other central banks are talking about doing is creating an extra layer of operations within the financial system. And while the BoE (with help from the private sector) will create the currency, private banks will be the main public interface for that new layer, as Cunliffe himself posited in a panel discussion last June:
- We will produce the asset and the rails but the interface with the public would actually be done by private-sector payment providers. It could be banks that will have the customer accounts payable to integrate money into their digital applications'...
- There are other models. One model is we allow the private sector to do the tokenization, to provide their own money that we back one-for-one with central bank money.
- So, CBDCs will probably not be used to supplant the entire private banking system, as some feared. But what they could '' and probably will '' end up doing is put out of business small, local banks and credit unions, which will not be able to cope with the added layers of regulatory costs, burdens and complexities. In the US, the National Association of Federally-Insured Credit Unions (''NAFCU'') warned last year that the issuance of a digital dollar could erode financial stability, arguing that the costs and risks associated with introducing a CBDC are likely to outweigh the touted benefits.
- The above is extracted from an article written by Nick Corbishley and published by Naked Capitalism. Read the full article HERE.
- Featured image: Bank of England and UK Treasury Supports 'Digital Pound' Project, Says UK is Likely to Need CBDC, Crypto Mismatist, 5 February 2023
- Sadiq Khan calls for rollout of universal credit to be paused | Universal credit | The Guardian
- The mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, has warned that the planned expansion of universal credit to millions more people from next year poses a ''significant threat of harm'' to vulnerable claimants.
- Khan is calling for the rollout of the benefit to be paused to enable stronger protections to ensure claimants do not fall into hardship when they are switched from legacy benefits and tax credits to the new system.
- Under the three-year ''managed migration'' process starting in July 2019, over two million claimants nationally will be sent a letter giving them three months to apply for universal credit before their current benefits are cancelled.
- The mayor's office said many vulnerable claimants were likely to fall foul of these requirements, given the complexity of navigating the universal credit system, and risked being left without any benefit income.
- Khan said cuts to funding, IT problems, late payments causing rent arrears and possible eviction, together with a lack of support to help claimants navigate the complex process meant universal credit was not yet fit for purpose.
- Quick Guide What is universal credit and what are the problems? Show What is universal credit?
- Universal credit (UC) is the supposed flagship reform of the benefits system, rolling together six benefits into one, online-only system. The theoretical aim, for which there was general support across the political spectrum, was to simplify the system and increase the incentives for people to move off benefits into work. With a huge influx due to the economic impact of the coronavirus, in September 2020 there were 5.6 million people claiming UC.
- How long has it been around?
- The project was legislated for in 2011 under the auspices of its most vocal champion, Conservative MP Iain Duncan Smith. The plan was to roll it out by 2017. However, a series of management failures, expensive IT blunders and design faults mean it is now seven years behind schedule, and full rollout will not be complete until 2024. The government admitted that the delay was caused in part by claimants being too scared to sign up to the new benefit.
- What is the biggest problem?
- The original design set out a minimum 42-day wait for a first payment to claimants when they moved to UC (in practice this is often up to 60 days). After sustained pressure, the government announced in the autumn 2017 budget that the wait would be reduced to 35 days from February 2018. This will partially mitigate the impact on many claimants of having no income for six weeks. The wait has led to rent arrears and evictions, hunger (food banks in UC areas report notable increases in referrals), use of expensive credit and mental distress.
- Ministers have expanded the availability of hardship loans (now repayable over a year) to help new claimants while they wait for payment. Housing benefit will now continue for an extra two weeks after the start of a UC claim. However, critics say the five-week wait is still too long and want it reduced to two or three weeks.
- Are there other problems?
- Plenty. Multibillion-pound cuts to work allowances imposed by the former chancellor George Osborne mean UC is far less generous than originally envisaged. According to the Resolution Foundation thinktank, about 2.5m low-income working households will be more than £1,000 a year worse off when they move to UC, reducing work incentives.
- Landlords are worried that the level of rent arrears accrued by tenants on UC could lead to a rise in evictions. It's also not very user-friendly: claimants complain the system is complex, unreliable and difficult to manage, particularly if you have no internet access.
- And there is concern that UC cannot deliver key promises: a critical study found it does not deliver savings, cannot prove it gets more people into work, and has plunged vulnerable claimants into hardship.
- ''We all want a simpler, fairer benefits system that improves the incentive for people to work, but universal credit in its current form falls well short of that,'' he said.
- He added: ''If the government does not change tack, the chaotic implementation of this system risks causing considerable disruption to the lives of thousands of Londoners.''
- The mayor's office estimates there are about one million children in the capital in households currently in receipt of tax credits. About 120,000 disabled and chronically ill Londoners claiming employment and support allowance are also due to be moved on to universal credit.
- Khan wants ministers to drop plans to force existing benefit claimants to apply for universal credit, arguing they should instead be automatically transferred.
- The mayor's concerns are outlined in a submission to the official consultation on managed migration for universal credit, carried out by the Department for Work and Pensions social security advisory committee (SSAC). The consultation closed just over a week ago.
- The submission says universal credit has the potential to deliver improvements to the benefit system, but well-documented problems in its design and implementation have caused ''significant hardship'' to claimants.
- ''Until now, these problems have only affected new claimants or those who have undergone a change of circumstance that has resulted in 'natural migration' to universal credit. The government's proposed 'managed migration' of all remaining working-age benefit claimants next year poses a significant threat of harm being caused on a much larger scale if these issues are left unresolved.''
- It adds: ''The most serious consequence of managed migration is that it will be the vulnerable who suffer the most.''
- Despite a recent series of critical reports, including a devastating assessment by the National Audit Office in June that concluded universal credit would never deliver on its key aims, the government insists its flagship benefit reform is working and that problems are being ironed out under its ''test and learn'' approach.
- However, managed migration is likely to generate fresh challenges. The former chair of the SSAC, Paul Gray, who launched the consultation in June, told the Guardian this month that this phase would be fraught with risk for ministers, warning ''this is where it gets really serious''.
- The mental health charity Mind has also raised concerns that ministers have failed to put enough support in place to help vulnerable people move on to the new system, and that hundreds of thousands were at risk of slipping through the net.
- A DWP spokesperson said: ''Universal credit replaces an out-of-date, complex benefits system that often trapped people in unemployment. Universal credit provides claimants with personal support and is helping to get them into work faster and they are staying in work longer.
- ''Research also shows that a large majority of people receiving universal credit are satisfied with the service they receive. We continue to make improvements to the delivery of universal credit where needed and will ensure those migrating from legacy benefits get the right support.''
- The Generative AI Race Has a Dirty Secret | WIRED
- ''It's not that bad, but then you have to take into account [the fact that] not only do you have to train it, but you have to execute it and serve millions of users,'' G"mez-Rodrguez says.
- There's also a big difference between utilizing ChatGPT'--which investment bank UBS estimates has 13 million users a day'--as a standalone product, and integrating it into Bing, which handles half a billion searches every day.
- Martin Bouchard, cofounder of Canadian data center company QScale, believes that, based on his reading of Microsoft and Google's plans for search, adding generative AI to the process will require ''at least four or five times more computing per search'' at a minimum. He points out that ChatGPT currently stops its understanding of the world in late 2021, as part of an attempt to cut down on the computing requirements.
- In order to meet the requirements of search engine users, that will have to change. ''If they're going to retrain the model often and add more parameters and stuff, it's a totally different scale of things,'' he says.
- That is going to require a significant investment in hardware. ''Current data centers and the infrastructure we have in place will not be able to cope with [the race of generative AI],'' Bouchard says. ''It's too much.''
- Data centers already account for around one percent of the world's greenhouse gas emissions, according to the International Energy Agency. That is expected to rise as demand for cloud computing increases, but the companies running search have promised to reduce their net contribution to global heating.
- ''It's definitely not as bad as transportation or the textile industry,'' G"mez-Rodrguez says. ''But [AI] can be a significant contributor to emissions.''
- Microsoft has committed to becoming carbon negative by 2050. The company intends to buy 1.5 million metric tons worth of carbon credits this year. Google has committed to achieving net-zero emissions across its operations and value chain by 2030. OpenAI and Microsoft did not respond to requests for comment.
- The environmental footprint and energy cost of integrating AI into search could be reduced by moving data centers onto cleaner energy sources, and by redesigning neural networks to become more efficient, reducing the so-called ''inference time'''--the amount of computing power required for an algorithm to work on new data.
- ''We have to work on how to reduce the inference time required for such big models,'' says Nafise Sadat Moosavi, a lecturer in natural language processing at the University of Sheffield, who works on sustainability in natural language processing. ''Now is a good time to focus on the efficiency aspect.''
- Google spokesperson Jane Park tells WIRED that Google was initially releasing a version of Bard that was powered by a lighter-weight large language model.
- ''We have also published research detailing the energy costs of state-of-the-art language models, including an earlier and larger version of LaMDA,'' says Park. ''Our findings show that combining efficient models, processors, and data centers with clean energy sources can reduce the carbon footprint of a [machine learning] system by as much as 1,000 times.''
- The question is whether it's worth all the additional computing power and hassle for what could be, in the case of Google at least, minor gains in search accuracy. But Moosavi says that, while it's important to focus on the amount of energy and carbon being generated by LLMs, there is a need for some perspective.
- ''It's great that this actually works for end users,'' she says. ''Because previous large language models weren't accessible to everybody.''
- Mike DeWine - Wikipedia
- "Richard DeWine" redirects here. For Mike DeWine's son and associate justice of the Ohio Supreme Court, see
- Assumed office January 14, 2019LieutenantJon Husted Preceded by John Kasich In office January 10, 2011 '' January 14, 2019GovernorJohn Kasich Preceded by Richard Cordray Succeeded by Dave Yost In office January 3, 1995 '' January 3, 2007 Preceded by Howard Metzenbaum Succeeded by Sherrod Brown In office January 14, 1991 '' November 12, 1994GovernorGeorge Voinovich Preceded by Paul Leonard Succeeded by Nancy Hollister In office January 3, 1983 '' January 3, 1991 Preceded by Bud Brown Succeeded by Dave Hobson In office January 2, 1981 '' December 13, 1982 Preceded by John Mahoney Succeeded by Dave Hobson In office 1977''1981 Preceded by Nicholas Carrera[1] Succeeded by William Schenck[2]BornRichard Michael DeWine
- ( 1947-01-05 ) January 5, 1947 (age 76) Yellow Springs, Ohio, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouseChildren8, including PatResidenceGovernor's MansionEducationMiami University (BA)Ohio Northern University (JD)Richard Michael DeWine (; born January 5, 1947) is an American politician and attorney serving as the 70th governor of Ohio since 2019. He previously served as the 50th Attorney General of Ohio from 2011 to 2019 and in both houses of Congress; in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1983 to 1991 and in the U.S. Senate from 1995 to 2007. He is a member of the Republican Party.
- DeWine was born in Yellow Springs, Ohio, in 1947. He graduated from Miami University with a bachelor's degree in 1969 and earned a Juris Doctor from Ohio Northern University College of Law in 1972. After graduation, DeWine worked as an assistant prosecutor for Greene County and was elected district attorney, serving one term. A lifelong member of the Republican Party, he began his political career in the Ohio Senate in 1980. He served as a U.S. representative from 1983 until 1991. In 1991 he was sworn in as the 59th lieutenant governor of Ohio under George Voinovich.
- DeWine was elected to the United States Senate in a landslide in the 1994 Republican Revolution. He served in the Senate until his defeat by Sherrod Brown in 2006. DeWine returned to politics four years later and became the 50th attorney general of Ohio from 2011 to 2019. He was elected governor in 2018. During DeWine's first term, a shooting in Dayton prompted him to urge the Ohio legislature to enact new gun control measures such as expanding the background checks and harsher penalties for those in possession of unregistered firearms. In early 2020, DeWine received national attention for his COVID-19 response.[3] He ordered the closing of dine-in restaurant service and sporting events and delegated additional resources to elderly care facilities. These decisions garnered him praise from Democrats and independents, but were criticized by some Republicans. DeWine responded to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine by banning the sale of Russian Standard vodka and coordinating Ohio's efforts alongside nonprofits for resettling Ukrainian refugees.
- DeWine was reelected in the 2022 Ohio gubernatorial election.
- Early life and education DeWine was born and raised in Yellow Springs, Ohio. He is the son of Jean Ruth (Liddle) and Richard Lee DeWine.[4][5][6] Of Irish descent, he was raised and identifies as a Roman Catholic.[7][8][9] DeWine earned his Bachelor of Science degree in education from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, in 1969 and a Juris Doctor from Ohio Northern University College of Law in 1972.
- Early political career At age 25, DeWine started working as an Assistant Prosecuting Attorney for Greene County, Ohio, and in 1976 was elected County Prosecutor, serving for four years.[10][11] In 1980 he was elected to the Ohio State Senate and served one two-year term.[11]
- U.S. House of Representatives In 1982, U.S. Representative Bud Brown of Ohio's 7th congressional district retired after 18 years in Congress; his father, Clarence Brown, Sr., had held the seat for 26 years before that. DeWine won the Republican nomination, assuring his election in November. He was reelected three more times from this district, which stretches from his home in Springfield to the Columbus suburbs. He ran unopposed in 1986 in what was regarded as a bad year for Republicans nationally.
- In 1986, Dewine was one of the House impeachment managers who prosecuted the case in the impeachment trial of Judge Harry E. Claiborne. Claiborne was found guilty by the United States Senate and removed from his federal judgeship.[12]
- Lieutenant Governor of Ohio and unsuccessful run for U.S. Senate DeWine did not seek reelection to the House of Representatives in 1990, instead running for lieutenant governor as George Voinovich's running mate in that year's Ohio gubernatorial election. The Voinovich-DeWine ticket was easily elected.
- In 1992, DeWine unsuccessfully ran for United States Senate against the former astronaut and incumbent Senator John Glenn. His campaign used the phrase, "What on earth has John Glenn done?", echoing Jeff Bingaman's slogan "What on Earth has he done for you lately?" against former astronaut Harrison Schmitt in their 1982 Senate race.[13][14]
- U.S. Senate In 1994, DeWine ran again for Senate, defeating prominent attorney Joel Hyatt (the son-in-law of retiring Senator Howard Metzenbaum) by a 14-point margin. DeWine was reelected in 2000, defeating gunshow promoter Ronald Dickson (161,185 votes, or 12.44%) and former U.S. Rep. Frank Cremeans (104,219 votes, or 8.05%) in the primary and Ted Celeste (brother of former Ohio governor Dick Celeste) in the general election. DeWine sat on the Senate Judiciary and Select Intelligence committees. He was the initial sponsor of the Drug-Free Century Act in 1999.[15] He voted in favor of the 2002 Iraq Resolution authorizing the use of force against Saddam Hussein.[16]
- In the 2006 United States Senate election in Ohio, DeWine ran for reelection but lost to U.S. Representative and former Ohio Secretary of State Sherrod Brown by double digits.[17] He received 905,644 fewer votes in 2006 than he received in 2000.[18][19][20]
- Post-Senate career DeWine accepted positions teaching government courses at Cedarville University, Ohio Northern University and Miami University. In 2007, he joined the law firm Keating Muething & Klekamp as corporate investigations group co-chair.[21] He also advised the Ohio campaign of John McCain's 2008 presidential bid.[22]
- Attorney General of Ohio Attorney General portrait
- On July 21, 2009, DeWine announced candidacy for attorney general of the State of Ohio.[23] On November 2, 2010, he was elected attorney general, defeating incumbent Richard Cordray, 48''46%.[24] As attorney general of Ohio, DeWine sent letters to drugstore chains encouraging them to discontinue the sale of tobacco products.[25]
- In the 2012 Republican presidential primary, DeWine endorsed Tim Pawlenty, then endorsed Mitt Romney after Pawlenty dropped out of the race. On February 17, 2012, DeWine announced he was retracting his endorsement of Romney and endorsed Rick Santorum. DeWine said, "To be elected president, you have to do more than tear down your opponents. You have to give the American people a reason to vote for you, a reason to hope, a reason to believe that under your leadership, America will be better. Rick Santorum has done that. Sadly, Governor Romney has not."[26]
- On November 4, 2014, DeWine was reelected as attorney general, defeating challenger David A. Pepper.[27] He carried 83 of Ohio's 88 counties.[28]
- Legal challenge to the Affordable Care Act In 2015, DeWine filed a lawsuit in federal court in Ohio against a part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA).[29][30] In the suit, he alleged that the ACA's Transitional Reinsurance Program (which imposed a fee "paid by all employers who provide group health insurance in the workplace", which in 2014 was $63 per covered person and in 2015 was $44 per covered person) was unconstitutional as applied to state and local governments.[31] When he filed the suit, DeWine claimed that the fee was "an unprecedented attempt to destroy the balance of authority between the federal government and the states".[31]
- In January 2016, the federal court dismissed DeWine's suit, with U.S. District Judge Algenon L. Marbley holding that the Transitional Reinsurance Program did not violate the Constitution.[31] DeWine appealed, but the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit affirmed Marbley's dismissal of the suit.[32]
- Criminal justice DeWine's stated goal has been "Protecting Ohio Families".[33] To that effect, he made it a priority to significantly reduce DNA testing turnaround times in connection with open criminal investigations. Under his predecessor, DNA testing at the Ohio Attorney General's Bureau of Criminal Investigation (BCI) took approximately four months in cases such as murders, rapes, and assaults. Under the DeWine administration, DNA test results are now returned to local law enforcement in less than a month, leading to faster apprehension of dangerous suspects.[34]
- Upon taking office in 2011, DeWine launched a special sexual assault kit (SAK) testing initiative after learning that hundreds of police departments across Ohio had thousands of untested rape kits on their evidence room shelves. DeWine invested resources to test the 13,931 previously untested rape kits over the course of his administration, which led to more than 5,000 DNA hits in the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS).[35] These DNA matches led to the indictments of approximately 700 alleged rapists, many of whom were serial attackers, connected to cases that would never have been solved if not for the DeWine initiative.[36]
- DeWine also launched the Crimes Against Children Initiative, which paired BCI criminal investigators with seasoned prosecuting attorneys to investigate and prosecute child predators. The Crimes Against Children Initiative focuses on holding accountable those who sexually and physically abuse children, those who share and view child pornography, and those who target children online.[37] DeWine's office also developed several task forces for the investigation and prosecutions of human trafficking throughout the state.[38]
- Opioids As attorney general, DeWine took steps to close down "pill mills" in Ohio that fueled the opioid epidemic. By the end of his first year in office, he had worked to close all 12 pill mills in Scioto County, considered by many to have been the national center of the prescription drug crisis.[39][40] DeWine's efforts also led to more than 100 doctors and pharmacists losing their licenses for improper prescription practices.[41] In 2013, DeWine formed a new Heroin Unit to provide Ohio communities with law enforcement, legal, and outreach assistance to combat the state's heroin problem. The Heroin Unit draws from new and existing office resources, including BCI investigative and laboratory services, Ohio Organized Crime Investigations Commission assistance, prosecutorial support, and outreach and education services.[42] In October 2017, DeWine announced a 12-pronged plan to combat the opioid epidemic, drawing from his experience breaking up pill mills, prosecuting traffickers, supporting recovery, and advocating the importance of drug-use prevention education.[43] In addition, he went after the pharmaceutical industry, suing opioid manufacturers and distributors for their alleged roles in fraudulent marketing and unsafe distribution of opioids that fueled the epidemic in Ohio and across the country.[44][45]
- Columbus Crew relocation lawsuit In October 2017, news reports surfaced that Anthony Precourt, the investor-operator of the soccer club Columbus Crew, was exploring the option of moving the team out of state.[46] After the Cleveland Browns moved to Baltimore in the late 1990s, the Ohio General Assembly passed a law requiring professional sports teams that had accepted taxpayer assistance to provide an opportunity for local owners to purchase the team before initiating a move.[47] In December 2017, DeWine sent a letter to Precourt reminding him of his obligations under Ohio law.[48] After Precourt failed to respond, DeWine filed suit against Precourt and Major League Soccer in March 2018 to enforce Ohio law and insist upon a reasonable opportunity for local investors to buy the team.[49] As the lawsuit played out, an investor group including Dee and Jimmy Haslam, owners of the Cleveland Browns, and the Columbus-based Edwards family announced in October 2018 they were working out the details of a deal to keep the Crew in Columbus.[50]
- Governor of Ohio 2018 election DeWine delivers remarks at the Department of Justice in 2018.
- On May 26, 2016, DeWine announced his candidacy for governor of Ohio in 2018.[51] He confirmed this on June 25, 2017, at the annual ice cream social held at his home in Cedarville, Ohio. On December 1, 2017, DeWine chose Ohio Secretary of State Jon Husted as his running mate. On May 8, 2018, he won the Republican primary, defeating incumbent Lieutenant Governor Mary Taylor with 59.8% of the vote. He defeated the Democratic nominee, former Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Director Richard Cordray in the general election, by a margin of about four percentage points.[52]
- Tenure 2019 On February 22, 2019, President Trump appointed DeWine to the bipartisan Council of Governors.[53]
- On August 4, 2019, a mass shooting occurred in Dayton, Ohio, that killed ten people and injured 27 others; this followed a mass shooting in El Paso, Texas by just 13 hours.[54] At a vigil for the victims of the Dayton shooting the next day, DeWine was drowned out by a crowd chanting "Do something!"; the chant referred to the lack of legislative gun control actions on the state and federal level.[54] On August 6, DeWine proposed to allow judges to confiscate firearms from those deemed potentially dangerous and to provide them with mental health treatment while maintaining their due process rights.[55][56][57] Other notable aspects of DeWine's plan include expanded background checks before purchasing a firearm, increased access to psychiatric and behavioral health services, and increased penalties for illegally possessing firearms.[55][56][57]
- In October 2019, DeWine held the first meeting of a Lead Advisory Committee he appointed for the state.[58] The committee is meant to advise him on the state's lead remediation efforts.[59] In December 2019, he expressed his support for Ohio allowing cities to ban plastic bags, opposing two bills in the state legislature that would have forbidden it[60] being pushed by fellow Republicans.[61]
- On December 10, 2019, during the Ohio Contractors Association's winter conference in Columbus, DeWine said that he wanted to improve the Interstate rest areas in Ohio by adding more information about Ohio's history and culture. He also said, "I'm told that our rest areas are sorry."[62] In late December, DeWine announced that Ohio would continue to accept refugees. In a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, he wrote, "Before entering the United States, there is a lengthy, complex, and careful vetting process done by multiple federal agencies to confirm a refugee's eligibility for entrance."[63]
- 2020 In January 2020, DeWine sent troops from the Ohio National Guard to Puerto Rico, which had recently experienced several earthquakes.[64] On January 15, he signed a $30 million funding bill for Ohio farmers to prevent algal blooms, which went into effect on February 1.[65] On January 27, DeWine signed Senate Bill 7, which gives military members and their spouses better employment opportunities by simplifying the process to transfer their occupational licenses to Ohio.[66] In February 2020, he announced new distracted driving legislation he was sponsoring.[67] Also in February 2020, he attracted attention for declining to share his opinion about Ohio's death penalty, at the time having "frozen all Ohio executions indefinitely as the state struggles to find lethal-injection drugs".[68]
- Informed of the public risk by Ohio Department of Health Director Amy Acton, on March 3, DeWine canceled most of the Arnold Sports Festival due to the imminent threat of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ohio, before any cases or deaths were reported. The cancellation was widely regarded as "radical" at the time[69][70] but was soon seen as less so, with Axios calling DeWine "among the leading governors in the country sounding the alarm about the threat of the coronavirus"[71] and The Washington Post calling his and Acton's response "a national guide to the crisis" and "textbook recommendations",[72] pointing out numerous occasions when moves Ohio made were soon duplicated by other states.[73] The Hill said DeWine had "been one of the most aggressive governors in responding to the pandemic".[74] He has supported funding for COVID-19, signing his support of a funding bill along with 37 other governors in March 2020.[75] On March 11, 2020, DeWine issued an order limiting visitors to Ohio assisted living facilities and nursing homes, limiting visitors to one per day per resident, with all visitors to be screened for illness.[76] Also on March 11, he announced he was drafting legislation to limit mass gatherings in the state.[77] DeWine barred spectators from sporting events; was first in the U.S. to shut down schools throughout his state; and, on the night before it was to take place, postponed Ohio's primary election.[78] He directed the Ohio Department of Health to order the closing of the state's more than 22,000 food service locations and bars, except for carry-out. This was one of the earliest state closures of restaurants in response to the pandemic and drew disapproval from many high-level state Republicans.[79] On April 1, the BBC called DeWine "quick to defer to Dr Acton for specific questions on the virus and its spread" during daily news briefings, "reminding Ohioans that the state's decisions are driven by science".[69]
- 2022 During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, DeWine voiced support for Ukraine, saying that the invasion was "unacceptable, and all freedom-loving people should stand against this unprovoked invasion''.[80] On February 26, he took action in support of Ukraine by banning the purchase and sale of Russian Standard (vodka) within the state of Ohio because the brand and distilleries are owned by a Russian corporation. Retailers were asked to "immediately pull Green Mark Vodka" (an alternate variety of Russian Standard) "and Russian Standard Vodka from their shelves".[81] On the same day, DeWine declared February 27, 2022, a "Day of Prayer for the People of Ukraine".[82] On March 8, he directed the Ohio Department of Job and Family Services to convene with resettlement agencies, faith-based organizations, and charities, in a summit to plan for possible resettlement of displaced Ukrainian citizens within Ohio. This summit occurred on March 17.[83]
- Political positions Abortion President
- George W. Bush congratulates Senator Mike DeWine on the passing of the Pediatric Equity Research Act of 2003.
- In April 2019, DeWine signed House Bill 493, known as the Ohio "Heartbeat Bill", into law, prohibiting abortion after a heartbeat is detected in a fetus, with no exceptions for cases of rape and incest, imposing one of the nation's most extensive abortion restrictions.[84][85] DeWine opposes abortion. In the Senate, he was the lead sponsor of the Unborn Victims of Violence Act.[86] In December 2020, DeWine signed a bill that said "fetal remains from surgical abortions in Ohio must be cremated or buried"; failure to do so would be a misdemeanor of the first degree.[87][88]
- Capital punishment Although Catholic, DeWine has not joined the Pope and Catholic bishops in opposing the death penalty.[89] He has not joined former governor Robert Taft, former attorney general Petro, and former Speaker of the House Householder in calling for an end to Ohio executions. Taft cited the alleged ineffectiveness of the death penalty as well as racial and geographic disparities in executions. Yet no executions have been conducted in Ohio since DeWine took office in January 2019, and he has delayed executions due to "ongoing problems involving the willingness of pharmaceutical suppliers to provide drugs to the Ohio Department".[90] At present, there are no legally permitted execution methods in Ohio, following the abolition of lethal injection in the state.
- Gerrymandering In 2021, DeWine signed a redistricting map that favored Republicans. The map gave Republicans an advantage in 12 out of 15 districts, leaving two safely Democratic districts and one toss-up district. The map passed the Ohio legislature without any support from Democrats. Voting rights advocates called on DeWine to veto the pro-Republican redistricting map. In 2018, voters in Ohio voted in a referendum for anti-gerrymandering reform that encouraged bipartisan support for redistricting maps. The same year, DeWine pledged to honor the voters' wishes and support a redistricting process that was conducted in a bipartisan way. But in 2021 he approved the changes for 2022 onward.[91]
- Gun control Ohio Governor Mike DeWine leaves the stage after speaking, and the crowd shouts "Do something!" in reaction to the
- [92]In 2004, DeWine cosponsored an amendment to renew the Federal Assault Weapons Ban. He has repeatedly received an "F" rating from the National Rifle Association.[93] The National Rifle Association endorsed him for governor.[94] DeWine was one of only two Republican senators to vote against the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act, which banned lawsuits against gun manufacturers, distributors and dealers for criminal misuse of their products. In the 2006 election cycle, DeWine was the first senatorial candidate to be endorsed by the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence; he displayed the endorsement on his campaign webpage.[95][96] In 2019, DeWine proposed a Red Flag Law for Ohio that would allow courts to take a gun from people seen as a threats to others or themselves.[97]
- Highway safety As U.S. senator, DeWine joined a bipartisan effort to lower the national maximum blood-alcohol limit from 0.10% to 0.08% and to require reporting of vehicle-related deaths on private property like parking lots and driveways.[98] He sponsored legislation on determining when aging tires become unsafe.[99]
- LGBT rights DeWine opposes same-sex marriage[100] and sponsored the Federal Marriage Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which would have prevented same-sex marriage.[101] He argued in the Supreme Court in favor of prohibitions on same-sex marriage, saying that same-sex marriage bans infringe on "no fundamental right" and that states should not have to recognize same-sex couples who married in other states. DeWine was acting as attorney general against Jim Obergefell in the case Obergefell v. Hodges. The Supreme Court issued a landmark ruling against DeWine and other defendants, finding same-sex marriage bans unconstitutional.[102][103]
- In 2021, DeWine opposed a bill that would have banned transgender athletes from playing on sports teams that do not match their sex at birth, saying, "This issue is best addressed outside of government, through individual sports leagues and athletic associations, including the Ohio High School Athletic Association, who can tailor policies to meet the needs of their member athletes and member institutions."[104][105]
- Marijuana In 2019 DeWine said: "it would really be a mistake for Ohio, by legislation, to say that marijuana for adults is just OK." In February 2020, NORML, a group advocating the legalization of marijuana, gave DeWine an "F" rating in relation to his policies.[106]
- Net neutrality As Attorney General of Ohio, DeWine did not join the lawsuits that over 22 states filed in the months following FCC Commissioner Ajit Pai's proposal to roll back online consumer protections and net neutrality regulations.[107]
- Other In 2020, DeWine signed a bill that forbids colleges and universities in Ohio blocking controversial speakers.[108] In 2020, DeWine's compensation was 17th among state governors, at $159,189, compared to a maximum of $225,000 for the governor of New York and a minimum of $70,000 for the governor of Maine. The Ohio Checkbook shows that 92 employees of the Ohio state teachers retirement system, including director William Neville, equal or exceed the governor's salary.
- Personal life DeWine lives in the Whitelaw Reid House.[109] He and his wife Frances have been married since June 3, 1967, and have had eight children, one of whom died in an automobile accident in 1993.[110][111]
- Ohio Supreme Court Justice Pat DeWine is Mike DeWine's son. Former Ohio Republican Party Chairman Kevin DeWine is DeWine's second cousin. DeWine and his family own Minor League Baseball's Asheville Tourists.[112]
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Early intervention, preparation for pandemic may pay off". The Washington Post . Retrieved April 10, 2020 . ^ Witte, Griff; Zezima, Katie (March 16, 2020). "Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine's coronavirus response has become a national guide to the crisis". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 17, 2020 . Retrieved March 17, 2020 . ^ Budryk, Zack (March 16, 2020). "Ohio announces liquor buyback program to support bars and restaurants". The Hill . Retrieved March 23, 2020 . ^ "Gov. Mike DeWine signs letter urging the Senate to pass emergency coronavirus bill" Archived March 9, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Cleveland.com (March 5, 2020) ^ Gov. DeWine issues order limiting visitors to nursing homes, assisting living facilities" Archived March 12, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, WEWS-TV, Staff (March 11, 2020) ^ "Coronavirus In Ohio: DeWine Plans To Limit Mass Gatherings" Archived March 13, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, WOSU, Gabe Rosenberg (March 11, 2020) ^ "Coronavirus: The US governor who saw it coming early". BBC News. April 1, 2020. ^ Hancock, Laura (March 16, 2020). "All Ohio bars, restaurants to close 9 p.m. Sunday due to coronavirus - carryout still allowed: Gov. Mike DeWine's Sunday briefing". Cleveland.com. Cleveland, OH: AdvanceOhio. ^ @GovMikeDeWine (February 25, 2022). "At the direction of President Vladimir Putin, Russian forces have invaded Ukraine in violation of international law'..." (Tweet) '' via Twitter. ^ @GovMikeDeWine (February 26, 2022). "Today I directed @OhioCommerce to cease both the purchase & sale of all vodka made by Russian Standard, the only ov'..." (Tweet) '' via Twitter. ^ @GovMikeDeWine (February 26, 2022). "I have declared Sunday, February 27, 2022, a Day of Prayer in Ohio honoring the people of Ukraine. Ukraine's flag w'..." (Tweet) '' via Twitter. ^ https://governor.ohio.gov/media/news-and-media/dewine-calls-for-summit-of-refugee-organizations-to-plan-for-possible-ukrainian-resettlement-03082022[bare URL ] ^ "| Time". Archived from the original on April 12, 2019 . Retrieved April 12, 2019 . ^ "Ohio governor to sign ban on abortion after first detectable heartbeat". CNBC. April 11, 2019. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019 . Retrieved April 12, 2019 . ^ See S. 1019 (Unborn Victims of Violence Act), introduced May 7, 2003; S. 146 (Unborn Victims of Violence Act of 2003), introduced January 13, 2003; S.480 (Unborn Victims of Violence Act of 2001), introduced January 7, 2001. See also Karen MacPherson, "Senate votes to outlaw harming the unborn; abortion activists fear women's rights eroded Archived March 21, 2018, at the Wayback Machine" (March 26, 2004), Toledo Blade; Carl Hulse, "Senate Outlaws Injury to Fetus During a Crime Archived February 26, 2018, at the Wayback Machine" (March 26, 2004), The New York Times; Sheryl Gay Stolberg, "Washington Talk: From CNN to Congress, Legislation by Anecdote Archived December 29, 2017, at the Wayback Machine" (May 8, 2003), The New York Times. ^ "Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine Signs Bill Requiring Fetal Remains From Surgical Abortions Be Cremated Or Buried". KDKA-TV. December 30, 2020. ^ Choi, Joseph (December 31, 2020). "Ohio governor signs bill requiring women to choose burial or cremation of aborted fetal tissue". The Hill . Retrieved January 1, 2021 . ^ "Why won't Gov. Mike DeWine say whether he supports Ohio's death penalty?". Cleveland.com. February 19, 2020. ^ "News Brief '-- New Set of Reprieves Push Back First Three Ohio Executions of 2021 Until 2023". Death Penalty Information Center. ^ Tobias, rew J.; clevel; .com (November 20, 2021). "Gov. Mike DeWine approves Ohio congressional map bill that likely strengthens GOP share". cleveland . Retrieved November 20, 2021 . ^ Chappell, Bill (August 5, 2019). " 'Do Something!': Calls For Action After Mass Shootings In El Paso And Dayton". NPR. NPR. Archived from the original on August 6, 2019 . Retrieved August 6, 2019 . ^ "Senate considers protecting gunmakers". Associated Press. February 25, 2004. Archived from the original on March 26, 2005 . Retrieved March 27, 2007 . ^ "NRA Endorses Mike DeWine for Governor, Jon Husted for Lieutenant Governor". NRA-ILA. September 26, 2018. Archived from the original on August 4, 2019 . Retrieved August 4, 2019 . ^ "Brady Campaign Endorses DeWine". Archived from the original on November 10, 2010 . Retrieved June 23, 2006 . ^ "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 109th Congress '-- 1st Session '-- Vote Summary on Passage of S. 397, As Amended". U.S. Senate. July 29, 2005. Archived from the original on March 30, 2007 . Retrieved March 27, 2007 . ^ Balmert, Jessie. "Ohio Gov. DeWine proposes 'red flag' law, expanding background checks for gun sales". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019 . Retrieved August 27, 2019 . ^ "Ohio senator makes his mark on highway safety". August 9, 2005. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014 . Retrieved October 2, 2014 . ...drunken driving [is] a central focus of DeWine's highway-safety attention. He was behind the move to make 0.08% the national maximum blood-alcohol limit, which it became this month when Minnesota was the final state to adopt it... DeWine says his years in politics helped persuade him to do something about the injuries and deaths that don't occur on public property, which is what regulators previously focused on. He wanted data about incidents in parking lots and driveways to be routinely collected, too. ^ "Sen. DeWine introduces tire aging bill". January 23, 2004 . Retrieved October 2, 2014 . WASHINGTON (Jan. 23, 2004) '-- Sen. Mike DeWine, R-Ohio, has introduced a package of five highway safety bills, including one requiring tire retailers to disclose the month and year in which the tires they sell are produced. Mr. DeWine's bill also would require the National Academy of Sciences to do a definitive study of how both used and unused tires age'--with an eye toward discovering the point at which an aged tire becomes unsafe. ^ "How gay-marriage case was born of a divided Ohio". Cincinnati.com. April 25, 2015 . Retrieved September 21, 2018 . ^ "Ohio is pivotal to Democratic hopes to reclaim the Senate". mcclatchydc. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018 . Retrieved September 21, 2018 . ^ "Attorney General Mike DeWine, Gov. John Kasich acknowledge gay marriage ruling is law in Ohio". cleveland.com. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018 . Retrieved September 21, 2018 . ^ Torry, Jack (March 27, 2015). "DeWine defends state's ban on same-sex marriage". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018 . Retrieved September 21, 2018 . ^ "Ohio Governor Mike DeWine opposes state law on transgender athletes". NBC4 WCMH-TV. June 25, 2021 . Retrieved November 1, 2021 . ^ Tobias, rew J.; clevel; .com (June 25, 2021). "Gov. Mike DeWine criticizes Ohio House bill that would ban transgender athletes from playing girls' sports". cleveland . Retrieved November 1, 2021 . ^ "Gov. Mike DeWine gets F in marijuana policy report card" Archived March 13, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Cleveland.com, Laura Hancock (February 6, 2020) ^ Schladen, Marty (December 18, 2017). "DeWine: No Ohio suit over net neutrality". Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on January 17, 2018 . Retrieved January 17, 2018 . ^ "Gov. Mike DeWine signs a bill to prohibit Ohio colleges, universities from blocking controversial speakers". ^ "Ohio Attorney General Opens His Historic Home to the Public". WOUB. September 17, 2016 . Retrieved October 28, 2020 . ^ "Patrol say DeWine's daughter driving too fast" (PDF) . The BG News. September 7, 1993. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014 . Retrieved October 2, 2014 '' via ScholarWorks@BGSU (Vol 76, Issue 10). Lt. Gov. Michael DeWine's daughter was driving too fast for the wet road conditions when she was killed in a collision, the State Highway Patrol said Monday. Trooper D.T. Heard at the Xenia post said the patrol determined that Rebecca A. DeWine was driving 55 mph on Aug. 4 when her car went across the center line on a curve. The car hit a pickup truck going 39 mph on U.S. 42 north of Xenia, Heard said Monday. The speed recommended on the curve is 25 mph, he said. ^ Laviola, Erin (October 11, 2018). "Frances Struewing DeWine, Mike DeWine's Wife: 5 Fast Facts". Archived from the original on October 12, 2018 . Retrieved October 12, 2018 . ^ "DeWine group to purchase Tourists". MiLB.com. January 5, 2010. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018 . Retrieved June 7, 2018 . ^ "OH District 7 - R Primary 1982". February 10, 2009. ^ "OH District 7 1982". November 3, 2012. ^ "OH District 7 1984". November 3, 2012. ^ "OH District 7 1986". November 3, 2012. ^ "OH District 7 1988". November 3, 2012. ^ "OH Lt. Governor- R Primary 1990". April 12, 2005. ^ "OH Lt. Governor 1990". November 3, 2012. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016 . Retrieved March 17, 2020 . ^ "OH US Senate- R Primary 1992". November 3, 2012. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016 . Retrieved March 17, 2020 . ^ "OH US Senate 1992". March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on June 16, 2018 . Retrieved March 17, 2020 . ^ "OH US Senate- R Primary 1994". November 3, 2012. ^ "OH US Senate 1994". June 9, 2004. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016 . Retrieved March 17, 2020 . ^ "OH US Senate - R Primary 2000". November 3, 2012. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016 . Retrieved March 17, 2020 . ^ "OH US Senate 2000". June 12, 2016. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016 . Retrieved March 17, 2020 . ^ "OH US Senate - R Primary 2006". March 3, 2013. Archived from the original on March 29, 2006 . Retrieved March 17, 2020 . ^ "OH US Senate 2006". January 14, 2007. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016 . Retrieved March 17, 2020 . ^ "OH Attorney General - R Primary 2010". November 3, 2011. ^ "OH Attorney General 2010". January 13, 2011. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014 . Retrieved March 17, 2020 . ^ "OH Attorney General - R Primary 2014". March 6, 2015. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014 . Retrieved March 17, 2020 . ^ "OH Attorney General 2014". March 20, 2016. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017 . Retrieved March 17, 2020 . ^ "OH Governor - R Primary 2018". March 6, 2015. ^ "OH Governor 2018". December 7, 2018. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017 . Retrieved March 17, 2020 . ^ "FILINGS FOR THE 2022 PRIMARY ELECTION RELEASED". Ohio Secretary of State. February 3, 2022 . Retrieved February 4, 2022 . External links Campaign websiteMike DeWine at CurlieBiography at the Biographical Directory of the United States CongressAppearances on C-SPANOhio SenatePreceded by Member of the Ohio Senate from the 10th district January 2, 1981 '' December 13, 1982Succeeded byU.S. House of RepresentativesPreceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 7th congressional district January 3, 1983 '' January 3, 1991Succeeded byParty political officesPreceded by Republican nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Ohio 1990Succeeded byPreceded by Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Ohio (Class 3) 1992Succeeded byPreceded by Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Ohio (Class 1) 1994, 2000, 2006Succeeded byPreceded by Republican nominee for Attorney General of Ohio 2010, 2014Succeeded byPreceded by Republican nominee for Governor of Ohio 2018, 2022Most recentPolitical officesPreceded by Lieutenant Governor of Ohio January 14, 1991 '' November 12, 1994Succeeded byPreceded by Governor of Ohio January 14, 2019 '' presentIncumbentU.S. SenatePreceded by U.S. senator (Class 1) from Ohio January 3, 1995 '' January 3, 2007 Served alongside: John Glenn, George VoinovichSucceeded byLegal officesPreceded by Attorney General of Ohio January 10, 2011 '' January 14, 2019Succeeded byU.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)Preceded byas Vice President Order of precedence of the United States Within OhioSucceeded byPreceded byas Governor of Tennessee Order of precedence of the United States Outside OhioSucceeded byas Governor of LouisianaArticles and topics related to Mike DeWine
- What To Make Of The Asbury Revival? - The American Conservative
- An extraordinary movement of the Holy Spirit at a Kentucky college chapel -- is it for real?
- My inbox has been lit up all week with notes from Evangelical friends telling me about the "Asbury Revival" at Asbury University, a Methodist school in Kentucky. Tom McCall, head of the theology department at affiliated Asbury seminary, writes in Christianity Today about what's happening. Excerpts:
- Most Wednesday mornings at Asbury University are like any other. A few minutes before 10, students begin to gather in Hughes Auditorium for chapel. Students are required to attend a certain number of chapels each semester, so they tend to show up as a matter of routine.
- But this past Wednesday was different. After the benediction, the gospel choir began to sing a final chorus'--and then something began to happen that defies easy description. Students did not leave. They were struck by what seemed to be a quiet but powerful sense of transcendence, and they did not want to go. They stayed and continued to worship. They are still there.I teach theology across the street at Asbury Theological Seminary, and when I heard of what was happening, I immediately decided to go to the chapel to see for myself. When I arrived, I saw hundreds of students singing quietly. They were praising and praying earnestly for themselves and their neighbors and our world'--expressing repentance and contrition for sin and interceding for healing, wholeness, peace, and justice.
- By Thursday evening, there was standing room only. Students had begun to arrive from other universities: the University of Kentucky, the University of the Cumberlands, Purdue University, Indiana Wesleyan University, Ohio Christian University, Transylvania University, Midway University, Lee University, Georgetown College, Mt. Vernon Nazarene University, and many others.
- The worship continued throughout the day on Friday and indeed all through the night. On Saturday morning, I had a hard time finding a seat; by evening the building was packed beyond capacity. Every night, some students and others have stayed in the chapel to pray through the night. And as of Sunday evening, the momentum shows no signs of slowing down.
- Some are calling this a revival, and I know that in recent years that term has become associated with political activism and Christian nationalism. But let me be clear: no one at Asbury has that agenda.
- As an analytic theologian, I am weary of hype and very wary of manipulation. I come from a background (in a particularly revivalist segment of the Methodist-holiness tradition) where I've seen efforts to manufacture ''revivals'' and ''movements of the Spirit'' that were sometimes not only hollow but also harmful. I do not want anything to do with that.
- And truth be told, this is nothing like that. There is no pressure or hype. There is no manipulation. There is no high-pitched emotional fervor.
- To the contrary, it has so far been mostly calm and serene. The mix of hope and joy and peace is indescribably strong and indeed almost palpable'--a vivid and incredibly powerful sense of shalom. The ministry of the Holy Spirit is undeniably powerful but also so gentle.
- A Baptist friend in Alabama texted me last night to say it has spread to the chapel at Samford University there.
- One thing that interests me about this phenomenon is what it says, or might say, about Christian enchantment. As many of you know, I'm working on a book about that topic now. I have been frustrated that I don't have nearly as many examples of enchantment in the Protestant tradition as within Orthodox and Catholicism. By "enchantment," I mean visceral experiences of the presence of God. Seems to me that the Asbury Revival would qualify, assuming it's a real thing, and not just something ginned up by preachers skilled at crowd psychology. What Tom McCall reports is encouraging on this front.
- Tucker Carlson is paying attention:
- Gen Z is on fire for God! Check out this powerful message from a college student who traveled to the #AsburyRevival.
- "This is revival. It isn't hype. It's ordinary people crying out for a move of God in our generation'...and it's about to spread to the nations." pic.twitter.com/eawneHHAsV
- '-- Caleb Parke (@calebparke) February 15, 2023
- Day 8 of the great Asbury revival.
- People are FLOCKING and waiting in line by the thousands to get inside and worship our Lord.
- GOD IS NOT DEAD! pic.twitter.com/gH71DdT3ZP
- '-- Graham Allen (@GrahamAllen_1) February 16, 2023
- This is awesome. No celebrity pastors did this. Just ordinary people hungry for God. I read that the college has said that NO celebrities would be allowed onto the altar for as long as this lasts. "No celebrities but Jesus," they said. I mean, y'all, how can you not love it?
- What I love about this Asbury revival in Kentucky is that it is nameless and faceless. It's not about personalities. It's just people getting desperate for God. It's Day #7 and the worship continues. Lord let this hunger come to every church, and let it spill into the streets. pic.twitter.com/Dda73LfjMK
- '-- Lee Grady (@LeeGrady) February 14, 2023
- Here is a link to the chapel service that set off the Asbury Revival.
- It's not my church, it's definitely not my worship style, but the Holy Spirit surely doesn't need my permission to show up and change hearts. I hope and pray that's what's happening here, and that those young people are having a dramatic experience of the reality of the Holy Spirit -- an experience that deepens their conversion.
- For a somewhat contrarian voice, here's a 2020 essay by the conservative Anglican theologian J. Brandon Meeks, who wrote three years ago in Mere Orthodoxy against the claim that "we need revival." Excerpts:
- ''We need revival.'' ~The Teeming Masses
- This phrase, ubiquitous among broad evangelicals, has transmogrified from banal cliche to axiomatic mantra. Having been chanted with such frequency that there is virtually no quarter among popular Christianity where it doesn't reverberate, it has at long last been universalized, memorized, and canonized as the programmatic agenda for all successive ecclesial endeavors. Thus for many, the watchword is now, ''revival or ruin.''
- The migration from adage to axiom has been a subtle (though predictable) move. If a thing is said long enough, loud enough, and often enough people soon forget to bother asking whether it should be said at all. At the last, the proposition becomes a presupposition. After having become ingrained in the religious psyche of the masses, that notion requires something closer to exorcism than explanation to extricate the host from possession. It takes quite a while to convince the entire species of something; it takes even longer to convince them that something is specious. So here I am with a crucifix and half a gallon of holy water; the power of Christ compels me. Shall we renounce the devil and all his works?
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- Just as we need not have a repetition of Calvary in order for atonement to be made for sinners not yet born in the first century A.D., just as Jesus need not rise a second time from the grave in order to vindicate himself and his people before his Father, neither must there be another Pentecost in which the Spirit is made available in power to the people of God. To suggest that we need revival, if revival is conceived of as being a ''fresh Pentecost,'' is to make hash of the words of Peter, Paul, the Four Evangelists, and anyone else who may have mentioned the cross or the Spirit in the canonical Scriptures.
- However, if by ''revival'' they simply mean that we need Christians to be what we already are, use what we already have, and do what we are already able to do by the help of God, then I have no objections. I have no objections because there is now no ''revival'' of which to speak.
- Of course the proper word for the activity described above is obedience. Faithfulness is supernatural insofar as it is birthed in us by grace and worked out through us by the Spirit, but it isn't the sort of thing that requires sawdust and gospel quartets. I have a sneaking suspicion that one of the real reasons that Christians have been so quick to parrot the phrase in question is that it is much easier than admitting that we are lazy. If we have a mandate, the resources, and a field in which to labor, we can't very well blame our slothfulness on a breakdown somewhere in the supply line. We can't blame God for not sending us the revival we needed to get the job done. As long as ''we need revival'' to do virtually anything meaningful for the kingdom, we are pretty much free to sit on our pious rears and pray for the kingdom to come. I say enough is enough.
- I don't know enough theologically about the concept of "revival" as it is used in Evangelical experience, so I don't know how to judge Meeks's words. I would say simply that if "revival" is having our eyes re-opened to what is already there, then yes, I am for revival. (Seems like Meeks is too.) It's another way to think of Christian re-enchantment. But if we don't move from the re-enchantment/revival experience, from the hierophany to repentance, it will all have been in vain. Revival will have done its job if it sends its participants back into the everyday world of Christian life and practice with a new awareness that what we do there has everlasting meaning -- and it changes how we live. The revival is not the point; it is only valuable insofar as it leads to repentance.
- Railroaded - Doomberg
- Given the public safety concerns over the event covered here, we are publishing this piece in full, without a paywall. Please feel free to share.
- '' Above all else, show the data. '' '' Edward R. Tufte
- On November 30, 2012, a freight train operated by Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail) derailed while traveling over a movable bridge in Paulsboro, New Jersey, a small town located across the Delaware River and a few miles south of Philadelphia. As the crow flies, the accident occurred just 2.5 miles from Philadelphia International Airport (PHL), substantially elevating the stakes involved.
- Accident site in relation to PHL | Created with Google Earth Of the 82 freight cars being hauled, 55 were carrying hazardous materials, 15 of which contained vinyl chloride. Three of the cars loaded with vinyl chloride ended up in Mantua Creek beneath the bridge, and one of those experienced a full rupture, releasing 20,000 gallons of the toxic gas directly into the air. According to a detailed accident investigation report issued by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), 28 residents sought medical assistance for potential exposure to the chemical and as many as 680 people were evacuated. The NTSB also criticized the lax oversight that allowed more than a dozen first responders to be directly exposed to the chemical as they worked the scene (emphasis added throughout):
- '' Contributing to the consequences of the accident was the failure of the incident commander to implement established hazardous materials response protocols for worker protection and community exposure to the vinyl chloride release. ''
- Conrail derailment | Philadelphia Inquirer Chemical spills on this scale occur far too frequently and can be devastating to the residents directly involved. They also present a serious challenge for government officials, reporters, and the general public as they grapple to understand and communicate the true risks such incidents present. In the Paulsboro incident, we note that hundreds of local residents (and at least 15 first responders) sued Conrail over the derailment, undoubtedly with significant justification. On the other hand, Philadelphia International Airport was not evacuated as a result of the accident, and tens of thousands of passengers went about their travels, likely unaware of the unfolding situation just a few miles away .
- The enigmatic nature of such events flows from the fact that each of the following statements can be true: it is unacceptable that we ship so much in the way of toxic chemicals by rail in this country; when accidents like this happen, the consequences can be deadly serious at the local level; and, the risks to the public drop precipitously once you leave the immediate area. In the Conrail event, the main pollutant (vinyl chloride) was a volatile gas that quickly drifted away, dropping below levels of concern in a relatively short period.
- It can be difficult to mentally model volumetric dilution, so consider this admittedly simple visual: a cube of gas with 1-mile-long sides dispersed into a 10-mile cube of air is not a 10x dilution, it is a 1,000x dilution . Such is the nature of measurements that scale to the power of three : an increase in length by a factor of ten yields a thousandfold dilution. A factor of 100 yields a millionfold. As the vinyl chloride dissipated into ever-increasing volumes of air, the local concentration quickly fell to levels indistinguishable from zero.
- It is through this lens that we turn our attention to a similar '' albeit in some ways more serious '' train derailment that occurred on Friday, February 3 near the small town of East Palestine, Ohio. Here, a 52-car freight train operated by Norfolk Southern derailed, with 20 cars listed as having hazardous materials on board. Of those, five were carrying vinyl chloride, the same molecule of concern in the Paulsboro derailment. For a variety of reasons, the accident has touched off a bit of a national panic, with many news publications referring to the incident as ''Ohio's Chernobyl.'' What actually occurred here, what are the true regional and national consequences, and is the ongoing media frenzy justified? Let's dig in.
- Plume over East Palestine | Gene J. Puskar/AP We begin by stating the obvious: if we were living within miles of the accident site, we would be furious, scared, hesitant to return home, and seeking legal counsel to sue the living daylights out of Norfolk Southern. To be forced out of your home and condemned to forever wondering whether the air you breathe or the water you drink might be making you sick are severe violations. Victim compensation and corporate accountability should be swiftly delivered. If you live nearby and you are reading this piece, every bit of angst you feel is utterly appropriate.
- For the rest of the country, let's take a step back and dig into what has transpired. For this exercise, we will rely heavily on the extraordinarily detailed resource page put up by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) shortly after the event began. The site represents the agency's best efforts to be as transparent and timely as possible in releasing information to the public.
- Before proceeding, we need to address the fact that there are many on social media who are convinced the government is somehow covering up the severity of this event '' hence the hyperbolic and totally irresponsible references to Chernobyl. In our experience, the EPA would not look to minimize the severity of an industrial accident of this type. Quite the opposite. For the rest of this piece, we will take their reports, measurements, and commentary at face value. To do otherwise is to assume the EPA would fabricate complex technical data on the fly to deceive the public and protect the very corporate interests they otherwise infuriate with their harsh oversight on a daily basis.
- The most important document on the EPA's website is the full accounting of each of the 52 derailed cars. The two-page PDF file details what was in each car and what happened to them during the accident. Twenty-seven cars suffered no major damage or significant leaks, and one is listed as having an unknown status. Let's systematically walk through the other 24:
- Two hoppers of solid polyethylene were consumed in the initial fire shortly after the derailment. Polyethylene is the major component of trash bags and plastic buckets. Nobody would recommend getting too close to such a fire, but the environmental damage here is minimal.
- Four hoppers of solid polyvinyl were consumed in the initial fire. Polyvinyl is the major component in PVC plumbing pipes available for purchase at your local hardware store. While its combustion fumes are certainly more toxic than those observed with polyethylene, essentially every major home fire in the US results in significant burning of PVC pipes. Unfortunate for sure, but not a catastrophe.
- One hopper of semolina, a coarsely milled durum wheat, was consumed by the initial fire. This is the functional equivalent of burning wood.
- One box car of medical-grade cotton balls was consumed by the initial fire.
- One box car of sheet steel is listed as being consumed by the initial fire, although it is unclear to us how sheet steel burns. We suspect this material was damaged by the surrounding fire to the point where it could not be commercially salvaged.
- One box car of frozen vegetables was consumed by the initial fire.
- One hopper of something called ''powder flakes'' was partially burned, and the fire is noted as having been extinguished.
- One tank car of propylene glycol was breached, and most of the load was spilled into the local environment. Propylene glycol is the dominant ingredient in aircraft deicing fluids, a substance routinely and openly sprayed onto aircraft packed with passengers at major airports across the country. It is also a common ingredient in many processed foods.
- Aircraft deicing in action | Getty One tank car spilled an unknown amount of ethylhexyl acrylate. This highly reactive monomer is used in the production of many household adhesives. The material is considered moderately hazardous and is readily biodegradable.
- Two tank cars of petroleum lube oil were spilled. As the name suggests, this product is derived from the refining of oil. As far as oil spills go in the US, two tank cars worth is relatively inconsequential.
- One tank car of diethylene glycol was fully breached and a second lost at least part of its load to the local environment. Although the compound has historically been used in criminal poisoning, according to this study: '' Diethylene glycol is readily biodegradable and unlikely to bioaccumulate. Diethylene glycol has low potential to adsorb to soil and sediment. Diethylene glycol is of low toxicity concern to aquatic organisms .''
- One tank car of butyl acrylate was either lost to the local environment or consumed in the initial fire. This compound has low acute toxicity.
- One tank car of polypropylene glycol was breached and spilled into the local environment. This material is considered to be relatively benign .
- If you are keeping track, we have accounted for all rail cars involved in this derailment except for the five that contained vinyl chloride. Given their prominent role in the media narrative observed in the past few days, these five deserve special treatment. Although none of the five rail cars containing the now infamous substance were damaged by the initial derailment and fire, in the days after the accident, local officials became increasingly concerned that the material could explode in an uncontrolled fashion. Given the circumstances, the decision was made to isolate the cars and implement a controlled burn. Here's a quote from Ohio Governor Mike DeWine's office announcing the decision ahead of time:
- '' Following new modeling information conducted this morning by the Ohio National Guard and U.S. Department of Defense, Ohio Governor Mike DeWine and Pennsylvania Governor Josh Shapiro are ordering an immediate evacuation in a one-mile by two-mile area surrounding East Palestine which includes parts of both Ohio and Pennsylvania.
- The vinyl chloride contents of five rail cars are currently unstable and could potentially explode, causing deadly disbursement of shrapnel and toxic fumes. To alleviate the risk of uncontrollable shrapnel from an explosion, Norfolk Southern Railroad is planning a controlled release of the vinyl chloride at approximately 3:30 p.m. today . ''
- Among the aspects most irresponsibly reported on the incident relates to phosgene, a minor byproduct of vinyl chloride combustion. In high concentrations, phosgene is a dangerous poison, but this study of the combustion profile of vinyl chloride found it to be present in very low quantities:
- '' By means of a variety of analytical techniques, the combustion profile of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) has been determined . This profile includes flame temperatures, soot content, and a combustion gas analysis. Depending on the amount of VCM-air premixing prior to combustion, the temperature of a VCM flame ranges from 950° to 1466°C. Similarly, the soot or unburned carbon content of a VCM flame varies from 3 to 6 weight percent. An analysis of the combustion gases from VCM reveal the following composition: HC1 27,000'ppm; CO2 58,100'ppm; CO 9500'ppm; phosgene 40'ppm ; and VCM trace. From a hazard standpoint, the gross quantity of hydrogen chloride is the main source of danger in a VCM fire . ''
- For clarity, 40 ppm (parts per million) is equivalent to 0.004% of the composition.
- Even though this, and all information quoted in this piece, is readily available to any reporter with access to Google, countless references to the dangers presented by phosgene are giving the public anxiety over the decision to execute the controlled burn. To pick one example from many dozens, a Newsweek story , titled Did Control Burn of Toxic Chemicals Make Ohio Train Derailment Worse?, includes the following sentence: '' Phosgene is a deadly gas that was used in chemical warfare during World War I. '' The report goes on to quote '' and we kid you not '' a TikTok video from an ''entrepreneur'' for more insight.
- Where do things stand now? For the answer, we return to the EPA's incident response website and quote from a statement that was widely available the same day Newsweek published its report:
- '' On the evening of Feb. 13, U.S. EPA discontinued air monitoring for phosgene and hydrogen chloride community air monitoring . After the fire was extinguished on Feb. 8, the threat of vinyl chloride fire producing phosgene and hydrogen chloride no longer exists . U.S. EPA will continue 24-hour community air monitoring for other chemicals of concern.
- As of end of the day February 13th, U.S. EPA has screened indoor air at 396 homes, with 100 homes remaining, and 65 homes on the schedule for today. ''
- There are many well-documented reasons to question communications issued from government agencies these days '' and the widespread alarm over the incident lays bare the chronic stress such distrust lets simmer under the surface for much of the population. If we have earned any credibility with our readership over these last two years of publication, please take this to heart: residents of Mississippi need not stock up on bottled water, at least not because of this.
- That is not to say there isn't a cause for nationwide upset here. As we will detail in a future piece, this incident demands a much-needed light be shined on the scandalous state of the US rail industry . That we even allow vinyl chloride to be shipped in this fashion is unnecessary and unacceptable . As few are aware, there are other, even more, dangerous materials on trains passing by residential neighborhoods every single day. It would take but a few simple rule changes to chemical industry regulation to alleviate much of this risk.
- ISIS senior leader killed in daring raid which left four US servicemen wounded - World News - Mirror Online
- The helicopter raid in northeastern Syria, carried out by the US and the Syrian Democratic Forces, killed the targeted ISIS senior leader, Hamza al-Homsi
- A raid killed a senior ISIS senior leader (stock image) ( Image: AFP)
- Four US service members and one dog were wounded last night during a raid which killed a senior ISIS senior leader.
- The helicopter raid in northeastern Syria, carried out by the US and the Syrian Democratic Forces, killed the targeted ISIS senior leader, Hamza al-Homsi.
- The service members and working dog are receiving treatment in Iraq.
- The news comes hot on the heels of US special forces killing an ISIS leader and 10 other terrorists in northern Somalia.
- The operation targeted Bilal al-Sudani, a key financial facilitator for the global terrorist organisation, in a remote mountainous area with caves.
- The US had been trying to wipe out the brute for years, due to him playing a key role in helping to fund ISIS operations in Africa as well as the ISIS-K terrorist branch operating in Afghanistan.
- Militants of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) posing with the trademark Jihadists flag ( Image:
- AFP/Getty Images)In October, the UK has declared that one of its Reaper drones tracked and killed an ISIS member who was riding a motorbike in northern Syria.
- The ISIS Member's identity has not formally been declared and authorities apparently removed the man's body and the motorbike.
- ''On Monday 10 October, a Reaper remotely piloted aircraft, armed with Hellfire missiles, tracked and, when it was safe to do so without posing a risk to civilians, successfully engaged one such terrorist who was on a motorcycle in northern Syria, near Hamman At Turkumen," a statement from the Ministry of Defence read.
- In November, the so-called Islamic State (ISIS) announced its leader has been killed in action. Abu al-Hassan Al-Qurashi died and Abu al-Hussain al-Hussaini al-Qurashi has been declared the murderous group's new caliph.
- A US soldier stands next to an armoured personnel carrier in Syria's northeastern ( Image:
- AFP via Getty Images)The announcement was made in a speech from ISIS spokesman Abu Umar al-Muhajir, however, the news contradicts reports of Abu al-Hasan's capture in Turkey.
- Abu al-Hasan was caught in May during a raid at his hideout in Istanbul, according to a report by Turkish crime reporter Toygun Atilla. He claimed he was made a leader against his wishes.
- Many believe Abu al-Hasan was just a nom de guerre and ISIS never formally identified the person behind the name.
- Read More Read More Read More Read More Read More
- Navy eradicates fitness test failures in campaign to improve retention
- Sailors with a physical fitness assessment failure on their record will receive a clean slate that will allow them to remain in the service, under a new Navy policy unveiled Thursday.
- The shift is part of a Navy-wide campaign aimed at improving accessions, retention and attrition so the service can hit its end-strength goals for 2023, according to Rear Adm. James Waters III, director of military personnel, plans and policy.
- ''This is connected because it clearly affects attrition, right? It will reduce attrition if we do not separate sailors based on past PFA failures,'' Waters told reporters Wednesday. ''But it came about through all of the analysis for this campaign plan, through a recognition that we don't want to punish sailors because gyms were closed during the pandemic. We don't want to disadvantage sailors.''
- The policy, which the Navy labeled a ''one-time reset,'' means all active duty sailors and those in the Navy Reserve who want to remain in the Navy and advance will now have zero PFA failures prior to 2023, allowing commanding officers to reinstate retention and advancement recommendations. The policy does not apply to other programs that evaluate past PFA failures, including officer commissioning programs, selection or screening boards, and special duty screenings.
- RELATEDThe Career Progression Department will stop processing officers for administrative separation due to past PFA failures. For enlisted personnel, their command will issue a special evaluation to restore retention and advancement eligibility, according to a naval administrative message.
- ''We expect this reset to balance challenges sailors had in preparing for and completing physical fitness assessments throughout the pandemic and also allow experienced and talented sailors to remain in the Navy,'' Waters said. ''We think this reset could allow up to 1,500 sailors to remain in the service who might otherwise be separated. Requirements and standards remain constant.''
- The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the Navy conducting a single PFA each calendar year, rather than two. Waters said there is no plan currently to resume two PFAs in FY24.
- The Navy surpassed its retention goals for FY22 and is currently ahead on retention goals this fiscal year, Navy Times previously reported. The service met its active duty enlisted recruitment goals in FY22, but failed to meet recruitment target numbers for active duty and reserve officers, as well as reserve enlisted personnel.
- As a result, Waters said the Navy understands it is facing a ''challenging'' recruiting environment due to a lower propensity to serve, fewer potential recruits who are eligible to serve, and the current competitive labor market. Such challenges require the Navy to implement ''course corrections'' like this new policy, he said.
- Other initiatives launched in recent months aimed at improving retention and recruiting include suspending enlisted high-year tenure for two years to permit sailors who surpassed their high-year tenure threshold to remain in the service.
- The Navy also launched a pilot program in December allowing sailors who scored lower on the Armed Forces Qualification Test as part of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery to still join the service. The change means prospective sailors who score between the 10th and 30th percentile on the AFQT can still join the Navy as long as their ASVAB individual line scores are high enough to qualify for a Navy rating.
- ''We've got to continue to be efficient,'' Secretary of the Navy Carlos Del Toro told Defense News, a sister publication, while on travel Dec. 8. ''We've got to continue to provide incentives for our sailors to want to serve at sea, for example, motivate them. Not just from a financial perspective, but from a mission perspective and reward them in terms of promotions and things of that nature.''
- East Palestine weeks away from launching new 'MyID' medical service | WKBN.com
- Posted: Jan 26, 2023 / 06:59 PM EST
- Updated: Jan 26, 2023 / 06:59 PM EST
- EAST PALESTINE, Ohio (WKBN) '' A small device is ready to be used in a small town to make a big impact.
- East Palestine is excited to make an important medical device available to all 4,700 residents. On Sunday, there will be a special meeting to share more or start signing up.
- The MyID program is ready to roll out in East Palestine. It's a medical information system that helps first responders provide care.
- ''It gives us that rapid information that we may need should somebody be unresponsive or having some kind of medical emergency,'' said East Palestine Fire Chief Keith Drabick.
- MyID provides wearable devices or key FOBs that have QR codes. Emergency responders use a camera phone to access important medical information. It shows them the underlying medical conditions people have supplied about allergies, medications and emergency contacts. That information could impact treatment decisions if a person can't say it. All of the information is HIPPA compliant.
- ''We're not doing this to gain anybody's information, to try and steal anybody's information. We're doing this to help the public in medical emergencies,'' Drabick said.
- MyID is available in East Palestine and Unity Township. The fire department will demonstrate it to other departments that provide backup. MyID can be used anywhere.
- On Sunday, residents can learn more during a special meeting at the East Palestine Community Center.
- ''We want to bring people in to get signed up, to pick their device that they want, and just so we can see who all is interested in it,'' said Darlene Chapman with the East Palestine Fire Department.
- People who are ready can sign up and pick their device. It's free. The village has $5,000 in donations to cover the first phase of 250 devices.
- ''Anybody that skeptical? Please come on down. Sit down, talk to us. We'll be happy to show you everything that goes on with it. We'll be happy to show you how secure it is,'' Drabick said.
- People who sign up on Sunday could get their devices within a couple of weeks, and that's when MyID will go live.
- Any phone camera can open it, but there's no Social Security numbers or insurance numbers that are included in the information.
- The special meeting goes from noon to 7 p.m. on Sunday. It's more of a stop by and get information session.
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- CSRWire - The End of the All-Male, All-White Cockpit
- Submitted by United Airlines
- Zakiya Percy, left, an instructor at the Lt. Col. Luke Weathers Jr. Flight Academy in Olive Branch, Miss., running through a preflight check with a student. (Andrea Morales for The New York Times)Originally published by The New York Times
- For many like Ms. Percy, piloting has long been or seemed out of reach. Few women and people of color aspire to fly planes because they rarely see themselves in today's flight decks. The cost of training and the toll of discrimination can be discouraging, too. Now there's urgency for the industry to act. Pilots are in short supply, and if airlines want to make the most of the thriving recovery from the pandemic, they will have to learn to foster lasting change.
- ''The pilot shortage for the industry is real,'' Scott Kirby, the chief executive of United Airlines, told analysts and reporters on Thursday. ''Most airlines are simply not going to be able to realize their capacity plans because there simply aren't enough pilots, at least not for the next five-plus years.''
- Airlines have started to do more to diversify. United recently launched a flight school with the aim of hiring thousands of pilots in the years ahead, at least half of them women or people of color. Other carriers have launched similar initiatives, too. The goal is to staff up to meet the industry's aspirations.
- The Aviate Academy covers 28 acres and has two pools, two aircraft maintenance hangars, five dorms and 27 planes, with dozens more on order. It is owned by United, which bought the flight training school in 2020, and is part of the airline's goal of hiring 5,000 pilots by 2030. Airline-owned schools are common abroad, but United's is a first for a large U.S. airline. The carrier says it wants at least half of the new pilots to be women or people of color. Of the 121 students enrolled so far, about 78 percent are women or nonwhite, the airline said.
- United AirlinesUnited AirlinesAbout United
- United's shared purpose is "Connecting People. Uniting the World." For more information, visit united.com, follow @United on Twitter and Instagram or connect on Facebook. The common stock of UAL is traded on the Nasdaq under the symbol "UAL".
- More from United Airlines
- The Strangest Secret - Wikipedia
- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- 1956 spoken word record by Earl Nightingale
- The Strangest Secret was a 1956 spoken word record by Earl Nightingale, which sold over one million copies and received the first Gold Record for the spoken word,[citation needed ] which helped launch the fields of business motivation and audio publishing. It was later adapted into print and video forms.[1][2]
- Origin [ edit ] In 1950 Earl Nightingale was inspired by the words "we become what we think about" in Napoleon Hill's book Think and Grow Rich around the same time he bought an insurance agency. He provided weekly motivational speeches to the agency's sales staff. In 1956, he recorded a motivational speech to be played while he was on vacation. Nightingale's employees spread word of the speech, and demand for the recording grew so large that he and friend Lloyd Conant formed the Nightingale-Conant Corporation to manage sales.[3][4][5][6]
- Content [ edit ] The audio recording was later adapted into print form as a short, 44-page essay. The teachings focus on nonconformity and self-education, and summarizes that "You are now, and you do become, what you think about."[7][8][9]
- In other media [ edit ] Nightingale's recording has been redistributed in various mediums since its initial release. In 2018 Janice Bryant Howroyd released an updated version with her edits and enhancements, read from a female perspective.[10][11]
- Earl Nightingale - Wikipedia
- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- American radio speaker and author
- Earl Nightingale V (March 12, 1921 '' March 25, 1989) was an American radio speaker and author, dealing mostly with the subjects of human character development, motivation, and meaningful existence.[1] He was the voice during the early 1950s of Sky King, the hero of a radio adventure series, and was a WGN radio program host from 1950 to 1956.[2] Nightingale was the author of The Strangest Secret, which economist Terry Savage has termed "'...one of the great motivational books of all time."[3]
- Biography [ edit ] Nightingale was born in Los Angeles in March 1921.[citation needed ] His father, Earl Nightingale IV, abandoned his mother in 1933. After his father left, his mother relocated the family to a tent in nearby Tent City in Long Beach on the waterfront behind the Mariner Apartments.[4]
- Diana Nightingale is the widow of Earl Nightingale.[5] She has continued working with Earl's commercial themes.[6]
- Military career [ edit ] When Nightingale was seventeen years old he joined the United States Marine Corps. He was an instructor at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, and was on the USS Arizona during the attack on Pearl Harbor and was one of fifteen surviving Marines aboard that day.[7] Other than Pearl Harbor, it is unknown if Nightingale experienced combat.
- Career [ edit ] After the war, Nightingale began work in the radio industry, which eventually resulted in work as a motivational speaker. During the autumn of 1949, Nightingale was inspired while reading Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill.[8] Quoting from the Earl Nightingale official website: "When he was 29, Earl's enlightenment had come to him as a bolt out of the blue while reading, Think and Grow Rich. It came when he realized that the six words he read were the answer to the question he had been looking for! That, 'we become what we think about'. He realized that he had been reading the same truth over and over again, from the New Testament...to the works of Emerson. 'We become what we think about.' 'As ye sow, so shall ye reap [(Isaiah 37:30)]...'"[9][failed verification '' see discussion]
- During 1956, he produced a spoken word record, The Strangest Secret, which sold more than a million copies, making it the first spoken-word recording to achieve Gold Record status.[10][11] During 1960, a condensed audio version of Think and Grow Rich was narrated by Nightingale. It was titled, Think and Grow Rich: The Essence Of The Immortal Book By Napoleon Hill, Narrated by Earl Nightingale, and produced by Success Motivation Institute. Also in 1960, he co-founded the Nightingale-Conant corporation with Lloyd Conant. In 1987, Nightingale-Conant published another very successful audio book: Lead The Field. During 1987, Nightingale published his first book, Earl Nightingale's Greatest Discovery.
- Nightingale's radio program, Our Changing World, became the most syndicated radio program ever, and was broadcast across the US, Canada, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, South Africa, the Bahamas, and 23 additional overseas countries, as well as the Armed Forces Network.
- After his retirement, Nightingale and his wife, Diana, formed the company Keys Publishing.
- Just prior to his death during 1989, Nightingale created a new format for a book named The Winner's Notebook. It included his text, his illustrations, and incorporated space for a private journal.
- Nightingale died on March 25, 1989, in Scottsdale, Arizona, of complications after heart surgery.[12]
- Recognition [ edit ] Nightingale won a gold record for the LP record album The Strangest Secret.
- In 1976, he won the Golden Gavel Award from Toastmasters International.[13] He was inducted into the National Speakers Association Speaker Hall of Fame.[14]
- In 1985, Nightingale was inducted into The National Association of Broadcasters National Radio Hall of Fame.[15]
- During the mid-1980s, Nightingale received the Napoleon Hill Gold Medal for Literary Excellency for his first book, Earl Nightingale's Greatest Discovery.
- Legacy [ edit ] During his lifetime, Nightingale wrote and recorded more than 7,000 radio programs, 250 audio programs as well as television programs and videos.[16] His speaking also inspired many future motivational speakers like Alex Dey.[17]
- The Belgian popular music band Felix Pallas used some quotations of The Strangest Secret in their song "Song for Melody", which was part of their first EP 2S4T.[18]
- See also [ edit ] New ThoughtReferences [ edit ] ^ The Nassau Guardian - Meteorological Myths '' Editorial Colume '' 30 June '' 2003. [1] Archived 2010-03-22 at the Wayback Machine ^ Chicago Tribune '' CHICAGOLAND - Kenan Heise - Mar 29, 1989 ^ Chicago Sun Times - THE SAVAGE TRUTH | Economic fears are a big part of country's problems '' Terry Savage '' March 9, 2009. [2] [permanent dead link ] ^ Nightingale, Earl (2021). The six-word secret to success. Naperville, Illinois. ISBN 978-1-7282-1074-2. OCLC 1155328650. ^ "Earl Nightingale's Greatest Discovery". Success Magazine. March 30, 2009 . Retrieved February 19, 2017 . ^ Daniel. "Drug and Alcohol Rehab: Diana Nightingale Conversation". Happy Recovery . Retrieved February 19, 2017 . ^ Lanka Newspaper '' We Became What We Think About '' Monday, 2 April 2007 ^ Think and Grow Rich, The Essence of the Immortal Book by Napoleon Hill, Narrated by Earl Nightingale, Success Motivation Institute, 1960 ^ "Earl Nightingale Website/About". Archived from the original on 2011-07-10 . Retrieved 2011-07-03 . ^ "Mark Victor Hansen: Listen to Earle Nightingale and The Strangest Secret". Archived from the original on 2011-06-30 . Retrieved 2011-07-04 . ^ PR - Bob Proctor from The Secret shares His Insights on Learning, Creating Prosperity & The Law of Attraction - Allison Kugel - April 02, 2007 [3] ^ Chicago Tribune - NORTH SPORTS FINAL, C Edition - Kenan Heise. - Mar 29, 1989 - [4] ^ "Toastmasters International - Golden Gavel Recipients". Archived from the original on 2011-09-05 . Retrieved 2011-08-26 . ^ "CPAE List". CPAE Speaker Hall of Fame. National Spekers Association. ^ Lexington Herald Leader-"RADIO'S NIGHTINGALE TO LECTURE" - D1 LIFESTYLE = April 24, 1986 [5] ^ Secrets Of A Superstar Speaker - Lilly Walters - McGraw-Hill - ISBN 0-07-134707-0 / 9780071347075 - [6] ^ "BIOGRAFA DE ALEX DEY". ESCUELA VALLECAUCANA DE VENTAS EVAV; Cursos de Formacion y Capacitacion en Ventas (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2023-02-02 . ^ Song For Melody - 2S4T by Felix Pallas
- Mark Zuckerberg - Person of the Year 2010 - TIME
- Martin Schoeller for TIMEOn the afternoon of Nov. 16, 2010, Mark Zuckerberg was leading a meeting in the Aquarium, one of Facebook's conference rooms, so named because it's in the middle of a huge work space and has glass walls on three sides so everybody can see in. Conference rooms are a big deal at Facebook because they're the only places anybody has any privacy at all, even the bare minimum of privacy the Aquarium gets you. Otherwise the space is open plan: no cubicles, no offices, no walls, just a rolling tundra of office furniture. Sheryl Sandberg, Facebook's COO, who used to be Lawrence Summers' chief of staff at the Treasury Department, doesn't have an office. Zuckerberg, Facebook's CEO and co-founder and presiding visionary, doesn't have an office.
- The team was going over the launch of Facebook's revamped Messages service, which had happened the day before and gone off without a hitch or rather without more than the usual number of hitches. Zuckerberg kept the meeting on track, pushing briskly through his points no notes or whiteboard, just talking with his hands but the tone was relaxed. Much has been made of Zuckerberg's legendarily awkward social manner, but in a room like this, he's the Silicon Valley equivalent of George Plimpton. He bantered with Andrew "Boz" Bosworth, a director of engineering who ran the project. (Boz was Zuckerberg's instructor in a course on artificial intelligence when they were at Harvard. He says his future boss didn't do very well. Though, in fairness, Zuckerberg did invent Facebook that semester.) Apart from a journalist sitting in the corner, no one in the room looked over 30, and apart from the journalist's public relations escort, it was boys only. (See pictures of Mark Zuckerberg's inner circle.)
- The door opened, and a distinguished-looking gray-haired man burst in it's the only way to describe his entrance trailed by a couple of deputies. He was both the oldest person in the room by 20 years and the only one wearing a suit. He was in the building, he explained with the delighted air of a man about to secure ironclad bragging rights forever, and he just had to stop in and introduce himself to Zuckerberg: Robert Mueller, director of the FBI, pleased to meet you.
- They shook hands and chatted about nothing for a couple of minutes, and then Mueller left. There was a giddy silence while everybody just looked at one another as if to say, What the hell just happened?
- It's a fair question. Almost seven years ago, in February 2004, when Zuckerberg was a 19-year-old sophomore at Harvard, he started a Web service from his dorm. It was called Thefacebook.com, and it was billed as "an online directory that connects people through social networks at colleges." This year, Facebook now minus the the added its 550 millionth member. One out of every dozen people on the planet has a Facebook account. They speak 75 languages and collectively lavish more than 700 billion minutes on Facebook every month. Last month the site accounted for 1 out of 4 American page views. Its membership is currently growing at a rate of about 700,000 people a day. (See a Zuckerberg family photo album.)
- What just happened? In less than seven years, Zuckerberg wired together a twelfth of humanity into a single network, thereby creating a social entity almost twice as large as the U.S. If Facebook were a country it would be the third largest, behind only China and India. It started out as a lark, a diversion, but it has turned into something real, something that has changed the way human beings relate to one another on a species-wide scale. We are now running our social lives through a for-profit network that, on paper at least, has made Zuckerberg a billionaire six times over.
- Facebook has merged with the social fabric of American life, and not just American but human life: nearly half of all Americans have a Facebook account, but 70% of Facebook users live outside the U.S. It's a permanent fact of our global social reality. We have entered the Facebook age, and Mark Zuckerberg is the man who brought us here. (See pictures of Facebook's overseas offices.)
- Zuckerberg is part of the last generation of human beings who will remember life before the Internet, though only just. He was born in 1984 and grew up in Dobbs Ferry, N.Y., the son of a dentist Painless Dr. Z's slogan was, and is, "We cater to cowards." Mark has three sisters, the eldest of whom, Randi, is now Facebook's head of consumer marketing and social-good initiatives. It was a supportive household that produced confident children. The young Mark was "strong-willed and relentless," according to his father Ed. "For some kids, their questions could be answered with a simple yes or no," he says. "For Mark, if he asked for something, yes by itself would work, but no required much more. If you were going to say no to him, you had better be prepared with a strong argument backed by facts, experiences, logic, reasons. We envisioned him becoming a lawyer one day, with a near 100% success rate of convincing juries."
- Learn more about the extended version of this article, available exclusively on Amazon Kindle.
- Picture yourself as TIME's Person of the Year. Create and share your TIME Person of the Year cover.
- Messianic Judaism - Wikipedia
- Modern Christian religious movement
- Messianic Judaism (Hebrew: ×Ö·×--Ö²×'×ּת ×Ö°×(C)Ö´×××Ö´×ת ' or ××--×'×ת ××(C)×××ת , Yahadºt MeÅiḥt ) is a modernist and syncretic movement of Protestant Christianity that incorporates some elements of Judaism and other Jewish traditions[5][6] into evangelicalism.
- It emerged in the 1960s and 1970s from the earlier Hebrew Christian movement, and was most prominently propelled through the non-profit organization "Jews for Jesus"[9][10] founded in 1973 by Martin "Moishe" Rosen, an American minister under the Conservative Baptist Association.[11][12]
- Evangelical Protestants who identify as Messianic Jews believe that Jesus (referred to by the Hebrew-language name Yeshua among adherents) is the Jewish Messiah prophesied in the Hebrew Bible, and that the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament) and the New Testament are the authoritative scriptures of mankind.[14] Salvation in Messianic Judaism is achieved only through the acceptance of Jesus as one's saviour,[10][15][16] and not through adherence to Jewish rabbinical law.[15][16] Belief in Jesus as a messianic figure and as divine (i.e. God the Son) is considered by Jews to be one of the most defining distinctions between Judaism and Christianity.[17][18][19]
- Among other evangelical groups, Messianic Judaism is usually accepted as a form of Christianity.[20] However, adherents of Messianic Judaism believe that the movement is instead a form of Judaism.[21] In the Hebrew language, they tend to identify themselves with the terms maaminim (××××× ××' , lit. ' 'believers') and yehudim (×Ö°×--×Ö¼×'Ö´××''¬' ' , lit. ' 'Jews') in opposition to being identified as notzrim (× ××...ר××' , lit. ' 'Christians').[a][22] Jewish organizations inside and outside of Israel reject this framing; the Supreme Court of Israel has also rejected this claim in cases related to the Israeli Law of Return, and Messianic Judaism is recognized only as a Christian movement in the country.[17][23] In this context, there is discourse among scholars as to whether Messianic Judaism should be labeled a Jewish or Christian religious sect.
- From 2003 to 2007, the movement grew from 150 Messianic houses of worship in the United States to as many as 438, with over 100 in Israel and more worldwide; congregations are often affiliated with larger Messianic organizations or alliances.[26] As of 2012[update], Messianic population estimates were between 175,000 and 250,000 members in the United States, between 10,000 and 20,000 members in Israel, and an estimated total worldwide membership of 350,000.[27][needs update ]
- History Pre-19th century Efforts by Jewish Christians to proselytize to Jews began in the 1st century, when Paul the Apostle preached at the synagogues in each city that he visited. However, by the 4th century CE, non-biblical accounts of missions to the Jews[b] do not mention converted Jews playing any leading role in proselytization.[29] Notable converts from Judaism who attempted to convert other Jews are more visible in historical sources beginning around the 13th century, when Jewish convert Pablo Christiani attempted to convert other Jews. This activity, however, typically lacked any independent Jewish-Christian congregations, and was often imposed through force by organized Christian churches.
- 19th and early 20th centuries In the 19th century, some groups attempted to create congregations and societies of Jewish converts to Christianity, though most of these early organizations were short-lived. Early formal organizations run by converted Jews include: the Anglican London Society for promoting Christianity among the Jews of Joseph Frey (1809),[32] which published the first Yiddish New Testament in 1821;[verification needed ] the "Beni Abraham" association, established by Frey in 1813 with a group of 41 Jewish Christians who started meeting at Jews' Chapel, London for prayers Friday night and Sunday morning; and the London Hebrew Christian Alliance of Great Britain founded by Dr. Carl Schwartz in 1866.[35]
- The September 1813 meeting of Frey's "Beni Abraham" congregation at the rented "Jews' Chapel" in Spitalfields is sometimes pointed to as the birth of the semi-autonomous Hebrew Christian movement within Anglican and other established churches in Britain. However, the minister of the chapel at Spitalfields evicted Frey and his congregation three years later, and Frey severed his connections with the Society. A new location was found and the Episcopal Jew's Chapel Abrahamic Society registered in 1835.
- In Eastern Europe, Joseph Rabinowitz established a Hebrew Christian mission and congregation called "Israelites of the New Covenant" in Kishinev, Bessarabia, in 1884. In 1865, Rabinowitz created a sample order of worship for Sabbath morning service based on a mixture of Jewish and Christian elements. Mark John Levy pressed the Church of England to allow members to embrace Jewish customs.
- In the United States, a congregation of Jewish converts to Christianity was established in New York City in 1885.[42] In the 1890s, immigrant Jewish converts to Christianity worshiped at the Methodist "Hope of Israel" mission on New York's Lower East Side while retaining some Jewish rites and customs. In 1895, the 9th edition of Hope of Israel's Our Hope magazine carried the subtitle "A Monthly Devoted to the Study of Prophecy and to Messianic Judaism", the first use of the term "Messianic Judaism". In 1894, Christian missionary Leopold Cohn, a convert from Judaism, founded the Brownsville Mission to the Jews in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, New York as a Christian mission to Jews. After several changes in name, structure, and focus, the organization is now called Chosen People Ministries.
- In the early 1900s there was a community of Messianic Jews in South Africa representing themselves as "Christian Jews" whose goal was to create a "true and genuine Christ-loving Jewish Christian Synogogue."[47]
- Missions to the Jews saw a period of growth between the 1920s and the 1960s.[5] In the 1940s and 1950s, missionaries in Israel, including the Southern Baptists, adopted the term meshichyim (××(C)×××××' , "messianics") to counter negative connotations of the word notsrim (× ××...ר××' , "Christians"). The term was used to designate all Jews who had converted to Protestant Evangelical Christianity.[10]
- Modern-day Messianic Judaism movement, 1960s onwards The Messianic Jewish movement emerged in the United States in the 1960s.[9] Prior to this time, Jewish converts assimilated into gentile Christianity, as the church required abandoning their Jewishness and assuming gentile ways to receive baptism. Peter Hocken postulates that the Jesus movement which swept the nation in the 1960s triggered a change from Hebrew Christians to Messianic Jews, and was a distinctly charismatic movement. These Jews wanted to "stay Jewish while believing in Jesus". This impulse was amplified by the results of the Six-Day War and the restoration of Jerusalem to Jewish control.[51]
- Foundational organizations In 2004, there were 300 Messianic congregations in the United States, with roughly half of all attendants being gentiles, and roughly one third of all congregations consisting of 30 or fewer members. Many of these congregations belong to the International Association of Messianic Congregations and Synagogues (IAMCS), the Union of Messianic Congregations (UMJC), or Tikkun International.[citation needed ]
- The Messianic Jewish Alliance of America (MJAA) began in 1915 as the Hebrew Christian Alliance of America (HCAA).[citation needed ] As the idea of maintaining Jewish identity spread in the late 1960s, the Hebrew Christian Alliance of America (HCAA) changed its name to the Messianic Jewish Alliance of America (MJAA). David Rausch writes that the change "signified far more than a semantical expression'--it represented an evolution in the thought processes and religious and philosophical outlook toward a more fervent expression of Jewish identity." As of 2005[update], the MJAA was an organization of Jewish members who welcome non-Jews as "honored associates". In 1986, the MJAA formed a congregational branch called the International Alliance of Messianic Congregations and Synagogues (IAMCS).[57]
- In June 1979, 19 congregations in North America met at Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania and formed the Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations (UMJC). In 2022, it would have 75 congregations in 8 countries.[59]In 2016, Douglas Hamp founded The Way Congregation near Denver, CO. with the concept of recognizing fundamentalist Christian beliefs[60] and yet embracing One Law Theology, Two House Theology (see sections below), and Commonwealth Theology. Their website states the fellowship was founded "to serve as a bridge between the Jews and the gentile Church."[61] Non-Jewish congregants are not encouraged to convert to Judaism and Jewish attendants are encouraged to celebrate their Jewish heritage. Hamp blames the heretic Marcion for mainstream Christianity's juxtaposition of Law and Grace.[62] On the other hand, the Congregation meets on the Sabbath, celebrates the Feasts, and teaches conformance to the Dietary Laws given through Moses.
- Messianic Seal of Jerusalem The Messianic Seal of Jerusalem is a symbol used by Messianic Judaism. The symbol is a depiction of the Temple Menorah, an ancient Jewish symbol, together with the Ichthys, an ancient depictive representation of Christian faith and the community of Jesus followers, creating a Star of David at the intersection.[63] The Messianic Seal is not the only symbol of Messianic Judaism, which has other symbols such the cross in the Star of David, and the dolphin.[64]
- There is an ongoing dispute as to whether or not the seal dates from the 1st century CE,[65] or if it is a 20th-century invention.[64]
- Theology and core doctrines As with many religious faiths, the exact tenets held vary from congregation to congregation. In general, essential doctrines of Messianic Judaism include views on:[citation needed ]
- God is omnipotent, omnipresent, eternal, outside creation, infinitely significant and benevolent; viewpoints vary on the TrinityJesus is the Messiah; views on his divinity varyMessianic Jews believe, with a few exceptions, that Jesus taught and reaffirmed the Torah and that it remains fully in forceThe Children of Israel are central to God's plan; replacement theology is opposedThe Tanakh and the New Testament are usually considered the divinely inspired scripture, although Messianic Judaism is more open to criticism of the New Testament canon than is gentile Christianity.Eschatology is similar to many Protestant viewsObservance of the Oral law varies, but most deem these traditions subservient to the written TorahCertain additional doctrines are more open to differences in interpretation, including those on sin and atonement and on faith and works.
- The Trinity Many Messianic Jews affirm the doctrine of the Trinity: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit as three representations of the same divinity.[14][66][67]
- God the Father: Messianic Jews believe in God, and that he is all-powerful, omnipresent, eternally existent outside of creation, and infinitely significant and benevolent. Some Messianic Jews affirm both the Shema and the Trinity, understanding the phrase "the L ORD is One" to be referring to "a differentiated but singular deity",[68] and "eternally existent in plural oneness".[66]God the Son: Most Messianic Jews consider Jesus to be the Messiah and divine as God the Son, in line with mainstream Christianity,[14][66] and will even pray directly to him. Many also consider Jesus to be their "chief teacher and rabbi" whose life should be copied.[70]God the Holy Spirit: According to some Messianic Jews, the Spirit is introduced in the Old Testament, is the inspirer of prophets, and is the spirit of truth described in the New Testament.[66] God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit God the Father: Some Messianic Jews profess only a strict view of monotheism, rejecting Trinitarian doctrine[71] and Arian doctrine.Jesus the Son of God: Some Messianic Jews, who reject Trinitarian doctrine and Arian doctrine, believe that the Jewish Messiah is the son of God in the general sense (Jewish people are children of God) and that the Jewish Messiah is a mere human, the promised Prophet. Some Messianic Jews believe Jewish Messiah is the pre-existent Word of God, the mighty God, and the only begotten God. Some congregations do not directly ascribe divinity to Jesus, considering him a man, yet not just a man, fathered by the Holy Spirit, who became the Messiah.[72] Even others consider him "Word made flesh" and the "human expression of Divinity".[73]The Holy Spirit (Hebrew: ר×× ×--ק××'×(C) , ruach ha-kodesh ) refers to the divine force, or to the word or spirit of God.[74]Scriptures and writings The Bible Both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament[c] are usually considered to be the established and divinely inspired biblical scriptures by Messianic Jews.[75] With a few exceptions, Messianic believers generally consider the written Torah, the five books of Moses, to remain in force as a continuing covenant, revised by Jesus and the Apostles in the New Testament, that is to be observed both morally and ritually. Jesus did not annul the Torah, but its interpretation is revised through the Apostolic scriptures.[67]
- Jewish oral tradition There is no unanimity among Messianic congregations on the issue of the Talmud and the Oral Torah. There are congregations which believe that adherence to the Oral Law, as encompassed by the Talmud, is against Messianic beliefs.[76] Similarly, there are congregations which deny the authority of the Pharisees, believing that they were superseded, and their teachings contradicted, by Messianism.[77] There are adherents which call rabbinic commentaries such as the Mishnah and the Talmud "dangerous",[77] and state that followers of rabbinic and halakhic explanations and commentaries are not believers in Jesus as the Messiah.[77][78] Other congregations are selective in their applications of Talmudic law, and may believe that the rabbinic commentaries such as the Mishnah and the Talmud, while historically informative and useful in understanding tradition, are not normative and may not be followed where they differ from the New Testament.[80][81] Still others encourage a serious observance of Jewish halakha.[82]
- Messianic Bible translations Messianic Jews generally consider the entire Christian Bible to be sacred scripture. Theologian David H. Stern in his "Jewish New Testament Commentary" argues that the writings and teachings of Paul the Apostle are fully congruent with Messianic Judaism, and that the New Testament is to be taken by Messianic Jews as the inspired Word of God.[citation needed ]
- Messianic publications There are a number of Messianic commentaries on various books of the Bible, both Tanakh and New Testament texts, such as Matthew, Acts, Romans, Galatians, and Hebrews. David H. Stern has released a one-volume Jewish New Testament Commentary, providing explanatory notes from a Messianic Jewish point of view. Other New Testament commentary authors include Arnold Fruchtenbaum of Ariel Ministries, who has written commentaries on the Epistles, Judges and Ruth, Genesis, and 7 systematic doctrinal studies.
- Sin and atonement Some Messianic believers define sin as transgression of the Law of God and include the concept of original sin. Some adherents atone for their sins through prayer and repentance '' the acknowledgment of the wrongdoing and seeking forgiveness for their sins (especially on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement). Disagreeing with these rites and practices, other Messianics hold to a belief that all sin (whether committed yet or not) is already atoned for because of Jesus's death and resurrection.
- Evangelism and attitudes toward Jews and Israel Messianic Jews believe God's people have a responsibility to spread his name and fame to all nations. It is believed that the Children of Israel were, remain, and will continue to be the chosen people of the God, and are central to his plans for existence. Most Messianic believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish, can be said to oppose supersessionism (popularly referred to as replacement theology), the view that the Church has replaced Israel in the mind and plans of God.[67]
- There exist among Messianic believers a number of perspectives regarding who exactly makes up God's chosen people. Most commonly, Israel is seen as distinct from the church; Messianic Jews, being a part of both Israel and the church, are seen as the necessary link between the gentile people of God and the commonwealth of God's people of Israel. The two-house view, and the one law/grafted-in view are held by many identifying as Messianic, although some Messianic groups do not espouse these theologies.[citation needed ] According to certain branches of Messianic Judaism, Jews are individuals who have one or more Jewish parents, or who have undergone halakhic conversion to Judaism.[84][85][non-primary source needed ] Others consider as Jewish any person who professes a belief in Jesus.[citation needed ]
- One Law theology One Law theology (also known as "One Torah for All") teaches that anyone who is a part of Israel is obligated to observe the Covenant and its provisions as outlined in the Torah. Dan Juster of Tikkun, and Russ Resnik of the UMJC, have argued against the One Law movement's insistence on gentiles being required to observe the entirety of Torah in the same way as Jews.[86] Tim Hegg[who? ] responded to their article defending what he believes to be the biblical teaching of "One Law" theology and its implications concerning the obligations of Torah obedience by new Messianic believers from the nations.[87] The Coalition of Torah Observant Messianic Congregations (CTOMC) likewise rejects bi-lateral Ecclesiology in favor of the One Torah for All (One Law) position.[88]
- Two House theology Proponents of Two House theology espouse their belief that the phrase "House of Judah" in scripture refers to Jews, while "the House of Israel" refers to the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, or Ephraim. Where scripture states the House of Israel and Judah will again be "one stick" (Ezekiel 37:15''23), it is believed to be referring to the End Times, immediately prior to the Second Coming, when many of those descended from Israel will come back to Israel. Advocates of this theology postulate that the reason so many gentiles convert to Messianic Judaism is that the vast majority of them are truly Israelites. Like One Law groups, the Two House movement has many superficial similarities to Messianic Judaism, such as their belief in the ongoing validity of the Mosaic Covenant. While much of the Two House teaching is based on interpretations of Biblical prophecy, the biggest disagreements are due to inability to identify the genealogy of the Lost Tribes. Organizations such as the Messianic Jewish Alliance of America and Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations have explicitly opposed the Two House teaching.[89]
- Supersessionism Historically, Christianity has taught supersessionism (replacement theology), which implies or outright states that Christianity has superseded Judaism, and that the Mosaic Covenant of the Hebrew Bible has been superseded by the New Covenant of Jesus, wherein salvation is brought about by the grace of God, and not by obedience to the Torah.[90] This is generally complemented with the concept of God having transferred the status of "God's people" from the Jews to the Christian Church. Messianic Jews, in varying degrees, challenge both thoughts,[91] and instead believing that although Israel has rejected Jesus, it has not forfeited its status as God's chosen people. Often cited is Romans 11:29: "for God's gifts and his call are irrevocable". The core of supersessionism, in which the Mosaic Covenant is canceled, is less agreed upon. Though the mitzvot may or may not be seen as necessary, most are still followed, especially the keeping of Shabbat and other holy days.
- Eschatology All Messianic Jews hold to certain eschatological beliefs such as the End of Days, the Second Coming of Jesus as the conquering Messiah, the re-gathering of Israel, a rebuilt Third Temple, a resurrection of the dead, and many believe in the Millennial Sabbath, although some are Amillenialist. Some Messianic Jews believe that all of the Jewish holidays, and indeed the entire Torah, intrinsically hint at the Messiah, and thus no study of the End Times is complete without understanding the major Jewish Festivals in their larger prophetic context. To certain believers, the feasts of Pesach and Shavuot were fulfilled in Jesus's first coming, and Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, and Sukkot will be at his second. Some also believe in a literal 7000-year period for the human history of the world, with a Millennial Messianic kingdom prior to a final judgment.[92]
- Religious practices Baruch Hashem Messianic Synagogue in Dallas, Texas
- Torah observance There is a variety of practice within Messianic Judaism regarding the strictness of Torah observance. Generally, Torah observant congregations observe Jewish prayers, biblical feasts, and the Sabbath.[88] While most traditional Christians deny that the ritual laws and specific civil laws of the Torah apply to gentiles, certain passages regarding Torah observance in the New Testament are cited by some Messianic believers as proof that the Torah was not abolished for Jews. They point out that in Acts 21:17''36, Jewish believers in Jerusalem are described as "zealous for the Law".
- Sabbath and holiday observances Some Messianic Jews observe Shabbat on Saturdays.[22] Worship services are generally held on Friday evenings (Erev Shabbat ) or Saturday mornings. According to the Southern Baptist Messianic Fellowship (SBMF), services are held on Saturday to "open the doors to Jewish people who also wish to keep the Sabbath".[93] The liturgy used is similar to that of a Jewish siddur with some important differences including the omission of "salvation by works" as the Messianic belief is salvation through Jesus.[93] Other branches of the movement have attempted to "eliminate the elements of Christian worship [such as frequent communion[d]] that cannot be directly linked to their Jewish roots". Almost all such congregations in Israel observe Jewish holidays, which they understand to have their fulfillment in Jesus."[22]
- The Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council recommends the observance of Jewish holidays.[95] Most larger Messianic Jewish congregations follow Jewish custom in celebrating the three biblical feasts (Pesach, Shavuot, and Sukkot), as well as Yom Kippur and Rosh Hashanah.
- Dietary laws The observance of the kashrut dietary laws is a subject of continued debate among Messianic Jews.[96][97] Some Messianic believers keep kosher purely for the purposes of evangelism to Jewish people.[96] Most avoid pork and shellfish, but there is disagreement on more strict adherence to kosher dietary laws.
- Conversion to Messianic Judaism Large numbers of those calling themselves Messianic Jews are not of Jewish descent, but join the movement as they "enjoy the Messianic Jewish style of worship". Messianic perspectives on "Who is a Jew?" vary. The Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council, acknowledges a Jew as one born to a Jewish mother, or who has converted to Judaism. Copying from the Reform stream of Judaism, the Council also recognizes as a Jew one who was born to a Jewish father but not a Jewish mother on the condition that the family of the child, or the individual as an adult, has undertaken public and formal acts of identification of the individual with the Jewish faith and people.[84] The MJAA accepts gentiles into their congregations, but views gentiles and Jews as spiritually distinct and conversion as an "unbiblical practice".
- Baptism Messianic Jews practice baptism, calling it a mikveh ("cistern", from Leviticus 11:36 rather than the term tvila ("baptism" (××××'×-- ) in the Hebrew New Testament).[102]
- Circumcision Some within the Ephraimite movement seek to convert themselves for identification with Israel, but most Messianic governing bodies acknowledge the presence of gentiles in the congregations, and do not see a need for them to convert to worship in the Messianic style and understanding. When conversion is sincerely desired by a gentile Messianic believer, Messianic Jewish halachic standards (including circumcision) are imposed to maintain integrity among the world Messianic Jewish community.[102][16]
- Use of Hebrew names and vocabulary in English The movement generally avoids common Christian terms, such as Jesus, Christ, or cross and prefers to use Hebrew or Aramaic terms.
- Culture Music Messianic Jewish hymns differ from evangelical Christian ones in their focus on Israel's role in history and messianic hope. Other differences include reference to Jesus'--usually using the name Yeshua '--as the "Savior of Israel". Messianic hymnals often incorporate Israeli songs.[15] The movement has several recording artists who consider their music to be Messianic in message, such as Joel Chernoff of the duo Lamb,[104] Ted Pearce,[105] and Chuck King.[106]
- Reception Among mainstream Christianity In the United States, the emergence of the Messianic Jewish movement created some stresses with other Jewish-Christian and missionary organization. In 1975, the Fellowship of Christian Testimonies to the Jews condemned several aspects[which? ] of the Messianic Jewish movement.[107]
- In Israel, the linguistic distinction between Messianic Jews and mainstream Christians is less clear, and the name meshihiy (××(C)××× , 'messianic') is commonly used by churches in lieu of notsri (× ××...×¨× , 'Christian'). The Israel Trust of the Anglican Church, based at Christ Church, Jerusalem, an organization that is ecumenical in outlook and operates an interfaith school in Jerusalem, gives some social support to Messianic Jews in Israel.
- Among Jews As in traditional Jewish objections to Christian theology, opponents of Messianic Judaism hold that Christian proof texts, such as prophecies in the Hebrew Bible purported to refer the Messiah's suffering and death, have been taken out of context and misinterpreted. Jewish theology rejects the idea that the Messiah, or any human being, is a divinity. Belief in the Trinity is considered idolatrous by most rabbinic authorities. Even if considered shituf (literally, "partnership")'--an association of other individuals with the God of Israel'--this is only permitted for gentiles, and that only according to some rabbinic opinions. It is universally considered idolatrous for Jews.[18][110] Further, Judaism does not view the role of the Messiah to be the salvation of the world from its sins, an integral teaching of Christianity and Messianic Judaism.[14]
- Jewish opponents of Messianic Judaism often focus their criticism on the movement's radical ideological separation from traditional Jewish beliefs, stating that the acceptance of Jesus as Messiah creates an insuperable divide between the traditional messianic expectations of Judaism, and Christianity's theological claims. They state that while Judaism is a messianic religion, its messiah is not Jesus, and thus the term is misleading.[19] All denominations of Judaism, as well as national Jewish organizations, reject Messianic Judaism as a form of Judaism.[17][115] Regarding this divide, Reconstructionist Rabbi Carol Harris-Shapiro observed: "To embrace the radioactive core of goyishness'--Jesus'--violates the final taboo of Jewishness.['...] Belief in Jesus as Messiah is not simply a heretical belief, as it may have been in the first century; it has become the equivalent to an act of ethno-cultural suicide."
- B'nai Brith Canada considers Messianic activities as antisemitic incidents.[117] Rabbi Tovia Singer, founder of the anti-missionary organization Outreach Judaism, noted of a Messianic rabbi in Toledo: "He's not running a Jewish synagogue.['...] It's a church designed to appear as if it were a synagogue and I'm there to expose him. What these irresponsible extremist Christians do is a form of consumer fraud. They blur the distinctions between Judaism and Christianity in order to lure Jewish people who would otherwise resist a straightforward message."[118]
- Association by a Jewish politician with a Messianic rabbi, inviting him to pray at a public meeting, even though made in error, resulted in nearly universal condemnation by Jewish congregations in Detroit in 2018,[119][120] as the majority opinion in both Israeli and American Jewish circles is to consider Messianic Judaism as Christianity and its followers as Christians.[121]
- Response of Israeli government Messianic Jews are considered eligible for the State of Israel's Law of Return only if they can also claim Jewish descent.[23] An assistant to one of the two lawyers involved with an April 2008 Supreme Court of Israel case explained to the Jerusalem Post that Messianic Jews who are not Jewish according to Jewish rabbinic law, but who had sufficient Jewish descent to qualify under the Law of Return, could claim automatic new immigrant status and citizenship despite being Messianic.[122] The state of Israel grants Aliyah (right of return) and citizenship to Jews, and to those with Jewish parents or grandparents who are not considered Jews according to halakha, such as people who have a Jewish father but a non-Jewish mother. The old law had excluded any "person who has been a Jew and has voluntarily changed his religion", and an Israeli Supreme Court decision in 1989 had ruled that Messianic Judaism constituted another religion.[123] However, on April 16, 2008, the Supreme Court of Israel ruled in a case brought by a number of Messianic Jews with Jewish fathers and grandfathers. Their applications for Aliyah had been rejected on the grounds that they were Messianic Jews. The argument was made by the applicants that they had never been Jews according to halakha , and were not therefore excluded by the conversion clause. This argument was upheld in the ruling.[122][124][125]
- The International Religious Freedom Report 2008, released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor in the US, stated that discrimination against Messianic Jews in Israel was increasing.[126] Some acts of violence have also occurred; in one incident on March 20, 2008, a bomb concealed as a Purim gift basket was delivered to the house of a prominent Messianic Jewish family in Ariel, in the West Bank, which severely wounded the son.[127] Eventually, Yaakov Teitel was arrested for the attempted murder.[128]
- This antagonism has led to harassment and some violence, especially in Israel, where there is a large and militant Orthodox community. Several Orthodox organizations, including Yad L'Achim, are dedicated to rooting out missionary activity in Israel, including the Messianic Jewish congregations. One tactic is to plaster posters asking Israelis to boycott shops where Messianic Jews are owners or employees; another is to report Messianic Jews to the Interior ministry, which is charged with enforcing an Israeli law forbidding proselytizing.[129] In another incident, the mayor of Or Yehuda, a suburb of Tel Aviv, held a public book-burning of literature passed out to Ethiopian immigrants. He later apologized for the action.[130]
- Response of US governments The US Navy made a decision that Messianic Jewish chaplains must wear as their insignia the Christian cross, and not the tablets of the law, the insignia of Jewish chaplains. According to Yeshiva World News, the Navy Uniform Board commanded that Michael Hiles, a candidate for chaplaincy, wear the Christian insignia. Hiles resigned from the program, rather than wear the cross.[131] Rabbi Eric Tokajer, a spokesman for the Messianic Jewish movement, responded that "This decision essentially bars Messianic Jews from serving as chaplains within the U.S. Navy because it would require them to wear an insignia inconsistent with their faith and belief system."[132]
- A Birmingham, Alabama police employee's religious discrimination case was settled in her favor after she filed suit over having to work on the Jewish Sabbath.[133]
- Messianic organizations See also Notes ^ Followers are called either ×Ö°×--×Ö¼×'Ö´××' ×Ö°×(C)Ö´×××Ö´×Ö´Ö¼××' ' y'hudm meÅiḥiyim; Yehudim Meshikiyim or simply × ×Ö¹×...ְרִ××' ' nocirim (Christians). ^ Such as Epiphanius of Salamis' record of the conversion of Count Joseph of Tiberias and Sozomen's accounts of other Jewish conversions. ^ The name of the New Testament is often translated back into Hebrew as "Brit Chadasha" . This directly means "New Covenant", however it must be noted "Testament" is traditionally taken from the Latin translation of Chadasha ("testamentum" ), and therefore can mean both English words. ^ Communion in Messianic Judaism is often celebrated as a fully reenacted Passover Seder meal, in accordance with its description in the Synoptic Gospels, making it slightly more difficult to setup and more lengthy. References ^ a b Ariel 2006, p. 191: "In the late 1960s and 1970s, both Jews and Christians in the United States were surprised to see the rise of a vigorous movement of Jewish Christians or Christian Jews. For many observers, such a combination seemed like an oxymoron, because they saw the two faiths as completely separate from each other. While Christianity started in the first century of the Common Era as a Jewish group, it quickly separated from Judaism and claimed to replace it; ever since the relationship between the two traditions has often been strained. But in the twentieth century, groups of young Jews claimed that they had overcome the historical differences between the two religions and amalgamated Jewish traditions and customs with the Christian faith. Attempting to overcome the historical difference between the two religious traditions, these Jewish converts to Christianity define themselves as Messianic Jews, thus pointing to the movements ideology of returning to the roots of the Christian faith." ^ Melton 2005, p. 373: "Messianic Judaism is a Protestant movement that emerged in the last half of the 20th century among believers who were ethnically Jewish but had adopted an Evangelical Christian faith.'...By the 1960s, a new effort to create a culturally Jewish Protestant Christianity emerged among individuals who began to call themselves Messianic Jews. ^ a b Feher 1998, p. 140: "This interest in developing a Jewish ethnic identity may not be surprising when we consider the 1960s, when Messianic Judaism arose." ^ a b c Ariel 2006, p. 194: "But the generation that came of age in the 1960s and 1970s thought differently about these matters. They wanted to make their own choices and did not feel constrained by old boundaries and taboos. Judaism and Christianity could go hand in hand.'...In the first phase of the movement, during the early and mid-1970s, Jewish converts to Christianity established several congregations at their own initiative.'...The term Messianic Judaism came into public use in America in the early 1970s.'...The term, however was not entirely new. It was used in the internal debates in the community of converts as early as the beginning of the century.'...Missionaries, such as the Southern Baptist Robert Lindsey noted that for Israeli Jews, the term notzrim, "Christians" in Hebrew, meant, almost automatically, an alien hostile religion. Because such a term made it nearly impossible to convince Jews that Christianity was their religion, missionaries sought a more neutral term.'...They chose Meshychim, Messianic, to overcome the suspicion and antagonism of the term notzrim.'...It conveyed the sense of a new, innovative religion rather that [sic] an old, unfavorable one. The term was used in reference to those Jews who accepted Jesus as their personal savior, and did not apply to Jews accepting Roman Catholicism who in Israel have called themselves Hebrew Christians. ^ Brown, Emma (May 21, 2010). "Moishe Rosen, 78; founded evangelistic group Jews for Jesus". The Washington Post . Retrieved January 3, 2023 . ^ Burton, Tara Isabella (October 31, 2018). "Messianic Jews and Jews for Jesus, explained". Vox . Retrieved January 3, 2023 . ^ a b c d "Statement of Faith". Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations. July 19, 2012 . Retrieved September 10, 2015 . There is one God, who has revealed Himself as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Every divine action in the world is accomplished by the Father working through the Son and in the power of the Spirit. This God has revealed Himself in creation and in the history of Israel as transmitted in Scripture.'...In the fullness of time, the Divine Son became a human being'--Yeshua the Messiah, born of a Jewish virgin, a true and perfect Israelite, a fitting representative and one-man embodiment of the entire nation. He lived as a holy tzaddik, fulfilling without blemish the mitzvot of the Torah. He brings to perfection the human expression of the divine image.'...Yeshua died as an atonement for the sins of Israel and of the entire world. He was raised bodily from the dead, as the firstfruits of the resurrection promised to Israel as its glorification. He ascended to heaven and was there enthroned at God's right hand as Israel's Messiah, with authority extending to the ends of creation.'...Forgiveness of sins, spiritual renewal, union with Messiah, the empowering and sanctifying presence of the indwelling Ruach Ha Kodesh, and the confident hope of eternal life and a glorious resurrection are now available to all, Jews and Gentiles, who put their faith in Yeshua, the Risen Lord, and in obedience to His word are joined to Him and His Body through immersion and sustained in that union through Messiah's remembrance meal. Yeshua is the Mediator between God and all creation, and no one can come to the Father except through Him.'...Messiah Yeshua will return to Jerusalem in glory at the end of this age, to rule forever on David's throne. He will effect the restoration of Israel in fullness, raise the dead, save all who belong to Him, judge the wicked not written in the Book of Life who are separated from His presence, and accomplish the final Tikkun Olam in which Israel and the nations will be united under Messiah's rule forever.'...The writings of Tanakh and Brit Hadasha are divinely inspired and fully trustworthy (true), a gift given by God to His people, provided to impart life and to form, nurture, and guide them in the ways of truth. They are of supreme and final authority in all matters of faith and practice. ^ a b c Ariel 2006, p. 208 ^ a b c Israel b. Betzalel (February 10, 2009). "Do I need to be Circumcised?". JerusalemCouncil.org. Archived from the original on August 6, 2010 . Retrieved January 3, 2023 . To convert to the Jewish sect of HaDerech, accepting Yeshua as your King is the first act after one's heart turns toward HaShem and His Torah '' as one can not obey a commandment of God if they first do not love God, and we love God by following his Messiah. Without first accepting Yeshua as the King and thus obeying Him, then getting circumcised for the purpose of Jewish conversion only gains you access to the Jewish community. It means nothing when it comes to inheriting a place in the World to Come.... Getting circumcised apart from desiring to be obedient to HaShem, and apart from accepting Yeshua as your King, is nothing but a surgical procedure, or worse, could lead to you believe that Jewish identity grants you a portion in the World to Come '' at which point, what good is Messiah Yeshua, the Word of HaShem to you? He would have died for nothing!... As a convert from the nations, part of your obligation in keeping the Covenant, if you are a male, is to get circumcised in fulfillment of the commandment regarding circumcision. Circumcision is not an absolute requirement of being a Covenant member (that is, being made righteous before HaShem, and thus obtaining eternal life), but it is a requirement of obedience to God's commandments, because circumcision is commanded for those who are of the seed of Abraham, whether born into the family, adopted, or converted.... If after reading all of this you understand what circumcision is, and that is an act of obedience, rather than an act of gaining favor before HaShem for the purpose of receiving eternal life, then if you are male believer in Yeshua the Messiah for the redemption from death, the consequence of your sin of rebellion against Him, then pursue circumcision, and thus conversion into Judaism, as an act of obedience to the Messiah. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b c OrthodoxSimmons 2004: Jews do not accept Jesus as the messiah because: 1. Jesus did not fulfill the messianic prophecies. 2. Jesus did not embody the personal qualifications of the Messiah. 3. Biblical verses "referring" to Jesus are mistranslations. 4. Jewish belief is based on national revelationConservativeWaxman, Jonathan (2006). "Messianic Jews Are Not Jews". United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016 . Retrieved December 13, 2016 . Hebrew Christian, Jewish Christian, Jew for Jesus, Messianic Jew, Fulfilled Jew. The name may have changed over the course of time, but all of the names reflect the same phenomenon: one who asserts that s/he is straddling the theological fence between Judaism and Christianity, but in truth is firmly on the Christian side ... we must affirm as did the Israeli Supreme Court in the well-known Brother Daniel case that to adopt Christianity is to have crossed the line out of the Jewish community. Reform"Missionary Impossible". Hebrew Union College. August 2, 1999 . Retrieved December 13, 2016 . Missionary Impossible, an imaginative video and curriculum guide for teachers, educators, and rabbis to teach Jewish youth how to recognize and respond to "Jews-for-Jesus", "Messianic Jews", and other Christian proselytizers, has been produced by six rabbinic students at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion's Cincinnati School. The students created the video as a tool for teaching why Jewish college and high school youth and Jews in intermarried couples are primary targets of Christian missionaries. Glazier, James Scott (2012-09-06). "What are the main differences between a Jew and a Christian?". ReformJudaism.org . Retrieved 2019-04-02 . The essential difference between Jews and Christians is that Christians accept Jesus as messiah and personal savior. Jesus is not part of Jewish theology. Amongst Jews, Jesus is not considered a divine being. Renewal"FAQ's About Jewish Renewal". aleph.org. 2007. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014 . Retrieved December 20, 2007 . What is ALEPH's position on so called messianic Judaism? ALEPH has a policy of respect for other spiritual traditions, but objects to deceptive practices and will not collaborate with denominations which actively target Jews for recruitment. Our position on so-called "Messianic Judaism" is that it is Christianity and its proponents would be more honest to call it that. ^ a b "Why Jews Don't Believe in Jesus". Ask the Rabbi. Jerusalem: Ohr Somayach. 2000 . Retrieved January 2, 2023 . The Christian idea of a trinity contradicts the most basic tenet of Judaism '' that G-d is One. Jews have declared their belief in a single unified G-d twice daily ever since the giving of the Torah at Sinai '' almost two thousand years before Christianity. The trinity suggests a three part deity: The Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost (Matthew 28:19). In Jewish law, worship of a three-part god is considered idolatry; one of the three cardinal sins for which a person should rather give up his life than transgress. The idea of the trinity is absolutely incompatible with Judaism. ^ a b Lotker 2004, p. 35: "It should now be clear to you why Jews have such a problem with 'Jews for Jesus' or other presentations of Messianic Judaism. I have no difficulty with Christianity. I even accept those Christians who would want me to convert to Christianity so long as they don't use coercion or duplicity and are willing to listen in good faith to my reasons for being Jewish. I do have a major problem with those Christians who would try to mislead me and other Jews into believing that one can be both Jewish and Christian. ^ Harries 2003, p. 119: "Thirdly, there is Jews for Jesus or, more generally, Messianic Judaism. This is a movement of people often of Jewish background who have come to believe Jesus is the expected Jewish messiah.'...They often have congregations independent of other churches and specifically target Jews for conversion to their form of Christianity."Harris-Shapiro 1999, p. 3: "And while many evangelical Churches are openly supportive of Messianic Judaism, they treat it as an ethnic church squarely within evangelical Christianity, rather than as a separate entity. ^ "Jewish Conversion". JerusalemCouncil.org. 2009 . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . Many people ask how to convert to Judaism through the Jewish sect of HaDerech, also known as The Way, or Messianic Judaism. "Our History". Messianic Jewish Alliance of America. 2017 . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . These factors lead many Jewish people to assume that to follow Yeshua is to leave the faith of their fathers and become non-Jewish. The MJAA has worked to combat this misperception for almost a century. "Defining Messianic Judaism". Union. Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations. July 20, 2005 . Retrieved December 30, 2022 . The Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations (UMJC) envisions Messianic Judaism as a movement of Jewish congregations and groups committed to Yeshua the Messiah that embrace the covenantal responsibility of Jewish life and identity rooted in Torah, expressed in tradition, and renewed and applied in the context of the New Covenant. Messianic Jewish groups may also include those from non-Jewish backgrounds who have a confirmed call to participate fully in the life and destiny of the Jewish people. We are committed to embodying this definition in our constituent congregations and in our shared institutions. ^ a b c Spector 2008, p. 116 ^ a b Berman, Daphna (June 10, 2006). "Aliyah with a cat, a dog and Jesus" . Haaretz. Archived from the original on July 30, 2018 . Retrieved January 3, 2023 . In rejecting their petition, Supreme Court Justice Menachem Elon cited their belief in Jesus. 'In the last two thousand years of history'...the Jewish people have decided that messianic Jews do not belong to the Jewish nation'...and have no right to force themselves on it,' he wrote, concluding that 'those who believe in Jesus, are, in fact Christians.' ^ Yeoman, Barry (November 15, 2007). "Evangelical movement on the rise". Jewish Telegraphic Agency . Retrieved January 2, 2023 . ^ Posner, Sarah (November 29, 2012). "Kosher Jesus: Messianic Jews in the Holy Land". The Atlantic . Retrieved September 10, 2015 . ^ Stemberger, G¼nter (2000). Jews and Christians in the Holy Land: Palestine in the Fourth Century. Continuum. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-567-08699-0. ^ Moscrop 2000, p. 15: ...the perspective of the Holy Land the most important of these societies was the London Jews' Society. Founded in 1809 during the high point of evangelical endeavour, the London Jews' Society was the work of Joseph Samuel Frederick Frey... ^ Schwartz, Carl (1870). "An Answer to Friends and Foes". The Scattered Nation. No. V. London. p. 16 . Retrieved January 3, 2023 . What does the Hebrew-Christian Alliance signify? is asked by well-wishers and opponents. True, its objects have been clearly stated.... Let me try briefly to state the nature and objects of the Hebrew-Christian Alliance. ^ "The Only One In America; A Hebrew-Christian Church Dedicated Yesterday". The New York Times. October 12, 1885. p. 2. Archived from the original on January 2, 2023 . Retrieved January 2, 2023 . {{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ TMJ 1910, p. 2 ^ Kinzer 2005, p. 286: "The cultural ferment of the 1960s threw Hebrew Christians in America and their institutions into the same turmoil that characterized the rest of American society. Three factors played an especially important part in turning their world upside down: a social movement (i.e., the youth counterculture), a cultural trend (i.e., ethnic self-assertion and pride), and a political-military event (i.e., the Six-Day War)." ^ a b "Home". IAMCS. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03 . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . As more and more congregations were formed, many within the MJAA had a desire to form a fellowship of Messianic congregations or synagogues under the auspices of the MJAA.'...As a result, in the spring of 1986, The International Alliance of Messianic Congregations and Synagogues (IAMCS) was formed. ^ Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations, OUR HISTORY, umjc.org, USA, retrieved October 22, 2022 ^ "The Way Congregation - What We Believe". thewaycongregation.com . Retrieved 2022-09-10 . ^ "The Way Congregation - Our Story". thewaycongregation.com . Retrieved 2022-09-10 . ^ "Haunted Theology". The Way Congregation . Retrieved 2022-09-10 . ^ "The Discovery of the Messianic Seal". Evangelical Press News Service. July 6, 1999 . Retrieved January 2, 2023 '' via tsiyon.org. ^ a b Nerel, Gershon (2001). "Symbols used by Messianic Judaism in Israel Today". International Messianic Jewish Alliance. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008 . Retrieved January 2, 2023 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Schmalz, Reuven Efraim, Raymond Robert Fischer; Fischer, Raymond Robert (1999). The Messianic seal of the Jerusalem church. Tiberias, Israel: Olim Publications. ISBN 978-965-222-962-5. OCLC 48454022. ^ a b c d "Belief". IAMCS. Havertown, Pennsylvania: International Alliance of Messianic Congregations & Synagogues. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03 . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . ^ a b c "Our Beliefs". The Harvest . Retrieved 2019-04-02 . We aim to influence every realm of society, in this generation and for generations to come, for the glory of Messiah and His Kingdom until He returns to judge the living and the dead.... We believe that the Torah (five books of Moses) is a comprehensive summary of God's foundational laws and ways, as found in both the Tanakh and Apostolic Scriptures. Additionally, the Bible teaches that without holiness no man can see God. We believe in the Doctrine of Sanctification as a definite, yet progressive work of grace, commencing at the time of regeneration and continuing until the consummation of salvation. Therefore we encourage all believers, both Jews and Gentiles, to affirm, embrace, and practice these foundational laws and ways as clarified through the teachings of Messiah Yeshua.... We believe Gentiles who place their faith and trust in Yeshua the Messiah as Lord and Savior, are grafted into Israel through a born again experience. This new birth results in a new identity. This new identity is a child of the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. As a result, this new child is adopted into the family and ethnos of Israel and becomes a full member and fellow heir of the covenants of promise and blessings made to Israel. The Gentiles who are grafted into Israel do not replace her. Rather, they participate with her as the chosen ones from among the nations who are also called to be a part of His treasured people Israel. In terms of their adoption into the household of God, these newly adopted Gentile children are to be treated as if they were native-born descendants of Jacob. As adopted Gentiles, they shall be accorded all the rights, privileges, and responsibilities of being full members of the commonwealth of Israel and fellow heirs of the covenants of promise made to her. They do not replace Israel but neither are they excluded. Like the mystery of the unity of God, the two groups are one in Messiah and yet distinct. ^ Kinzer 2010: Paul likely uses the term Kyrios here as a Greek substitute for both the tetragram- maton and the Hebrew word Adonai ("My lord"), which in Jewish practice acts as its surrogate. In this way he builds upon the most fundamental biblical confession of faith, the Shema, highlighting the two primary divine names (Theos/Elohim and Kyrios/Adonai) and the word 'one'. Paul thus expands the Shema to include Yeshua within a differentiated but singular deity. The nicene Creed adopts Paul's language ('one God, the Father'...one Lord, Yeshua the Messiah'...'), and thereby affirms its own continuity with the Shema. Paul's short confession is a Yeshua-faith interpretation of the Shema, and the nicene Creed is an expanded interpretation of Paul's confession. ^ "Our Mission and Message". First Fruits of Zion. 2010. p. 14. Archived from the original on September 23, 2010 . Retrieved September 9, 2010 . ^ Kerstetter, Adam Yisroel (2007). "Who Do You Say That I Am? An introduction to the true Messiah from a non-Trinitarian view". Archived from the original on March 30, 2008 . Retrieved August 11, 2010 . The material presented below has been researched to great lengths and is based totally on the Scriptures. I have examined both sides of the subject and can assure you that I have no ax to grind, but have found that the information on the Trinity is without any foundation, nor is it supported by the language of the Scripture. Let me state that I believe in our Heavenly Father and in his Son Y'shua (Jesus) and that the Father sent Y'shua to be a way back to Him and a means for our salvation, but I do not believe the Scripture supports the idea of the Moshiach (Messiah) being G-d of very G-d. When wrong ideas of the Mashiach are espoused they put us on the course of misinterpretations and a misconception of who our Mashiach and his Heavenly Father are. These misconceptions and misinterpretations lead us further away from the truth and ultimately further away from the Father who is the only true G-d. ^ Israel b. Betzalel (March 9, 2009). "Is Yeshua G-d?". JerusalemCouncil.org. Archived from the original on April 27, 2009 . Retrieved December 29, 2022 . This then is who Yeshua is: He is not just a man, and as a man, he is not from Adam, but from G-d. He is the Word of HaShem, the Memra, the Davar, the Righteous One, he didn't become righteous, he is righteous. He is called G-d's Son, he is the agent of HaShem called HaShem, and he is "HaShem" who we interact with and not die. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Doctrinal Statement". Lev HaShem Messianic Jewish Synagogue. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03 . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . ^ Israel b. Betzalel (March 9, 2009). "Trinitarianism". JerusalemCouncil.org. Archived from the original on April 27, 2009 . Retrieved December 29, 2022 . Yes I believe in the Spirit of God, the Ruach HaKodesh. Yet, to trinitarians wishing to stop there, I could ask, "Who filled the temple at its dedication? What is the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Spirit?" As we read on, we clearly read that it was the Glory that filled the tabernacle, the temple, etc. So what is the Glory? Where does the Glory fit into the trinitarian model? So then, as a chasid, I simply just agree with scripture and with what scripture says concerning the matter and leave it at that and thank HaShem. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Messianic Beliefs". Beit Simcha. 2009. Archived from the original on July 30, 2013 . Retrieved June 7, 2012 . To study the whole and authoritative Word of God, including the Tenach (Hebrew Bible) and the B'rit Chadasha (New Testament) under the leading of the Holy Spirit ^ Brown, Michael (October 29, 2009). "Rabbinic Objections". Chosen People Ministries . Retrieved December 29, 2022 . ... I will present some foundational truths from the Scriptures, and as you continue to research the matter for yourself, these truths will lead to one inescapable conclusion: It is the Tanakh rather than the Talmud and the rabbinic traditions that must be followed if we are to be totally faithful to the Lord....Which, then, will you follow? The written Word or the traditions of men? When you stand before God, what will you say? ^ a b c "So, What Exactly is a Messianic Congregation?". RabbiYeshua.com. Kehilat Sar Shalom. 2001. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27 . Retrieved 2007-02-20 . When we begin to study and observe Torah to become like Messiah, there are pitfalls we must avoid. One such pitfall is the study of Mishnah and Talmud (Rabbinic traditional Law). There are many people and congregations that place a great emphasis on rabbinic legal works, such as the Mishnah and the Talmud in search of their Hebrew roots. People are looking to the rabbis for answers on how to keep God's commands, but if one looks into the Mishnah and does what it says, he or she is not a follower of the Messiah. Or, if one looks into the Talmud and does what it says, he or she is not a follower of the Messiah '' he or she is a follower of the rabbis because Rabbi Yeshua, the Messiah, is not quoted there.... Rabbinic Judaism is not Messianic Judaism. Rabbinic Judaism is not founded in Messiah. Rabbinic Judaism, for the most part, is founded in the yeast '' the teachings of the Pharisees. Yeshua's teachings and the discipleship that He brought His students through was not Rabbinic Judaism. There is a real danger in Rabbinics. There is a real danger in Mishnah and Talmud. No one involved in Rabbinics has ever come out on the other side more righteous than when he or she entered. He or she may look "holier than thou" '' but they do not have the life changing experience clearly represented in the lives of the believers of the Messianic communities of the first century. ^ Bernay, Adam J. (December 3, 2007). "Who we are". beit-tefillah.com]. Archived from the original on April 9, 2008 . Retrieved 2007-12-20 . "Orthodox Messianic" groups (they go by many names) teach that you must keep the commandments in order to be saved, and not just the commandments in the Scripture, but the traditional rules as coined by Judaism since the Temple was destroyed... essentially, they teach that we must keep Orthodox Judaism, but with the addition of Yeshua. We do NOT teach this in any way, shape, or form. Some of the traditions are right and good, and in keeping with the commandments. Others are not. Only by studying to show ourselves approved of God can we rightly divide the word of truth and discover how God calls us to live. ^ "Points of Order (#4)". 2015. Archived from the original on 2017-09-12 . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . The Torah in our usage never refers to the Talmud but, while we do not consider the Talmud or any other commentary on the Scriptures as the Word of G-d, we believe that the writings of Oral Tradition, such as the Talmud, the Mishnah, and the Midrash Rabbah, also contain further insight into the character of G-d and His dealings with His people. ^ "Authoritative Sources in Halakhic Decision Making". Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council. ourrabbis.org. 2007. Archived from the original on June 26, 2008 . Retrieved 2008-01-07 . In Jewish tradition as a whole, Scripture is of paramount importance and authority in the development of Halakhah. In principle, issues become "Halakhic" because they are connected to some area of life in which Scripture reveals certain authoritative norms. In addressing those issues, Scripture is not the only resource consulted. However, it is always the source of greatest sanctity. Thus, when Rabbinic literature distinguishes between laws that are d'oraita (biblically mandated) and those that are d'rabbanan (rabbinically mandated), precedence is always given to those that are d'oraita. ^ "In Search of Messianic Jewish Thought". GoogleCache. GoogleCache. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11 . Retrieved 2008-01-07 . John Fischer affirms that Yeshua himself supported the traditions of the Pharisees which were very close to what later became rabbinic halacha. Messianic Jews today should not only take note of rabbinic tradition but incorporate it into Messianic Jewish halachah. The biblical pattern for Fischer is that "Yeshua, the Apostles, and the early Messianic Jews all deeply respected the traditions and devoutly observed them, and in so doing, set a useful pattern for us to follow." Citing Fischer, John, "Would Yeshua Support Halacha?" in Kesher: A Journal of Messianic Judaism, Albuquerque, New Mexico: UMJC, 1997, pp. 51''81. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ a b "Issues of Status". ourrabbis.org. Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . ^ "Who Is A Jew? Messianic Style". Chaia Kravitz. MessianicJewishOnline.com. 2007. Archived from the original on August 11, 2007 . Retrieved 2007-08-23 . In Messianic Judaism, children are generally regarded as being Jewish with one Jewish parent. Since we are one in Messiah, both Jew and Gentile, there is not sharp division between the two groups. Therefore, if a Gentile has a heart for Israel and God's Torah, as well as being a Believer in Yeshua, and this person marries a Jewish Believer, it is not considered an "intermarriage" in the same way Rabbinic Judaism sees it, since both partners are on the same spiritual plane. Children born from this union are part of God's Chosen, just like the Gentile parent who has been grafted into the vine of Israel through His grace. ^ One Law Movements; a Challenge to the Messianic Jewish Community Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine January 28, 2005 ^ "One Law Movements A Response to Russ Resnik & Daniel Juster" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-07 . Retrieved 2007-09-12 . ^ a b "Statement of Faith Of Coalition of Torah Observant Congregations". CTOMC. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03 . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . ^ MJAA position paper:The Ephraimite Error Archived July 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Supersessionism". nabion.org. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 December 2010 . ^ Koziar, Pete. "Winds of Doctrine: Replacement Theology". messianicassociation.org . Retrieved 8 December 2010 . ^ Kinzer 2018: At the end, God will make Yeshua known to his brethren and to all of creation, not only as temple, priest, and sacrifice, but as Messianic King, the eschatological ruler of Israel and the nations. At that point the New Covenant will be realized in its final and definitive form. ^ a b Worshill, Ric (2008). "Why Messianic Jews Use Liturgy During Their Worship Services". Southern Baptist Messianic Fellowship . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . ^ "Holidays". Archived from the original on 2008-01-27 . Retrieved 2008-02-09 . ^ a b Reinckens, Rick (2002). "Frequently Asked Questions". MessianicJews.info. Archived from the original on 2019-02-17 . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . ^ "Kashrut". Archived from the original on January 27, 2008 . Retrieved 2008-02-09 . ^ a b "Jewish Conversion Process". JerusalemCouncil.org. February 10, 2009. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009 . Retrieved January 4, 2023 . The process of Jewish Conversion is: 1. Repent by keeping the Covenant (Return to the Torah, get circumcised if male, and commit to the Torah). 2. Believe Yeshua is the Messiah, and that he is coming as the King (Obey everything He commands, which is the Torah). 3. Be immersed in the name of Yeshua, witnessed by others (Go through a mikveh in his name). {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "History of Lamb". Lamb Messianic Music. Messianic Records, Inc. 2014. Archived from the original on February 12, 2016 . Retrieved September 11, 2015 . ^ "Bio". Ted Pearce. 2014. Archived from the original on May 7, 2015 . Retrieved September 11, 2015 . ^ "The Feast of Tabernacles CD". Christianbook.com. Christian Book Distributors. 2009 . Retrieved September 11, 2015 . ^ Peter J. Tomson, Doris Lambers-Petry The image of the Judaeo-Christians in ancient Jewish and Christian ... 2003 p. 292 "From outside the movement hostile criticism of Messianic Judaism was voiced by such bodies as the Fellowship of Christian Testimonies to the Jews. At their annual conference from 16 to 19 October 1975 a resolution was passed condemning" ^ Schochet, Jacob Immanuel (July 29, 1999). "Judaism has no place for those who betray their roots". Canadian Jewish News. Archived from the original on November 24, 2004 . Retrieved January 3, 2023 . For a Jew, however, any form of shituf is tantamount to idolatry in the fullest sense of the word. There is then no way that a Jew can ever accept Jesus as a deity, mediator or savior (messiah), or even as a prophet, without betraying Judaism. ^ Ariel 1996, p. 212Ariel 2005, p. 343Neusner 2000, pp. 3''4Schoen 2004, p. 11: Jews do not believe, therefore, that the Messiah has come, and they do not recognize Jesus as their savior or as the Son of God.Pelaia, Ariela (February 15, 2019). "Man or Messiah: The Role of Jesus in Judaism". Learn Religions. Dotdash Meredith . Retrieved January 2, 2023 . Jews do not believe that Jesus was divine or the "son of God," or the Messiah prophesied in Jewish scripture. He is seen as a "false messiah," meaning someone who claimed (or whose followers claimed for him) the mantle of the Messiah but who ultimately did not meet the requirements laid out in Jewish belief. "Messianic Judaism: A Christian Missionary Movement". Messiah Truth Project. Archived from the original on 2007-02-12 . Retrieved 2007-02-14 . Schiffman, Lawrence H. (1993). "Meeting the Challenge: Hebrew Christians and the Jewish Community" (PDF) . Jewish Community Relations Council of New York. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 7, 2006 . Retrieved 2007-02-14 . Though Hebrew Christianity claims to be a form of Judaism, it is not. It is nothing more than a disguised effort to missionize Jews and convert them to Christianity. It deceptively uses the sacred symbols of Jewish observance ... as a cover to convert Jews to Christianity, a belief system antithetical to Judaism.... Hebrew Christianity is not a form of Judaism and its members, even if they are of Jewish birth, cannot be considered members of the Jewish community. Hebrew Christians are in radical conflict with the communal interests and the destiny of the Jewish people. They have crossed an unbreachable chasm by accepting another religion. Despite this separation, they continue to attempt to convert their former coreligionists. Balmer 2004, pp. 448''449: "Messianic Jewish organizations, such as Jews for Jesus, often refer to their faith as fulfilled Judaism, in that they believe Jesus fulfilled the Messianic prophecies. Although Messianic Judaism claims to be Jewish, and many adherents observe Jewish holidays, most Jews regard Messianic Judaism as deceptive at best, fraudulent at worst. They charge that Messianic Judaism is actually Christianity presenting itself as Judaism. Jewish groups are particularly distressed at the aggressive evangelistic attempts on the part of Messianic Jews." ^ "1998 Audit of Antisemitic Incidents". B'nai Brith Canada. 1998. Archived from the original on 2006-07-19. One of the more alarming trends in antisemitic activity in Canada in 1998 was the growing number of incidents involving messianic organizations posing as "synagogues". These missionizing organizations are in fact evangelical Christian proselytizing groups, whose purpose is specifically to target members of the Jewish community for conversion. They fraudulently represent themselves as Jews, and these so-called synagogues are elaborately disguised Christian churches. ^ Yonke, David (February 11, 2006). "Rabbi says Messianic Jews are Christians in disguise". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . ^ Nathan-Kazis, Josh (October 31, 2018). "A GOP Rising Star Asks Jews For Jesus 'Rabbi' To Pray For Pittsburgh. What Could Go Wrong?". The Forward . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . I could see nothing more offensive or more poorly calculated than to make this decision," said David Kurzmann, executive director of the Jewish Community Relations Council/AJC, a local Jewish advocacy group in Detroit. "The reaction and the rage in the community right now is very significant. ^ Siemaszko, Corky (October 30, 2018). "Jews assail 'Christian rabbi' who appeared with Pence, and so does his own movement". NBC News . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . The "Messianic rabbi" who outraged many Jews by invoking the name of Jesus while delivering a prayer in memory of the Pittsburgh synagogue massacre victims was also spurned Tuesday by the organization that ordained him. Loren Jacobs, who was invited onstage by Vice President Mike Pence to speak at a rally in Michigan for a GOP congressional candidate, was defrocked 15 years ago, according to a spokeswoman for the Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations. 'Loren Jacobs was stripped of his rabbinic ordination by the UMJC in 2003, after our judicial board found him guilty of libel,' Monique Brumbach said in an email. Brumbach did not say who Jacobs allegedly libeled, but it appears from his synagogue website he was involved in a theological battle with other leaders of the group, which believes that Jesus is the son of God '-- a belief that is anathema to the vast majority of the world's Jews. Jacobs seemed to be concerned that the group was insufficiently conservative on doctrinal matters. Meanwhile, mainstream Jewish leaders and experts on the faith said they could not fathom why GOP congressional candidate Lena Epstein, herself a longtime member of a Detroit''area synagogue, invited Jacobs at all to her rally Tuesday because in their eyes he's not even a real Jew, let alone a rabbi. 'We don't even recognize him as a rabbi,' Rabbi Marla Hornsten, past president of the Michigan Board of Rabbis, told NBC News. 'Even to call him a rabbi is offensive.' ^ Stanley-Becker, Isaac (October 30, 2018). "Honoring Pittsburgh synagogue victims, Pence appears with 'rabbi' who preaches 'Jesus is the Messiah' ". The Washington Post . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . But the man who shared a stage with Pence, Loren Jacobs, preaches Messianic Judaism, a tradition central to Jews for Jesus, a group condemned by Jewish leaders as faux Judaism that seeks to promote Christian evangelism. The major Jewish denominations join the state of Israel in viewing followers of Messianic Judaism as Christian, not Jewish. ^ a b Myers, Calev (April 16, 2008). "Justice in Israel". Jerusalem Institute of Justice, and organization supporting the rights of "Israeli Evangelical believers, Messianic Jews and families of mixed (Jewish-Christian) marriages" . Retrieved 2008-04-24 . In a landmark decision today, the Supreme Court of Israel ratified a settlement between twelve Messianic Jewish believers and the State of Israel, which states that being a Messianic Jew does not prevent one from receiving citizenship in Israel under the Law of Return or the Law of Citizenship, if one is a descendent of Jews on one's father's side (and thus not Jewish according to halacha). This Supreme Court decision brought an end to a legal battle that has carried on for two and a half years. The applicants were represented by Yuval Grayevsky and Calev Myers from the offices of Yehuda Raveh & Co., and their legal costs were subsidized by the Jerusalem Institute of Justice. There is a growing trend, today, to use the term Messianic Believers, which solves the objections of Jews and makes the movement more 'accessible' to Gentiles as well, who make up a significant proportion of those who attend Messianic fellowships. This is important because some fellowships under the heading Messianic Judaism, do not actually have any Jews as members and the title does not, therefore, reflect the reality on the ground. ^ "Israeli Court Rules Jews for Jesus Cannot Automatically Be Citizens". The New York Times. Associated Press. December 27, 1989 . Retrieved August 13, 2010 . Messianic Jews are not entitled to automatic Israeli citizenship, Israel's Supreme Court has ruled, concluding that their belief that Jesus was the Messiah makes them Christians instead of Jews. The ruling, published in Israeli newspapers today, supported Orthodox religious interpretations of the state's 1950 Law of Return. The law forms the basis of Jewish immigration to Israel. The law and its subsequent amendments define a Jew as a person born to a Jewish mother or who converts to Judaism and professes no other faith. Orthodox politicians have long sought a more precise definition, and the court's Christmas Day ruling has resolved one issue. The 100-page decision said that belief in Jesus made one a member of another faith and ineligible for automatic Israeli citizenship, The Jerusalem Post, Hadashot and Yediot Ahronot reported.... "Messianic Jews attempt to reverse the wheels of history by 2,000 years," Justice Elon wrote in a passage quoted by the Israeli newspapers. "But the Jewish people has decided during the 2,000 years of its history" that Messianic Jews "do not belong to the Jewish nation and have no right to force themselves on it. Those who believe in Jesus are, in fact, Christians." ^ Izenberg, Dan (April 22, 2008). "Court applies Law of Return to Messianic Jews because of fathers". The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 2008-04-24 . [permanent dead link ] ^ "Messianic Jews Claim Victory in Israeli Court". CBNnews.com. April 18, 2008 . Retrieved March 12, 2012 . The Supreme Court of Israel ruled Wednesday that being a Messianic Jew cannot prevent Israeli citizenship if the Jewish descent is from the person's father's side. ^ "2008 Report on International Religious Freedom '' Israel and the occupied territories". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, US government. 19 September 2008 . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . ^ Wagner, Matthew (September 23, 2008). "US report: Rise in violence against Messianic Jews and Christians". The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . ^ Mitchell, Chris (December 24, 2009). "Ortiz Case Cornerstone for Israeli Messianic Jews". CBN News . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . ^ Azulai, Yuval (October 3, 2009). "Aich Nilcham Irgun "Yad L'Achim" B'Yehudim HaMeshichim? Remez: Kol HaEmtzaim K'shayrim" ××× × ×'××' ×ר×'×× "××' ×'××××'" ×××--××'××' ×--××(C)×××××'? ר××: ××' ×--×××...×××' ××(C)ר××' [How does the Yad L'Achim organization battle Messianic Jews? Hint: Anything goes]. Haaretz (in Hebrew) . Retrieved January 2, 2023 . ^ McGirk, Tim (June 6, 2008). "Israel's Messianic Jews Under Attack". Time. Ariel . Retrieved January 2, 2023 . ^ "US Navy Tells Messianic Jewish Chaplain He Must Wear Cross". The Yeshiva World News. December 23, 2008 . Retrieved August 10, 2010 . ^ Tokajer, Eric (December 29, 2008). "Messianic Jew Barred from Serving as Jewish Chaplain by US Navy". Pensacola, Florida: Messianic Daily News. Archived from the original on May 26, 2009 . Retrieved August 10, 2010 . ^ Harmon, Rick (September 26, 2013). "Birmingham police employee's religious discrimination case settled". Montgomery Adviser. Montgomery, Alabama. Archived from the original on December 17, 2015 . Retrieved September 10, 2015 . ^ "Chosen People Ministries". Archived from the original on 27 December 2010 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . ^ "About HaYesod". HaYesod. ^ "Jewish University of Colorado". 2022 . Retrieved January 2, 2023 . ^ "Who We Are". Jews for Jesus . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . ^ "Messianic Jews: A Brief History". Jews for Jesus. 21 July 2014 . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . ^ "The Association of Messianic Congregations (AMC) homepage" . Retrieved 8 December 2010 . ^ "FAQs" . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . The MJRC is a growing community of ordained Messianic Jewish rabbis committed to the exciting concept of a Messianic Judaism which is both faithful to the teachings, example and person of Messiah Yeshua and to deep connection with the larger Jewish community. This connection demands our giving serious attention to Torah as practiced through the march of Jewish history. MJRC Rabbis endeavor to develop standards of Messianic Jewish practice so that our congregations worldwide can grow together as life-giving communities, filled with the Ruach and the joy of Jewish life renewed in Yeshua. ^ "UMJC homepage". Archived from the original on 1 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Works Cited Ariel, David S. (1996). What Do Jews Believe? The Spiritual Foundations of Judaism. Schocken Books. ISBN 9780805210590. Ariel, Yaakov S. (2000). Evangelizing the chosen people: missions to the Jews in America, 1880''2000. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4880-7. OCLC 43708450. Ariel, Yaakov (2005) [1995]. "Protestant Attitudes to Jews and Judaism During the Last Fifty Years". In Robert S. Wistrich (ed.). Terms of survival: the Jewish world since 1945 (Digital Printing ed.). New York, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10056-4. LCCN 94022069. Ariel, Yaakov S. (2006). Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (eds.). Jewish and Christian Traditions. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Vol. 2. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-98714-5. LCCN 2006022954. OCLC 315689134. Ariel, Yaakov S. (2013). "2 The Evangelical Messianic Faith and the Jews". An Unusual Relationship: Evangelical Christians and Jews. New York University Press. doi:10.18574/nyu/9780814770689.003.0002. ISBN 9780814770689. Balmer, Randall Herbert (November 2004) [First published 2002]. "Messianic Judaism". Encyclopedia of evangelicalism (Rev. and expanded ed.). Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press. ISBN 9781932792041. LCCN 2004010023 . Retrieved 2007-02-14 . Barnett, Paul (2002). "17.4 The Churches of Paul". Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times (Google Books) . Westmont, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-2699-5. LCCN 99036943 . Retrieved January 3, 2023 . Nonetheless, Paul appears always to have preached first in the synagogues to offer his fellow Israelites the first opportunity to hear about their Messiah (cf. Rom 1:16). Berger, David (February 28, 2003). Dabru Emet: Some Reservations about a Jewish Statement on Christians and Christianity. Inaugural meeting of the Council of Centers on Jewish-Christian Relations (CCJR) in Baltimore, October 28, 2002 . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . Berkley, George E. (February 1997). Jews. Boston, Massachusetts: Branden Books. ISBN 978-0-8283-2027-6. LCCN 96047021. Brown, Michael L. (2000). General and Historical Objections. Answering Jewish Objections to Jesus. Vol. 1. Baker Books. ISBN 978-0801060632. Burgess, Stanley M., ed. (2006). "Messianic Jews". Encyclopedia of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity. Religion & Society. Vol. 7. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415969666. Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (2000). Messianic Judaism: A Critical Anthology. London; New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-5458-4. LCCN 99050300. Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (2003). "Modern Hebrew Christianity and Messianic Judaism". In Tomson, Peter J.; Lambers-Petry, Doris (eds.). The Image of the Judaeo-Christians in Ancient Jewish and Christian Literature. Colloquium of the Institutum Iudaicum, Brussels 18''19 November 2001. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Vol. 158. T¼bingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 287. ISBN 978-3-16-148094-2. Archived from the original on 2013-11-10 . Retrieved May 22, 2012 . Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (2010). Judaism Today. London; New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-2231-6. LCCN 2009045430. Feher, Shoshana (1998). Passing over Easter: Constructing the Boundaries of Messianic Judaism. AltaMira Press. ISBN 978-0761989523. Flannery, Edward H. (1985) [1965]. "An Oasis and an Ordeal". The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism (Google Books) (3rd revised ed.). Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-4324-5. LCCN 85060298 . Retrieved May 14, 2012 . Foreman, Esther (2006). "Messianic Judaism". In Clarke, Peter B. (ed.). Encyclopedia of new religious movements. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 397''399. ISBN 9-78-0-415-26707-6. Gidney, William Thomas (1908). The History of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews: From 1809 to 1908. London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews. Goble, Phillip E. (1974). Everything You Need to Grow a Messianic Synagogue (PDF) . William Carey Library. ISBN 0878084215. LCCN 74-028017. Greenspoon, Leonard Jay, ed. (1998). Yiddish Language and Culture: Then and Now. Studies in Jewish Civilization. Vol. 9. ' Fordham University Press. ISBN 9781881871255. OCLC 59308743. Grudem, Wayne A. (1994). Systematic Theology: an introduction to biblical doctrine. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-28670-7. OCLC 29952151. Harries, Richard (August 2003). After the evil: Christianity and Judaism in the shadow of the Holocaust. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926313-4. LCCN 2003273342. Harris-Shapiro, Carol (1999). Messianic Judaism: A Rabbi's Journey through Religious Change in America. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0807010405. LCCN 98054864. Hocken, Peter (2009). The Challenges of the Pentecostal, Charismatic, and Messianic Jewish Movements: The Tensions of the Spirit. Routledge. ISBN 978-0754667469. Juster, Dan (1995) [1985]. Jewish Roots: A Foundation of Biblical Theology. Shippensburg: Destiny Image. ISBN 1560431423. LCCN 94074707. Juster, Dan; Hocken, Peter (2004). The Messianic Jewish Movement: An Introduction (PDF) (booklet). TJCII Booklet Series. Vol. 1. Toward Jerusalem Council II . Retrieved December 29, 2022 . Kessler, Edward (2005). "Messianic Jews". In Kessler, Edward; Wenborn, Neil (eds.). A Dictionary Of Jewish-Christian Relations. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82692-1. LCCN 2005012923. Kinzer, Mark S. (2005). Postmissionary Messianic Judaism: Redefining Christian Engagement with the Jewish People. Brazos Press. ISBN 9781587431524. Kinzer, Mark S. (2010). "Finding Our Way Through Nicaea: The Deity of Yeshua, Bilateral Ecclesiology, and Redemptive Encounter with the Living God". Kesher. San Diego: Messianic Jewish Theological Institute (24). Archived from the original on September 29, 2020 . Retrieved January 3, 2023 . Kinzer, Mark S. (2018). "Beginning with the End: the Place of Eschatology in the Messianic Jewish Canonical Narrative". Kesher. San Diego: Messianic Jewish Theological Institute. 32 . Retrieved January 3, 2023 . Lewis, James R. (2001). Odd Gods: New Religions & the Cult Controversy. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-842-7. Lotker, Michael (May 2004). "It's More About What is the Messiah than Who is the Messiah". A Christian's guide to Judaism. New York, New York: Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-4232-3. LCCN 2003024813. Melton, J. Gordon (2005). "Messianic Judaism". Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9780816069835. Moscrop, John James (2000). "Remembering Jerusalem: 1799''1839". Measuring Jerusalem: The Palestine Exploration Fund and British Interests in the Holy Land. A & C Black. ISBN 9780718502201. Nuesner, Jacob (February 2000) [1994]. "Come, Let us Reason Together". A Rabbi Talks With Jesus. Donald H. Akerson (forward) (Revised ed.). Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2046-2. LCCN 2001339789. Rausch, David (1982a). Messianic Judaism: Its History, Theology, and Polity. Texts and studies in religion. Vol. 14. Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 9780889468030. Rausch, David A. (September 1982b). "The Messianic Jewish Congregational Movement". The Christian Century. 99 (28): 926 . Retrieved December 29, 2022 . Reason, Gabriela (2005). "Competing Trends In Messianic Judaism: The Debate Over Evangelicalism". Kesher: A Journal of Messianic Judaism. 18 (Winter) . Retrieved 2019-04-03 . Robinson, Rich (2005). The Messianic Movement: A Field Guide for Evangelical Christians. San Francisco: Purple Pomegranate Production. ISBN 978-1881022626 . Retrieved December 29, 2022 . Schoeman, Roy H. (2003). Salvation is from the Jews: the role of Judaism in salvation history from Abraham to the Second Coming. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. ISBN 9780898709759. LCCN 2003105176. Schoen, Robert (April 2004). "Jews, Jesus, and Christianity". What I Wish My Christian Friends Knew about Judaism. Chicago: Loyola Press. ISBN 978-0-8294-1777-7. LCCN 2003024404. Simmons, Shraga (March 6, 2004). "Why Jews Don't Believe In Jesus". Aish HaTorah . Retrieved January 2, 2023 . Sobel, B.Z. (December 1968). "The Tools of Legitimation'--Zionism and the Hebrew Christian Movement" (PDF) . The Jewish Journal of Sociology. 10 (2) . Retrieved 2019-04-02 . Spector, Stephen (2008). Evangelicals and Israel. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195368024. LCCN 2008026681. "Editorial" (PDF) . The Messianic Jew. Vol. 1, no. 1. Johannesburg: The Jewish Messianic Movement. December 1910. Further reading Prill, Patrick (2004). Expectations About God and Messiah. Yeshua Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-0974208602. Resnik, Russ (2010). Introducing Messianic Judaism and the UMJC (PDF) (booklet). Albuquerque: Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations. Schonfield, Hugh (1936). History of Jewish Christianity. London: Duckworth. Stern, David H. (2007). Messianic Judaism: A Modern Movement With an Ancient Past (2 ed.). Ashland, Ohio: Messianic Jewish Publishers. ISBN 978-1880226339.
- NBA alters All-Star Game draft; starters to be picked last
- 1:23 AM GMT Dave McMenamin ESPN Staff Writer
- CloseLakers and NBA reporter for ESPN.Covered the Lakers and NBA for ESPNLosAngeles.com from 2009-14, the Cavaliers from 2014-18 for ESPN.com and the NBA for NBA.com from 2005-09.SALT LAKE CITY -- There are more changes in store for the NBA All-Star team selection process.
- Unlike in years past when the All-Star team captains drafted their rosters on a television simulcast from their respective cities weeks before the All-Star Game, this year's draft will be conducted live on stage at Vivint Arena approximately 90 minutes to half an hour before tipoff Sunday, a league spokesman told ESPN.
- Editor's PicksEverything you need to know about the 2023 NBA All-Star Game 11h
- Motorsports, 'ProStars' and salmonella? 23 things you might not know about Michael Jordan 1d William E. Ricks
- The draft location and timing aren't the only things changing, however. The order is, too.
- Turner Sports host Ernie Johnson revealed on "Inside the NBA" on Thursday that team captains LeBron James and Giannis Antetokounmpo will first select reserves for their bench before divvying up the eight remaining starters after that. In this format, the last player selected would still start in the game, thus avoiding the schoolyard stigma associated with being picked last.
- Every player present in Salt Lake City for the game will participate in the live draft, a league spokesman told ESPN.
- In 2018, the league went away from its traditional Eastern Conference versus Western Conference format for the February festivities, introducing team captains -- the most voted in each conference -- that get to choose the players on their respective squads.
- James has been named a captain all six years since the draft was introduced, with his teams going 5-0 thus far. This is Antetokounmpo's third time being named captain. Kevin Durant has been a captain twice and Stephen Curry was a captain once, in 2018.
- Amanda Breshears, of North Lima, finds chickens dead, questions chemical release from East Palestine, Ohio train derailment
- NORTH LIMA, Ohio (WKBN) '' People across the Mahoning Valley '-- including those who live in Mahoning and Trumbull counties '-- reported smelling chlorine after Monday's controlled release in East Palestine. Officials said it wasn't dangerous, but one North Lima woman is skeptical about that statement.
- Even though North Lima is a little more than 10 miles away from East Palestine, Amanda Breshears said the smell caused her eyes to water when she went to let her dog out. She believes it could be the reason why her birds are now dead.
- Breshears was going to feed her five hens and rooster Tuesday morning when she discovered them all lifeless, practically in the same position, with no signs of a predator entering their enclosure.
- ''I'm beyond upset and quite panicked, 'cause this, they may be just chickens, but they're family,'' she said.
- Breshears said her chickens were alive and well on Monday.
- She believes that the smell following the detonation of the train carrying chemicals that derailed in East Palestine is to blame for her birds' sudden death.
- ''My video camera footage shows my chickens were perfectly fine before they started this burn, and as soon as they started the burn, my chickens slowed down and they died,'' she said.
- ''If it can do this to chickens in one night, imagine what it's going to do to us in 20 years,'' she added.
- Officials have said that the smell wasn't toxic or dangerous but still advised people in the Mahoning Valley to stay indoors Monday night as a precaution.
- ''For them to say the air quality is OK, I'm calling B.S.,'' she said.
- Breshears said she is going to be taking the birds to a veterinarian to have them examined in the hopes of holding someone responsible for their deaths.
- Sources said this is not the only incident like this that they have heard of in the past day, however, those at the Ohio Department of Agriculture said they haven't heard of any problems.
- The Department of Agriculture released the following statement on Tuesday.
- ''The Ohio Department of Agriculture (ODA) is assuring Ohioans its food supply is safe and the risk to livestock remains low following the East Palestine train derailment.
- ODA has not received any reports regarding the wellness of animals related to the incident. As the Ohio EPA and area agencies continue to monitor the air and water quality, ODA is ready to assist as needed.
- If you notice unusual behavior in your livestock or domestic pet, please contact your local veterinarian for further guidance.''
- Partnership to protect the U.S. from African Swine Fever | Iowa Agribusiness Network
- A new partnership was put in place at the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture Winter Policy Conference. NASDA, the USDA, the National Pork Board, and the National Pork Producers Council are working together to enhance coordination and preparedness to prevent and protect the United States from African swine fever. ''When you bring together state, federal, and industry groups with different strengths to take on challenges, you see a united force of resilience on all fronts,'' says NASDA CEO Ted McKinney. ''This collaboration will lead to better response to outbreaks and better animal health and welfare across the country.'' African swine fever hasn't currently crossed into the U.S. but being prepared to respond and coordinate prevention methods at all levels better ensures the protection of America's swine herds. ''We all play an important role in keeping American agriculture safe and working together enhances our efforts,'' says NPPC President Terry Wolters.
- Fox Stars Privately Expressed Disbelief About Trump's Election Fraud Claims - The New York Times
- The comments, by Tucker Carlson, Sean Hannity and others, were released as part of a defamation suit against Fox News by Dominion Voter Systems.
- As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Anyone can read what you share.
- Fox Corporation headquarters in New York. A court filing on Thursday was just a partial glimpse of Dominion Voting Systems' case against Fox. Credit... Gary Hershorn/Getty Images Newly disclosed messages and testimony from some of the biggest stars and most senior executives at Fox News revealed that they privately expressed disbelief about President Donald J. Trump's false claims that the 2020 election was stolen from him, even though the network continued to promote many of those lies on the air.
- The hosts Tucker Carlson, Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham, as well as others at the company, repeatedly insulted and mocked Trump advisers, including Sidney Powell and Rudolph W. Giuliani, in text messages with each other in the weeks after the election, according to a legal filing on Thursday by Dominion Voting Systems. Dominion is suing Fox for defamation in a case that poses considerable financial and reputational risk for the country's most-watched cable news network.
- ''Sidney Powell is lying by the way. I caught her. It's insane,'' Mr. Carlson wrote to Ms. Ingraham on Nov. 18, 2020.
- Ms. Ingraham responded: ''Sidney is a complete nut. No one will work with her. Ditto with Rudy.''
- Mr. Carlson continued, ''Our viewers are good people and they believe it,'' he added, making clear that he did not.
- The messages also show that such doubts extended to the highest levels of the Fox Corporation, with Rupert Murdoch, its chairman, calling Mr. Trump's voter fraud claims ''really crazy stuff.''
- On one occasion, as Mr. Murdoch watched Mr. Giuliani and Ms. Powell on television, he told Suzanne Scott, chief executive of Fox News Media, ''Terrible stuff damaging everybody, I fear.''
- Dominion's brief depicts Ms. Scott, whom colleagues have described as sharply attuned to the sensibilities of the Fox audience, as being well aware that Mr. Trump's claims were baseless. And when another Murdoch-owned property, The New York Post, published an editorial urging Mr. Trump to stop complaining that he had been cheated, Ms. Scott distributed it widely among her staff. Mr. Murdoch then thanked her for doing so, the brief says.
- The filing, in state court in Delaware, contains the most vivid and detailed picture yet of what went on behind the scenes at Fox News and its corporate parent in the days and weeks after the 2020 election, when the conservative cable network's coverage took an abrupt turn.
- Fox News stunned the Trump campaign on election night by becoming the first news outlet to declare Joseph R. Biden Jr. the winner of Arizona '-- effectively projecting that he would become the next president. Then, as Fox's ratings fell sharply after the election and the president refused to concede, many of the network's most popular hosts and shows began promoting outlandish claims of a far-reaching voter fraud conspiracy involving Dominion machines to deny Mr. Trump a second term.
- What was disclosed on Thursday was not the full glimpse of Dominion's case against Fox. The 192-page filing had multiple redactions that contain more revelations about deliberations inside the network. Fox has sought to keep much of the evidence against it under seal. The New York Times is challenging the legality of those redactions in court.
- In its defense, which was also filed with the court on Thursday, Fox argued that by covering Mr. Trump's fraud claims, the network was doing what any media organization would: reporting and commenting on a matter of undeniable newsworthiness. And it noted that many of its programs did not endorse the claim that the election was stolen.
- ''In its coverage, Fox News fulfilled its commitment to inform fully and comment fairly,'' its brief said. ''Some hosts viewed the president's claims skeptically; others viewed them hopefully; all recognized them as profoundly newsworthy.''
- The law shields journalists from liability if they report on false statements, but not if they promote them.
- Dominion said in its filing that not a single Fox witness had testified that he or she believed any of the allegations about Dominion.
- In a statement on Thursday, a Fox spokeswoman said, ''Dominion has mischaracterized the record, cherry-picked quotes stripped of key context and spilled considerable ink on facts that are irrelevant under black-letter principles of defamation law.''
- The brief shows that Fox News stars and executives were afraid of losing their audience, which started to defect to the conservative cable news alternatives Newsmax and OAN after Fox News called Arizona for Mr. Biden. And they seemed concerned with the impact that would have on the network's profitability.
- On Nov. 12, in a text chain with Ms. Ingraham and Mr. Hannity, Mr. Carlson pointed to a tweet in which a Fox reporter, Jacqui Heinrich, fact-checked a tweet from Mr. Trump referring to Fox broadcasts and said there was no evidence of voter fraud from Dominion.
- ''Please get her fired,'' Mr. Carlson said. He added: ''It needs to stop immediately, like tonight. It's measurably hurting the company. The stock price is down. Not a joke.'' Ms. Heinrich had deleted her tweet by the next morning.
- The details offer more than dramatic vignettes from inside a news organization where internal disputes rarely spill into public view. They are pieces of evidence that a jury could use to weigh whether to find Fox liable for significant financial damages. Dominion is asking for $1.6 billion as compensation for the damage it says it suffered as Fox guests and hosts claimed, for instance, that Dominion's voting machines had been designed to rig elections for the Venezuelan autocrat Hugo Chavez and were equipped with an algorithm that could erase votes from one candidate and give them to another.
- Fox Corporation has about $4 billion cash on hand, according to its latest quarterly earnings report.
- The burden in the case falls on Dominion to prove that Fox acted with actual malice '-- the longstanding legal standard that requires Dominion to prove that either Fox guests, hosts and executives knew what was being said on the air was false and allowed it anyway, or that people inside Fox were recklessly negligent in failing to check the accuracy of their coverage.
- That burden is difficult to meet, which is why defamation cases often fail. But legal experts said Dominion's arguments were stronger than most.
- ''This filing argues a fire hose of direct evidence of knowing falsity,'' said RonNell Andersen Jones, a professor of law at the S.J. Quinney College of Law at the University of Utah. ''It gives a powerful preview of one of the best-supported claims of actual malice we have seen in any major-media case.''
- Many defamation suits are quickly dismissed because of the First Amendment's broad free speech protections. If they do go forward, they are usually settled out of court to spare both sides the costly spectacle of a trial. The Dominion case has proceeded with a speed and scope that media experts have said is unusual.
- For eight months, Dominion lawyers have taken depositions from dozens of people at all levels of the network and its parent company. Mr. Murdoch was deposed last month. (Dominion's brief was written before that deposition and does not reflect its contents, which remain under seal.) Mr. Hannity, one of the most popular prime-time hosts and a close Trump ally, has been deposed twice. And the personal phones and emails of many midlevel employees have been searched as part of the discovery process, which people inside the company have said has created an atmosphere of considerable unease.
- Both sides appear dug in and confident of victory. The judge has scheduled jury selection to begin in mid-April.
- Fox has contested how Dominion arrived at the amount it is seeking in damages, arguing that the company has vastly overstated its valuation and the reputational harm it suffered.
- In papers filed with the court on Thursday, lawyers for Fox called the $1.6 billion sum ''a staggering figure that has no factual support and serves no apparent purpose other than to generate headlines, chill First Amendment-protected speech.''
- Fox's lawyers added that Staple Street Capital Partners, the private equity firm that owns a majority share in Dominion, had paid about $38 million for its 76 percent stake in the company in 2018 and had never estimated Dominion's financial value to be worth ''anywhere near $1.6 billion.'' Fox has made a counterclaim against Dominion seeking to recover all its costs associated with the lawsuit.
- Dominion's goal, aside from convincing a jury that Fox knowingly spread lies, is to build a case that points straight to the top of the Fox media empire and its founding family, the Murdochs.
- ''Fox knew,'' the Dominion filing declares. ''From the top down, Fox knew.''
- The brief cites senior executives and editors responsible for shaping Fox's coverage behind the scenes who weren't buying the election denial, either.
- ''No reasonable person would have thought that,'' said the network's politics editor at the time, Chris Stirewalt, referring to the allegation that Dominion rigged the election. Bill Sammon, Fox's managing editor in Washington, is quoted as saying, ''It's remarkable how weak ratings make good journalists do bad things.''
- Fox pushed out both journalists after the 2020 election.
- Ron Mitchell, a senior Fox executive who oversaw the Carlson, Hannity and Ingraham shows, texted privately with colleagues that the Dominion allegations were ''the Bill Gates/microchip angle to voter fraud,'' referring to false claims that microchips were injected into people who received Covid-19 vaccines.
- At times, Fox employees are described as disparaging one another. The president of the network, Jay Wallace, is quoted at one point criticizing the former Fox Business host Lou Dobbs '-- one of the biggest megaphones for Mr. Trump's lies. ''The North Koreans do a more nuanced show'' than Mr. Dobbs, the brief says.
- On Nov. 6, 2020, three days after Election Day, as Mr. Biden pulled into the lead, Mr. Murdoch told Ms. Scott in an email that it was going to be ''very hard to credibly cry foul everywhere,'' and noted that ''if Trump becomes a sore loser, we should watch Sean especially,'' referring to Mr. Hannity.
- Hours After Trump Announces Upcoming Visit to East Palestine, FEMA Reverses Course and Will Support Ohio Community - The Last Refuge
- The announcement by President Trump with his intent to visit East Palestine next Wednesday, followed moments later by a reversal announcement from FEMA stating they will now offer support to East Palestine, do not seem coincidental.
- The Biden administration, including the EPA, FEMA and Transporation Secretary, was likely very worried about the optics of getting blasted by President Trump very visibly next week for their lack of urgency and concern. Moments after Trump announces his visit, FEMA reverses their prior denial of aid. lol
- COLUMBUS, Ohio '-- Just hours after saying he ''[did] not expect'' members of the Federal Emergency Management Agency to be in East Palestine, Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine now confirms the government entity will, in fact, be sending a crew to assist with the aftermath of the train derailment in the village.
- In a joint statement released Friday night, DeWine and FEMA Regional Administrator Thomas C. Sivak said the agency would deploy a Regional Incident Management Assistance Team (IMAT) to Columbiana County starting Saturday, along with a senior response official. The workers will ''support ongoing operations, including incident coordination and ongoing assessments of potential long-term recovery needs.''
- ['...] DeWine had previously requested federal help, and today the Department of Health and Human Services announced toxicologists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention would be journeying to East Palestine to assist with public health testing. However, the governor's request for FEMA assistance was initially denied, with the agency apparently telling his office the current situation ''[did] not quality for assistance.'' (read more)
- Roald Dahl goes PC in a world where no one is 'fat' and the Oompa-Loompas are gender neutral
- (C) Jamie Lorriman The language in the new editions (left) is now different from older books (right) - Jamie Lorriman Augustus Gloop is no longer fat, Mrs Twit is no longer fearfully ugly, and the Oompa-Loompas have gone gender-neutral in new editions of Roald Dahl's beloved stories.
- The publisher, Puffin, has made hundreds of changes to the original text, removing many of Dahl's colourful descriptions and making his characters less grotesque.
- The review of Dahl's language was undertaken to ensure that the books ''can continue to be enjoyed by all today'', Puffin said.
- References to physical appearance have been heavily edited. The word ''fat'' has been removed from every book - Augustus Gloop in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory may still look like a ball of dough, but can now only be described as ''enormous''.
- In the same story, the Oompa-Loompas are no longer ''tiny'', ''titchy'' or ''no higher than my knee'' but merely small. And where once they were ''small men'', they are now ''small people''.
- Passages not written by Dahl have also been added. In The Witches, a paragraph explaining that witches are bald beneath their wigs ends with the new line: ''There are plenty of other reasons why women might wear wigs and there is certainly nothing wrong with that.''
- In previous editions of James and the Giant Peach, the Centipede sings: ''Aunt Sponge was terrifically fat/And tremendously flabby at that,'' and, ''Aunt Spiker was thin as a wire/And dry as a bone, only drier.''
- Both verses have been removed, and in their place are the underwhelming rhymes: ''Aunt Sponge was a nasty old brute/And deserved to be squashed by the fruit,'' and, ''Aunt Spiker was much of the same/And deserves half of the blame.''
- References to ''female'' characters have disappeared - Miss Trunchbull in Matilda, once a ''most formidable female'', is now a ''most formidable woman''.
- ''Boys and girls'' has been turned into ''children''. The Cloud-Men in James and the Giant Peach have become Cloud-People and Fantastic Mr Fox's three sons have become daughters.
- Matilda reads Jane Austen rather than Rudyard Kipling, and a witch posing as ''a cashier in a supermarket'' now works as ''a top scientist''.
- Mrs Twit's ''fearful ugliness'' is reduced to ''ugliness'', while Mrs Hoppy in Esio Trot is not an ''attractive middle-aged lady'' but a ''kind middle-aged lady''.
- One of Dahl's most popular lines from The Twits is: ''You can have a wonky nose and a crooked mouth and a double chin and stick-out teeth, but if you have good thoughts they will shine out of your face like sunbeams.'' It has been edited to take out the ''double chin''.
- (C) Provided by The Telegraph Roald Dahl - Getty An emphasis on mental health has led to the removal of ''crazy'' and ''mad'', which Dahl used frequently in comic fashion. A mention in Esio Trot of tortoises being ''backward'' - the joke behind the book's title - has been excised.
- The words ''black'' and ''white'' have been removed: characters no longer turn ''white with fear'' and the Big Friendly Giant in The BFG cannot wear a black cloak.
- The changes were made by the publisher, Puffin, and the Roald Dahl Story Company, now owned by Netflix, with sensitivity readers hired to scrutinise the text.
- The review began in 2020, when the company was still run by the Dahl family. Netflix acquired the literary estate in 2021 for a reported £500 million.
- Sensitivities over Dahl's stories were heightened when a 2020 Hollywood version of The Witches led to a backlash over its depiction of the Grand Witch, played by Anne Hathaway, with fingers missing from each hand.
- Warner Bros was forced to make an apology after Paralympians and charities said it was offensive to the limb difference community.
- That same year, the Dahl family and the company apologised for the author's past anti-Semitic statements.
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- Sridhar Ramaswamy - Wikipedia
- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Born1967 (age 55''56)Alma materIIT Madras (BS) Brown University (MS, PhD)OccupationCEOKnown forco-founding Neevaformerly running Google's ad businessChildren2Sridhar Ramaswamy (born 1967) is an American computer scientist. He is the cofounder and CEO of the startup company Neeva, an ad-free, privacy-focused search engine.[1][2] He previously led Google's $115 billion advertising division.[1][3]
- Early life and education [ edit ] Ramaswamy was born in 1967 in Tamil Nadu, India. He attended IIT Madras and received a bachelor's degree in computer science.[4] He immigrated to the United States in 1989 and received a master's degree and PhD in computer science from Brown University.[1][4]
- Career [ edit ] After graduating from college, Ramaswamy researched database analytics for three years at Bell Labs and held similar positions at Lucent Technologies and Bell Communications Research. While working for E.piphany as a machine learning systems developer, Google began recruiting engineers from the company.[5][4]
- Ramaswany joined Google in 2003 to work on the back-end infrastructure of AdWords as a mid-level engineer. He worked his way up the company over the course of 15 years.[5] In 2013, he was promoted to senior vice president of advertising and commerce at Google.[1][3]
- Ramaswamy left Google in 2018 to become a partner at venture capitalist firm Greylock Partners. In 2019, he created Neeva as an alternative to Google Search, after becoming disillusioned with the limitations of the ad-supported search model. Instead of ads, Ramaswamy planned a subscription-based model for Neeva.[1] Neeva was launched in the US in 2021 and the next year in the UK, France, and Germany.[6][7]
- Personal life [ edit ] Ramaswamy lives in Cupertino, California, with his wife and two sons.[5]
- References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Carlson, Nicholas (April 6, 2015). "This unknown Google exec fought a brutal internal battle and now controls a $60 billion business". Business Insider. Beck, Martin (May 21, 2015). "Google Ad Chief: "How Many Of Facebook's Video Views Are Engaged?" ". MarTech. Bergen, Mark (May 21, 2015). "Google's Ads Boss: We Are Not a Retailer and Don't Intend to Be One". Vox.
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- Vaccines | Free Full-Text | A Case Report: Multifocal Necrotizing Encephalitis and Myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination against COVID-19
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- Institute of Pathology 'Georg Schmorl', The Municipal Hospital Dresden-Friedrichstadt, Friedrichstrasse 41, 01067 Dresden, Germany
- Received: 31 August 2022 / Revised: 25 September 2022 / Accepted: 27 September 2022 / Published: 1 October 2022
- Abstract:The current report presents the case of a 76-year-old man with Parkinson's disease (PD) who died three weeks after receiving his third COVID-19 vaccination. The patient was first vaccinated in May 2021 with the ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vector vaccine, followed by two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in July and December 2021. The family of the deceased requested an autopsy due to ambiguous clinical signs before death. PD was confirmed by post-mortem examinations. Furthermore, signs of aspiration pneumonia and systemic arteriosclerosis were evident. However, histopathological analyses of the brain uncovered previously unsuspected findings, including acute vasculitis (predominantly lymphocytic) as well as multifocal necrotizing encephalitis of unknown etiology with pronounced inflammation including glial and lymphocytic reaction. In the heart, signs of chronic cardiomyopathy as well as mild acute lympho-histiocytic myocarditis and vasculitis were present. Although there was no history of COVID-19 for this patient, immunohistochemistry for SARS-CoV-2 antigens (spike and nucleocapsid proteins) was performed. Surprisingly, only spike protein but no nucleocapsid protein could be detected within the foci of inflammation in both the brain and the heart, particularly in the endothelial cells of small blood vessels. Since no nucleocapsid protein could be detected, the presence of spike protein must be ascribed to vaccination rather than to viral infection. The findings corroborate previous reports of encephalitis and myocarditis caused by gene-based COVID-19 vaccines.
- 1. IntroductionThe emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 with the subsequent worldwide spread of COVID-19 gave rise to a perceived need for halting the progress of the COVID-19 pandemic through the rapid development and deployment of vaccines. Recent advances in genomics facilitated gene-based strategies for creating these novel vaccines, including DNA-based nonreplicating viral vectors, and mRNA-based vaccines, which were furthermore developed on an aggressively shortened timeline [
- The WHO Emergency Use Listing Procedure (EUL), which determines the acceptability of medicinal products based on evidence of quality, safety, efficacy, and performance [
- 5], permitted these vaccines to be marketed as soon as 1''2 years after development had begun. Published results of the phase 3 clinical trials described only a few severe side effects [
- 8]. However, it has since become clear that severe and even fatal adverse events may occur; these include in particular cardiovascular and neurological manifestations [
- 13]. Clinicians should take note of such case reports for the sake of early detection and management of such adverse events among their patients. In addition, a thorough post-mortem examination of deaths in connection with COVID-19 vaccination should be considered in ambiguous circumstances, including histology. This report presents the case of a senior aged 76 years old, who had received three doses overall of two different COVID-19 vaccines, and who died three weeks after the second dose of the mRNA-BNT162b-vaccine. Autopsy and histology revealed unexpected necrotizing encephalitis and mild myocarditis with pathological changes in small blood vessels. A causal connection of these findings to the preceding COVID-19 vaccination was established by immunohistochemical demonstration of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The methodology introduced in this study should be useful for distinguishing between causation by COVID-19 vaccination or infection in ambiguous cases.
- 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Routine Histology Formalin-fixed tissues were routinely processsed and paraffin-embedded tissues were cut into 5 μm sections and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for histopathological examination.
- 2.2. ImmunohistochemistryImmunohistochemical staining was performed on the heart and brain, using a fully automated immunostaining system (Ventana Benchmark, Roche). An antigen retrieval (Ultra CC1, Roche Ventana) was used for every antibody. The target antigens and dilution factors for the antibodies used are summarized in
- Table 1. Incubation with the primary antibody was carried out for 30 min in each case. Tissues from SARS-CoV-2-positive COVID-19 patients were used as a control for the antibodies against SARS-CoV-2-spike and nucleocapsid (
- Figure 1). Cultured cells that had been transfected in vitro (see hereafter) served as a positive control for the detection of vaccine-induced spike protein expression and as a negative control for the detection of nucleocapsid protein. The slides were examined with a light microscope (Nikon ECLIPSE 80i) and representative images were captured by the camera system Motic
- 2.3. Preparation of Positive Control Samples for the Immunohistochemical Detection of the Vaccine-Induced Spike ProteinCell culture and transfection: Ovarian cancer cell lines (OVCAR-3 and SK-OV3, CSL cell Lines Service, Heidelberg, Germany) were grown to 70% confluence in flat bottom 75 cm2 cell culture flasks (Cell star) in DMEM/HAMS-F12 medium supplemented with Glutamax (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 10% FCS (Gibco, Shanghai, China) and Gentamycin (final concentration 20 μg/mL, Gibco), at 37 °C, 5% CO2 in a humidified cell incubator. For transfection, the medium was completely removed, and cells were incubated for 1 h with 2 mL of fresh medium containing the injection solutions directly from the original bottles, diluted 1:500 in the case of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/Biotech), and 1:100 in cases of mRNA-1273 (Moderna), Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca), and Jansen (COVID-19 vaccine Jansen). Then, another 15 mL of fresh medium was added to the cell cultures and cells were grown to confluence for another 3 days.
- Preparation of tissue blocks from transfected cells: The cell culture medium was removed from transfected cells, and the monolayer was washed twice with PBS, then trypsinized by adding 1 mL of 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (Gibco), harvested with 10 mL of PBS/10% FCS, and washed 2 with PBS and centrifugation at 280 g for 10 min each. Cell pellets were fixed overnight in 2 mL in PBS/4% Formalin at 8 °C and then washed in PBS once. The cell pellets remaining after centrifugation were suspended in 200 μL PBS each, mixed with 400 μL 2% agarose in PBS solution (precooled to around 40 °C), and immediately transferred to small (1 cm) dishes for fixation. The fixed and agarose-embedded cell pellets were stored in 4% Formalin/PBS till subjection to routine paraffin embedding in parallel to tissue samples.
- 2.4. Case Presentation and Description 2.4.1. Clinical HistoryThis report presents the case of a 76-year-old male with a history of Parkinson's disease (PD) who passed away three weeks after his third COVID-19 vaccination. On the day of his first vaccination in May 2021 (ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vector vaccine), he experienced pronounced cardiovascular side effects, for which he repeatedly had to consult his doctor. After the second vaccination in July 2021 (BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine/Comirnaty), the family noted obvious behavioral and psychological changes (e.g., he did not want to be touched anymore and experienced increased anxiety, lethargy, and social withdrawal even from close family members). Furthermore, there was a striking worsening of his PD symptoms, which led to severe motor impairment and a recurrent need for wheelchair support. He never fully recovered from these side effects after the first two vaccinations but still got another vaccination in December 2021. Two weeks after the third vaccination (second vaccination with BNT162b2), he suddenly collapsed while taking his dinner. Remarkably, he did not show coughing or any signs of food aspiration but just fell down silently. He recovered from this more or less, but one week later, he again suddenly collapsed silently while taking his meal. The emergency unit was called, and after successful, but prolonged resuscitation attempts (over one hour), he was transferred to the hospital and directly put into an artificial coma but died shortly thereafter. The clinical diagnosis was death due to aspiration pneumonia. According to his family, there was no history of a clinical or laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 in the past.
- 2.4.2. AutopsyThe autopsy was requested and consented to by the family of the patient because of the ambiguity of symptoms before his death. The autopsy was performed according to standard procedures including macroscopic and microscopic investigation. Gross brain tissue was prepared for histological examination including the brain (frontal cortex, Substantia nigra, and Nucleus ruber) as well as the heart (left and right ventricular cardiac tissue).
- 3. Results 3.1. Autopsy FindingsAnatomical Specifications: Body weight, height, and specifications of body organs were summarized in
- Brain: A macroscopic examination of brain tissue revealed a circumscribed segmental cerebral parenchymal necrosis at the site of the right hippocampus. Substantia nigra showed a loss of pigmented neurons. Microscopically, several areas with lacunar necrosis were detected with inflammatory debris reaction on the left frontal side (
- Figure 2Figure 3). Furthermore, there were microglial and lymphocytic reactions as well as predominantly lymphocytic vasculitis, sometimes with mixed infiltrates including neutrophilic granulocytes (
- Figure 4) in the frontal cortex, paraventricular, Substantia nigra, and Nucleus ruber on both sides. In some places with inflammatory changes in brain capillaries, there were also signs of apoptotic cell death within the endothelium (
- Figure 4). Meninges' findings were unremarkable. The collective findings were suggestive of multifocal necrotizing encephalitis. Furthermore, chronic arteriosclerotic lesions of varying degrees were noted in large brain vessels, which are described in detail in section ''Vascular system''.
- Parkinson's disease (PD): Macroscopic and histological examination of brain tissue revealed bilateral pallor of the substantia nigra with loss of pigmented neurons. In addition, pigment-storing macrophages as well as scattered neuronal necrosis with glial debris reaction were noted. These findings were suggestive of PD, confirming the clinical diagnosis.
- Thoracic cavity: An examination of the chest showed a funnel-shaped chest with serial rib fractures (extending from the second to fifth ribs on the right, and from the second to sixth ribs on the left); which is a common picture of a patient who underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation. An endotracheal tube was properly inserted. There was evidence of regular placement of a central venous catheter in the left femoral vein. There was evidence of regular placement of an arterial catheter in the left radial artery. The urinary catheter was inserted as well. There was a 9 cm long skin scar on the front of the right shoulder.
- Lungs: Macroscopical lung examination revealed cloudy secretion and purulent spots with notably brittle parenchyma. The pleura showed bilateral serous effusion, amounting to 450 mL of fluid on the right side and 400 mL on the left side. Bilateral mucopurulent tracheobronchitis was evident with copious purulent secretion in the trachea and bronchi. Bilateral chronic destructive pulmonary emphysema was detected. Bilateral bronchopneumonia was noted in the lower lung lobes at multiple stages of development and lobe-filling with secretions and fragile parenchyma. Furthermore, chronic arteriosclerotic lesions of varying degrees were noted, which are described in detail in the section ''Vascular system''.
- Heart: Macroscopic cardiac examination revealed manifestations of acute and chronic cardiovascular insufficiency, including ectasia of the atria and ventricles. Furthermore, left ventricular hypertrophy was noted (wall thickness: 18 mm, heart weight: 410 g, body weight: 60 kg, height: 1.75 m). There was evidence of tissue congestion (presumably due to cardiac insufficiency) in the form of pulmonary edema, cerebral edema, brain congestion, chronic hepatic congestion, renal tissue edema, and pituitary tissue edema. Moreover, there was evidence of shock kidney disorder. Histological examination of the heart revealed mild myocarditis with fine-spotted fibrosis and lympho-histiocytic infiltration (
- Figure 5). Furthermore, there were chronic arteriosclerotic lesions of varying degrees, which are described in detail under ''Vascular system''. In addition to these, there were more acute myocardial and vascular changes in the heart. They consisted of mild signs of myocarditis, characterized by infiltrations with foamy histiocytes and lymphocytes as well as hypereosinophilia and some hypercontraction of cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, mild acute vascular changes were observed in the capillaries and other small blood vessels of the heart. They consisted of mild lympho-histiocytic infiltrates, prominent endothelial swelling and vacuolation, multifocal myocytic degeneration and coagulation necrosis as well as karyopyknosis of single endothelial cells and vascular muscle cells (
- Figure 5). Occasionally, adhering plasma coagulates/fibrin clots were present on the endothelial surface, indicative of endothelial damage (
- Vascular system (large blood vessels): The pulmonary arteries showed ectasia and lipidosis. The kidney showed slight diffuse glomerulosclerosis and arteriosclerosis with renal cortical scars (up to 10 mm in diameter). The findings are suggestive of generalized atherosclerosis and systemic hypertension. Major arteries including the aorta and its branches as well as the coronary arteries showed variable degrees of arteriosclerosis and mild to moderate stenosis. Furthermore, examination revealed mild nodular arteriosclerosis of cervical arteries. Ascending aorta, aortic arch, and thoracic aorta showed moderate, nodular, and partially calcified arteriosclerosis. The cerebral basilar artery showed mild arteriosclerosis. Nodular and calcified arteriosclerosis were of high grade in the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries and moderate grade with moderate stenosis in the right coronary arteries. Coronary artery examination showed variable degrees of arteriosclerosis and stenosis more on the left coronary arteries. The left anterior descending coronary artery (the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery; LAD) showed high-grade and moderately stenosed arteriosclerosis. The arteriosclerosis and stenosis of the left circumflex artery (the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery) were mild. Mild cerebral basal artery sclerosis. High-grade nodular and calcified arteriosclerosis of the abdominal aorta and the iliac arteries. Moderate stenosed arteriosclerosis of the right coronary artery. Lymphocytic periarteritis was detected as well.
- 3.2. Other Findings-Oral cavity: tongue bite was detected with bleeding under the tongue muscle (tongue bite is common with epileptic seizures).
- -Adrenal glands: bilateral mild cortical hyperplasia.
- -Colon: the elongated sigmoid colon was elongated with fecal impaction.
- -Kidneys: slight diffuse glomerulosclerosis and arterio-sclerosis, renal cortical scars (up to 10 mm in diameter), bilateral mild active nephritis and urocystitis as well as evidence of shock kidney disorder.
- -Liver: slight lipofuscinosis.
- -Spleen: mild acute splenitis.
- -Stomach: mild diffuse gastric mucosal bleeding.
- -Thyroid gland: bilateral nodular goiter with chocolate cysts (up to 0.5 cm in diameter).
- -Prostate gland: benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia and chronic persistent prostatitis.
- 3.3. Immunohistochemical AnalysesImmunohistochemical staining for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antigens (spike protein and nucleocapsid) was studied in the brain and heart. In the brain, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein subunit 1 was detected in the endothelia, microglia, and astrocytes in the necrotic areas (
- Figure 7). Furthermore, spike protein could be demonstrated in the areas of lymphocytic periarteritis, present in the thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliac branches, as well as a cerebral basal artery (
- Figure 8). The SARS-CoV-2 subunit 1 was found in macrophages and in the cells of the vessel wall, in particular the endothelium (
- Figure 9), as well as in the Nucleus ruber (
- Figure 10). In contrast, the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 could not be detected in any of the corresponding tissue sections (
- Figure 12). In addition, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein subunit 1 was detected in the cardiac endothelial cells that showed lymphocytic myocarditis (
- Figure 13). Immunohistochemical staining did not detect the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (
- 3.4. Autopsy-Based DiagnosisThe 76-year-old deceased male patient had PD, which corresponded to typical post-mortem findings. The main cause of death was recurrent aspiration pneumonia. In addition, necrotizing encephalitis and vasculitis were considered to be major contributors to death. Furthermore, there was mild lympho-histiocytic myocarditis with fine-spotted myocardial fibrosis as well as systemic arteriosclerosis, which will have also contributed to the deterioration of the physical condition of the senior.
- The final diagnosis was abscedating bilateral bronchopneumonia (J18.9), Parkinson's disease (G20.9), necrotic encephalitis (G04.9), and myocarditis (I40.9).
- Immunohistochemistry for SARS-CoV-2 antigens (spike protein and nucleocapsid) revealed that the lesions with necrotizing encephalitis as well as the acute inflammatory changes in the small blood vessels (brain and heart) were associated with abundant deposits of the spike protein SARS-CoV-2 subunit 1. Since the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 was consistently absent, it must be assumed that the presence of spike protein in affected tissues was not due to an infection with SARS-CoV-2 but rather to the transfection of the tissues by the gene-based COVID-19-vaccines. Importantly, spike protein could be only demonstrated in the areas with acute inflammatory reactions (brain, heart, and small blood vessels), in particular in endothelial cells, microglia, and astrocytes. This is strongly suggestive that the spike protein may have played at least a contributing role to the development of the lesions and the course of the disease in this patient.
- 4. DiscussionThis is a case report of a 76-year-old patient with Parkinson's disease (PD) who died three weeks after his third COVID-19 vaccination. The stated cause of death appeared to be a recurrent attack of aspiration pneumonia, which is indeed common in PD [
- 15]. However, the detailed autopsy study revealed additional pathology, in particular necrotizing encephalitis and myocarditis. While the histopathological signs of myocarditis were comparatively mild, the encephalitis had resulted in significant multifocal necrosis and may well have contributed to the fatal outcome. Encephalitis often causes epileptic seizures, and the tongue bite found at the autopsy suggests that it had done so in this case. Several other cases of COVID-19 vaccine-associated encephalitis with status epilepticus have appeared previously [
- The clinical history of the current case showed some remarkable events in correlation to his COVID-19 vaccinations. Already on the day of his first vaccination in May 2021 (ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vector vaccine), he experienced cardiovascular symptoms, which needed medical care and from which he recovered only slowly. After the second vaccination in July 2021 (BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine), the family recognized remarkable behavioral and psychological changes and a sudden onset of marked progression of his PD symptoms, which led to severe motor impairment and recurrent need for wheelchair support. He never fully recovered from this but still was again vaccinated in December 2021. Two weeks after this third vaccination (second vaccination with BNT162b2), he suddenly collapsed while taking his dinner. Remarkably, he did not show any coughing or other signs of food aspiration but just fell from his chair. This raises the question of whether this sudden collapse was really due to aspiration pneumonia. After intense resuscitation, he recovered from this more or less, but one week later, he again suddenly collapsed silently while taking his meal. After successful but prolonged resuscitation attempts, he was transferred to the hospital and directly set into an artificial coma but died shortly thereafter. The clinical diagnosis was death due to aspiration pneumonia. Due to his ambiguous symptoms after the COVID-vaccinations the family asked for an autopsy.
- Based on the alteration pattern in the brain and heart, it appeared that the small blood vessels were especially affected, in particular, the endothelium. Endothelial dysfunction is known to be highly involved in organ dysfunction during viral infections, as it induces a pro-coagulant state, microvascular leak, and organ ischemia [
- 20]. This is also the case for severe SARS-CoV-2 infections, where a systemic exposure to the virus and its spike protein elicits a strong immunological reaction in which the endothelial cells play a crucial role, leading to vascular dysfunction, immune-thrombosis, and inflammation [
- Although there was no history of COVID-19 for this patient, immunohistochemistry for SARS-CoV-2 antigens (spike and nucleocapsid proteins) was performed. Spike protein could be indeed demonstrated in the areas of acute inflammation in the brain (particularly within the capillary endothelium) and the small blood vessels of the heart. Remarkably, however, the nucleocapsid was uniformly absent. During an infection with the virus, both proteins should be expressed and detected together. On the other hand, the gene-based COVID-19 vaccines encode only the spike protein and therefore, the presence of spike protein only (but no nucleocapsid protein) in the heart and brain of the current case can be attributed to vaccination rather than to infection. This agrees with the patient's history, which includes three vaccine injections, the third one just 3 weeks before his death, but no positive laboratory or clinical diagnosis of the infection.
- Discrimination of vaccination response from natural infection is an important question and had been addressed already in clinical immunology, where the combined application of anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid protein-based serology was proven as a useful tool [
- 22]. In histology, however, this immunohistochemical approach has not yet been described, but it is straightforward and appears to be very useful for identifying the potential origin of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in autopsy or biopsy samples. Where additional confirmation is required, for instance in a forensic context, rt-PCR methods might be used to ascertain the presence of the vaccine mRNA in the affected tissues [
- Assuming that, in the current case, the presence of spike protein was indeed driven by the gene-based vaccine, then the question arises whether this was also the cause the accompanying acute tissue alterations and inflammation. The stated purpose of the gene-based vaccines is to induce an immune response against the spike protein. Such an immune response will, however, not only results in antibody formation against the spike protein but also lead to direct cell- and antibody-mediated cytotoxicity against the cells expressing this foreign antigen. In addition, there are indications that the spike protein on its own can elicit distinct toxicity, in particular, on pericytes and endothelial cells of blood vessels [
- While it is widely held that spike protein expression, and the ensuing cell and tissue damage will be limited to the injection site, several studies have found the vaccine mRNA and/or the spike protein encoded by it at a considerable distance from the injection site for up to three months after the injection [
- 29]. Biodistribution studies in rats with the mRNA-COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 also showed that the vaccine does not stay at the injection site but is distributed to all tissues and organs, including the brain [
- 30]. After the worldwide roll-out of COVID-19 vaccinations in humans, spike protein has been detected in humans as well in several tissues distant from the injection site (deltoid muscle): for instance in heart muscle biopsies from myocarditis patients [
- 28], within the skeletal muscle of a patient with myositis [
- 23] and within the skin, where it was associated with a sudden onset of Herpes zoster lesions after mRNA-COVID-19 vaccination [
- The underlying diagnosis in this patient was Parkinson's disease, and one may ask what role, if any, this condition had played in the causation of the encephalitis, and the myocarditis detected at post-mortem examination. PD had been long-standing in the current case, whereas the encephalitis was acute. Conversely, there is no plausible mechanism and no case report of PD causing secondary necrotizing encephalitis. On the other hand, numerous cases have been reported of autoimmune encephalitis and encephalomyelitis after COVID-19 vaccination [
- 31]. Autoimmune diseases in organs other than the CNS have been reported as well, for example, a striking case of a patient who after mRNA vaccination suffered multiple autoimmune disorders all at once'--acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, myasthenia gravis, and thyroiditis [
- 32]. In the case reported here, it may be noted that the spike protein was primarily detected in the vascular endothelium and sparsely in the glial cells but not in the neurons. Nevertheless, neuronal cell death was widespread in the encephalitic foci, which suggests some contribution of immunological bystander activation, i.e., autoimmunity, to the observed cell and tissue damage.
- A contributory role of PD in the development of cardiomyopathy is indeed documented and cannot be ruled out with absolute certainty. However, inflammatory myocardial changes with pathological alterations in small blood vessels as seen in the current case are uncommon. Instead, the most prominent cause of cardiac failure in PD patients is rather due to cardiac autonomic dysfunction [
- 34]. PD seems well to be significantly associated with increased left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction [
- 34]. In the current case, ventricular dilatation and hypertrophy were present but seem rather related to manifest signs of chronic hypertension. In contrast, myocardial inflammatory reactions had been well-linked to gene-based COVID-19 vaccinations in numerous cases [
- 37]. In one case, the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 could also be demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in the heart of vaccinated individuals [
- 5. ConclusionsNumerous cases of encephalitis and encephalomyelitis have been reported in connection with the gene-based COVID-19 vaccines, with many being considered causally related to vaccination [
- 39]. However, this is the first report to demonstrate the presence of the spike protein within the encephalitic lesions and to attribute it to vaccination rather than infection. These findings corroborate a causative role of the gene-based COVID-19 vaccines, and this diagnostic approach is relevant to potentially vaccine-induced damage to other organs as well.
- FundingThis research received no specific funding.
- Institutional Review Board StatementAccording to the Saxonian State Chamber of Medicine (Ethikkommission Landes¤rztekammer Sachsen), no explicit ethical approval is required for autopsy case reports as long as informed consent was obtained from the entitled person and all data has been anonymized.
- Informed Consent StatementThe informed consent was obtained from the entitled person for the subject involved in this case report.
- Data Availability StatementData are available upon request.
- AcknowledgmentsThe author wishes to thank Hany A. Salem and David O. Fischer for supporting the preparation of this paper with valuable comments and suggestions.
- Conflicts of InterestThe author declares he has no conflict of interest.
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Positive control for spike subunit 1 SARS-CoV-2 protein detection. Several ciliated epithelia of the nasal mucosa show brownish granular deposits of DAB (red arrow). Compared to nucleocapsid, the DAB-granules are fewer and less densely packed granular deposits of DAB. (b) Detection of nucleocapsid protein. Positive control for nucleocapsid SARS-CoV-2 protein detection. Several ciliated epithelia of the nasal mucosa show dense brownish granular deposits of DAB in immunohistochemistry (examples red arrows). Compared to spike detection, the granules of DAB are finer and more densely packed. Magnification: 400x.
- Figure 1.Nasal smear from a person with acute symptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infection (confirmed by PCR). Note the presence of ciliated epithelium. Immunohistochemistry for two SARS-CoV-2 antigens (spike and nucleocapsid protein) revealed a positive reaction for both as to be expected after infection. (a) Detection of the spike protein. Positive control for spike subunit 1 SARS-CoV-2 protein detection. Several ciliated epithelia of the nasal mucosa show brownish granular deposits of DAB (red arrow). Compared to nucleocapsid, the DAB-granules are fewer and less densely packed granular deposits of DAB. (b) Detection of nucleocapsid protein. Positive control for nucleocapsid SARS-CoV-2 protein detection. Several ciliated epithelia of the nasal mucosa show dense brownish granular deposits of DAB in immunohistochemistry (examples red arrows). Compared to spike detection, the granules of DAB are finer and more densely packed. Magnification: 400x.
- Figure 2.Frontal brain. Already in the overview image (a), prominent vacuolations with increased parenchymal cellularity are evident, indicative of degenerative and inflammatory processes. At higher magnification (b), acute brain damage is visible with diffuse and zonal neuronal and glial cell death, activation of microglia, and inflammatory infiltration by granulocytes and lymphocytes. 1: neuronal deaths (cells with red cytoplasm); 2: microglial proliferation; 3: lymphocytes. H&E stain. Magnification 40 (a) and 200 (b).
- Figure 2.Frontal brain. Already in the overview image (a), prominent vacuolations with increased parenchymal cellularity are evident, indicative of degenerative and inflammatory processes. At higher magnification (b), acute brain damage is visible with diffuse and zonal neuronal and glial cell death, activation of microglia, and inflammatory infiltration by granulocytes and lymphocytes. 1: neuronal deaths (cells with red cytoplasm); 2: microglial proliferation; 3: lymphocytes. H&E stain. Magnification 40 (a) and 200 (b).
- Figure 3.Brain, Nucleus ruber. In the overview image (a), note pronounced focal necrosis with increased cellularity, indicative of ongoing inflammation and glial reaction. At higher magnification (b), death of neuronal cells is evident and associated with an increased number of glial cells. Note activation of microglia and presence of inflammatory cell infiltrates, predominantly lymphocytic. 1: neuronal death with hypereosinophilia and destruction of cell nucleus with signs of karyolysis (nuclear content being distributed into the cytoplasm); 2: microglia (example); 3: lymphocyte (example). H&E stain. Magnification 40 (a) and 400 (b).
- Figure 3.Brain, Nucleus ruber. In the overview image (a), note pronounced focal necrosis with increased cellularity, indicative of ongoing inflammation and glial reaction. At higher magnification (b), death of neuronal cells is evident and associated with an increased number of glial cells. Note activation of microglia and presence of inflammatory cell infiltrates, predominantly lymphocytic. 1: neuronal death with hypereosinophilia and destruction of cell nucleus with signs of karyolysis (nuclear content being distributed into the cytoplasm); 2: microglia (example); 3: lymphocyte (example). H&E stain. Magnification 40 (a) and 400 (b).
- Figure 4.Brain, periventricular vasculitis. Cross section through a capillary vessel showing prominent signs of vasculitis. The endothelial cells (5) show swelling and vacuolation and are increased in number with enlargement of nuclei, indicative for activation. Furthermore, presence of mixed inflammatory cell infiltrates within the endothelial layer, consisting of lymphocytes (1), granulocytes (2), and histiocytes (4). The adjacent brain tissue also shows signs of inflammation (encephalitis) with presence of lymphocytes as well and activated microglia (3). H&E. Magnification: 200 (a) and 400 (b).
- Figure 4.Brain, periventricular vasculitis. Cross section through a capillary vessel showing prominent signs of vasculitis. The endothelial cells (5) show swelling and vacuolation and are increased in number with enlargement of nuclei, indicative for activation. Furthermore, presence of mixed inflammatory cell infiltrates within the endothelial layer, consisting of lymphocytes (1), granulocytes (2), and histiocytes (4). The adjacent brain tissue also shows signs of inflammation (encephalitis) with presence of lymphocytes as well and activated microglia (3). H&E. Magnification: 200 (a) and 400 (b).
- Figure 5.Heart left ventricle. (a): Mild lympho-histiocytic myocarditis.Pronounced interstitial edema (7) and mild lympho-histiocytic infiltrates (2 + 4). Signs of cardiomyocytic degeneration (5) with cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia and single contraction bands. (d): Arteriole with signs of acute degeneration and associated inflammation, associated by lymphocytic infiltrates (2) within the vascular wall, endothelial swelling and vacuolation (3), and vacuolation of vascular myocytes with signs of karyopyknosis (1). Within the vascular lumen (d), note plasma coagulation/fibrin clots adhering to the endothelial surface, indicative of endothelial damage. 1: pyknotic vascular myocytes, 2: lymphocytes, 3: swollen endothelial cells, 4: macrophages, 5: necrotic cardiomyocytes, 6: eosinophilic granulocytes, 7 (blue line): interstitial edema. H&E stain. Magnification: 200 (a) and (c), 40 (b), and detailed enlargement (d).
- Figure 5.Heart left ventricle. (a): Mild lympho-histiocytic myocarditis.Pronounced interstitial edema (7) and mild lympho-histiocytic infiltrates (2 + 4). Signs of cardiomyocytic degeneration (5) with cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia and single contraction bands. (d): Arteriole with signs of acute degeneration and associated inflammation, associated by lymphocytic infiltrates (2) within the vascular wall, endothelial swelling and vacuolation (3), and vacuolation of vascular myocytes with signs of karyopyknosis (1). Within the vascular lumen (d), note plasma coagulation/fibrin clots adhering to the endothelial surface, indicative of endothelial damage. 1: pyknotic vascular myocytes, 2: lymphocytes, 3: swollen endothelial cells, 4: macrophages, 5: necrotic cardiomyocytes, 6: eosinophilic granulocytes, 7 (blue line): interstitial edema. H&E stain. Magnification: 200 (a) and (c), 40 (b), and detailed enlargement (d).
- Figure 6.Frontal brain. Immunohistochemistry for CD68 (expressed by monocytic cells). Note map-like tissue destruction with the presence of CD68-positive microglial cells. Furthermore zonal activation of microglia (brown granules). Activation of the microglia means that tissue destruction has taken place in the brain, which is cleared/removed by macrophages (called microglia in the brain). Brown granules: macrophages/microglia. Magnification: 40.
- Figure 6.Frontal brain. Immunohistochemistry for CD68 (expressed by monocytic cells). Note map-like tissue destruction with the presence of CD68-positive microglial cells. Furthermore zonal activation of microglia (brown granules). Activation of the microglia means that tissue destruction has taken place in the brain, which is cleared/removed by macrophages (called microglia in the brain). Brown granules: macrophages/microglia. Magnification: 40.
- Figure 7.Brain. Nucleus ruber. Immunohistochemistry for CD68 (expressed by monocytic cells) shows abundant positive cells, indicative of zonal activation of microglia (brown granules). Magnification: 40.
- Figure 7.Brain. Nucleus ruber. Immunohistochemistry for CD68 (expressed by monocytic cells) shows abundant positive cells, indicative of zonal activation of microglia (brown granules). Magnification: 40.
- Figure 8.Frontal brain. Immunohistochemistry for CD3 (expressed by T-Lymphocytes) shows numerous CD3-positive lymphocytes (brown granules, red arrow highlights an example), particularly within the endothelium, but also in the brain tissue, indicative of lymphocytic vasculitis and encephalitis. Blue dotted lines: blood vessels. Magnification: 200.
- Figure 8.Frontal brain. Immunohistochemistry for CD3 (expressed by T-Lymphocytes) shows numerous CD3-positive lymphocytes (brown granules, red arrow highlights an example), particularly within the endothelium, but also in the brain tissue, indicative of lymphocytic vasculitis and encephalitis. Blue dotted lines: blood vessels. Magnification: 200.
- Figure 9.Frontal brain. Positive reaction for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Cross section through a capillary vessel (same vessel as shown in
- Figure 11, serial sections of 5 to 20 µm). Immunohistochemical reaction for SARS-CoV-2 spike subunit 1 detectable as brown granules in capillary endothelial cells (red arrow) and individual glial cells (blue arrow). Magnification: 200.
- Figure 9.Frontal brain. Positive reaction for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Cross section through a capillary vessel (same vessel as shown in
- Figure 11, serial sections of 5 to 20 µm). Immunohistochemical reaction for SARS-CoV-2 spike subunit 1 detectable as brown granules in capillary endothelial cells (red arrow) and individual glial cells (blue arrow). Magnification: 200.
- Figure 10.Brain, Nucleus ruber. The abundant presence of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in swollen endothelium of a capillary vessel shows acute signs of inflammation with sparse mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates (same vessel as shown in
- Figure 12, serial sections of 5 to 20 µm). Immunohistochemical demonstration for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein subunit 1 visible as brown granules in capillary endothelial cells (red arrow) and individual glial cells (blue arrow). Magnification: 200.
- Figure 10.Brain, Nucleus ruber. The abundant presence of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in swollen endothelium of a capillary vessel shows acute signs of inflammation with sparse mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates (same vessel as shown in
- Figure 12, serial sections of 5 to 20 µm). Immunohistochemical demonstration for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein subunit 1 visible as brown granules in capillary endothelial cells (red arrow) and individual glial cells (blue arrow). Magnification: 200.
- Figure 11.Frontal brain. Negative immunohistochemical reaction for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. Cross section through a capillary vessel (same vessel as shown in
- Figure 9, serial sections of 5 to 20 µm). Magnification: 200.
- Figure 11.Frontal brain. Negative immunohistochemical reaction for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. Cross section through a capillary vessel (same vessel as shown in
- Figure 9, serial sections of 5 to 20 µm). Magnification: 200.
- Figure 12.Brain, Nucleus ruber. Negative immunohistochemical reaction for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. Cross section through a capillary vessel (same vessel as shown in
- Figure 11, serial sections of 5 to 20 µm). Magnification: 200.
- Figure 12.Brain, Nucleus ruber. Negative immunohistochemical reaction for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. Cross section through a capillary vessel (same vessel as shown in
- Figure 11, serial sections of 5 to 20 µm). Magnification: 200.
- Figure 13.Heart left ventricle. Positive reaction for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Cross section through a capillary vessel (same vessel as shown in
- Figure 14, serial sections of 5 to 20 µm). Immunohistochemical demonstration of SARS-CoV-2 spike subunit 1 as brown granules. Note the abundant presence of spike protein in capillary endothelial cells (red arrow) associated with prominent endothelial swelling and the presence of a few mononuclear inflammatory cells. Magnification: 400.
- Figure 13.Heart left ventricle. Positive reaction for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Cross section through a capillary vessel (same vessel as shown in
- Figure 14, serial sections of 5 to 20 µm). Immunohistochemical demonstration of SARS-CoV-2 spike subunit 1 as brown granules. Note the abundant presence of spike protein in capillary endothelial cells (red arrow) associated with prominent endothelial swelling and the presence of a few mononuclear inflammatory cells. Magnification: 400.
- Figure 14.Heart left ventricle. Negative immunohistochemical reaction for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. Cross section through a capillary vessel (same vessel as shown in
- Figure 13, serial sections of 5 to 20 µm). Magnification: 400.
- Figure 14.Heart left ventricle. Negative immunohistochemical reaction for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. Cross section through a capillary vessel (same vessel as shown in
- Figure 13, serial sections of 5 to 20 µm). Magnification: 400.
- Table 1.Primary antibodies used for immunohistochemistry. Tissue sections were incubated 30 min with the antibody in question, diluted as stated in the table.
- Table 1.Primary antibodies used for immunohistochemistry. Tissue sections were incubated 30 min with the antibody in question, diluted as stated in the table.
- Target AntigenManufacturerCloneDilutionIncubation TimeCD3 (expressed by T-Lymphocytes)cytomedZM-451:20030 minCD68 (expressed by monocytic cells)DAKOPG-M11:10030 minSARS-CoV-2-Spike subunit 1ProSci90831:50030 minSARS-CoV-2-NucleocapsidProSci35''7201:50030 minTable 2.Anatomical Specifications.
- Table 2.Anatomical Specifications.
- ItemMeasureBody weight60 kgHight175 cmHeart weight410 gBrain weight1560 gLiver weight1500 gPublisher's Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
- (C) 2022 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Share and CiteMDPI and ACS Style
- M¶rz, M. A Case Report: Multifocal Necrotizing Encephalitis and Myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination against COVID-19. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1651.https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101651
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- Chicago/Turabian StyleM¶rz, Michael. 2022. "A Case Report: Multifocal Necrotizing Encephalitis and Myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination against COVID-19" Vaccines 10, no. 10: 1651.https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101651
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- AMA StyleM¶rz M. A Case Report: Multifocal Necrotizing Encephalitis and Myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination against COVID-19. Vaccines. 2022; 10(10):1651.https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101651
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- Canadian military demands US podcaster delete interview with ex-commando | Daily Mail Online
- The Canadian military has demanded an American podcaster delete his interview with the former special forces operator who was part of the team that made the longest sniper kill shot on record, claiming it revealed classified information.
- Shawn Ryan, a podcaster and retired Navy SEAL, last week published his interview with Dallas Alexander, a former commando with Canada's elite Joint Task Force 2, who came forward to reveal that was the spotter on a sniper team that made the world-record shot in 2017, which killed an ISIS fighter in Mosul.
- In a letter on February 10, a legal advisor to Canada's Special Operations Forces Command demanded Ryan delete the podcast, which contained a video clip of the record shot, alleging it contained classified information.
- Ryan said he had decided to temporarily remove the interview to review it for anything that might compromise personnel or ongoing operations -- but accused Canada of trying to censor Alexander for criticizing CAF vaccine mandates.
- 'I believe that this is their attempt to silence Dallas from explaining that he left the command for refusing the covid vaccine,' Ryan wrote in a Twitter post. 'However, it was ultimately my decision to pull the video.'
- Dallas Alexander, a former commando with Canada's elite JTF 2, was on the team that made the world's longest recorded sniper kill, a 2.2-mile shot that killed an ISIS militant in Mosul
- Shawn Ryan, a podcaster and retired Navy SEAL, last week published his interview with Alexander, but the Canadian government demanded that he delete it
- 'I believe that this is their attempt to silence Dallas from explaining that he left the command for refusing the covid vaccine,' Ryan wrote in a Twitter post
- Alexander, in a video statement on Instagram, also slammed the Canadian request as censorship, saying: 'In all aspects of censorship, the common theme is, "this is dangerous information to someone, therefore we need to censor it."'
- 'We've seen a lot of that over the past few years,' he added.
- Canadian Special Operations Forces Command did not immediately respond to a request for comment from DailyMail.com on Thursday afternoon.
- The podcast episode in question contained a brief, grainy clip depicting the world-record sniper shot, which a member of Alexander's JTF 2 sniper unit made in May 2017 using a McMillan TAC-50 rifle.
- The bullet traveled 2.2 miles, speeding through the air for nearly 10 seconds, before striking and killing an Islamic State terrorist as he left a building to enter a vehicle.
- It is the longest recorded sniper kill in history, and the Canadian government revealed at the time that it had disrupted an imminent attack on Iraqi security forces.
- The record-breaking sniper's identity remains unknown, but Alexander recently came forward to speak about his experience in the military and revealed he was on the sniper team that made the record shot.
- In a statement to DailyMail.com, Alexander said he was the spotter on the sniper team, and noted he had never personally taken credit for taking the shot.
- In the legal demand letter, posted online by Ryan, the Canadian military claimed the podcast episode contained information that 'is injurious to Canadian national security, national defense, and international relations.'
- In the now-deleted episode, Alexander (left) spoke out about his decision to leave military service over his objection to COVID-19 vaccine mandates
- In the legal demand letter, posted online by Ryan, the Canadian military claimed the podcast episode contained information that 'is injurious to Canadian national security'
- The letter further claimed videos and photos that Alexander shared were actually 'the sole intellectual property of His Majesty the King in Right of Canada', referring to the UK's King Charles.
- 'It is an unusual request,' Ryan's attorney, Timothy C. Parlatore, told DailyMail.com. 'It's not something I would normally expect from the US military, because in the US, the constitutional principals are very clear.'
- Parlatore said his client's right to publish the interview and battlefield footage were firmly protected under the free speech and freedom of press rights guaranteed in the US Constitution.
- 'There is a certain sense of irony when they say, "this is property of His Majesty the King", when we wrote the Constitution because we did not like being under a king, with all due respect to Charles,' he said.
- The attorney said Ryan was voluntarily working with Canadian officials to learn exactly what in the podcast they considered sensitive, in order to put the episode back online.
- 'I'm trying to do what's best for everybody,' Ryan explained in a video statement on his YouTube channel. 'If there is sensitive information in that episode I am not going to be the guy to jeopardize any of the operators within that unit, or anything that might compromise that unit as a whole.'
- 'We will continue to push back hard, giving the Canadian unit an allotted amount of time to review the "classified" information in the episode,' wrote Ryan in a tweet.
- 'If they cannot produce what information needs to be redacted promptly, the episode will go live again un-edited, as I have zero legal obligation to abide by Canadian law,' he added.
- Alexander called the Canadian request 'censorship' and suggested it was retaliation over his criticism of vaccine mandates
- Ryan's attorney, Timothy C. Parlatore, responded in a letter to the Canadian military
- In the now-deleted episode, Alexander spoke out about his decision to leave military service over his objection to COVID-19 vaccine mandates -- comments he believes drew the Canadian demand to remove the episode.
- In October, after Alexander had already left the military to pursue a music career, Canada ended its longstanding blanket vaccine requirement for military personnel.
- The change came after Canada's Defence Department said about 300 service members had been forced out for refusing to get vaccinated, while another 100 had left voluntarily over the issue.
- Ryan said in a tweet: 'I want to be perfectly clear, I am not an ANTI VAX individual. I believe in freedom of choice and in freedom of speech.'
- A new pandemic playbook: Draft treaty sets out far-reaching new rules for countries '' POLITICO
- The coronavirus pandemic isn't yet over but countries are already hashing out a new set of rules to respond to the next one.
- The draft pandemic treaty that's being negotiated by diplomats in Geneva would require countries to make significant promises to ensure equitable access to pandemic products '-- commitments that are likely to receive pushback from Big Pharma.
- A draft text, obtained by POLITICO, lays the groundwork for discussions that are expected to stretch until May 2024 when the final agreement will be adopted.
- Countries have admitted they were not prepared for COVID-19 '-- which has infected more than 600 million people and claimed an estimated 6.6 million lives '-- with the crisis characterized by unequal access to vaccines, hoarding of medical supplies, a lack of transparency on procurement deals, and a lack of geographic diversity in the manufacturing of these products.
- In its current form, the draft treaty would tie countries into significant commitments to improve access. A key aim? Preventing the ''gross inequities that hindered timely access to medical and other COVID-19 pandemic response products'' from happening again.
- First proposed by European Council President Charles Michel in 2020, the idea was eventually taken up by countries at the World Health Organization. While the final agreement may not take the form of a treaty, the body negotiating the text has already agreed that it should be legally binding.
- If agreed by the WHO's members, the consequences would be enormous not only for the countries themselves but for the pharmaceutical companies that develop, manufacture and distribute pandemic countermeasures. In its current form, the text ties countries into commitments that, if implemented, would shake up the conditions around the granting of money for research; would include commitments around the disclosure of prices and contractual terms for pandemic products; and put in place mechanisms to transfer technology and know-how.
- Focus on transparencyAmong the many provisions in the draft, the draft agreement states that countries should develop mechanisms that ''promote and provide relevant transfer of technology and know-how'' to potential manufacturers in all regions, with a focus on developing countries.
- It also calls for measures that would encourage the sharing of resources for research and development, as well as the development of a set of principles ''that ensure that public financing of research and development for pandemic response products results in more equitable access and affordability.'' Importantly this would include ''conditions on distributed manufacturing, licensing, technology transfer and pricing policies.''
- The draft treaty also focuses on the need to establish stockpiles for pandemic products, suggesting the use of pooled mechanisms that are based on public need, with efficient multilateral and regional purchasing mechanisms being used.
- Indemnity and confidentiality clauses that plagued decisions around COVID-19 vaccines are also targeted, with a call to implement measures to limit these clauses. The text seeks to ensure that ''promoters of research for pandemic response products assume part of the risk (liability) when the products or supplies are in the research phase, and that making access to such pandemic response products.''
- The draft treaty also calls for the disclosure of information on public funding for research and development that would include ''recommendations to make it compulsory for companies that produce pandemic response products to disclose prices and contractual terms for public procurement in times of pandemics.'' In many countries, information on the contractual provisions have remained closely guarded secrets, with transparency campaigners battling to access this information.
- There is one provision in the text that will be a double-edged sword for the pharma industry '-- a call for "rapid, regular and timely" sharing of data on pathogens and genetic sequences. That request comes with the proviso that there is fair and equitable access to the benefits of providing this data. This would be supported by a "comprehensive system for access and benefit sharing."
- Industry has called for the prompt sharing of information on potentially dangerous pathogens and has warned against these being used as "bargaining chips" by countries, expressing fear that drawn-out negotiations around the conditions for sharing the data would hamper its ability to respond.
- Intellectual property During the pandemic, Big Pharma has also extensively lobbied against any efforts that would seek to water down its intellectual property rights, even using threats of disinvestment to get its message across. While much has already been hashed out in the draft, issues around intellectual property rights have yet to be resolved.
- Multiple proposals are listed in the document that ranges from the more neutral where countries would recognize that the ''that protection of intellectual property rights is important for the development of new medical products, but also recognizing concerns about its effects on prices.''
- On the more controversial end, one proposal calls on countries to recognize ''the concerns that intellectual property on life-saving medical technologies continue to pose threat and barriers to the full realization of the right to health and to scientific progress for all, particularly the effect on prices.''
- When it comes to enforcing the treaty, the path forward is unclear. The text states that the governing body will decide at its first meeting the procedures to promote compliance with the text and ''if deemed appropriate, to address cases of non-compliance.'' The measures would include monitoring, accountability measures and the submission of reports or reviews.
- General 1 '-- The EEB Language Project
- This is a repository where harmful terms that have been identified by community members will be listed, along with context explaining why the terms are harmful, and suggestions for words or phrases to use as replacements Check back often for updates to the repository
- Tell us about harmful terminology in EEB by filling out the google formThe purpose of this form is to crowdsource terminology in ecology and evolutionary biology that may be harmful or offensive. We also hope to identify potential replacement terms and provide space for additional comments, explanations, or context regarding the terms provided. The form will contribute to a repository for harmful terminology that will be regularly updated.
- These terms were identified as harmful by respondents to a survey of the EEB community. Here, we report the most commonly-identified terms, and some potential replacements offered by the respondents. This repository is meant to serve as a starting point for dialogue within the scientific community.
- East Palestine train derailment: Officials share information about dead fish and contamination in waterways amid reports of sick pets - CBS News
- Thousands of animals have died in East Palestine, Ohio, in the aftermath of the train derailment that sent numerous hazardous substances into the surrounding area. Officials said on Tuesday that in the immediate days following the Feb. 3 incident, there were 3,500 dead fish as local waterways, including the Ohio River, became contaminated.
- During the incident, 38 train cars derailed, including several cars that were carrying hazardous materials that each pose a set of their own health risks. On the day of the derailment, there was evidence that one of the train cars was releasing vinyl chloride, a known carcinogen that has been linked to a rare and "exceptionally deadly" form of liver cancer.
- Three days later, on Feb. 6, crews conducted a controlled release of toxic chemicals from train cars that were in danger of exploding. It didn't take long for a massive dark plume to develop above the site '' and for people near the area to see and smell the toll of the incident on their environment.
- In a now-viral TikTok, one person shows numerous dead fish within an eerily foggy creek that he says is 2 miles from the train derailment.
- Thousands of dead animalsMary Mertz, the director of Ohio's Department of Natural Resources, said on Tuesday that an estimated 3,500 dead fish have been found in local streams, tributaries and waterways, accounting for at least 12 different species.
- If I've learned anything from years of studying and working in ecology and environmental science, it's that we are...
- Posted by Logan Rance on Wednesday, February 8, 2023"The good news is that none of those species are threatened or endangered, but that is still a loss of wildlife," she said. Among the dead fish species are creek chub, mottled sclupin and stonerollers, she said. The department is also monitoring the derailment's impact on hellbender salamanders, the state's largest species of amphibian, that is also endangered. According to the department, the animals are "susceptible to poor water quality and excessive siltation of streams."
- The majority of the fish and aquatic creatures counted in the estimate seem to have died within the first couple days of the derailment, she added.
- "Wildlife officers have been there every day on the scene, working with contractors who are in the water doing the net sampling, making the estimates," she said, "and we will continue to monitor and watch what's going on and eventually hold those responsible, accountable for the loss of wildlife in the area."
- However, Mertz said, "we don't have any evidence of non-aquatic species suffering from the derailment."
- "Not only here, but we also communicate with the Pennsylvania game commission as well, and they haven't heard about that either," she said.
- Anecdotes of sick petsPet owners and caretakers, however, say their animals are suffering, and some, dying.
- Taylor Holzer was caring for more than a dozen animals when the accident happened, and said several of his foxes now have "swollen faces and runny eyes." One of his foxes, who was on a property within the evacuation zone, suddenly died after he wasn't able to evacuate it. He had learned of the evacuation orders too late, he said.
- "He went downhill very fast," he told Newsweek, saying that the fox had developed diarrhea and breathing issues. "He crashed so fast and unexpectedly. He wasn't able to blink or function properly as he died in my arms."
- "The animals are going through a lot right now," Holzer says in his TikTok. "They are scared and don't understand what is happening. ... I'm doing everything I can to keep them safe and calm and to get them through this without more stress."
- Andrea Belden says her 2-year-old cat Leo had to be put down after vinyl chloride from the Ohio train derailment triggered him into congestive heart failure. Andrea Belden/GoFundMe Another woman, Andrea Belden, was staying with her boyfriend, their two cats, and his grandparents in East Palestine when the derailment occurred. Despite getting the animals out when evacuations were announced, one of their cats, a 2-year-old named Leo who was "perfectly fine" at a vet appointment just weeks before, was significantly sickened.
- "His heart was racing, he wasn't moving, and his breathing was very hard and labored," Belden says in a GoFundMe for help paying emergency vet bills. "I thought he was just having a panic attack."
- But it was much more serious than that. An emergency vet told her he had congestive heart failure, she says, and he was admitted to the hospital.
- "The next day they called and told me that his heart was enlarged, he had fluid around his heart and in his lungs, his blood pressure was severely low, and his liver enzymes were at 6.9%. A cats normal liver enzyme levels are 1%."
- The vet told her that her cat likely had an underlying genetic heart disease "that was triggered by the vinyl chloride poisoning," she said.
- And When Belden '-- faced with vet bills rapidly mounting to $11,000 '-- went to the railway company to ask for financial assistance with a letter saying the heart failure was likely caused by the chemicals on the train, she says she was told "that this was not something they would pay for now because it isn't an emergency."
- "They would possibly entertain paying this in the future and that I should file a damaged property claim but it would take weeks. At this point we couldn't afford to keep going with Leo's treatment and he wasn't improving," she said. "Our options were come up with $11,000, take him home to suffer and eventually die, or put him to sleep. We didn't want him to suffer anymore so we made the impossible decision to put him to sleep."
- She told CBS affiliate WKBN-TV that the railway company has since contacted her about the situation. CBS News reached out to Norfolk Southern for comment on Belden's claims.
- When asked by reporters on Tuesday about anecdotes of animals that had become ill from the chemicals in the derailment, Bruce Vanderhoff, the director of the state's Department of Health, said, "anecdotes are challenging because they are anecdotes."
- While he didn't dive further into the effects on animals, he did say that the compounds that spilled out of the train can cause "very common" health symptoms in people, even at lower levels.
- A Department of Agriculture spokesperson also said they have yet to see anything among livestock that causes concern.
- Contaminated waterwaysThe derailed train immediately had an impact on local bodies of water. According to a remediation plan from the railway company, "resulting releases affected stormwater infrastructure and surface water, including Sulphur Run and Leslie Run." Video posted on the City of East Palestine Facebook page shows Leslie Run filled with a shimmery substance on Feb. 13.
- Leslie Run Creek 2/13/2023Thank you Jenja UhlmanFYI, this page is not affiliated with local government I weep for our future#JDVance #BillJohnson #EPA #MikeDeWine #norfolksouthern
- Posted by City of East Palestine, Ohio on Monday, February 13, 2023On Tuesday, Mertz said that Sulphur Run was the waterway initially affected, and that contamination followed through to Leslie Run, Bull Creek and a portion of North Fork Little Beaver Creek in a space of about 7.5 miles.
- As of yesterday, the Ohio EPA said that Sulphur Run remains contaminated, although officials are "confident that it is contained."
- Data from the day after the derailment shows "very low detection levels of contaminants, and mostly from fire residual chemicals," Ohio EPA Division Chief Tiffany Kavalec said Tuesday. But data from just five days ago shows that there are "low levels" of butyl acrylate , a combustible liquid that can cause respiratory and skin issues, and Ethylhexyl acrylate, which along with the aforementioned symptoms, is "possibly carcinogenic to humans" and can cause fluid to build up in the lungs.
- "In Leslie Run, the one that's directly below Sulphur Run, the butyl acrylate dissipates to non-detectable levels once it gets to the North Fork of the Little Beaver Creek," she said. "And then the other one, Ethylhexyl acrylate, dissipates to non-detectable levels once we get to Little Beaver Creek."
- She said that so far, the Ohio EPA has not detected vinyl chloride in any of the downgradient waterways.
- However, the toxic chemicals have emptied into the Ohio River, one of the country's major rivers that spans nearly 1,000 miles and provides drinking water for more than 5 million people, according to the Ohio River Foundation, and more than 25 million people '' about 10% of the nation's population '' live in the Ohio River basin.
- But Kavalec says that the river is "very large" and that it's "able to dilute the pollutants pretty quickly."
- "Ohio EPA and other state agencies have been working with the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission to track the contaminant plume in real-time," she said. "It's moving at about a mile an hour."
- They currently believe that most of the chemicals in the water will pass, and that with some water treatment, it should be safe to consume. Preliminary results of the public drinking water show "no indication of risk to East Palestine Public Water customers," the Ohio EPA says on its website.
- "We're pretty confident that these low levels are not getting passed onto the customers," she said.
- In: Environmental Protection Agency Train Derailment Ohio Li Cohen Li Cohen is a social media producer and trending content writer for CBS News.
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- East Palestine, Ohio rocked by dead animals, odor after train crash | Fortune
- The Ohio village upended by a freight train derailment and the intentional burning of some of the hazardous chemicals on board has invited affected residents to a town hall meeting Wednesday evening to discuss lingering questions.
- And there are still plenty '-- about the huge plumes of smoke, the persisting odors, the reports of sick or dead animals, the potential impact on drinking water, all the cleaning up. Even as school has resumed and trains are rolling by again, things aren't the same.
- In and around East Palestine, near the Pennsylvania state line, people are asking whether the air and water around them is safe for people, pets and livestock. They want assistance navigating the financial help the railroad offered hundreds of families who evacuated, and they want to know whether it will be held responsible for what happened.
- Rail operator Norfolk Southern announced Tuesday that it is also creating a $1 million charitable fund to help the community of some 4,700 people while continuing remediation work, including removing spilled contaminants from the ground and streams and monitoring air quality.
- ''We will be judged by our actions,'' Norfolk Southern President and CEO Alan Shaw said in a statement. ''We are cleaning up the site in an environmentally responsible way, reimbursing residents affected by the derailment, and working with members of the community to identify what is needed to help East Palestine recover and thrive.''
- No one was injured when about 50 cars derailed in a fiery, mangled mess on the outskirts of East Palestine on Feb. 3. As fears grew about a potential explosion, officials seeking to avoid an uncontrolled blast had the area evacuated and opted to release and burn toxic vinyl chloride from five rail cars, sending flames and black smoke billowing into the sky again.
- A mechanical issue with a rail car axle is suspected to be the cause of the derailment, and the National Transportation Safety Board said it has video appearing to show a wheel bearing overheating just beforehand. The NTSB said it expects its preliminary report in about two weeks.
- Misinformation and exaggerations spread online, and state and federal officials have repeatedly offered assurances that air monitoring hasn't detected any remaining concerns. Even low levels of contaminants that aren't considered hazardous can create lingering odors or symptoms such as headaches, Ohio's health director said Tuesday.
- Precautions also are being taken to ensure contaminants that reached the Ohio River don't make it into drinking water.
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- Railroaded - Doomberg
- Given the public safety concerns over the event covered here, we are publishing this piece in full, without a paywall. Please feel free to share.
- '' Above all else, show the data. '' '' Edward R. Tufte
- On November 30, 2012, a freight train operated by Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail) derailed while traveling over a movable bridge in Paulsboro, New Jersey, a small town located across the Delaware River and a few miles south of Philadelphia. As the crow flies, the accident occurred just 2.5 miles from Philadelphia International Airport (PHL), substantially elevating the stakes involved.
- Accident site in relation to PHL | Created with Google Earth Of the 82 freight cars being hauled, 55 were carrying hazardous materials, 15 of which contained vinyl chloride. Three of the cars loaded with vinyl chloride ended up in Mantua Creek beneath the bridge, and one of those experienced a full rupture, releasing 20,000 gallons of the toxic gas directly into the air. According to a detailed accident investigation report issued by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), 28 residents sought medical assistance for potential exposure to the chemical and as many as 680 people were evacuated. The NTSB also criticized the lax oversight that allowed more than a dozen first responders to be directly exposed to the chemical as they worked the scene (emphasis added throughout):
- '' Contributing to the consequences of the accident was the failure of the incident commander to implement established hazardous materials response protocols for worker protection and community exposure to the vinyl chloride release. ''
- Conrail derailment | Philadelphia Inquirer Chemical spills on this scale occur far too frequently and can be devastating to the residents directly involved. They also present a serious challenge for government officials, reporters, and the general public as they grapple to understand and communicate the true risks such incidents present. In the Paulsboro incident, we note that hundreds of local residents (and at least 15 first responders) sued Conrail over the derailment, undoubtedly with significant justification. On the other hand, Philadelphia International Airport was not evacuated as a result of the accident, and tens of thousands of passengers went about their travels, likely unaware of the unfolding situation just a few miles away .
- The enigmatic nature of such events flows from the fact that each of the following statements can be true: it is unacceptable that we ship so much in the way of toxic chemicals by rail in this country; when accidents like this happen, the consequences can be deadly serious at the local level; and, the risks to the public drop precipitously once you leave the immediate area. In the Conrail event, the main pollutant (vinyl chloride) was a volatile gas that quickly drifted away, dropping below levels of concern in a relatively short period.
- It can be difficult to mentally model volumetric dilution, so consider this admittedly simple visual: a cube of gas with 1-mile-long sides dispersed into a 10-mile cube of air is not a 10x dilution, it is a 1,000x dilution . Such is the nature of measurements that scale to the power of three : an increase in length by a factor of ten yields a thousandfold dilution. A factor of 100 yields a millionfold. As the vinyl chloride dissipated into ever-increasing volumes of air, the local concentration quickly fell to levels indistinguishable from zero.
- It is through this lens that we turn our attention to a similar '' albeit in some ways more serious '' train derailment that occurred on Friday, February 3 near the small town of East Palestine, Ohio. Here, a 52-car freight train operated by Norfolk Southern derailed, with 20 cars listed as having hazardous materials on board. Of those, five were carrying vinyl chloride, the same molecule of concern in the Paulsboro derailment. For a variety of reasons, the accident has touched off a bit of a national panic, with many news publications referring to the incident as ''Ohio's Chernobyl.'' What actually occurred here, what are the true regional and national consequences, and is the ongoing media frenzy justified? Let's dig in.
- Plume over East Palestine | Gene J. Puskar/AP We begin by stating the obvious: if we were living within miles of the accident site, we would be furious, scared, hesitant to return home, and seeking legal counsel to sue the living daylights out of Norfolk Southern. To be forced out of your home and condemned to forever wondering whether the air you breathe or the water you drink might be making you sick are severe violations. Victim compensation and corporate accountability should be swiftly delivered. If you live nearby and you are reading this piece, every bit of angst you feel is utterly appropriate.
- For the rest of the country, let's take a step back and dig into what has transpired. For this exercise, we will rely heavily on the extraordinarily detailed resource page put up by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) shortly after the event began. The site represents the agency's best efforts to be as transparent and timely as possible in releasing information to the public.
- Before proceeding, we need to address the fact that there are many on social media who are convinced the government is somehow covering up the severity of this event '' hence the hyperbolic and totally irresponsible references to Chernobyl. In our experience, the EPA would not look to minimize the severity of an industrial accident of this type. Quite the opposite. For the rest of this piece, we will take their reports, measurements, and commentary at face value. To do otherwise is to assume the EPA would fabricate complex technical data on the fly to deceive the public and protect the very corporate interests they otherwise infuriate with their harsh oversight on a daily basis.
- The most important document on the EPA's website is the full accounting of each of the 52 derailed cars. The two-page PDF file details what was in each car and what happened to them during the accident. Twenty-seven cars suffered no major damage or significant leaks, and one is listed as having an unknown status. Let's systematically walk through the other 24:
- Two hoppers of solid polyethylene were consumed in the initial fire shortly after the derailment. Polyethylene is the major component of trash bags and plastic buckets. Nobody would recommend getting too close to such a fire, but the environmental damage here is minimal.
- Four hoppers of solid polyvinyl were consumed in the initial fire. Polyvinyl is the major component in PVC plumbing pipes available for purchase at your local hardware store. While its combustion fumes are certainly more toxic than those observed with polyethylene, essentially every major home fire in the US results in significant burning of PVC pipes. Unfortunate for sure, but not a catastrophe.
- One hopper of semolina, a coarsely milled durum wheat, was consumed by the initial fire. This is the functional equivalent of burning wood.
- One box car of medical-grade cotton balls was consumed by the initial fire.
- One box car of sheet steel is listed as being consumed by the initial fire, although it is unclear to us how sheet steel burns. We suspect this material was damaged by the surrounding fire to the point where it could not be commercially salvaged.
- One box car of frozen vegetables was consumed by the initial fire.
- One hopper of something called ''powder flakes'' was partially burned, and the fire is noted as having been extinguished.
- One tank car of propylene glycol was breached, and most of the load was spilled into the local environment. Propylene glycol is the dominant ingredient in aircraft deicing fluids, a substance routinely and openly sprayed onto aircraft packed with passengers at major airports across the country. It is also a common ingredient in many processed foods.
- Aircraft deicing in action | Getty One tank car spilled an unknown amount of ethylhexyl acrylate. This highly reactive monomer is used in the production of many household adhesives. The material is considered moderately hazardous and is readily biodegradable.
- Two tank cars of petroleum lube oil were spilled. As the name suggests, this product is derived from the refining of oil. As far as oil spills go in the US, two tank cars worth is relatively inconsequential.
- One tank car of diethylene glycol was fully breached and a second lost at least part of its load to the local environment. Although the compound has historically been used in criminal poisoning, according to this study: '' Diethylene glycol is readily biodegradable and unlikely to bioaccumulate. Diethylene glycol has low potential to adsorb to soil and sediment. Diethylene glycol is of low toxicity concern to aquatic organisms .''
- One tank car of butyl acrylate was either lost to the local environment or consumed in the initial fire. This compound has low acute toxicity.
- One tank car of polypropylene glycol was breached and spilled into the local environment. This material is considered to be relatively benign .
- If you are keeping track, we have accounted for all rail cars involved in this derailment except for the five that contained vinyl chloride. Given their prominent role in the media narrative observed in the past few days, these five deserve special treatment. Although none of the five rail cars containing the now infamous substance were damaged by the initial derailment and fire, in the days after the accident, local officials became increasingly concerned that the material could explode in an uncontrolled fashion. Given the circumstances, the decision was made to isolate the cars and implement a controlled burn. Here's a quote from Ohio Governor Mike DeWine's office announcing the decision ahead of time:
- '' Following new modeling information conducted this morning by the Ohio National Guard and U.S. Department of Defense, Ohio Governor Mike DeWine and Pennsylvania Governor Josh Shapiro are ordering an immediate evacuation in a one-mile by two-mile area surrounding East Palestine which includes parts of both Ohio and Pennsylvania.
- The vinyl chloride contents of five rail cars are currently unstable and could potentially explode, causing deadly disbursement of shrapnel and toxic fumes. To alleviate the risk of uncontrollable shrapnel from an explosion, Norfolk Southern Railroad is planning a controlled release of the vinyl chloride at approximately 3:30 p.m. today . ''
- Among the aspects most irresponsibly reported on the incident relates to phosgene, a minor byproduct of vinyl chloride combustion. In high concentrations, phosgene is a dangerous poison, but this study of the combustion profile of vinyl chloride found it to be present in very low quantities:
- '' By means of a variety of analytical techniques, the combustion profile of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) has been determined . This profile includes flame temperatures, soot content, and a combustion gas analysis. Depending on the amount of VCM-air premixing prior to combustion, the temperature of a VCM flame ranges from 950° to 1466°C. Similarly, the soot or unburned carbon content of a VCM flame varies from 3 to 6 weight percent. An analysis of the combustion gases from VCM reveal the following composition: HC1 27,000'ppm; CO2 58,100'ppm; CO 9500'ppm; phosgene 40'ppm ; and VCM trace. From a hazard standpoint, the gross quantity of hydrogen chloride is the main source of danger in a VCM fire . ''
- For clarity, 40 ppm (parts per million) is equivalent to 0.004% of the composition.
- Even though this, and all information quoted in this piece, is readily available to any reporter with access to Google, countless references to the dangers presented by phosgene are giving the public anxiety over the decision to execute the controlled burn. To pick one example from many dozens, a Newsweek story , titled Did Control Burn of Toxic Chemicals Make Ohio Train Derailment Worse?, includes the following sentence: '' Phosgene is a deadly gas that was used in chemical warfare during World War I. '' The report goes on to quote '' and we kid you not '' a TikTok video from an ''entrepreneur'' for more insight.
- Where do things stand now? For the answer, we return to the EPA's incident response website and quote from a statement that was widely available the same day Newsweek published its report:
- '' On the evening of Feb. 13, U.S. EPA discontinued air monitoring for phosgene and hydrogen chloride community air monitoring . After the fire was extinguished on Feb. 8, the threat of vinyl chloride fire producing phosgene and hydrogen chloride no longer exists . U.S. EPA will continue 24-hour community air monitoring for other chemicals of concern.
- As of end of the day February 13th, U.S. EPA has screened indoor air at 396 homes, with 100 homes remaining, and 65 homes on the schedule for today. ''
- There are many well-documented reasons to question communications issued from government agencies these days '' and the widespread alarm over the incident lays bare the chronic stress such distrust lets simmer under the surface for much of the population. If we have earned any credibility with our readership over these last two years of publication, please take this to heart: residents of Mississippi need not stock up on bottled water, at least not because of this.
- That is not to say there isn't a cause for nationwide upset here. As we will detail in a future piece, this incident demands a much-needed light be shined on the scandalous state of the US rail industry . That we even allow vinyl chloride to be shipped in this fashion is unnecessary and unacceptable . As few are aware, there are other, even more, dangerous materials on trains passing by residential neighborhoods every single day. It would take but a few simple rule changes to chemical industry regulation to alleviate much of this risk.
- Bankman-Fried $250M Bond Is a 'Joke,' Claims Securities Lawyer
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- Fran is CoinDesk TV's writer and reporter. He owns no crypto holdings.
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- Sam Bankman-Fried's bail terms are ''ludicrous,'' said James Murphy, securities lawyer and founder of Ludlow Street Advisors, a platform geared towards the metaverse, crypto and Web3.
- Murphy, former chairman and co-founder of law firm Murphy & McGonigle PC, said there was no real money used for Bankman-Fried's bond, only the promise of it should he flee the country.
- ''The original bond is a joke,'' Murphy said on CoinDesk TV's ''First Mover'' on Thursday.
- In December, Bankman-Fried was arrested on a number of charges ''in a global scheme to deceive and defraud customers and lenders of FTX and Alameda, the defendant's crypto hedge fund, as well as a conspiracy to defraud the United States government,'' according to the Justice Department. After he was extradited to the U.S. from the Bahamas, where he was arrested, Bankman-Fried was released on a $250 million bond, co-signed by his parents, who put up their home in Palo Alto as collateral.
- According to Murphy, the agreement made by his parents to pay $250 million should Bankman-Fried decide to flee the U.S. is not what it seems because the parents ''don't have the assets nearly in that amount, as far as we know.''
- On Wednesday, Judge Lewis Caplan of the Southern District of New York (SDNY) disclosed the names of the two additional bond co-signers, Stanford University's Andreas Paepcke, a senior research scientist; and Larry Kramer, once a dean of the university's law school. They had agreed to pay $200,000 and $500,000, respectively. However, said Murphy, only if Bankman-Fried decided to skip town would ''they have to write a check.''
- The terms of their bonds had the same stipulations, according to Murphy, who previously called into question whether the terms of Bankman-Fried's bond were in fact substantial.
- ''Normally you've got to put up property assets to back the bond or go to a bail bondsman and give them 10% to 15% of the face amount of the bond,'' he said. In Bankman-Fried's case, ''none of that happened,'' Murphy said, adding that ''Sam put down nothing'' and ''his parents put down no cash.''
- However, Anthony Michael Sabino, co-founder of law firm Sabino & Sabino P.C., told CoinDesk in an interview there is no bail bond entity in the U.S. that is ''is going to put up any bond, let alone [for] someone of this colossal nature, unless they have in hand either cash or a mortgage on a piece of real estate or somebody's jewelry.''
- Sabino, also a professor of law at St. John's University, added that if it were the case that no money was placed upfront, bond issuers would be taking on further risks. He added that when bonds are posted, ''people usually don't discuss it. It's a private matter.''
- As to whether the Bankman-Fried's bond was issued in a fair manner, Sabino said that ''a bond in the amount of $250 million is a very serious matter,'' and ''I wouldn't call it a joke.''
- He said the reason the bond is as high as it is because there is ''the very real danger of Mr. Bankman-Fried fleeing the jurisdiction,'' adding that in light of Bankman-Fried's recent actions he's proven to be troublesome. The potential for him to jet off somewhere outside of the U.S. can't be completely ruled out.
- ''[Sam Bankman-Fried] is precisely the kind of guy because of his political connections, his resources [and] the fact that he again spent a lot of time already in another jurisdiction. He is very definitely a flight risk.''
- Murphy told CoinDesk TV, ''Prosecutors wanted to look tough and wanted to be able to say, 'This is the largest bond anybody's ever seen. This is quite onerous,''' in reference to why prosecutors acted fast and negotiated with Bankman-Friend's lawyers in an effort to prevent the 30-year-old from fleeing the Bahamas.
- Bankman-Fried's bond rules, however, may soon be changing following a request from federal prosecutors that would stop Bankman-Fried from using his cell phone and accessing the internet except under certain circumstances. That, Murphy said, came as a shock, adding, ''that was not an original condition of his bail.''
- ''I cannot explain it, based on my 30 years of doing this. I've never seen anything this lenient in a situation where someone has millions of victims,'' Murphy said. ''I don't know why they [federal prosecutors] continue to be lenient, as he's kind of pushing the envelope in terms of what he can do.''
- Attorney Sabino, however, said that ''because it's not a crime of violence, we tend to be more lenient in our justice system.''
- ''The mini travails of Sam Bankman-Fried have been unique,'' Sabino said, adding that ''SBF is darn lucky,'' to have gotten bail.
- Sign up for State of Crypto, our weekly newsletter examining the intersection of cryptocurrency and government
- Please note that our privacy policy, terms of use, cookies, and do not sell my personal information has been updated.The leader in news and information on cryptocurrency, digital assets and the future of money, CoinDesk is a media outlet that strives for the highest journalistic standards and abides by a strict set of editorial policies. CoinDesk is an independent operating subsidiary of Digital Currency Group, which invests in cryptocurrencies and blockchain startups. As part of their compensation, certain CoinDesk employees, including editorial employees, may receive exposure to DCG equity in the form of stock appreciation rights, which vest over a multi-year period. CoinDesk journalists are not allowed to purchase stock outright in DCG.
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- Fran is CoinDesk TV's writer and reporter. He owns no crypto holdings.
- ALL VIDEO
- VIDEO - Cincinnati closes Ohio River intake to prevent contamination after train derailment
- Cincinnati closes Ohio River intake to prevent contamination after train derailment
- IN JUST A FEW HOURS, OHIO RIVER INTAKE WILL SHUTDOWN, OUT OF PRECAUTION. THIS IS DUE TO THE TRAIN DERAILMENT WE'VE BEEN TALKING ABOUT AND CHEMICALS THAT WERE TRAVELING IN THE OHIO RIVER. EXPERTS TELL US THEY'RE CONFIDENT THE WATER IS SAFE, AND ARE CLOSELY MONITORING THE SITUATION. WLWT'S RACHEL HIRSHEIMER IS JOINING US LIVE. SHE'S HERE TO EXPLAIN HOW CREWS ARE WORKING TO MAKE SURE THE WATER COMING OUT OF YOUR FAUCETS IS SAFE. HELLO RACHEL. >> THE EXPERTS WE ARE SPEAKING WITH AT GREATER CINCINNATI WATER WORKS TELL US SHUTTING OFF THE INTAKE FROM THE OHIO RIVER, IS COMPLETELY OUT OF AN ABUNDANCE OF CAUTION, FOLLOWING THE TRAIN DERAILMENT IN EAST PALESTINE. EARLY TOMORROW MORNING, AROUND 5:00 OR SO GREATER CINCINNATI , WATER WORKS WILL SHUT OFF THE OHIO RIVER INTAKE AHEAD OF THE ANTICIPATED ARRIVAL OF THE LAST DETECTABLE CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION IN THE RIVER. THAT CHEMICAL SCIENTISTS ARE LOOKING FOR IS CALLED BUTYL ACRYLATE. RIGHT NOW, THE SAMPLES BEING TESTED SHOW THE WATER IS COMPLETELY SAFE TO DRINK. EARLY TOMORROW MORNING, IS WHEN SMALL TRACES OF THIS CHEMICAL, BUTYL ACRYLATE, COULD PASS THROUGH THIS PART OF THE OHIO RIVER. THE NORTHERN KENTUCKY WATER DISTRICT SAID TODAY IT'S IN CLOSE CONTACT WITH ORSANCO AND ITS PARTNERS TO TRACK THIS CHEMICAL THAT WAS DETECTED AT LOW LEVELS IN THE OHIO RIVER FAR UPSTREAM OF GREATER CINCINNATI'S WATER SUPPLY INTAKES. THAT'S WHY INTAKE FROM THE OHIO RIVER WILL BE SHUTDOWN OUT OF AN ABUNDANCE OF CAUTION. >> THE WATER IS SAFE, THE WATER IS SAFE WHERE WE DO AN EXCELLENT JOB OF TREATING THE WATER. THERE'S NO REASON TO GO OUT AND BUY MUCH OF BOTTLED WATER. THERE'S NO REASON TAKE THOSE KINDS OF PRECAUTIONS. WE'RE DOING EVERYTHING THAT WE CAN AND WE'RE SURE THE WATER IS SAFE. >> AGAIN, WE HAVE BEEN TOLD THE WATER IS COMPLETELY SAFE TO DRINK. WHILE THE WATER INTAKE IS SHUT OFF FROM THE OHIO RIVER, GREATER CINCINNATI WATER WORKS WILL TEMPORARILY SWITCH TO WATER RESERVES, THERE WILL NOT -- THAT WILL NOT IMPACT CUSTOMERS. JATARA: AFTER THEY SHUT DOWN INTO A FROM THE OHIO RIVER, IS THERE ANY KIND OF TIMELINE IN TERMS WHEN WE CAN EXPECT IT TO REOPEN? -- IN TERMS OF WHEN WE CAN EXPECT IT TO REOPEN? >> THEY DO NOT HAVE AN EXACT TIMELINE, THEY ARE GOING TO CLOSELY MONITOR THE WATER AND IF THEY DO NOT DETECT TH
- Cincinnati closes Ohio River intake to prevent contamination after train derailment
- Greater Cincinnati Water Works officials are continuing to monitor the chemical contaminants traveling down the Ohio River following the train derailment in East Palestine.Officials said GCWW shut the water intake from the Ohio River at 2 a.m. Sunday.Officials said they will continue to monitor river flow and make a decision in the future about when to reopen the intake.The decision comes more than two weeks after a massive train derailment hours away in East Palestine, Ohio.Some of the train cars that derailed were carrying industrial chemicals that spilled into the Ohio River through a nearby creek.GCWW said it has been testing the water since the derailment. GCWW tested 159 water samples and none show detectable levels of the chemicals. The testing involved four chemicals -- butyl acrylate, vinyl chloride, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and ethylhexyl acrylate.The chemicals are used in industrial processes including the production of lacquers, enamels, inks, adhesives, paint thinners and industrial cleaners.GCWW said it will continue regular sampling for the foreseeable future to ensure a supply of safe and healthy drinking water is available for GCWW customers.GCWW said it also plans to use additional optimized treatment once the intakes are reopened, even if no chemicals are detected.Northern Kentucky Water District made the same decision and closed its Ohio River intake out of precaution Sunday.
- CINCINNATI '--Greater Cincinnati Water Works officials are continuing to monitor the chemical contaminants traveling down the Ohio River following the train derailment in East Palestine.
- Officials said GCWW shut the water intake from the Ohio River at 2 a.m. Sunday.
- Officials said they will continue to monitor river flow and make a decision in the future about when to reopen the intake.
- The decision comes more than two weeks after a massive train derailment hours away in East Palestine, Ohio.
- Some of the train cars that derailed were carrying industrial chemicals that spilled into the Ohio River through a nearby creek.
- GCWW said it has been testing the water since the derailment. GCWW tested 159 water samples and none show detectable levels of the chemicals.
- The testing involved four chemicals -- butyl acrylate, vinyl chloride, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and ethylhexyl acrylate.
- The chemicals are used in industrial processes including the production of lacquers, enamels, inks, adhesives, paint thinners and industrial cleaners.
- GCWW said it will continue regular sampling for the foreseeable future to ensure a supply of safe and healthy drinking water is available for GCWW customers.
- GCWW said it also plans to use additional optimized treatment once the intakes are reopened, even if no chemicals are detected.
- Northern Kentucky Water District made the same decision and closed its Ohio River intake out of precaution Sunday.
- VIDEO - (20) aussie17 on Twitter: "BOOM! Dr. Drew makes a U-Turn! ''I want to start with a very sincere apology'...'' Probably the highest profile TV doctor making a U-Turn to date!! He joins a list of experts who U-Turned in recent months.. I listed the
- aussie17 : BOOM!Dr. Drew makes a U-Turn!''I want to start with a very sincere apology'...''Probably the highest profile TV doc'... https://t.co/S6BSwPT55N
- Mon Feb 13 10:41:10 +0000 2023
- ãããA4Cð¤ð¤ : @_aussie17 I respect him.It must have taken a lot of courage to admit a mistake and apologize.
- Sun Feb 19 12:58:17 +0000 2023
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- VIDEO - (20) Chief Nerd on Twitter: "Viral Clip of George Soros Seemingly Endorsing @GovRonDeSantis Leaves Out His True Agenda...To Destroy the Republican Party Here is the end of that clip which was left out: "This could induce Trump, whose narcism has t
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- VIDEO - Natural immunity as protective as Covid vaccine against severe illness
- Immunity acquired from a Covid infection provides strong, lasting protection against the most severe outcomes of the illness, according to research published Thursday in The Lancet '-- protection, experts say, that's on par with what's provided through two doses of an mRNA vaccine.
- Infection-acquired immunity cut the risk of hospitalization and death from a Covid reinfection by 88% for at least 10 months, the study found.
- ''This is really good news, in the sense that protection against severe disease and death after infection is really quite sustained at 10 months,'' said the senior study author, Dr. Christopher Murray, the director of the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington.
- The findings may be a small silver lining to the explosive omicron outbreak of last winter. With so many people infected, many most likely still benefit from that protection against severe disease, Murray said.
- Still, experts stress that vaccination is the preferable route to immunity, given the risks of Covid, particularly in unvaccinated people.
- ''The problem of saying 'I'm gonna get infected to get immunity' is you might be one of those people that end up in the hospital or die,'' Murray said. ''Why would you take the risk when you can get immunity through vaccination quite safely?''
- The study was the largest meta-analysis to date to look at immunity following infection. It included 65 studies from 19 countries and compared the risk of developing Covid again in people who had recovered from infections to people who hadn't been infected through September. People who had hybrid immunity, or immunity from both infection and vaccination, were excluded. Omicron subvariants that emerged in the late fall and early winter of last year, including BQ.1 and the now-dominant XBB.1.5, weren't included.
- Two lines on a rapid at-home Covid-19 test indicate a positive result on Dec. 24, 2021, in Brooklyn, N.Y. Andrew Lichtenstein / Corbis via Getty Images fileWhile protection from severe disease remained high, people could be reinfected '-- particularly with an omicron subvariant '-- consistent with evidence that protection against having symptoms wanes faster than protection against hospitalization and death.
- Having Covid before the omicron variant emerged didn't do much to stop reinfection with the mutated version: Protection from reinfection in that case was 74% after one month but fell to 36% by month 10.
- Dr. Bob Wachter, the chairman of the department of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, said he did not expect the protection acquired from infection to be as robust as the meta-analysis found.
- ''The protection against severe infection, both the extent and the length of it at almost a year, is really surprisingly high,'' said Wachter, who was not involved with the research.
- Does infection-acquired immunity outperform vaccines? The immunity generated from an infection was found to be ''at least as high, if not higher'' than that provided by two doses of an mRNA vaccine, the authors wrote.
- While Murray and Wachter agreed that vaccination remains the safest route, having a past Covid infection should at least be considered in policymaking decisions going forward, such as vaccination requirements, they said.
- ''What Europe did with this evidence made a lot of sense, which is where evidence of past infection was seen as essentially equal to vaccination in terms of requirements to go into events or for employment,'' Murray said.
- At the very least, he added, officials should accept that evidence of recent infection is equivalent to vaccination.
- Notably, the immunity acquired from infection did appear to wane more slowly than the immunity from two doses of an mRNA vaccine.
- However, Murray said a booster dose would return protection to a higher level.
- When should I get a Covid booster?The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends waiting three months after an infection to get a booster dose.
- It may be reasonable for people with healthy immune systems to stretch that out a little bit more, to six months, as the immune response continues to develop, said Deepta Bhattacharya, a professor of immunobiology at the University of Arizona.
- ''We know that the immune response continues to mature over the course of about six months, both for vaccines and for infections,'' he said. ''Waiting about six months gives you the best bang for your buck.''
- Wachter said that while it's not harmful to get a booster earlier, there is some flexibility with the timing for people who recently had Covid.
- ''If you are thinking about getting a booster, it's a perfectly reasonable call to look at this and say I'll wait six or eight months before getting my booster,'' Wachter said. ''That's a reasonable conclusion from looking at the study.''
- Follow NBC HEALTH on Twitter & Facebook.
- VIDEO - Gravitas: Will the Ukraine war end sooner than expected? - YouTube
- VIDEO - VP Harris: We're 'confident' Chinese balloon 'was used by China to spy on the American people' - YouTube
- VIDEO - (20) Aaron Rupar on Twitter: "Mitch McConnell on Fox News: "I'm gonna try to help explain to the American people that defeating the Russians in Ukraine is the single most important event going on in the world right now ... there should be a bipart
- Aaron Rupar : Mitch McConnell on Fox News: "I'm gonna try to help explain to the American people that defeating the Russians in U'... https://t.co/IIMKSVJw6P
- Thu Feb 16 15:36:39 +0000 2023
- VIDEO - Fire continues to burn at Doral renewable energy plant for 5th day '' WSVN 7News | Miami News, Weather, Sports | Fort Lauderdale
- DORAL, FLA. (WSVN) - A waste-to-energy plant in Doral is still smoking, days after it caught fire.
- 7Skyforce hovered above the plant in Doral on Thursday where flames are burning and smoke billowed into the air for the fifth consecutive day.
- Crews continued to demolish part of the building so firefighters can get a better hold of the fire.
- The Environmental Protection Agency is monitoring the air quality in the vicinity of the facility and agreed with the county's advice for people living in the area.
- ''Residents in the area should remain indoors as much as possible and keep their windows closed. Anyone driving around the plant, we recommend you please keep your windows rolled up to avoid bringing smoke into the vehicle,'' Miami-Dade Mayor Daniella Levine Cava said.
- Garbage inside caught fire Sunday, and conveyor belts made matters worse by moving the flaming trash into other areas of the plant.
- Copyright 2023 Sunbeam Television Corp. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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- VIDEO - (21) Ian Miles Cheong on Twitter: "Biden announces that US tax dollars will go towards supporting Ukrainian social services, including paying for government pensions. https://t.co/e9LmSpdjAy" / Twitter
- Ian Miles Cheong : Biden announces that US tax dollars will go towards supporting Ukrainian social services, including paying for gove'... https://t.co/ofCveWz3pz
- Sat Feb 18 00:12:26 +0000 2023
- Tony Bickerdike : @stillgray Are US taxpayers onboard with this lunacy? I am NOT!
- Sat Feb 18 15:49:21 +0000 2023
- Root Cause Rick : @stillgray Of course they will. It's another way to enrich our politicians
- Sat Feb 18 15:49:12 +0000 2023
- CrazyUncleTim ðºð¸ : @stillgray They have turned the hard working American taxpayer into the world's ATM. https://t.co/9DKSL2SsDg
- Sat Feb 18 15:49:06 +0000 2023
- Beavis : @stillgray Whack
- Sat Feb 18 15:48:57 +0000 2023
- JDP : @stillgray How long before Biden proposes statehood?
- Sat Feb 18 15:48:45 +0000 2023
- Mark From Pensacola : @stillgray What? This money laundromat needs to close
- Sat Feb 18 15:48:43 +0000 2023
- juliok : @stillgray Hospitals, pensions, and food from the government? Didn't the House just pass a resolution against the evils of socialism?
- Sat Feb 18 15:48:23 +0000 2023
- James Willis : @stillgray Good God, he must think they are Israelis...
- Sat Feb 18 15:48:16 +0000 2023
- robot de nero : @stillgray Wtf
- Sat Feb 18 15:48:11 +0000 2023
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