Moe Factz 63 - "We Are People 1"

Moe Factz with Adam Curry for May 25th 2021, Episode number 63
"We Are People 1"
Description
  Adam and Moe grab the third rail of popular culture in part one of this two part mini-series. Trigger warning included
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Big Baller
  Clayton Bowers
Executive Producers:
  Clayton Bowers
  PHILLIP BROWN
  Martin Ohlsen
  Todd Webster
  Anthony Nist
Associate Executive Producers:
  Mezquita Mezquita
  James Reid-Smith
  Kyle Stefano
  Chris Bailey
  Timothy Keirnan
  Michael Rohrer
  Erik Höchel
  James Fraederichs
  Ryan Sommer
  xenophon wolfmoon
  Paula N.
  Chris
  Elvis "The Chef" Rosenberg
Episode 63 Club Members
  Mezquita Mezquita
  James Reid-Smith
  Kyle Stefano
  Chris Bailey
  Timothy Keirnan
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  Breast Men - Wikipedia
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    Wed, 26 May 2021 04:09
    Breast Men is a 1997 American, semibiographical, dark comedy film; it was written by John Stockwell and directed by Lawrence O'Neil for HBO.
    Plot [ edit ] Dr. Kevin Saunders (played by David Schwimmer) and Dr. William Larson (played by Chris Cooper) pioneer the usage of silicone breast implants. Saunders and Larson gain immense financial success as cosmetic breast augmentation surgeries rise in acceptance and frequency in American culture, but follow different life paths thereafter: Dr. Saunders becoming a narcissist interested in developing and implanting the exaggeratedly larger-sized types of implants popular with a mostly erotic dancer and female porn star clientele. Doctor Larson, Saunders' former mentor and business partner, is portrayed as continuing to pursue a more serious, clinical approach (e.g., reconstructive breast surgeries for female breast cancer survivors, etc.).
    Historical accuracy [ edit ] The film very loosely tracks the history of the real-life breast implant phenomenon, from its radical introduction through its incredible popularity, through the controversial link of its silicone base to various types of illnesses and cancers (culminating in the Food and Drug Administration's moratorium on use of silicone in breast implants, leading the industry to use saline implants, instead). The story is interspersed with interview snippets of women from the 1970s who underwent breast augmentations with varying degrees of success, including their likes and dislikes about them. The interviews are marked by the fact that they show only the interviewees' nude breasts and torso.
    In reality, silicone implants were developed by Texas-based plastic surgeons Drs. Frank Gerow and Thomas Cronin.[1]
    Production [ edit ] Much of the filming was done in Galveston, Texas, and includes numerous interior and exterior shots of historic Star Drug, a drug store and soda fountain with a distinctive vintage ceramic Coca-Cola sign displayed over its front door. Star Drug burned in 1998 but has since been rebuilt. Limited footage is shown, as well, of the University of Texas Medical Branch campus.[2]
    Cast [ edit ] David Schwimmer as Dr. Kevin SaundersChris Cooper as Dr. William LarsonEmily Procter as Laura PiersonMatt Frewer as Gerald KrzemienTerry O'Quinn as Hersch LawyerKathleen Wilhoite as Timmie Jean LindseyJohn Stockwell as Robert RenaudLisa Marie as VanessaLouise Fletcher as Mrs. SaundersMichael Cavanaugh as HarryMichael Chieffo as DaveLeigh-Allyn Baker as Implant Removal PatientFred Willard as Talk Show HostLyle Lovett as Research ScientistRena Riffel as Swimming Pool GirlTim Payovich as David Schwimmer's buttocksReception [ edit ] The film was released to mixed reviews.[3][4][5][6]
    References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] Breast Men at IMDbBreast Men at AllMovieBreast Men at Rotten Tomatoes
  Hottentot (racial term) - Wikipedia
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    Wed, 26 May 2021 03:41
    For other usages of this term, see
    Hottentot.
    Early 19th-century caricature showing settlers being attacked by cannibal "Hottentots".
    [1]Hottentot (British and South African English ) is a term that was historically used to refer to the Khoikhoi, the non-Bantu indigenous nomadic pastoralists of South Africa.
    The term has also been used to refer to the non-Bantu indigenous population as a whole, now collectively known as the Khoisan.[2]Use of the term is now deprecated and sometimes considered offensive, the preferred name for the non-Bantu indigenous people of the Western Cape area being Khoi, Khoikhoi, or Khoisan.[3]
    Etymology [ edit ] The term Hottentot originated among the "old Dutch", that is the settlers of the Dutch Cape Colony who arrived in the region in the 1650s,[2] and it entered English usage from Dutch in the seventeenth century.[4] However, no definitive Dutch etymology for the term is known. A widely claimed etymology is from a supposed Dutch expression equivalent to "stammerer, stutterer", applied to the Khoikhoi on account of the distinctive click consonants in their languages. There is, however, no earlier attestation of a word hottentot to support this theory. An alternative possibility is that the name derived from an overheard term in chants accompanying Khoikhoi or San dances, but seventeenth-century transcriptions of such chants offer no conclusive evidence for this.[4]
    An early Anglicisation of the term is recorded as hodmandod in the years around 1700.[5] The reduced Afrikaans/Dutch form hotnot has also been borrowed into South African English as an derogatory term for black people.[6]
    Usage as an ethnic term [ edit ] In seventeenth-century Dutch, Hottentot was at times used to denote all black people (synonymously with Kaffir), but at least some speakers were careful to use the term Hottentot to denote what they thought of as a race distinct from the supposedly darker-skinned Kaffirs. This distinction between the non-Bantu "Cape Blacks" and the Bantu was noted as early as 1684 by the French anthropologist Fran§ois Bernier.[7] The idea that Hottentot referred strictly to the non-Bantu peoples of southern Africa was well embedded in colonial scholarly thought by the end of the eighteenth century.[8]
    The main meaning of Hottentot as an ethnic term in the 19th and the 20th centuries has therefore been to denote the Khoikhoi people specifically.[9] However, Hottentot also continued to be used through the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries in a wider sense, to include all of the people now usually referred to with the modern term Khoisan (not only the Khoikhoi, but also the San people, hunter-gatherer populations from the interior of southern Africa who had not been known to the seventeenth-century settlers, once often referred to as Bosjesmans in Dutch and Bushmen in English).[10][11]
    In George Murdock's Atlas of World Cultures (1981), the author refers to "Hottentots" as a "subfamily of the Khoisan linguistic family" who "became detribalized in contact with Dutch settlers in 1652, mixing with the latter and with slaves brought by them from Indonesia to form the hybrid population known today as the Cape Coloured."[12] The term Hottentot remained in use as a technical ethnic term in anthropological and historiographical literature into the late 1980s.[13] The 1996 edition of the Dictionary of South African English merely says that "the word 'Hottentot' is seen by some as offensive and Khoikhoi is sometimes substituted as a name for the people, particularly in scholarly contexts".[14] Yet, by the 1980s, because of the racist connotations discussed below, it was increasingly seen as too derogatory and offensive to be used in an ethnic sense.[15]
    Usage as a term of abuse and racist connotations [ edit ] From the eighteenth century onwards, the term hottentot was also a term of abuse without a specific ethnic sense, comparable to barbarian or cannibal.[16] In its ethnic sense, it had developed its connotations of savagery and primitivism by the seventeenth century; colonial depictions of the Hottentots (Khoikhoi) in the seventeenth to eighteenth century were characterized by savagery, often suggestive of cannibalism or the consumption of raw flesh, physiological features such as steatopygia and elongated labia perceived as primitive or "simian" and a perception of the click sounds in the Khoikhoi languages as "bestial".[17] Thus it is possible to speak from the seventeenth century onwards of a European, colonial image of "the Hottentot" which bore little relation to any realities of the Khoisan in Africa and which fed into the usage of hottentot as a generalised term of abuse.[18] Correspondingly, the word is "sometimes used as ugly slang for a black person".[19]
    Use of the derived term hotnot was explicitly proscribed in South Africa by 2008.[20] Accordingly, much recent scholarship on the history of colonial attitudes to the Khoisan or on the European trope of "the Hottentot" puts the term Hottentot in scare quotes.[21]
    Other usages [ edit ] In its original role of ethnic designator, the term Hottentot was included into a variety of derived terms, such as the Hottentot Corps,[22] the first Coloured unit to be formed in the South African army, originally called the Corps Bastaard Hottentoten (Dutch: "Corps of Bastard Hottentots"), organised in 1781 by the Dutch colonial administration of the time.[23]: 51
    The word is also used in the common names of a wide variety of plants and animals,[24] such as the Africanis dogs sometimes called "Hottentot hunting dogs", the fish Pachymetopon blochii, frequently simply called hottentots, Carpobrotus edulis, commonly known as a "hottentot-fig", and Trachyandra, commonly known as "hottentot cabbage". It has also given rise to the scientific name for one genus of scorpion, Hottentotta, and may be the origin of the epithet tottum in the botanical name Leucospermum tottum.[25]
    The word is still used as part of a tongue-twister in modern Dutch, "Hottentottententententoonstelling", meaning a "Hottentot tent exhibition".
    In Denmark the word is used to designate a person with a lot of energy, usually in connection to small children exhibiting frenzied behaviour, and is not generally considered to be a racial term.
    See also [ edit ] Look up Hottentot in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Hottentot VenusHottentot (fish)The Hottentot (1922 film)Terre Haute HottentotsReferences [ edit ] ^ "All among the Hottentots Capering ashore, a satirical view of the 1820 settlers, to remind emigrants of the dangers awaiting them", caption: "All among the Hottentots Capring ashore"!! or the Blessings of Emigration to the Cape of Forlorn[Good] Hope, source unknown, identified only as "Cruikshank, presumably George Cruikshank (1792''1878)", reproduction from Anthony Preston, Suid-Afrikaanse Geskiedenis in Beeld (1989) ^ a b "The old Dutch also did not know that their so-called Hottentots formed only one branch of a wide-spread race, of which the other branch divided into ever so many tribes, differing from each other totally in language [...] While the so-called Hottentots called themselves Khoikhoi (men of men, i.e. men par excellence), they called those other tribes SÄ, the Sonqua of the Cape Records [...] We should apply the term Hottentot to the whole race, and call the two families, each by the native name, that is the one, the Khoikhoi, the so-called Hottentot proper; the other the SÄn (SÄ) or Bushmen." Theophilus Hahn, Tsuni-||Goam: The Supreme Being to the Khoi-Khoi (1881), p. 3. ^ "Khoisan" is an artificial compound term that was introduced into 20th-century ethnology, but since the late 1990s it has been adopted as a self designation (since 2017 its use has been official due to the passage of a "Traditional & Khoisan Leadership Bill" by the South African National Assembly. Khoisan march to Parliament to demand land rights, ENCA , 3 December 2015. Pelane Phakgadi, Ramaphosa meets aggrieved Khoisan activists at Union Buildings, Eyewitness News, 24 December 2017. Illegitimate Khoisan leaders are trying to exploit new bill, IOL, 17 April 2018. ^ a b "A very large number of different etymologies for the name have been suggested ... The most frequently repeated suggestion ... is that the word was a spec. use of a formally identical Dutch word meaning 'stammerer, stutterer', which came to be applied to the Khoekhoe and San people on account of the clicks characteristic of their languages. However, evidence for the earlier general use appears to be lacking. Another frequent suggestion is that the people were so named after one or more words which early European visitors to southern Africa heard in chants accompanying dances of the Khoekhoe or San ... but the alleged chant is rendered in different ways in different 17th-cent. sources, and some of the accounts may be based on hearsay rather than first-hand knowledge."Hottentot, n. and adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. Citing G. S. Nienaber, 'The origin of the name ''Hottentot'' ', African Studies, 22:2 (1963), 65-90, doi:10.1080/00020186308707174. See also Rev. Prof Johannes Du Plessis, B.A., B.D. (1917). "Report of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science". pp. 189''193 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) . ^ "hodmandod, n. and adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88816. Accessed 13 May 2018. ^ "hotnot, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88816. Accessed 13 May 2018. ^ Anonymous [F. Bernier], "Nouvelle division de la terre par les diff(C)rentes esp¨ces ou races qui l'habitent", Journal des S§avants, 24 April 1684, p. 133''140. les Noirs du Cap de bonne Esperance semblent estre d'une autre espece que ceux du reste de l'Afrique. (p. 136). See also Charles Frankel, La science face au racisme (1986), 41f. ^ Jochen S. Arndt, 'What's in a Word? Historicising the Term 'Caffre' in European Discourses about Southern Africa between 1500 and 1800', Journal of Southern African Studies (2017), 1-17. doi:10.1080/03057070.2018.1403212. ^ "Hottentot, n. and adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. ^ "Hottentot, n. and adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. ^ Alan Barnard, Anthropology and the Bushman (Oxford: Berg, 2007), pp. 11-21. ^ Murdock, George Peter (1981). Atlas of World Cultures . University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 10. ISBN 9780822984856. ^ E.g. Hilton Basil Fine, Crime, punishment, and the administration of justice at the Cape of Good Hope 1806-1828 (1988); Michael Lewis Wilson Notes on the Nomenclature of the Khoisan (1986); Harry A. Gailey, R.E. Krieger, History of Africa: From 1800 to 1945 (1989), 67ff. ^ Geoffrey Hughes, 'Hottentot', in An Encyclopedia of Swearing: The Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, and Ethnic Slurs in the English-Speaking World (Armonk, New York: Sharpe, 2006), p. 243. ^ Richard Elphick, Khoikhoi and the Founding of White South Africa (Cape of Good Hope: Ravan Press, 1985), p. xv: 'The word Hottentot is occasionally heard even in the 1980s, but few outside South Africa know its precise meaning'. "Bring Back the 'Hottentot Venus ' ". Web.mit.edu. 15 June 1995 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . ; " ' Hottentot Venus' goes home". BBC News. 29 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . : "the Khoisan tribe of hunter-gatherers who lived in the southernmost tip of Africa and were also known as Hottentots, which is now considered a derogatory and offensive term."Strobel, Christoph (2008). "A Note on Terminology". The Testing Grounds of Modern Empire: The Making of Colonial Racial Order in the American Ohio Country and the South African Eastern Cape, 1770s''1850s. Peter Lang. ISBN 9781433101236. p. x. ^ Geoffrey Hughes, 'Hottentot', in An Encyclopedia of Swearing: The Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, and Ethnic Slurs in the English-Speaking World (Armonk, New York: Sharpe, 2006), pp. 241-43."Hottentot, n. and adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. ^ S. Qureshi, Displaying Sara Baartman, the 'Hottentot Venus' (2004), p.234.James Kicherer (1799): "Bushmen were ' total strangers to domestic happiness '...(and) will kill their children without remorse as when they are ill-shaped, when they are in want of food, when the father of a child has forsaken its mother, or when obliged to flee from the Farmers or others'... There are instances of parents throwing their tender off-spring to the hungry Lion '... Many of these wild Hottentots live by plunder and murder, and are guilty of the most horrid and atrocious actions.' "[1] ^ Fran§ois-Xavier Fauvelle-Aymar, L'invention du Hottentot: histoire du regard occidental sur les Khoisan (XVe-XIXe si¨cle) (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2002): 'Somme toutes, les destins de ces topoi qui forment le Hottentot d'Europe restent largement indiff(C)rents leur degr(C) d'ad(C)quation avec les Khoisan d'Afrique' (p. 10).Linda Evi Merians, Envisioning the Worst: Representations of "Hottentots" in Early-modern England (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2001). ^ Robert Hendrickson, The Dictionary of Eponyms: Names that Became Words (New York: Stein and Day, 1985 [repr. from Philadelphia: Chilton, 1972]), p. 149. ^ "Statement on Cabinet Meeting of 5 March 2008". South African Department of Foreign Affairs. 2008-03-05 . Retrieved 2008-10-26 . :"We should take care not to use derogatory words that were used to demean black persons in this country. Words such as Kaffir, coolie, Boesman, hotnot and many others have negative connotations and remain offensive as they were used to degrade, undermine and strip South Africans of their humanity and dignity." ^ Linda Evi Merians, Envisioning the Worst: Representations of "Hottentots" in Early-modern England (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2001); Nicholas Hudson, ' "Hottentots" and the evolution of European racism", Journal of European Studies, 34.4 (December 2004), 308-32, doi:10.1177/0047244104048701; David Johnson, 'Representing the Cape "Hottentots", from the French Enlightenment to Post-Apartheid South Africa', Eighteenth-Century Studies, 40.4 (Summer 2007), 525-52. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30053727. ^ "Hottentot, n. and adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. ^ Pretorius, Fransjohan (2014). A History of South Africa: From the Distant Past to the Present Day. Hatsfield, Pretoria: Protea Book House. ISBN 978-1-86919-908-1. ^ "Hottentot, n. and adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. ^ Rourke, John Patrick (1970). Taxonomic Studies on Leucospermum R.Br. (PDF) . pp. 103''107. Fran§ois-Xavier Fauvelle-Aymar, L'invention du Hottentot: histoire du regard occidental sur les Khoisan (XVe-XIXe si¨cle) (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2002)Linda Evi Merians, Envisioning the Worst: Representations of "Hottentots" in Early-modern England (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2001)
  Striptease - Wikipedia
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    Wed, 26 May 2021 03:38
    Erotic dance
    A striptease is an erotic or exotic dance in which the performer gradually undresses, either partly or completely, in a seductive and sexually suggestive manner.[1] The person who performs a striptease is commonly known as a "stripper" or exotic dancer.
    In Western countries, the venues where stripteases are performed on a regular basis are now usually called strip clubs, though they may be performed in venues such as pubs (especially in the UK), theaters and music halls. At times, a stripper may be hired to perform at a bachelor or bachelorette party. In addition to providing adult entertainment, stripping can be a form of sexual play between partners. This can be done as an impromptu event or '' perhaps for a special occasion '' with elaborate planning involving fantasy wear, music, special lighting, practiced dance moves, or unrehearsed dance moves.
    Striptease involves a slow, sensuous undressing. The stripper may prolong the undressing with delaying tactics such as the wearing of additional clothes or putting clothes or hands in front of just undressed body parts such as the breasts or genitalia. The emphasis is on the act of undressing along with sexually suggestive movement, rather than the state of being undressed. In the past, the performance often finished as soon as the undressing was finished, though today's strippers usually continue dancing in the nude.[2][3] The costume the stripper wears before disrobing can form part of the act. In some cases, audience interaction can form part of the act, with the audience urging the stripper to remove more clothing, or the stripper approaching the audience to interact with them.
    Striptease and public nudity have been subject to legal and cultural prohibitions and other aesthetic considerations and taboos. Restrictions on venues may be through venue licensing requirements and constraints and a wide variety of national and local laws. These laws vary considerably around the world, and even between different parts of the same country.
    H. L. Mencken is credited with coining the word ecdysiast '' from "ecdysis", meaning "to molt" '' in response to a request from striptease artist Georgia Sothern, for a "more dignified" way to refer to her profession. Gypsy Rose Lee, one of the most famous striptease artists of all time, approved of the term.[4][5][6]
    History [ edit ] A 1720 depiction of a striptease
    [7]The origins of striptease as a performance art are disputed and various dates and occasions have been given from ancient Babylonia to 20th century America. The term "striptease" was first recorded in 1932.[8]
    There is a stripping aspect in the ancient Sumerian myth of the descent of the goddess Inanna into the Underworld (or Kur). At each of the seven gates, she removed an article of clothing or a piece of jewelry. As long as she remained in hell, the earth was barren. When she returned, fecundity abounded. Some believe this myth was embodied in the dance of the seven veils of Salome, who danced for King Herod, as mentioned in the New Testament in Matthew 14:6 and Mark 6:21-22. However, although the Bible records Salome's dance, the first mention of her removing seven veils occurs in Oscar Wilde's play of 'Salome', in 1893.
    In ancient Greece, the lawgiver Solon established several classes of prostitutes in the late 6th century BC. Among these classes of prostitutes were the auletrides: female dancers, acrobats, and musicians, noted for dancing naked in an alluring fashion in front of audiences of men.[9][10][11] In ancient Rome, dance featuring stripping was part of the entertainments (ludi) at the Floralia, an April festival in honor of the goddess Flora.[12] Empress Theodora, wife of 6th-century Byzantine emperor Justinian is reported by several ancient sources to have started in life as a courtesan and actress who performed in acts inspired from mythological themes and in which she disrobed "as far as the laws of the day allowed". She was famous for her striptease performance of "Leda and the Swan".[13] From these accounts, it appears that the practice was hardly exceptional nor new. It was, however, actively opposed by the Christian Church, which succeeded in obtaining statutes banning it in the following century. The degree to which these statutes were subsequently enforced is, of course, opened to question. What is certain is that no practice of the sort is reported in texts of the European Middle Ages.
    An early version of strip-tease became popular in England at the time of the Restoration. A strip tease was incorporated into the Restoration comedy The Rover, written by Aphra Behn in 1677. The stripper is a man; an English country gentleman who sensually undresses and goes to bed in a love scene. (However, the scene is played for laughs; the prostitute he thinks is going to bed with him robs him, and he ends up having to crawl out of the sewer.) The concept of strip-tease was also widely known, as can be seen in the reference to it in Thomas Otway's comedy The Soldier's Fortune (1681), where a character says: "Be sure they be lewd, drunken, stripping whores".[14]
    Strip-tease became standard fare in the brothels of 18th century London, where the women, called 'posture girls', would strip naked on tables for popular entertainment.[15]
    Strip-tease was also combined with music, as in the 1720 German translation of the French La Guerre D'Espagne (Cologne: Pierre Marteau, 1707), where a galant party of high aristocrats and opera singers has resorted to a small chteau where they entertain themselves with hunting, play and music in a three-day turn:
    The dancers, to please their lovers the more, dropped their clothes and danced totally naked the nicest entr(C)es and ballets; one of the princes directed the delightful music, and only the lovers were allowed to watch the performances.[16]
    An Arabic custom, first noted by French colonialists and described by the French novelist Gustave Flaubert may have influenced the French strip-tease. The dances of the Ghawazee in North Africa and Egypt consisted of the erotic dance of the bee performed by a woman known as Kuchuk Hanem. In this dance the performer disrobes as she searches for an imaginary bee trapped within her garments. It is likely that the women performing these dances did not do so in an indigenous context, but rather, responded to the commercial climate for this type of entertainment.[17] Middle Eastern belly dance, also known as oriental dancing, was popularized in the United States after its introduction on the Midway at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago by a dancer known as Little Egypt.[18]
    Some claim the origin of the modern striptease lies in Oscar Wilde's play of 'Salome', in 1893. In the Dance of the Seven Veils the female protagonist dances for King Herod and slowly removes her veils until she lies naked.[19] After Wilde's play and Richard Strauss's operatic version of the same, first performed in 1905, the erotic 'dance of the seven veils', became a standard routine for dancers in opera, vaudeville, film and burlesque. A famous early practitioner was Maud Allan who in 1907 gave a private performance of the dance to King Edward VII.
    French tradition [ edit ] Mata Hari. The most celebrated segment of her stage act was the progressive shedding of her clothing until she wore just a jeweled
    bra and some ornaments over her arms and head
    In the 1880s and 1890s, Parisian shows such as the Moulin Rouge and Folies Berg¨re were featuring attractive scantily clad women dancing and tableaux vivants. In this environment, an act in the 1890s featured a woman who slowly removed her clothes in a vain search for a flea crawling on her body. The People's Almanac credits the act as the origin of modern striptease.
    In 1905, the notorious and tragic Dutch dancer Mata Hari, later shot as a spy by the French authorities during World War I, was an overnight success from the debut of her act at the Mus(C)e Guimet.[20] The most celebrated segment of her act was her progressive shedding of clothing until she wore just a jeweled bra and some ornaments over her arms and head.[21] Another landmark performance was the appearance at the Moulin Rouge in 1907 of an actress called Germaine Aymos, who entered dressed only in three very small shells. In the 1920s and 1930s the famous Josephine Baker danced topless in the danse sauvage at the Folies and other such performances were provided at the Tabarin. These shows were notable for their sophisticated choreography and often dressing the girls in glitzy sequins and feathers. In his 1957 book Mythologies, semiotician Roland Barthes interpreted this Parisian striptease as a "mystifying spectacle", a "reassuring ritual" where "evil is advertised the better to impede and exorcise it".[22] By the 1960s "fully nude" shows were provided at such places as Le Crazy Horse Saloon.[23]
    American tradition [ edit ] In the United States, striptease started in traveling carnivals and burlesque theatres, and featured famous strippers such as Gypsy Rose Lee and Sally Rand. The vaudeville trapeze artist, Charmion, performed a "disrobing" act onstage as early as 1896, which was captured in the 1901 Edison film, Trapeze Disrobing Act. Another milestone for modern American striptease is the possibly legendary show at Minsky's Burlesque in April 1925 that inspired the novel and film The Night They Raided Minsky's. Another performer, Hinda Wassau, claimed to have inadvertently invented the striptease in 1928 when her costume was shaken loose during a shimmy dance. Burlesque theatres in New York were prohibited from having striptease performances in a legal ruling of 1937, leading to the decline of these "grindhouses" (named after the bump 'n grind entertainment on offer).[24] However many striptease stars were able to work in other cities and, eventually, nightclubs.
    The 1960s saw a revival of striptease in the form of topless go-go dancing. This eventually merged with the older tradition of burlesque dancing. Carol Doda of the Condor Night Club in the North Beach section of San Francisco is given the credit of being the first topless go-go dancer.[25] The club opened in 1964 and Doda's premi¨re topless dance occurred on the evening of June 19 of that year.[26][27] The large lit sign in front of the club featured a picture of her with red lights on her breasts. The club went "bottomless" on September 3, 1969 and began the trend of explicit "full nudity" in American striptease dancing.[28] which was picked up by other establishments such as Apartment A Go Go.[29] San Francisco is also the location of the notorious Mitchell Brothers O'Farrell Theatre. Originally an X-rated movie theater this striptease club pioneered lap dancing in 1980, and was a major force in popularizing it in strip clubs on a nationwide and eventually worldwide basis.[30]
    British tradition [ edit ] In Britain in the 1930s, when Laura Henderson began presenting nude shows at the Windmill Theatre, London, censorship regulations prohibited naked girls from moving while appearing on-stage. To get around the prohibition the models appeared in stationary tableaux vivants.[31][32] The Windmill girls also toured other London and provincial theatres, sometimes using ingenious devices such as rotating ropes to move their bodies round, though strictly speaking, staying within the letter of the law by not moving of their own volition. Another example of the way the shows stayed within the law was the fan dance, in which a naked dancer's body was concealed by her fans and those of her attendants, until the end of her act in when she posed nude for a brief interval whilst standing still.
    In 1942, Phyllis Dixey formed her own company of girls and rented the Whitehall Theatre in London to put on a review called The Whitehall Follies.
    By the 1950s, touring striptease acts were used to attract audiences to the dying music halls. Arthur Fox started his touring shows in 1948 and Paul Raymond started his in 1951. Paul Raymond later leased the Doric Ballroom in Soho and opened his private members club, the Raymond Revuebar in 1958. This was one of the first of the private striptease members clubs in Britain.
    In the 1960s, changes in the law brought about a boom of strip clubs in Soho with "fully nude" dancing and audience participation.[33] Pubs were also used as a venue, most particularly in the East End with a concentration of such venues in the district of Shoreditch. This pub striptease seems in the main to have evolved from topless go-go dancing.[34] Though often a target of local authority harassment, some of these pubs survive to the present day. An interesting custom in these pubs is that the strippers walk round and collect money from the customers in a beer jug before each individual performance. This custom appears to have originated in the late 1970s when topless go-go dancers first started collecting money from the audience as the fee for going "fully nude".[34] Private dances of a more raunchy nature are sometimes available in a separate area of the pub.[3]
    Japan [ edit ] Striptease became popular in Japan after the end of World War II. When entrepreneur Shigeo Ozaki saw Gypsy Rose Lee perform, he started his own striptease revue in Tokyo's Shinjuku neighborhood. During the 1950s, Japanese "strip shows" became more sexually explicit and less dance-oriented, until they were eventually simply live sex shows.[35]
    Today [ edit ] Recently pole dancing has come to dominate the world of striptease. In the late 20th century, pole dancing was practised in exotic dance clubs in Canada. These clubs grew up to become a thriving sector of the economy. Canadian style pole dancing, table dancing and lap dancing, organized by multi-national corporations such as Spearmint Rhino, was exported from North America to (among other countries) the United Kingdom, the nations of central Europe, Russia and Australia. In London, England a raft of such so-called "lap dancing clubs" grew up in the 1990s, featuring pole dancing on stage and private table dancing, though, despite media misrepresentation, lap-dancing in the sense of bodily contact was forbidden by law.[36]
    "Feature shows" are used to generate interest from potential customers who otherwise would not visit the establishment but know the performer from other outlets. A headlining star of a striptease show is referred to as a feature dancer, and is often a performer with credits such as contest titles or appearances in adult films or magazines. The decades-old practice continued through the late 2000s (decade) to the present day with high-profile adult film performers such as Jenna Haze and Teagan Presley scheduling feature shows through the USA.
    In December 2006, a Norwegian court ruled that striptease is an art form and made strip clubs exempt from value added tax.[37]
    New Burlesque [ edit ] In the latter 1990s, a number of solo performers and dance groups emerged to create Neo-burlesque, a revival of the classic American burlesque striptease of the early half of the 20th century. New Burlesque focuses on dancing, costumes and entertainment (which may include comedy and singing) and generally eschews full nudity or toplessness. Some burlesquers of the past have become instructors and mentors to New Burlesque performers such as The Velvet Hammer Burlesque and The World Famous Pontani Sisters.[citation needed ] The pop group Pussycat Dolls began as a New Burlesque troupe.
    The
    Chippendales dancers are a famous group of male strippers.
    Male strippers [ edit ] Until the 1970s, strippers in Western cultures were almost invariably female, performing to male audiences. Since then, male strippers have also become common. Before the 1970s, dancers of both sexes appeared largely in underground clubs or as part of a theatre experience, but the practice eventually became common enough on its own. Well-known troupes of male strippers include Dreamboys in the UK and Chippendales in the US. Male strippers have become a popular option to have at a bachelorette party.
    Private dancing [ edit ] A variation on striptease is private dancing, which often involves lap dancing or contact dancing. Here the performers, in addition to stripping for tips, also offer "private dances" which involve more attention for individual audience members. Variations include private dances like table dancing where the performer dances on or by customer's table rather than the customer being seated in a couch.
    Striptease and the law [ edit ] From ancient times to the present day, striptease was considered a form of public nudity and subject to legal and cultural prohibitions on moral and decency grounds. Such restrictions have been embodied in venue licensing regulations and various national and local laws, including liquor licensing restrictions.
    United States [ edit ] Numerous U.S. jurisdictions have specific laws on the books related to the striptease. One of the more notorious local ordinances is San Diego Municipal Code 33.3610,[38] specific and strict in response to allegations of corruption among local officials[39] which included contacts in the nude entertainment industry. Among its provisions is the "six-foot rule", copied by other municipalities, that requires that dancers maintain a six-foot (1.8 m) distance while performing.
    Other rules forbid "full nudity". In some parts of the U.S., laws forbid the exposure of female (though not male) nipples, which must be covered by pasties.[2] In early 2010, the city of Detroit banned fully exposed breasts in its strip clubs, following the example of Houston, where a similar ordinance was implemented in 2008.[40] The city council has since softened the rules, eliminating the requirement for pasties[41] but keeping other restrictions. Both cities were reputed to have rampant occurrences of illicit activity linked to striptease establishments.[42][43] For some jurisdictions, even certain postures can be considered "indecent" (such as spreading the legs).[44][self-published source ]
    United Kingdom [ edit ] In Britain in the 1930s, when the Windmill Theatre, London, began to present nude shows, British law prohibited performers moving whilst in a state of nudity.[45] To get around that rule, models appeared naked in stationary tableaux vivants. To keep within the law, sometimes devices were used which rotated the models without them moving themselves. Fan dances were another device used to keep performances within the law. These allowed a naked dancer's body to be concealed by her fans or those of her attendants, until the end of an act, when she posed naked for a brief interval whilst standing stock still, and the lights went out or the curtain dropped to allow her to leave the stage. Changes in the law in the 1960s brought about a boom of strip clubs in Soho, with "fully nude" dancing and audience participation.[33] Following the introduction of the Policing and Crime Act 2009, a local authority licence is required for venues in England and Wales (and later Scotland) where live nude entertainment takes place more than 11 times a year.[46][47]
    Iceland [ edit ] The legal status of striptease in Iceland was changed in 2010, when Iceland outlawed striptease.[48] J"hanna Sigur°ard"ttir, Iceland's prime minister said: "The Nordic countries are leading the way on women's equality, recognizing women as equal citizens rather than commodities for sale."[49] The politician behind the bill, Kolbrºn Halld"rsd"ttir, said: "It is not acceptable that women or people in general are a product to be sold."[49]
    In popular culture [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Rita Hayworth begins her striptease in
    Gilda1940s-1950s [ edit ] Mary Martin reprised her famous fur coat striptease of "My Heart Belongs to Daddy" in the 1940 movie Love Thy Neighbor and the 1946 Cole Porter biopic Night and Day.[50]
    Lady of Burlesque (known in the UK as Striptease Lady) (1943) based on the novel The G-String Murders (1941), by famous striptease artist Gypsy Rose Lee, stars Barbara Stanwyck as a stripper who gets involved in the investigation of murders at a burlesque house. A play by Gypsy Rose Lee entitled The Naked Genius (1943) was the inspiration for Doll Face (1945), a musical about a burlesque star (Vivian Blaine) who wants to become a legitimate actress.
    Gilda (1946), showcases one of the most famous stripteases in cinematic history, performed by Rita Hayworth to "Put the Blame on Mame", though in the event she removes just her gloves, before the act is terminated by a jealous admirer. Murder at the Windmill (1949), (known in the US as "Mystery at the Burlesque") directed by Val Guest is set at the Windmill Theatre, London and features Diana Decker, Jon Pertwee and Jimmy Edwards. Salome (1953) once again features Rita Hayworth doing a striptease act; this time as the famous biblical stripper Salome, performing the Dance of the Seven Veils. According to Hayworth's biographers this erotic dance routine was "the most demanding of her entire career", necessitating "endless takes and retakes".[51] Expresso Bongo (1959) is a British film which features striptease at a club in Soho, London.
    1960s-1970s [ edit ] In 1960, the film Beat Girl cast Christopher Lee as a sleazy Soho strip club owner who gets stabbed to death by a stripper. Gypsy (1962), features Natalie Wood as the famous burlesque queen Gypsy Rose Lee in her memorable rendition of "Let Me Entertain You". It was re-made for TV in 1993 Starring Bette Midler as Mama Rose and Cynthia Gibb as Gypsy Rose Lee. The Stripper (1963) featured Gypsy Rose Lee, herself, giving a trademark performance in the title role. A documentary film, Dawn in Piccadilly, was produced in 1962 at the Windmill Theatre. In 1964, We Never Closed (British Movietone) depicted the last night of the Windmill Theatre. In 1965, the feature film Viva Maria! starred Brigitte Bardot and Jeanne Moreau as two girls who perform a striptease act and get involved in revolutionary politics in South America.
    Also produced in 1965 was Carousella, a documentary about Soho striptease artistes, directed by John Irvin. Another documentary film, which looked at the unglamorous side of striptease, is the 1966 film called,"Strip", filmed at the Phoenix Club in Soho.Secrets of a Windmill Girl (1966) featured Pauline Collins and April Wilding and was directed by Arnold L. Miller. The film has some fan dancing scenes danced by an ex-Windmill Theatre artiste. The Night They Raided Minsky's (1968) gives a possibly legendary account of the birth of striptease at Minsky's Burlesque theatre in New York. In 1968, the sci-fi film Barbarella depicted Jane Fonda stripping in zero-gravity conditions whilst wearing her spacesuit. Marlowe (1969) stars Rita Moreno playing a stripper, in the finale of the movie simultaneously delivering dialogue with the title character and performing a vigorous dance on stage. The Beatles movie Magical Mystery Tour has a scene where all the men on the tour bus go to a gentleman's club and watch a woman strip on stage.
    Ichijo's Wet Lust (1972), Japanese director Tatsumi Kumashiro's award-winning Roman porno film featured the country's most famous stripper, Sayuri IchijÅ, starring as herself.[52] A British film production of 1976 is the film Get 'Em Off, produced by Harold Baim. Alain Bernardin the owner of the Crazy Horse in Paris directed the film,"Crazy Horse de Paris" [1977]. Paul Raymond's Erotica (1981) stars Brigitte Lahaie and Diana Cochran and was directed by Brian Smedley-Aston. The Dance routines were filmed at the Raymond Revuebar Theatre.
    In
    Roger Vadim's 1968 film
    Barbarella,
    Jane Fonda as the title character did a striptease in zero-gravity out of her spacesuit. Fonda continually changed outfits in the film, most of which were skin-tight and designed for their erotic appeal.
    1980s-1990s [ edit ] In addition to lesser-known videos such as A Night at the Revuebar (1983), the 1980s also featured mainstream films involving stripping. These included Flashdance (1983), which told the story of blue-collar worker Alexandra (Alex) Owens (Jennifer Beals), who works as an exotic dancer in a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania bar at night and at a steel mill as a welder during the day. Stripping also was part of "genre" films, such as horror thriller Fear City (1984), by Abel Ferrara, about a mass-murderer who terrorizes dancers working at a seedy strip club in Times Square, New York City. The erotic drama 9½ Weeks (1986) depicted Kim Basinger stripping to the tune of "You Can Leave Your Hat On" by Joe Cocker. Stripped to Kill (1987) was an exploitation film from Roger Corman about a lady cop who poses as a stripper to catch a murderer; which was followed by a sequel of the same name. Ladykillers (1988), was a 'whodunnit' murder mystery involving the murders of male strippers by an unknown female assailant. Blaze (1989) features Lolita Davidovitch as notorious stripper Blaze Starr. Starr herself appears in the film in a cameo role.
    Massive Attack : Eleven Promos. "Be Thankful For What You've Got" (1992), directed by Baillie Walsh, includes one dance routine by Ritzy Sparkle at the Raymond Revuebar Theatre. Exotica (1994), directed by Atom Egoyan, is set in a Canadian lap-dance club, and portrays a man's (Bruce Greenwood) obsession with a schoolgirl stripper named Christina (Mia Kirshner). Showgirls (1995) was directed by Paul Verhoeven and starred Elizabeth Berkley and Gina Gershon. Striptease (1996), was an adaptation of the novel starring Demi Moore. Barb Wire (1996), starred Pamela Anderson (of Baywatch fame), who performs a wet striptease. The Full Monty (1997) is a story of British ex-steel workers who form a Chippendales-style dance revue and decide to strip naked to make an extra buck. It featured songs including an updated version of David Rose's big hit The Stripper and Tom Jones's version of "You Can Leave Your Hat On". The Players Club (1998) starred LisaRaye as a girl who becomes a stripper to earn enough money to enter college and study journalism.
    2000s-present [ edit ] Dancing at the Blue Iguana (2000) is a feature film starring Daryl Hannah. The female cast of the film researched the film by dancing at strip clubs and created their parts and their storylines to be as realistic as possible. The Raymond Revuebar the Art of Striptease (2002) is a documentary, directed by Simon Weitzman. Los Debutantes (2003) is a Chilean film set in a strip-club in Santiago. In the Cradle 2 the Grave a 2003 action film a woman named Daria, played by Gabrielle Union performs a striptease to distract a man named Odion, played by Michael Jace from the infiltration of a night club owned by a crime lord named Jump Chambers, played by Chi McBride. Portraits of a Naked Lady Dancer (2004) is a documentary, directed by Deborah Rowe. In Closer (2004), Natalie Portman plays Alice, a young stripper just arrived in London from America. Crazy Horse Le Show (2004) features dance routines from the Crazy Horse, Paris. Mrs Henderson Presents (2005) portrays the erotic dance routines and nude tableau-vivants which featured at the Windmill Theatre before and during World War II. The film Factotum (2005) (by Norwegian director Bent Hamer) concludes with Matt Dillon (in the role of Henry Chinaski - an alter ego of Charles Bukowski, who wrote the novel on which the film is based) having an artistic epiphany whilst watching a stripper in a strip club. I Know Who Killed Me (2007) stars Lindsay Lohan as Dakota Moss, an alluring stripper involved in the machinations of a serial killer, and features a long striptease sequence at a strip club. Planet Terror (2007) stars Rose McGowan as Cherry Darling, a beautiful go-go dancer who aspires to quit her job. In 2009 a DVD called, "Crazy Horse Paris" featuring Dita Von Teese was released. Magic Mike (2012) features a male stripper Mike Lane (Channing Tatum) guiding a younger male stripper in his first steps into stripping in clubs.
    Television [ edit ] BBC Panorama (1964) episode produced for the last night of the Windmill Theatre in 1964. Richard Dimbleby interviews Sheila van Damm.Get Smart (1967) CONTROL scientist Dr. Steele also works as a stripper, with her lab located at the striptease theatre."If it Moves it's Rude-The Story of the Windmill Theatre" (1969). A BBC television documentary on the Windmill Theatre.For the Record: Paul Raymond (1969), the British stripclub owner Paul Raymond told his own story, on LWT.Peek a Boo (1978), alternative name The One and Only Phyllis Dixey, stars Lesley-Anne Down, Christopher Murney, Michael Elphick, Elaine Paige and Patricia Hodge. Drama documentary on Phyllis Dixey.'Allo 'Allo Helga frequently does a striptease in front of General Von Klinkerhoffen.Neighbours (1985) The character of Daphne is originally a stripper at Des's bucks party, and eventually goes on to marry him.Married... with Children (1987''1997) often featured Al Bundy, Jefferson D'Arcy, and the NO MA'AM crew spending a night at the Nudie Bar.Soho Stories (1996) BBC2. A series of 12 documentary programmes screened from October 28, 1996 to November 20, 1996. Some programmes featured the Raymond Revuebar Theatre.Humor es...los comediantes (1999) Televisa. In her first appearance on this series, Aida Pierce portrayed her elderly alter ego, Virginola, who drinks a bottle of youth serum, and then performs a striptease, taking off her sweater, skirt, scarf, and even her wig, revealing a black sheer bodysuit and pants...and Pierce herself. Pierce began cohosting the series the next year.The Sopranos (1999''2007). Business was often conducted at the Bada Bing strip club.Normal, Ohio (2000)Stripsearch (2001''), an ongoing Australian reality television show which centers around the training of male strippers.Sex in the 70s-The King of Soho (2005), ITN. A television documentary on Paul Raymond.A longer version of the documentary was produced in 2008 after the death of Paul Raymond under the title,"Soho Sex King-The Paul Raymond Story".in Sos mi vida (2006), there were two striptease scenes which performed by Natalia Oreiro and Facundo Arana.Degrassi: The Next Generation (2007), In the two part season 6 finale titled Don't You Want Me, Alex Nunez resorts to stripping after her mother and herself do not have enough money to pay the rent on their apartment.Various episodes of the Law & Order series have the cast conducting interviews in strip clubs.True Stories: Best Undressed (2010) A documentary about the Miss Nude Australia Contest which is for dancers. Partly filmed from the Crazy Horse Revue, Adelaide, Australia. Screened 22-6-2010 on Channel 4.Confessions of a Male Stripper (2013), The Dreamboys were featured in an hour-long documentary special on Channel 4 exploring the life of male strippers.Theatre [ edit ] Mary Martin became a star with her fur coat striptease performances of "My Heart Belongs to Daddy" in Cole Porter's Broadway musical Leave It to Me![50]The Full Monty (2000) is an Americanized stage adaptation of the 1997 British film of the same name, in which a group of unemployed male steelworkers put together a strip act at a local club.Jekyll and Hyde (1997). The character of Lucy Harris (originally portrayed by Linda Eder) works as a prostitute and stripper in a small London club called The Red Rat, where she meets a multi-dimension man named Doctor Henry Jekyll, who turns into his evil persona Mr. Edward Hyde. Lucy performs the song 'Bring on the Men' during a show at the Red Rat (which was later replaced with 'Good 'n' Evil' in the Broadway production, some claiming 'Bring on the Men' was too 'risqu(C)'.).Ladies Night is a New Zealand stage comedy about unemployed male workers who put on a strip show at a club as a way to raise some money. A version was also written for the United Kingdom. There are many parallels with The Full Monty, although Ladies Night predates that film.Barely Phyllis is a play about Phyllis Dixey which was first staged at the Pomegranate Theatre, Chesterfield in 2009.See also [ edit ] References [ edit ] ^ Richard Wortley (1976) A Pictorial History of Striptease: 11. ^ a b Richard Wortley (1976) A Pictorial History of Striptease. ^ a b Clifton, Lara; Ainslie, Sarah; Cook, Julie (2002). Baby Oil and Ice: Striptease in East London. Do-Not Press. ISBN 9781899344857. ^ "Fathers I Have Known '' H.L. Mencken, H. Allen Smith" (PDF) . ^ Mencken, Henry Louis (1923). The American language: an inquiry into the development of English in the United States (3 ed.). A. A. Knopf. ^ "Gypsy and the Ecdysiasts". May 21, 2010. ^ Image from Der spanische, teutsche, und niederl¤ndische Krieg oder: des Marquis von ... curieuser Lebens-Lauff, vol. 2 (Franckfurt/ Leipzig, 1720), p.238 ^ Webster, Merriam. "First known use of striptease 1932". ^ Zaplin, Ruth (1998). Female offenders: critical perspectives and effective interventions. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 351. ISBN 978-0-8342-0895-7. ^ Jeffreys, Sheila (2009). The industrial vagina: the political economy of the global sex trade. Taylor & Francis. pp. 86''106. ISBN 978-0-415-41233-9. ^ Baasermann, Lugo (1968). The oldest profession: a history of prostitution. Stein and Day. pp. 7''9. ISBN 978-0-450-00234-2. ^ As described by Ovid, Fasti 4.133ff.; Juvenal, Satire 6.250''251; Lactantius, Divine Institutes 20.6; Phyllis Culham, "Women in the Roman Republic," in The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 144; Christopher H. Hallett, The Roman Nude: Heroic Portrait Statuary 200 B.C.''A.D. 300 (Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 84. ^ Evans, James Allan (2003). The Empress Theodora: Partner of Justinian. University of Texas Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-292-70270-7. ^ Robert Hendrickson (1997) QPB Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins. New York, Facts on File, Inc: 227 ^ "The Shocking History of striptease". Archived from the original on 2013-08-16. ^ The German text reads "Die T¤nzerinnen, um ihren Amant desto besser zu gefallen, zohen ihre Kleider ab, und tantzten gantz nackend die sch¶nsten Entr¨en und Ballets; einer von den Printzen dirigirte dann diese entz¼ckende Music, und stunde die Schaub¼hne niemand als diesen Verliebten offen.", Der spanische, teutsche, und niederl¤ndische Krieg oder: des Marquis von ... curieuser Lebens-Lauff, Bd. 2 (Franckfurt/ Leipzig, 1720), S.238, recapitulated in Olaf Simons, Marteaus Europa oder der Roman, bevor er Literatur wurde (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2001), pp.617''635. ^ Parramore, Lynn (2008). Reading the Sphinx: Ancient Egypt in Nineteenth-Century Literary Culture. Macmillan. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-230-60328-8. ^ Carlton, Donna (1994). Looking for Little Egypt. IDD Books. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-9623998-1-7. ^ Toni Bentley (2002) Sisters of Salome: 31 ^ Denise Noe. "Mata Hari is Born". www.crimelibrary.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . ^ Mata Hari Archived August 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ Striptease, in Mythologies by Roland Barthes, translated by Annette Lavers. Hill and Wang, bar New York, 1984 ^ Richard Wortley (1976) A Pictorial History of Striptease: 29-53 ^ "The New Victory Cinema". Newvictory.org. 1995-12-11. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22 . Retrieved 2012-08-01 . ^ Nudity, Noise Pay Off in Bay Area Night Clubs, Los Angeles Times, February 14, 1965, Page G5. ^ California Solons May Bring End To Go-Go-Girl Shows In State, Panama City News, September 15, 1969, Page 12A. ^ "Naked Profits". The New Yorker. 2004-07-12 . Retrieved 2007-07-30 . ^ "1964" . Retrieved 2007-07-30 . ^ Arguments Heard On Nude Dancing, Los Angeles Times, April 16, 1969, pg. C1. ^ Lap Victory. How a DA's decision to drop prostitution charges against lap dancers will change the sexual culture of S.F. -- and, perhaps, the country. Archived 2009-04-06 at the Wayback Machine SF Weekly, 8 September 2004 ^ Vivien Goldsmith, "Windmill: always nude but never rude", Daily Telegraph, 24 November 2005 ^ "Windmill Girls meet for reunion and remember dancing days in old Soho". Islington Tribune. ^ a b Goldstein, Murray (2005). Naked Jungle: Soho Stripped Bare. Silverback Press. ISBN 9780954944407. ^ a b Martland, Bill (March 2006). It Started With Theresa. ISBN 9781411651784 . Retrieved 2012-08-01 . ^ Shteir, Rachel (2004). Striptease: The Untold History of the Girlie Show . New York: Oxford University Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-19-512750-8. ^ Vlad Lapidos (1996) The Good Striptease Guide to London. Tredegar Press. ^ BBC News. Stripping is art, Norway decides. December 6, 2006. ^ "Ch03Art03Division36" (PDF) . Retrieved 2012-08-01 . ^ Philip J. LaVelle (19 July 2005). "More bad news? What else is new? '' Blemishes keep city in national spotlight". The San Diego Union Tribune . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . ^ "Houston topless clubs lose case, may respond to Supreme Court with pasties". Canada.com. 2008-03-29. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03 . Retrieved 2012-08-01 . ^ "Detroit Passes New Strip Club Rules - Detroit Local News Story - WDIV Detroit". Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. ^ Time Waster (2011-06-06). "Another Houston Strip Club Raided". The Smoking Gun . Retrieved 2012-08-01 . ^ Fantasee Blu (11 November 2009). "Detroit City Council To Vote On Strip Club Restrictions". Detroit: Kiss-FM . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . ^ "A Gentleman" (2010) The Stripping Question Xlibris, p.2 ISBN 9781450037556[self-published source ] ^ Martin Banham, "The Cambridge guide to theatre", Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-521-43437-8, page 803 ^ "Sexual Entertainment Venues: Guidance for England and Wales" (PDF) . Home Office. March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2010 . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . ^ Orbach, Max (2008-06-11). "Tough new rules on strip club openings". Echo . Retrieved 2010-06-11 . ^ "Iceland Review Online: Daily News from Iceland, Current Affairs, Business, Politics, Sports, Culture". Icelandreview.com. 2010-03-24 . Retrieved 2012-08-01 . ^ a b Clark, Tracy (2010-03-26). "Iceland's stripping ban - Broadsheet". Salon.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05 . Retrieved 2012-08-01 . ^ a b Roy Hemming (1999), The melody lingers on: the great songwriters and their movie musicals, Newmarket Press, ISBN 978-1-55704-380-1 ^ Edward Z. Epstein and Joseph Morella (1984) Rita: The Life of Rita Hayworth. London, Comet: 200 ^ "Ichijo Sayuri: Nureta Yokujo". Allmovie . Retrieved 2007-06-26 . Further reading [ edit ] Toni Bentley, 2002. Sisters of Salome.Bernson, Jessica (2016). The Naked Result: How Exotic Dance Became Big Business. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199846207. Arthur Fox, 1962. Striptease with the Lid Off. Empso Ltd., Manchester.Arthur Fox, 1962. "Striptease Business". Empso Ltd., Manchester.Murray Goldstein, 2005. Naked Jungle - Soho Stripped Bare. Silverback Press.Lucinda Jarrett, 1997. Stripping in Time: a history of erotic dancing. Pandora (HarperCollins), London.Holly Knox, 1988. Sally Rand, From Films to Fans. Maverick Publications, Bend, U.S.A. ISBN 0-89288-172-0.Michelle Lamour, 2006. The Most Naked Woman. Utopian Novelty Company, Chicago, Ill.Philip Purser and Jenny Wilkes, 1978. The One and Only Phyllis Dixey. Futura Publications, London. ISBN 0-7088-1436-0.Roye, The Phyllis Dixey Album (The Spotlight on Beauty Series No. 3.) The Camera Studies Club, Elstree.Roye, 1942. Phyllis in Censorland. The Camera Studies Club, London.Andy Saunders, 2004. Jane: a Pin Up at War. Leo Cooper, Barnsley. ISBN 1-84415-027-5. (Jane (Chrystabel Leighton-Porter) was a well known cartoon and photographic model. Jane was also a tableau model and appeared in theatres in Britain.)Rachel Shteir, 2004. Striptease: The Untold History of the Girlie Show. Oxford University Press.A. W. Stencell, 1999. Girl Show: Into the Canvas World of Bump and Grind. ECW Press, Toronto, Canada. ISBN 1-55022-371-2.Tempest Storm & Bill Boyd, 1987. Tempest Storm; The Lady is a Vamp. Peacetree, U.S.A.Sheila van Damm, 1957. No Excuses. Putnam, LondonSheila van Damm, 1967. We Never Closed. Robert Hale, London. ISBN 0-7091-0247-X.Vivian van Damm, 1952. Tonight and Every Night. Stanley Paul, London.Antonio Vianovi, 2002. Lili St Cyr: Her Intimate Secrets: Profili Album. Glamour Associated, Italy.Dita Von Teese, 2006. Burlesque and the Art of Striptease. Regan Books, New York, NY. ISBN 0-06-059167-6Paul Willetts, 2010 (August). Members Only: the Life and Times of Paul Raymond. Serpent's Tail Ltd., London. ISBN 9781846687150.Richard Wortley, 1969. Skin Deep in Soho. Jarrolds Publishers, London. ISBN 0-09-087830-2Richard Wortley, 1976. The Pictorial History of Striptease. Octopus Books, London. (Later edition by the Treasury Press, London. ISBN 0-907407-12-9.)External links [ edit ] Media related to Striptease at Wikimedia Commons
  The Players Club - Wikipedia
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    1998 film directed by Ice Cube
    The Players Club is a 1998 American dark comedy drama film and thriller written and directed by Ice Cube in his directorial debut. With Ice Cube, the film stars Bernie Mac, Monica Calhoun, Jamie Foxx, John Amos, A. J. Johnson, Alex Thomas, Charlie Murphy, Terrence Howard, Faizon Love and LisaRaye in her first starring role.
    Plot [ edit ] The story is presented as a memory of Diana ''Diamond'' Armstrong (LisaRaye) sparked by her arrival at the ruins of the raunchy, dysfunctional Players Club. She explains that she used to work at the club, beginning working there after getting pregnant with her son Jamal and getting into a heated argument with her father about wanting to go to a local historically black college (HBCU), prompting her to move out of her parents' home. Initially, Diana ends up working at a shoe store. There she meets Ronnie (Chrystale Wilson) and Tricks (Adele Givens), who work for Dollar Bill (Bernie Mac) at The Players Club. They convince Diana she would make better money stripping, saying, "Use what you got to get what you want."
    Dollar Bill gives Diana a job and the name Diamond. Her job initially goes well. However, four years later her younger cousin Ebony Armstrong (Monica Calhoun) comes to live with her after leaving Florida. After listening to Dollar's rendition of "The Strippin' Game", she starts working at the club.
    Ebony is soon out of control - drinking excessively, staying out all night and influenced more and more by Ronnie and Tricks, who encourage Ebony to do more out-of-club parties for groups of men. Diamond tries to warn Ebony to stay away from Ronnie and Tricks and to quit doing house parties, but Ebony rebels against being told what to do and ignores Diamond's advice.
    After a heated confrontation with Ebony, Diamond has a flashback to a time when she was at a private party with Ronnie and Tricks. Diamond is passed out on the bed drunk, and the men at the party offer to pay Ronnie to perform cunnilingus on Diamond. Ronnie accepts the offer and proceeds to assault Diamond. The flashback encourages Diamond to continue to try to protect Ebony. Clyde (Alex Thomas) and Reggie (Ice Cube) - two watchmen who work for a drug lord named St. Louis - offer Ebony money to come off and have sex with them, but Diamond intervenes.
    Meanwhile, Dollar Bill gets confronted by a man who works for St. Louis, a drug lord and loan shark to whom Dollar Bill owes $60,000. He warns Dollar Bill if he doesn't make a payment of $10,000 to St. Louis, he will hunt him down. That same night, St. Louis comes to his club to collect. Lil' Man, the doorman of the club, tells St. Louis that Dollar Bill is not at the club; St. Louis and his men leave. The next day as Dollar Bill tries to leave the club, St. Louis' men Brooklyn (Charlie Murphy) and K.C. (Terrence Howard) confront him. They beat him unconscious and throw him into the trunk of his car. Luckily for him, they are stopped by Freeman (John Amos) and Peters (Faizon Love), two crooked cops. Dollar Bill is found in the trunk and is arrested on warrants; he is later bailed out and returns to the club.
    The following night rapper Luther "Luke" Campbell comes to the strip club, Reggie and Clyde discuss him. When Dollar Bill is notified that Luke is at his club, he alerts the strippers via a money alarm, believing he will make a fortune. All of the strippers in the club come rushing down where Luke and his crew are sitting, while Diamond chooses to stay pleasuring Miron. Shortly afterwards Diamond's professor comes in the club and notices her dancing. Embarrassed and ashamed, Diamond runs away downstairs to the locker room. Ronnie then comes in and attempts to sexually assault Diamond again but Diamond fights off her advances. Back upstairs, Clyde attempts to meet Luke, but Luke's bodyguard (Michael Clarke Duncan) informs Clyde that Luke is trying to relax and not meet with fans. Clyde insults the bodyguard, causing him to hit Clyde in the back of his head as he starts to walk away. The bodyguard, Luke and the others in the V.I.P. section all laugh. In retaliation, Reggie grabs a chair, smashes it over the bodyguards head and beats down the bodyguard and belligerently fights against Luke and his friends, only for him to be gang-beaten and thrown into a glass window. The dazed Reggie opens fire wildly while the patrons flee before being knocked out by the bouncer X.L. (Tiny Lister). Clyde then gets up and begins throwing punches himself at the entourage. Back downstairs, a panicked Tricks comes busting in yelling about the shooting upstairs stopping Ronnie from assaulting Diamond.
    Further tension develops between Ebony and Diamond when Diamond returns home later that night after fleeing her obsessive customer Miron, who admitted to stalking her and then tried to force entry to her apartment, only to find Ebony in bed with her now ex-boyfriend Lance (after he breaks up with Diamond earlier). Diamond loses it and lunges at Ebony but Lance restrains her. Ebony frantically flees to the bathroom and locks the door and Diamond chases Lance out with her gun, shooting at him several times. Diamond then threatens and taunts Ebony. When Diamond feigns leaving, she punches Ebony when she opens the door and throws her out of the apartment. Diamond begins to grow sick and tired of the drama with Ebony and the club. Days later, Diamond reconciles with her professor; he tells her he understands and promises to help her start her career after she graduates.
    Diamond then begins dating Blue (Jamie Foxx), a DJ at the Player's Club. Meanwhile, Ebony is offered a gig to dance at Ronnie's brother Junior's (Samuel Monroe Jr.) bachelor party, under the pretense from Ronnie that other girls from the club will be dancing there as well (In actuality, Ronnie lied to use her as a way out of stripping for her brother's friends at the party so Ebony can strip for them instead). When Ebony realizes that she will be the only woman in a hotel room full of horny men, she desperately tries calling Diamond (who is out on a date with Blue) to come and pick her up, but Diamond refuses, still being mad at Ebony for sleeping with Lance.
    Meanwhile, at Junior's party, Reggie and Clyde, both feeling insulted by Diamond and Ebony from a previous encounter (she aggressively told them she wasn't interested anymore when she first arrived to the party), tell Junior that Ebony will have sex with him, claiming that they "ran a train" on her. Excited, Junior bursts in on Ebony while she is changing. Ebony resists, prompting Junior to brutally beat and rape her, leaving his friends to listen to it in full disgust and disbelief. Soon, Reggie, Clyde and the other guests leave, wanting no further involvement with Junior. When Ronnie discovers Ebony unconscious, she and Junior flee the hotel room as she scolds him. Later, Diamond has a change of heart and she and Blue decide to check up on Ebony at the hotel, only to discover her bloodied and unconscious body on the bed. This proves to be the final straw for Diamond.
    Furious, Diamond grabs her gun and goes to the Players Club, where Ronnie and Tricks are hiding out. After scaring the other strippers away by firing a warning shot, Diamond gives the gun to Blue to cover her while she gets into a brutal fistfight with Ronnie, leaving Ronnie badly beaten and avenging Ebony's injured. Diamond punches Tricks and this prompts Dollar Bill to firing her from the club. Diamond says final insults to Dollar and alongside with Tricks, Dollar and the others check on a beaten and bruised Ronnie and nurse her facial injuries, while Diamond and Blue leave.
    Ronnie and Tricks are arrested by the police on charges of the rape of Ebony. (Junior was already arrested.) Later that night, Diamond's timing proves to be perfect when St. Louis, comes to collect. He personally shoots up the club (though he does give warning to the innocent customers and employees beforehand, allowing them to leave). As he desperately tries to escape, Dollar is captured by Reggie, Clyde, and St. Louis' associate, whom Dollar Bill met earlier. Later, Brooklyn destroys the club with a LAW rocket, which explains the opening scene.
    Ebony, still sporting the bruises from her rape, now has a job working at the shoe store. Having been berated by two strippers who work at a new club, Club Sugar Daddy's, with the same slogan that influenced her and Diana to strip, she firmly stands her ground. Ebony and Diana are back on good terms again. She reminds her to "make that money", which Ebony replied, "Don't let it make you." In voice-over, Diamond narrates that Ebony moved back to Tallahassee, FL to be with her mother. Blue is a top D.J. at a radio station, and he and Diamond are moving further in their relationship. Ronnie and Tricks work at Club Sugar Daddy's after their release from jail. Junior is now serving time for Ebony's rape and he never got married. Reggie and Clyde were last seen at the "Freaknik" in Atlanta. St. Louis is still "running the South" along with Brooklyn and K.C. Peters and Freeman are still harassing people all day. Little Man manages a strip club in Chicago. Dollar Bill was never heard from again (It can be safely presumed that he was murdered by St. Louis' men for his debts as he was last seen being stuffed into the trunk of their car). Diamond becomes a successful reporter, having put the past behind her to move on to a new life with her son and boyfriend.
    Cast [ edit ] LisaRaye as Diana "Diamond" Armstrong: A college student, single mom and aspiring journalist who gets a job at The Players Club to raise money for her college tuition. Diana has a rivalry with Ronnie and Tricks; her rivalry with Ronnie in particular is indirectly related to the climax of the film.Bernie Mac as Dollar Bill: the dim crooked owner of The Players Club who is threatened by a loan shark named St. Louis, as Dollar Bill is deeply in debt to him. At one point earlier in the film, he is captured by Brooklyn and K.C. but escapes death when the two loan sharks are arrested. At the end, he is re-captured by St. Louis' men and is presumed to be murdered after.Monica Calhoun as Ebony: Diamond's younger cousin who becomes out-of-control after getting a job at The Players Club. She befriends Ronnie and Tricks, who manipulate her throughout the film. In the end, she begins working at a shoe store after being beaten and raped by Junior.Jamie Foxx as Blue: the club's radio disc jockey and Diamond's love interest of the film.John Amos as Officer Freeman: a crooked police officer who harasses suspects.Chrystale Wilson as Ronnie: A stripper at The Players Club with a rivalry with Diamond and Ebony. Ronnie is later beaten up by Diamond due to her indirect responsibility for Ebony's beating and rape.Adele Givens as Tricks: A stripper at The Players Club and a right-hand of Ronnie. She is arrested at the end of the film.Anthony Johnson as L'il Man: the club's doorman who is frequently taunted and harmed by St. Louis and his crooks when he covers up for Dollar Bill's absences.Ice Cube as Reggie: A henchman working for St. Louis. Reggie is sent to the Players Club to look over Dollar Bill's business and has a thirst towards Ebony.Alex Thomas as Clyde: Reggie's best friend who, like Reggie, has a thirst towards Ebony and works for St. Louis.Tiny Lister as XL the Bouncer: a tall, muscular bouncer of the club.Larry McCoy as St. Louis: a wheelchair-using gangster to whom Dollar Bill owes money.Charlie Murphy as Brooklyn: St. Louis' main henchman.Terrence Howard as K.C.: St. Louis' secondary henchman and Brooklyn's partner in crime.Faizon Love as Officer Peters: another police officer who harasses suspects.Samuel Monroe Jr. as Junior: Ronnie's younger brother who beats and rapes Ebony in the film's climax.Luther Campbell as Luke: a rapper who visits the club.Michael Clarke Duncan as Bodyguard: the tall, muscular bodyguard for Luke.Montae Russell as Lance: Diamond's boyfriend whom she ended her relationship with after he had sex with Ebony.Master P as Guy in Club (5 second cameo)Soundtrack [ edit ] A successful soundtrack was released on March 17, 1998, peaking at #10 on the Billboard 200 and #2 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. It featured artists such as the film's star, Ice Cube, DMX, Master P and Jay-Z, among others.
    Reception [ edit ] Box office [ edit ] The movie debuted at No. 5.[3] It went on to gross $23,047,939 domestically, and $213,546 in foreign markets for a total lifetime gross of $23,261,485.[4]
    Critical response [ edit ] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 31%, based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 5.20/10.[5]
    References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] The Players Club at Box Office MojoThe Players Club at Rotten TomatoesThe Players Club at IMDb
  Black Girl (1972 film) - Wikipedia
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    1972 American film directed by Ossie Davis
    Black Girl is an American family drama film directed by Ossie Davis based on a 1969 play written by J.E. Franklin.[1] The film explores issues and experiences of black womanhood in the 1970s, including how black women were depicted and common stereotypes of the period. According to Melvin Donalson in Black Directors in Hollywood, "Black Girl is a film that explores the intricate and sometimes painful connections between mothers and daughters."[2]
    Plot [ edit ] A young woman defies the low expectations thrust upon her by her family, determined to distract the pursuance of her dreams of becoming a dancer. The story begins in Mama Rosie's house, where Billie lives with her mother Mama Rosie and grandmother Madear. Billie Jean, the youngest of three girls, desperately wishes to avoid the fate of her two sisters Norma Faye and Ruth Ann. The elder sisters have left home, married creating families of their own. The sisters visit their mother each day out of boredom, deflecting their own failures onto their youngest sister Billie. The oldest sister Norma Faye and the middle Ruth Ann have failed to finished high school, lacking a vision to create any future aspirations of their own. Billie Jean dreams of becoming a successful dancer, but her mother and sisters belittle her attempts to improve herself.
    Mama Rosie compares her daughters unfavorably with Netta, a young lady from the neighborhood, whom she loves like a daughter. Mama Rosie has formed a bond with Netta, whose natural mother suffers from severe mental illness. Netta is achieving success as she pursues her education, attending college in a city nearby, which offers Netta hope for a promising career upon completion. Resented by Mama Rosie's daughters Norma Faye and Ruth Ann, Netta is met with hatred, threats and potential violence upon her arrival to visit Mama Rosie from college. Nevertheless, despite the confrontational confusion, Netta has plans for Billie Jean to finish high school and to apply for college at the end of the school term.
    Billie Jean's sisters never have understood, envisioned, nor dared to imagine any aspirations of their own because of a lack of an education, motivation and insecurities. Throughout the movie, Mama Rosie speaks about dreams she held from her youth, which she never fulfilled due to a life of failed marriages, children, and self-distractions. Mama Rosie now lives her life through Netta as she cheers Netta on to become a teacher. The ex-husband of Mama Rosie, and father of the two eldest daughters, returns to town to visit the family with hopes to rekindle a relationship with Mama Rosie.
    Conversations of vulgarities ensue from the visiting father Earl as he talks about how Billie can make it by dancing in a Detroit bar. The grandmother's church-going, live-in boyfriend Herbert objects to the disrespectful conversation, reminding Earl, he speaks among the company of women and a teen. Mama Rose, interjects, advising Herbert, that everyone present is grown and married except Billie. The scene alludes to why the family could possibly be in such a dysfunctional place. Not only does the family suffer from aspirations to improve their lives, but they seem to have lost integrity as well as a sense of decency and substance. The movie progresses with Earl and Mama Rosie taking a ride to a near by neighborhood park. As the two enter, they are met with the sound of youthful laughter, children playing, in a sunny park. Earl runs around the park, as Mama Rosie looks with laughter as if they both are remember their days of youth and dreams. Earl and Mama Rosie then discuss their bittersweet past, a time too late to renew.
    Mama Rosie and Earl soon part company after discussing their current life. Rosie returns home with a sense of imbalance imposed upon her by Earl's presence. Rosie and her mother engage in an unsuccessful conversation that takes a sour turn, awakening painful, old wounds. Both Madear and Rosie are forced to face inner truths that lead to additional conflict in the concluding scenes. The movie moves with the elder sisters ganging up on Billie Jean, holding her down, insisting Billie Jean needs to be institutionalized as they fail to understand and respect Billie's goals.
    The grandmother Madear comes to Billie's aid and reminds her daughter Rosie of her past dreams. Madear asks Rosie to please allow Billie to fulfill her dreams regardless of anyone's understanding, without interference. Madear pleads on behalf of Billie Jean's rights to be respected to live and follow her own dreams. Madear objects to any further judgment or hindrance from the family toward Billie Jean. The film ends with Billie Jean's leaving home to attend college despite protest from her envious sisters. Billie enters a cab of her future, and Madear and Mama Rosie look from the front porch with mixed emotions. The matriarchs look with apprehension, hope, faith, and a sense of peace.
    Cast [ edit ] Brock Peters as EarlClaudia McNeil as Mu'DearLeslie Uggams as NettaLouise Stubbs as Mama RosiePeggy Pettitt as Billie JeanGloria Edwards as Norma FayeLoretta Greene as Ruth AnnRuby Dee as Netta's MotherKent Martin as HerbertFeminism [ edit ] Davis was not afraid to focus on realistic and sometimes uncomfortable issues. A central theme of his was the depiction of black women in that time period. Black Girl was released "against the backdrop of the surging feminist movement in the early 1970s".[3]
    Davis explores the emerging women's liberation that followed the Black Power movement through the characters' stories, especially that of Mama Rosie as a single black mother struggling to support her family while refusing to allow her ex-husband to save her. "Davis gave notice that working-class black women'--who were not prostitutes, drug users, or gun-toting heroines'--had stories to tell that were provocative and relevant."[4]
    The role of black women in films was changing. "The role of black women in films, always previously confined to servant roles, with only white-looking women being allowed to be sexually alluring (and sinful), did not reflect their status in the black community."[5]
    Blaxploitation [ edit ] Blaxploitation films in the 1970s exploited the stereotypes of African Americans in the roles they played. The genre promoted popular images of black men and women using traits of extraordinary cool, sexuality, and violence. Black Girl embraces some of these traits, in depicting the sexuality of the older sisters, and in a violent scene where the oldest sister pulls a knife on Netta, the foster sister.[6] Roger Ebert stated that in Black Girl "we see a black family with more depth and complexity than the movies usually permit"[7]
    Reception [ edit ] Melvin Donalson wrote: "Studios were perhaps unenthusiastic about marketing a film that explored emotional and psychological dimensions of black womanhood, and perhaps audiences were still hungry for the trendy black urban action films that dominated the period."[8] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times rated it three out of four stars and wrote, "Black Girl is a movie so filled with things it wants to say that sometimes the messages are lost in a confusion of story lines. A more disciplined movie might have been made by eliminating some of the material and organizing the rest, but I'm not sure it would have been a better movie or a more moving experience."[9] Roger Greenspun of The New York Times wrote, "I suspect that the real difference between the successful play and the failed movie lies in Ossie Davis's direction, which ranges from pedestrian to downright helpless."[10] Variety quoted their own review, which called it "the best study of Negro family life since Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun".[11]
    See also [ edit ] List of American films of 1972References [ edit ] ^ Franklin, J.E. (1971). Black Girl: A Play in Two Acts. New York City: Dramatists Play Service, Inc. ISBN 978-0822201250. ^ Donalson, Melvin. Black Directors in Hollywood. ^ Donalson, Melvin. Black Directors in Hollywood. ^ Donalson, Melvin (2003). Black Directors in Hollywood . University of Texas Press. pp. 29. ^ Null, Gary. Black Hollywood the negro in motion pictures. Citadel Press. p. 216. ^ Donalson, Melvin (2003). Black Directors in Hollywood . University of Texas Press. pp. 45. ^ Ebert, Roger. "Black Girl". ^ Donalson, Melvin. Black Directors in Hollywood. ^ Ebert, Roger (1973-02-06). "Black Girl". Chicago Sun-Times . Retrieved 2015-02-10 . ^ Greenspun, Roger (1972-11-10). "Black Girl (1972)". The New York Times . Retrieved 2015-02-10 . ^ "Lee Savin". Variety. 1995-01-29 . Retrieved 2015-02-10 . Donalson, Melvin. Black Directoris in Hollywood. University of Texas Press. pp. 25''30, 45, 204. New York Times Movie Review by Roger GreenspunHooks, Bell. Ain't I a Woman black women and feminism. South End Press. p. 161. External links [ edit ] Black Girl at IMDb
  Culture vs Religion - Difference
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    By: Editorial Staff | Updated: Nov-18, 2017
    A society is characterized by its culture and by its religious beliefs. Sometimes, beliefs within these systems intertwine and dictate the same thing. In this case, how do you know if you are acting in accordance with your culture or in accordance with your religion? What is the difference between culture and religion?
    Summary Table CultureReligionDefines the sets of beliefs of people living in a certain areaDefines the spiritual beliefs of a group of peopleIs geographically definedIs defined by a core belief '' a God or a spiritual questIncludes religionCan be practiced by people in different culturesA person is defined by the culture he was brought up inA person can live with or without religionAllows the evolution of a group while not straying from the things that give it its identityAllows individual spiritual revelationCan change in timeLess likely to change in timeThere are numerous culturesThere are fewer religions Definitions Dragons '' elements of Chinese cultureCulture consists of the set of beliefs a group of people hold. It refers to everything from spiritual life, ways to make the best of resources, how to act within the community, what to celebrate, how to cook food, and more. Some actions are dictated by environment alone, such as the resources available to people in a certain geographical area. However, others are dictated by culture, such as how to cook the food available, how to serve it, and what types of food are considered proper for celebrations.
    Life within a community is dictated by shared beliefs. Summed up, these beliefs make up that group's culture.
    Religious symbolsReligion is a set of beliefs and practices related to one's spiritual life. Each religion is built around a core belief and it can have one God, several gods or no God at all. Monotheistic religions offer spiritual enlightenment by following the path laid down by the one God and His prophets. Polytheistic religions allow people to choose the God or gods and abide by a general set of rules to all believers. Religions without gods help the individuals seek spiritual enlightenment on their own.
    All religions have a set of practices, rules and rituals for veneration followers need to abide by. Non-compliance with religious rules leads to sin and damnation or an obstruction of one's path to enlightenment.
    There are many religions in the world. People are often born into a certain religion but they can also switch from one set of spiritual beliefs to another or to none at all. It is possible for a person to live outside any type of religion as an atheist.
    Culture vs Religion So what is the different between culture and religion?
    Culture defines the way in which a large group of people acts. It defines the evolution of the group and its identity in relation to the place they live. Religion defines the spiritual beliefs of the same people and is a part of the local culture.
    There are more cultures than there are religions in the world; therefore, some cultures will share a religion. Although the core set of religious beliefs will be the same, practices vary as they are dictated by the local culture.
    A person can live without a religion, but it is less possible to live outside of a culture as it shapes individuals from the very beginning of their life. Cultural traits are passed down from parents to children in the simplest of gestures. Even if a person could leave his country and start a new life among people used to different sets of cultural values, that person will eventually have to adopt the cultural values of his hosts. This is necessary to have a better chance at adapting to the new life.
    Overall, culture adapts to change and allows a community to evolve while remaining true to its identity. Religion is less flexible and less open to change.
  Warfare Worldview: A Basic Definition - Greg Boyd - ReKnew
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    The warfare worldview is based on the conviction that our world is engaged in a cosmic war between a myriad of agents, both human and angelic, that have aligned themselves with either God or Satan. We believe this worldview best reflects the response to evil depicted throughout the Bible. For example, Jesus unequivocally opposed evils such as disease, demonization, and even natural disaster (i.e. Jesus rebuked the storm) as originating in the wills of Satan, fallen angels, and sinful people, rather than of God.
    This view is not ontologically dualistic, because while the Bible clearly articulates war between good and evil, it also clearly articulates God's sovereignty. The battle that is currently raging is not everlasting, and when it ends, we are assured of God's victory. In fact, the victory has already been won in the life, death, and resurrection of Christ (Col. 2:13''14), but the demise of evil has not yet been fully realized. Christians are called to wage spiritual warfare (Eph. 6:10''17) against evil through prayer, evangelism, and social action.
    Many Christians have concluded that in order for God to accomplish his goal for creation, everything that happens in world history must somehow fit into his sovereign plan. This assumption has permeated the Church throughout most of its history. The assumption is often expressed in cliches Christians are sometimes prone to recite when confronting tragedies like cancer, crippling accidents, or natural disasters. Believers sometimes attempt to console themselves and others with statements like, ''God has his reasons,'' ''There's a purpose for everything,'' ''Providence writes straight with crooked lines,'' and ''His ways are not our ways.''
    I call this understanding of God's relationship to the world ''the blueprint worldview,'' for it assumes that everything somehow fits into meticulous plan and mysterious purposes of God'--a divine blueprint. The view takes many different forms, but each version shares the assumption that, whether ordained or allowed, there is a specific divine reason for every occurrence in history. As traditional and popular as the blueprint worldview is, it is not without significant difficulties. For one thing, this view makes it exceedingly difficult to reconcile the evil in our world with the perfect goodness of God, especially when applied to specific instances of suffering and evil.
    A second and even more fundamental problem with the blueprint worldview: It is, I contend, rooted in an imbalanced reading of the Bible. While Scripture emphasizes God's ultimate authority over the world, it also emphasizes that agents, whom God has created, can and do resist his will. Humans and fallen angels are able to grieve his Spirit and to some extent frustrate his purposes (e.g. Gen. 6:6; Isa. 63:10; Luke 7:30; Acts 7:51; Eph. 4:30; Heb. 3:8, 15; 4:7). Scripture refers to this myriad of other angels and humans who refuse to submit to God's rule as a rebel kingdom (Matt. 12:26; Col. 1:13; Rev. 11:15), and identifies the head of this rebellion as a powerful fallen angel named Satan. It is clear that God shall someday vanquish this rebel kingdom, but it is equally clear that in the meantime, he genuinely wars against it.
    Unlike the blueprint worldview, the warfare worldview does not assume that there is a specific divine reason for what Satan and other evil agents do. To the contrary, God fights these opponents precisely because their purposes are working against his purposes.
    Suffering takes on a different meaning when it is considered in the context of a cosmic war as opposed to a context in which everything is part of God's meticulous plan and mysterious higher good. In the warfare worldview we would not wonder about what specific divine reason God might have had in allowing evil to occur to specific people. Instead, we would view these individuals as ''victims of war'' and assign the blame to human or demonic beings who oppose God's will.
    Following Scripture, we would of course look to God for comfort in the midst of our suffering, trust that he is working to bring good out of the evil, and find consolation in our confidence that the war will someday come to a glorious end. But we would not look to God's purposes for the explanation of why any particular evil occurred in the first place. In the warfare worldview, this is understood to be the result of the evil intentions and activity of human and angelic agents.
    As is the case with the blueprint worldview, the warfare worldview is not without difficulties. Foremost among these is the question of how this view can be reconciled with the biblical teaching that God is the all-powerful Creator of the world. Since the warfare worldview denies that God always has a specific reason for allowing evil deeds to occur, must it not deny that God is able to prevent events he wishes would not take place? We may state the dilemma this way: It seems we must either believe that God does not prevent certain events because he chooses not to or because he is unable to. The warfare worldview denies that God always chooses not to intervene, for this would require the belief that there is a specific divine purpose behind everything. Hence the warfare worldview must accept that, at least sometimes, God is unable to prevent evil. But how then can we continue to affirm that God is all-powerful?
    My conviction is that, unlike the questions that the blueprint worldview raises, this question has a plausible answer. The trinitarian warfare theodicy argues that the answer lies in the nature of love. As Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, God's essence is love (1 John 4:8, 16). God created the world for the purpose of displaying his triune love and inviting others to share in it (cf. John 17:20''25). I argue that it was not logically possible for God to have this objective without risking the possibility of war breaking out in his creation. The possibility of love among contingent creatures such as angels and humans entails the possibility of war.
    Photo credit: vidalia_11 / VisualHunt.com / CC BY
  Bhad Bhabie - Wikipedia
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    American rapper and media personality from Florida
    Danielle Peskowitz Bregoli (born March 26, 2003),[2] known professionally as Bhad Bhabie (, "bad baby"), is an American rapper, songwriter, and internet personality. She first became known from an episode of Dr. Phil in September 2016, in which she said the phrase, "Catch me outside, how about that?", which became a viral video meme and catchphrase.[1][3] In 2017, Bregoli became the youngest female rapper ever to appear on the Billboard Hot 100 chart with her debut single "These Heaux".[4][5] She subsequently signed a record deal with Atlantic Records and has now expanded into a reality show, a makeup brand, tours, and a music career. Bregoli released her first mixtape, 15, in September 2018.Its lead single, "Hi Bich", became her second single to appear on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
    Early life Bregoli was born and raised in Boynton Beach, Florida.[6] Her parents, Ira Peskowitz and Barbara Ann Bregoli, dated for a year before Bregoli's mother became pregnant, later separating when she was an infant. Her father is a Polish Jew and her mother is of Italian descent.[7][8][9] Bregoli was raised in a Catholic household primarily by her mother, and is estranged from her father, a deputy who works for the Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office.[10][11][12]
    Career 2016''2017: Dr. Phil appearance, rehab, and legal issues On September 14, 2016, Bregoli and her mother Barbara Ann were interviewed on Dr. Phil for a segment titled "I Want to Give Up My Car-Stealing, Knife-Wielding, Twerking 13-Year-Old Daughter Who Tried to Frame Me for a Crime". They appeared on the show to discuss Bregoli's behavior, which included stealing a crew member's car while the episode was being filmed. When Bregoli became irritated at the audience's laughter, she responded to them by saying "Catch me outside, how about that?", jokingly challenging them to a fight outside the studio. Her accent made the phrase sound like "Cash me ousside, how bout dah", which became a meme, and Bregoli became known as the "'Cash Me Outside' Girl".[13][14][15][16] On February 10, 2017, Bregoli reappeared on the show, but without a studio audience due to the response at her previous appearance.[17] Her first appearance on the show, and the catchphrase it spawned, would inspire a single based on the clip, ("Cash Me Outside") which was recorded by DJ Suede The Remix God, and entered the Billboard Hot 100, Streaming Songs, and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts in its March 4, 2017 issue. The song in turn led to a series of dance videos that were uploaded onto YouTube.[18]
    Bregoli and her mother sued three companies for "infringing her intellectual property rights" by using her signature catchphrase without consent. She also threatened to sue Walmart for using her catchphrase on T-shirts.[19] She was nominated for the 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards in the "Trending" category based on the catchphrase.[20]
    Following her appearance on Dr. Phil, Bregoli spent time at the Turn-About Ranch, a facility for "troubled teens" in Utah. She was later arrested and pleaded guilty to charges of grand theft, marijuana possession, and filing a false police report, for which she was sentenced to five years' probation in July 2017,[21] but it ended earlier in March 2018, after she hired a new lawyer.[22] In March 2021, Bregoli uploaded a video to her YouTube channel in which she says she experienced and witnessed abuse at the Turn-About Ranch. She accused staffers of forcing her to sit still for three days straight without being allowed to sleep, using physical restraint on other teenagers, and ignoring reports of bullying. She also criticized Dr. Phil for sending teenagers on his show to the facility.[23][24] He responded via an April 2021 interview with NewsNation that he is unaware of the ranch's actions and does not get feedback from them, to which Bregoli reacted by saying in a second video that the ranch sends progress reports directly to the show.[25][26]
    2017''2018: career beginnings, and 15 In early 2017, Bregoli was signed by music manager Adam Kluger and initially received industry backlash.
    "Everybody got weird" he says. "I wasn't even mad that they were bashing Danielle, because everyone was bashing Danielle at the time. I was like: 'You really don't believe that I know what I'm doing? Don't bet the horse, bet the jockey.""[27]
    By March 2017, Bregoli's personal worth was estimated to be $200,000.[28]
    Bregoli released her first single "These Heaux" (pronounced "hoes") on August 24, 2017. The recording reached number 77 on the Billboard Hot 100, making Bregoli the youngest female rap artist to debut on the music chart.[29][30][31] The success of "These Heaux" prompted Atlantic Records to sign Bregoli to a multi-album recording contract.[32] In September 2017, she remixed the Kodak Black song "Roll in Peace" and Tee Grizzley and Lil Yachty song "From the D to the A".[33] On September 22, 2017, she released "Hi Bich" which reached number 68 on the Billboard Hot 100 and a day after, "Whachu Know", as a single alongside the video, which received over 3 million views in 24 hours.[34][35] After a shorter break, on November 30, 2017 she released another single "I Got It",[36] followed by "Mama Don't Worry (Still Ain't Dirty)" in December. In the latter, she's rapping about her past, and that her appearance in Dr. Phil should be forgotten.[37] This theme is echoed in the video for "Both of Em", in which she buries her old self in a shallow grave.[38] In "Hi Bich (Remix)" she collaborates for the first time with other artists, including YBN Nahmir, Rich the Kid and Asian Doll (in the video, for unknown reasons YBN Nahmir was replaced by MadeinTYO).[39][40]
    On March 26, 2018, she celebrated her birthday with a new song release, "Gucci Flip Flops", featuring Lil Yachty.[41] Two days later, she received a gold certification from the RIAA for her single "Hi Bich".[42] In mid-April, she released a freestyle called "Who Run It".[43]
    Her first tour across North America and Europe, together with Asian Doll, began on April 14, 2018, performing the first and second legs.[44]
    On May 2, 2018, the video for "Gucci Flip Flops" was released. Following the video's release, the song debuted on Billboard's Hot 100 Chart at number 80, becoming her third charting single on the chart. She received a 2018 Billboard Music Award nomination in the category of Best Female Rap Artist, along with Cardi B and Nicki Minaj.[45]
    On June 14, 2018, Bregoli released another single "Trust Me" featuring Ty Dolla Sign.[46] On July 26, she released the video for "Trust Me", featuring guest appearances from Theo Von and Bella Thorne.
    On August 14, 2018, Bregoli announced her upcoming mixtape 15. It would feature guest appearances from Lil Yachty, Ty Dolla $ign, YG, Lil Baby, City Girls and Asian Doll. One day later, she received a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America for her single "Gucci Flip Flops".
    On August 30, 2018, Bregoli released her new single "Yung and Bhad" featuring City Girls.[47] Two days before the release of her debut mixtape, she released a music video for Thot Opps (Clout Drop) and Bout That.[citation needed ] On September 18, 2018, she released 15.[48] She released the single "Geek'd" featuring Lil Baby, with a music video released two days later.[49][50] Other album tracks such as "No More Love", "Famous", "Count It" and "Shhh" were presented as video shorts on YouTube. On October 17, she released "Juice" featuring rapper YG. A music video for "Juice" was also released, with a guest appearance from UFC Women's Featherweight Champion Cris Cyborg, but YG did not appear on the video.[51][52]
    On November 16, 2018, she embarked on the third and fourth legs of her tour,[53] on the west coast of the US and Australia/New Zealand respectively. The tour received good reviews, stating Bregoli's stage presence made the show, some even comparing her to Britney Spears on the early years of her career.[54][55]
    2019''present: Bringing Up Bhabie, Ride or Die and hiatus In January 2019, Bregoli released two singles: "Babyface Savage" featuring Tory Lanez and "Bestie" featuring Kodak Black.[56] Babyface Savage gained a lot of traction in YouTube and Twitter especially, with many clips of the songs gaining tens of thousands retweets and likes.[57] The song also charted on Canada and on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 in the US, extending her record of the youngest female to have more entries in over 20 years.[58][59] The music video reached 20 million views in under 2 months. Bestie's music video, directed by Michael Garcia, came out February 25, and was praised for its visuals and storyline. It featured product placement by multiple brands, and had a guest appearance by DMX.[60]
    In the same month, she announced an endorsement deal with Copycat Beauty, where she will promote the brand's products on her social media and music videos.[61] She reportedly will be making a percentage of the sales for the six-month deal.[62] The deal was successful, as the company's sales spiked, reaching 500,000 on the first day.[63]
    Bregoli also released the trailer of her new reality show, Bringing Up Bhabie, which would detail her daily life and her building her music career. The show will come out on Snapchat, as one of their many upcoming Snap Originals. The first season had 12 episodes, and TMZ reported outstanding ratings of over 10 million unique viewers in its first 24 hours. They also reported she was set to make over 10 million dollars during 2019.[64] During September 2019, the reality show was renewed by Snapchat for a second season due to air in Summer 2020.
    During April and May 2019, Bregoli released a remix of "Bestie" by Spenda C Nola Bounce, and a radio version of the song with Megan Thee Stallion. She released the version with Megan in order for her song to be played on the radio as radio stations were boycotting Kodak Black at the time. Bregoli also released the double singles "Lotta Dem" and her song "Spaz", which features YBN Nahmir. The making of the "Spaz" music video was recorded for her Snapchat show Bringing Up Bhabie.[65]
    The following month, she released another single called "Get Like Me", which has a feature from NLE Choppa.[66][67] On August 22, 2019, she announced the release of her new game Ride or Die, which features Bregoli as an animated character where the player has to get her to run from the police.[68]
    In December 2019, a video of Bregoli wearing box braids was posted to Instagram, causing controversy over cultural appropriation and her subsequent decision to go on a social media hiatus.[69] In February 2020, she ended her hiatus with a freestyle to Nicki Minaj's song "Yikes",[70] and another song called "$" with Lil Gotit.[71]On April 22, 2020, she released her first single of 2020, titled "That's What I Said", a track addressing her critics.[72] Bregoli is set to release the second season of her Snapchat reality series, Bringing Up Bhabie, later in 2020.[72]
    On April 1, 2021, six days after her eighteenth birthday, Bregoli opened an OnlyFans account, earning over $1 million in revenue in the first six hours, including over $757,000 from subscriptions, over $267,000 from message payments, and over $5,000 in tips.[73]
    Discography Mixtapes 15 (2018)Singles Promotional singles TitleYearAlbumPlatform"15 (Intro)"201815YouTube"Yung and Bhad" (feat. City Girls)All"Bout That''YouTube"Thot Opps (Clout Drop)""$" (feat. Lil Gotit)2020Non-album promotional singleGuest appearances Videography TitleYearArtist(s)Director(s)'"These Heaux"2017Bhad BhabieGOOD BOY SHADY"Hi Bich" / "Whachu Know"Ronny J"I Got It"N/A"Mama Don't Worry (Still Ain't Dirty)""Both of Em"2018"Hi Bich (Remix)"Bhad Bhabie (featuring Rich The Kid, Asian Doll and MadeinTYO)"Gucci Flip Flops"Bhad Bhabie (featuring Lil Yachty)Nicholaus Goosen"Trust Me"Bhad Bhabie (featuring Ty Dolla $ign)"Thot Opps (Clout Drop)" / "Bout That"Bhad Bhabie"Geek'd"Bhad Bhabie (featuring Lil Baby)"No More Love" / "Famous" (Short Video)Bhad Bhabie"Count It"Bhad Bhabie and $hirak"Juice"Bhad Bhabie (featuring YG)Cris Cyborg"Babyface Savage"2019Bhad Bhabie (featuring Tory Lanez)N/A"Bestie"Bhad Bhabie (featuring Kodak Black)D. A. Doman"Get Like Me"Bhad Bhabie (featuring NLE Choppa)N/A"Babyface Savage" (TikTok Dance Compilation Video)Bhad Bhabie (featuring Tory Lanez)"That's What I Said"2020Bhad BhabieGo GrizzlyFilmography Dr. Phil (2016-2017; 2 appearances)Bringing Up Bhabie (2019''present; main cast)Tours Headlining Bhanned in the USA Tour (2018''2019)The 2020 Tour (2020; cancelled[84])Awards and nominations Notes ^ "Trust Me" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number nine on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart. ^ "Bestie" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100 Songs chart, but entered the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. ^ "Babyface Savage" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number eight on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart. ^ "Bestie" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number eight on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart. ^ "Cash Me Outside," entered the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, the Canadian Hot 100, and the Billboard Hot 100, having peaked on every chart at number thirty, seventy-nine, and seventy-two respectively. References ^ a b Rachel Podnar (February 12, 2017). "Cash me outside teen returns; Kate McKinnon wows on SNL". The Washington Post . Retrieved March 27, 2017 . Danielle Peskowitz Bregoli first appeared on the show in fall 2016, and a clip of her saying, ''Catch me outside, how about that'' went viral. ^ "Bhad Bhabie Celebrates 15th Birthday With New Song 'Gucci Flip Flops,' Feat. Lil Yachty". Billboard . Retrieved March 6, 2019 . ^ Musumeci, Natalie (August 2, 2017). " ' Cash me outside' girl sentenced to 5 years probation". The New York Post. ^ "Top 100 songs". Billboard.com . Retrieved September 15, 2017 . ^ Variety Staff (September 16, 2017). " ' Cash Me Outside' Girl Signs With Atlantic Records: 'A Real Star With Undeniable Talent,' Says Label Executive". Variety . Retrieved February 26, 2018 . ^ Davidson, Sora (February 14, 2018). "From Boynton to Bel Air ft Danielle Bregoli: 'Cash Me Outside' girl #Create". medium.com . Retrieved March 6, 2019 . ^ Williamson, Kevin D. "There's Always Time for Identity Politics". www.nationalreview.com . Retrieved December 9, 2020 . ^ Greig, Jon. "Bhad Bhabie Accused Of Blackfishing After Being Nearly Unrecognizable In IG Video". www.blavity.com . Retrieved December 9, 2020 . ^ Keiles, Jamie Lauren (July 3, 2018). "The Big Business of Becoming Bhad Bhabie". The New York Times . Retrieved December 4, 2018 . ^ Brockworth, Tiffany. "16 Yr Old Rapper Bhad Bhabie Over-Sexualized In New Video!!". www.mtonews.com . Retrieved December 9, 2020 . ^ Neal, David J (April 6, 2017). "A church using 'Cash Me Outside' to draw in members? How bow dah?". Miami Herald . Retrieved September 23, 2017 . ^ Duret, Daphne (March 22, 2017). "EXCLUSIVE: Dad wants Cash Me Outside girl out of Hollywood, in therapy". My Palm Beach Post . Retrieved September 23, 2017 . ^ stubblebine, allison (September 19, 2017). "A Timeline of Danielle Bregoli's (a.k.a. the 'Cash Me Outside' Girl) Rise to Celebrity". Billboard . Retrieved February 11, 2018 . ^ Desantis, Rachel (February 10, 2017). "Cash me ousside teen to Dr. Phil '' You were nothing before me". Entertainment Weekly. ^ Zimmerman, Amy (February 10, 2017). "'Cash Me Outside' Girl Danielle Bregoli Is Dr. Phil's Latest Victim". The Daily Beast. ^ Wilson, Samantha (February 7, 2017). "Danielle Peskowitz Bregoli: Who's The 'Cash Me Outside' Girl Everyone's Obsessed With?" Archived January 5, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Hollywood Life. ^ Schroder, Jessa (February 10, 2017). " ' Cash me outside' girl returns to 'Dr. Phil' after months of treatment, slightly humbled". New York Daily News . Retrieved April 19, 2017 . ^ "'Cash Me Outside' Remix Hits Hot 100 Thanks to Viral Dr. Phil Clip" from Billboard. February 24, 2017. ^ Peterson, Hayley (May 4, 2017). "A 14-year-old girl who became famous overnight is feuding with Walmart". Business Insider . Retrieved April 5, 2021 . ^ Lakshmin, Deepa (May 2, 2017). "The "Cash Me Outside" Meme Is An MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominee, How Bout Dat?". MTV . Retrieved September 23, 2017 . ^ Burke, Minyvonne (June 28, 2017). "'Cash Me Outside' girl Danielle Bregoli pleads guilty to grand theft, possession of marijuana and other charges". New York Daily News. ^ "Bhad Bhabie Off Five-Year Probation '' XXL". XXL Mag . Retrieved March 24, 2018 . ^ Alter, Rebecca (March 20, 2021). "Bhad Bhabie Details 'Abuse' at Utah Ranch Where Dr. Phil Sends Teens". Vulture . Retrieved April 5, 2021 . ^ Gulino, Elizabeth (March 22, 2021). "Bhad Bhabie Was Just 13 When Dr. Phil Sent Her To A Troubled Teen Ranch '-- Here's What Happened". Refinery29 . Retrieved April 5, 2021 . ^ Colarossi, Natalie (April 7, 2021). "Bhad Bhabie Calls out Dr. Phil for Distancing Himself From Turn-About Ranch Allegations: 'Sexual Abuse, Murder, Torture ' ". Newsweek . Retrieved April 20, 2021 . ^ Shocket, Ryan (April 10, 2021). "Dr. Phil Has Responded To Bhad Bhabie's Allegations Of Abuse And Then She Replied With Another Video". BuzzFeed . Retrieved April 20, 2021 . ^ Jamie Lauren Keiles (July 3, 2018). "The Big Business of Becoming Bhad Bhabie: How a troubled Florida teenager went from the "Dr. Phil" show to signing a major-label record deal as a rapper". The New York Times. ^ Allison Cacich (March 16, 2017). "Is "Cash Me Outside" Girl Danielle Bregoli Already a Millionaire? Get the Scoop!". Life and Style magazine . Retrieved March 27, 2017 . ^ "The 'Cash Me Ousside' Girl Just Dropped the Video for Her New Single, So Watch It Here and We Won't Tell Anyone". Maxim. August 31, 2017 . Retrieved September 11, 2017 . ^ Real, Evan (September 7, 2017). " ' Cash Me Outside' Girl Danielle Bregoli Verbally Attacks Her Dad in New Diss Track". Life & Style . Retrieved September 23, 2017 . ^ " ' Cash Me Outside' girl Danielle Bregoli somehow lands contract with Atlantic Records". Alternative Press. September 15, 2017 . Retrieved September 23, 2017 . ^ Penrose, Nerisha. " ' Cash Me Outside' Girl Inks Record Deal With Atlantic Records". Billboard . Retrieved September 15, 2017 . ^ Findley, Mitch (September 7, 2017). "Danielle Bregoli drops her remix of Kodak Black & XXXTentacion's "Roll In Peace. " ". HotNewHipHop . Retrieved September 23, 2017 . ^ Hudelson, Molly (September 21, 2017). " " Whachu Know" about Bhad Bhabie? She's back with two new videos". Substream Magazine . Retrieved September 22, 2017 . ^ Kenneally, Tim (September 21, 2017). " ' Cash Me Outside' Girl Danielle Bregoli Tells the Judge 'Hi Bich' in Latest Musical Opus (Video)". The Wrap. The Wrap . Retrieved September 23, 2017 . ^ "Bhad Bhabie Is Bhack With 'I Got It' Song & Video". Billboard . Retrieved March 8, 2018 . ^ "Bhad Bhabie Talks Making Bank on 'Mama Don't Worry (Still Ain't Dirty)': Listen". Billboard . Retrieved March 8, 2018 . ^ "Bhad Bhabie Is Reborn in 'Both of Em' Video". Billboard . Retrieved March 8, 2018 . ^ "Bhad Bhabie's 'Hi Bich' Remix Features Asian Doll, Rich the Kid & YBN Nahmir: Listen". billboard.com . Retrieved March 8, 2018 . ^ "Bhad Bhabie Hooks Up With Asian Doll, Rich the Kid & MadeinTYO for 'Hi Bich' Remix VIdeo". Billboard . Retrieved March 8, 2018 . ^ "Bhad Bhabie Celebrates 15th Birthday With New Song 'Gucci Flip Flops,' Feat. Lil Yachty". Billboard . Retrieved March 29, 2018 . ^ "Bhad Bhabie Scores Her 1st Gold Record With 'Hi Bich ' ". HotNewHipHop . Retrieved April 15, 2020 . ^ "Bhad Bhabie Drops Off Her "Who Run It" Freestyle". HotNewHipHop . Retrieved May 6, 2018 . ^ "Bhad Bhabie to Headline North American Tour". Billboard . Retrieved March 11, 2018 . ^ "Watch Bhad Bhabie Talk Billboard Music Awards Nomination, Nicki Minaj & Cardi B, Working With Ty Dolla $ign, More". Billboard . Retrieved December 22, 2018 . ^ "Bhad Bhabie Recruits Ty Dolla Sign for "Trust Me " ". Complex . Retrieved June 15, 2018 . ^ "Bhad Bhabie & City Girls Are "Yung And Bhad" On Their New Collab". HotNewHipHop . Retrieved December 22, 2018 . ^ Blais-Billie, Braudie (September 18, 2018). "Bhad Bhabie Shares Debut Mixtape 15: Listen". Pitchfork . Retrieved September 19, 2018 . ^ Desk, BWW News. "Bhad Bhabie Releases 'Geek'd' Video Featuring Lil Baby". BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved December 22, 2018 . ^ Bhad Bhabie, BHAD BHABIE "Geek'd" feat. Lil Baby (Official Music Video) | Danielle Bregoli , retrieved December 22, 2018 ^ "Bhad Bhabie's New Music Video for 'Juice' Features UFC Champ Cris Cyborg". Complex . Retrieved December 22, 2018 . ^ Bhad Bhabie, BHAD BHABIE feat. YG '' "Juice" (Official Music Video) | Danielle Bregoli , retrieved December 22, 2018 ^ "Bhad Bhabie promotes tour in Australia and West Coast of US". Instagram. November 6, 2018 . Retrieved January 28, 2019 . ^ "Bhad Bhabie´s concert proves all her haters wrong". 10daily. December 11, 2018. ^ "Bhad Bhabie, Auckland NZ, 2018". Ambient Light Blog. December 15, 2018 . Retrieved January 28, 2019 . ^ Saponara, Michael (January 10, 2019). "Bhad Bhabie & Tory Lanez Flex in Neon-Splashed 'Babyface Savage' Video: Watch". Billboard . Retrieved January 11, 2019 . ^ "Babyface Savage Twitter snippet". Twitter.com. ^ a b "Billboard Canadian Hot 100". Billboard . Retrieved October 14, 2020 . "Gucci Flip Flop's": "Billboard Canadian Hot 100: May 19, 2018". Billboard . Retrieved October 14, 2020 . "Babyface Savage": "Billboard Canadian Hot 100: January 26, 2019". Billboard . Retrieved January 24, 2019 . ^ "Danielle Bregoli Matches a LeAnn Rimes Record, Has No Clue Who LeAnn Is". TMZ . Retrieved April 15, 2020 . ^ Bhad Bhabie (February 25, 2019). "Bestie Music Video". YouTube. ^ "Danielle Bregoli Says Her Makeup Endorsements Could Rival Kylie Jenner's". TMZ . Retrieved April 15, 2020 . ^ "Bhad Bhabie Scores K Makeup Endorsement Deal". Complex . Retrieved February 14, 2019 . ^ "Danielle Bregoli's Makeup Endorsement Deal Already Bringing in Huge Sales". TMZ . Retrieved April 15, 2020 . ^ "DANIELLE BREGOLI '' SNAPCHAT SERIES ON PACE TO SET RECORDS '' ... TV & Movie Roles Next?!?". Tmz.com. February 2019. ^ Shaffer, Claire (May 29, 2019). "Bhad Bhabie Is Back for Summer". Rolling Stone. ^ "Bhad Bhabie and NLE Choppa drop "Get Like Me " ". The FADER . Retrieved April 7, 2020 . ^ "Bhad Bhabie's 'Get Like Me' Feat. NLE Choppa: Watch the Video". Billboard. June 27, 2019 . Retrieved April 7, 2020 . ^ Spangler, Todd (August 22, 2019). "Bhad Bhabie Joyriding Game 'Ride or Die!' Geared Around Stealing Cars, Outrunning Cops". Variety. ^ "Bhad Bhabie claps back at criticism of box braids hairstyle". Metro. December 4, 2019 . Retrieved April 7, 2020 . ^ "Bhad Bhabie Drops 'Yikes' Freestyle". Rap-Up . Retrieved April 7, 2020 . ^ Zidel, Alex (March 4, 2020). "Bhad Bhabie & Lil Gotit Link Up For "$ " ". HotNewHipHop . Retrieved April 7, 2020 . ^ a b c "Bhad Bhabie Confronts Her Critics on 'That's What I Said". Rap-Up. April 22, 2020 . Retrieved September 20, 2020 . ^ Bhad Bhabie Reports Over $1 Million In OnlyFans Account Earnings After Just Six Hours Headline Planet, 2021/04/01 ^ "Billboard Hot 100". Billboard . Retrieved September 12, 2017 . ^ "Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard . Retrieved October 14, 2020 . ^ a b c "Gold & Platinum '' RIAA: Bhad Bhabie". Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ a b "Gold/Platinum '' Music Canada". Music Canada . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=Bhad+Bhabie ^ "Spaz (feat. YBN Namir) '' Single by Bhad Bhabie". Spotify . Retrieved July 3, 2019 . ^ "Lotta Dem '' Single by Bhad Bhabie". Apple Music . Retrieved May 30, 2019 . ^ "Get Like Me (feat. NLE Choppa) '' Single by Bhad Bhabie" . Retrieved June 27, 2019 '' via Apple Music. ^ @BhadBhabie (September 19, 2020). "Next week ðŸ‘ #doitlikeme" (Tweet) . Retrieved September 20, 2020 '' via Twitter. ^ "What Is Love? (Deluxe) by Clean Bandit" . Retrieved September 27, 2018 . ^ "Bhad Bhabie's Australian tour called off amid virus scare - Eventfinda". Event Finda. March 18, 2020 . Retrieved November 24, 2020 . ^ Halperin, Shirley (May 20, 2018). "Bhad Bhabie: From 'Cash Me Outside' to Cashing in on a Legit Rap Career". Variety . Retrieved April 15, 2020 . External links
  Megan Thee Stallion - Wikipedia
    Link to Article
    Archived Version
    Wed, 26 May 2021 02:11
    American rapper from Texas
    Megan Jovon Ruth Pete[1] (born February 15, 1995),[2] known professionally as Megan Thee[a] Stallion, is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter. Originally from Houston, Texas, she first garnered attention when videos of her freestyling became popular on social media platforms such as Instagram.
    Megan Thee Stallion signed to 300 Entertainment in 2018 where she released the mixtape Fever (2019), the extended play Suga (2020), and her debut studio album, Good News (2020); all of which peaked in the top 10 of the Billboard 200. Her single "Savage (Remix)" featuring Beyonc(C), and her feature on Cardi B's single "WAP", both released in 2020, each reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, with the latter providing Megan with her first number one in several other countries.
    Throughout her career, Megan Thee Stallion has received several accolades, including two BET Awards, five BET Hip Hop Awards, two MTV Video Music Awards, a Billboard Women in Music Award, and three Grammy Awards. At the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, she became the first female hip hop artist to win Best New Artist since Lauryn Hill in 1999. In 2020, Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world on their annual list.
    Early life and education Megan Jovon Ruth Pete was born on February 15, 1995[2] in San Antonio, Texas, and her mother, Holly Aleece Thomas, immediately moved to Houston after her birth.[4] Thomas[2] rapped under the name "Holly-Wood" and would bring her daughter with her to recording sessions instead of putting her in daycare.[5] Pete was raised in the South Park neighborhood of Houston,[6] before moving with her mother to Pearland, Texas at age 14, where she lived until she turned 18.[5] Pete began writing raps at age 16.[7] When she told her mother that she wanted to rap, Holly required that Pete wait until she was 21 to pursue rapping as a career.[8] Her mother commented that her lyrics were too sexually suggestive for her young age.[9] Pete attended Pearland High School[1] and graduated in 2013.[10] Her father died during her freshman year of high school.[1]
    In 2013, while Pete was a student at Prairie View A&M University, she began uploading videos of herself freestyling on social media.[6] A clip of Pete battling against male opponents in a "cypher" went viral. The exposure helped Pete gain a larger digital presence and following on social media.[6][7][8][11] She garnered fans by posting her freestyles on her Instagram while in college. She refers to her fans as "hotties" and credits her hyperactive fan base for her early success.[12]
    She adopted the stage name "Megan Thee Stallion" because she was called a "stallion" in adolescence due to her height (5'²10'" or 178 cm)[8] and "thick" body frame:[11] voluptuous and statuesque women in the South are colloquially called stallions.[1]
    Career 2016''2017: Early beginnings In April 2016, Megan Thee Stallion released her first single "Like a Stallion".[13] This was followed by the small SoundCloud-exclusive mixtapes Rich Ratchet (2016),[14] and Megan Mix (2017).[citation needed ] In September 2017, Megan Thee Stallion made her professional solo debut with the commercially released EP Make It Hot.[15] The EP's 2017 single "Last Week in HTx" became her most successful single during this time, amassing several million views on YouTube.[15][16] In 2017, Megan Thee Stallion released the song "Stalli (Freestyle)", as a rework of rapper XXXTentacion's "Look at Me!".[7][15][17]
    Around this time, Megan Thee Stallion auditioned to be a cast member on Love & Hip Hop: Houston;[18] however, the proposed spin-off of the Love & Hip Hop franchise was postponed indefinitely in June 2016.[19]
    2018''2019: Tina Snow and Fever In early 2018, Megan Thee Stallion signed with 1501 Certified Entertainment, an independent label in Houston run by T. Farris[6] and owned by former baseball player Carl Crawford.[1] The first female rapper signed to the label,[20] she then performed at SXSW in March 2018.[21] In June 2018, Megan Thee Stallion released a 10-song extended play titled Tina Snow under the label.[20] The EP was named after her alter ego, "Tina Snow," who she describes as "a more raw version" of herself.[8] Tina Snow was positively received by critics. Eric Torres of Pitchfork wrote: "she provided plenty of freak anthems with quotable lyrics to wield against ain't-shit men".[22] She stated in an interview with Mic that she is not afraid to talk about sexuality, nor does she feel boxed in to either the "intelligent" or "freak" dichotomy.[23] Nandi Howard of The Fader referred to her ability to rap with "electrifying pace and precision".[6] In November 2018, Megan Thee Stallion announced that she had signed with 300 Entertainment, making her the first female rapper to be signed by the label.[24] It was during this time that she was scheduled to support Australian rapper Iggy Azalea on her Bad Girls Tour;[25] however, the tour was later cancelled.[26]
    On January 22, 2019, Megan Thee Stallion released "Big Ole Freak" as a single from her EP, Tina Snow, and also filmed a music video for the track.[27] The single, "Is It Love This Time", is sampled throughout the single.[20] On April 15, "Big Ole Freak" charted at number 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 giving Megan Thee Stallion her first chart entry,[28] with it later peaking at number 65 on the Hot 100.[29] Fever, her second mixtape, was released on May 17, 2019.[30] The album received critical acclaim and landed on several year-end critics lists, with Paper calling it the best album of 2019.[31] Taylor Crumpton of Pitchfork rated the album 8/10 and wrote in the review, "Megan's delivery of perfectly executed bars are comparable to successions from a fully automatic machine gun; a carefully studied aim of fiery stanzas that could only be carried by a rapper with extensive knowledge of the genre's early practices of battle rap."[32]
    Megan Thee Stallion in
    Lagos in October 2019
    On May 21, 2019, she released the music video for the opening album track, "Realer", which is inspired by the blaxploitation film style.[33] On June 20, 2019, she was announced to be one of eleven artists included in the 12th edition of XXL ' s "Freshman Class".[34] Her freestyle in the cypher was praised by music critics.[35] In July 2019, Chance The Rapper released his debut studio album, The Big Day, and Megan Thee Stallion was featured on the track, "Handsome".[36] On August 2, 2019, A Black Lady Sketch Show premiered on HBO; the show uses Megan Thee Stallion's song "Hot Girl" in the opening title sequence.[37][38] On August 9, 2019, Megan Thee Stallion released the single "Hot Girl Summer", featuring fellow American rapper Nicki Minaj and singer Ty Dolla Sign.[39] The song, an ode to her viral "hot girl summer" meme, came about after an Instagram Live session between the two rappers.[39] It peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming Megan Thee Stallion's first top 20 hit,[40] and topped the Rolling Stone 100.[41] The week thereafter, she featured on Quality Control compilation album, Quality Control: Control the Streets, Volume 2, on the track "Pastor", alongside Quavo and City Girls.[42] In September 2019, Megan Thee Stallion signed a management deal with Roc Nation.[43] In October 2019, she created and starred in a horror series, Hottieween, directed by Teyana Taylor.[44] In that same month, she performed a NPR Tiny Desk Concert during the Tiny Desk Fest.[45][46] In November 2019, Time placed Megan Thee Stallion on their inaugural "Time 100 Next" list.[47]
    2020''present: Suga and Good News In January 2020, Megan Thee Stallion released the single "Diamonds" with singer Normani, for the soundtrack of the superhero film Birds of Prey released the same year.[48] That same month, she announced her debut album Suga and released the lead single "B.I.T.C.H.".[49][50] In February 2020, she featured on the single "Fkn Around" by Phony Ppl,[51] and appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, performing "B.I.T.C.H.".[52] The next month, she announced that her debut album was delayed as a result of her attempting to renegotiate her contract with 1501 Certified. She started the hashtag "#FreeTheeStallion" to raise awareness of the issue, noting that "[she did not] understand some of the verbiage" when she signed the initial contract with 1501.[53][54][55][56]
    On March 6, 2020, she released the EP, Suga, against the wishes of 1501, after a judge granted a temporary restraining order against the label.[57][58] That same month, the song "Savage" from the EP went viral on TikTok, when popular user Keara Wilson used it for a dance challenge video, which racked up 15.7 million views and 2.4 million likes as of March 20, 2020.[59] A remix featuring Beyonc(C) was released on April 29, 2020.[60] The song became Megan thee Stallion's first top 10 hit in the United States shortly after the remix's release,[61] eventually becoming her first chart topper in the U.S.[62] "Savage" also helped boost Suga ' s sales, propelling it up to number 7 on the Billboard 200.[63] Proceeds from the song went to Houston nonprofit Bread of Life which provides disaster relief for residents affected by COVID-19.[64] Megan Thee Stallion was also judge on the HBO Max voguing competition show Legendary which debuted in May 2020.[65] She released the song "Girls in the Hood" on June 26, 2020,[66] before featuring on Cardi B's single "WAP" and appearing in its music video in August 2020.[67] "WAP" became her second number-one single in the U.S., breaking the record for the most streams for a song in its first week of release in the U.S. (93 million).[68]
    Megan Thee Stallion became a Global Brand Ambassador for Revlon in August 2020.[69][70][71] She received her first-ever Billboard Music Award nomination when she was nominated for Top Rap Female Artist in September 2020.[72] A few days later, she was featured in the annual Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world.[73] Her write-up for this listing was composed by American actress Taraji P. Henson.[74] Megan Thee Stallion tied with Drake when she received eight nominations at the 2020 BET Hip Hop Awards, including Artist of the Year, Song of the Year and Album of the Year.[75] She also tied with Justin Bieber as the most nominated musician at the 2020 People's Choice Awards, earning six nominations each.[76] Megan Thee Stallion would also become the second most-nominated act at the 2020 American Music Awards.[77] In October 2020, she released the single, "Don't Stop" featuring rapper Young Thug,[78] and promoted it by performing it on the 46th season premiere of Saturday Night Live.[79] She also performed a "politically charged" version of "Savage" that evening,[79] in which she addressed racism, the Attorney General of Kentucky Daniel Cameron, and sent a message about the importance of protecting black women and the Black Lives Matter movement.[80][81] She continued working for this cause by writing an op-ed for The New York Times titled "Why I Speak Up for Black Women",[82] which received acclaim.[83] Megan Thee Stallion appeared in the 2020 comedy special Sarah Cooper: Everything's Fine.[84] She received four nominations at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, including Best New Artist and Record of the Year for "Savage (Remix)".[85] She went on to win the former, which made her the first female hip hop artist to do so since Lauryn Hill in 1999, as well as Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance, both for "Savage (Remix)".[86]
    On November 13, 2020, Megan Thee Stallion announced the release of her debut studio album Good News, which was released on November 20, 2020.[87] The release of the album also coincided with its fourth single "Body" as well as its music video.[88] The album debuted at number 2 on the Billboard 200 and at number 1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums with over 100,000 album-equivalent units sold.[89] On January 14, 2021, Megan Thee Stallion was featured on the remix of Ariana Grande's single "34+35", the second single from her sixth studio album Positions alongside American singer and rapper Doja Cat.[90] A music video for the remix was later released on February 12, 2021.
    Artistry Megan Thee Stallion is known for her confidence, sensuality, and explicit lyrics.[9] She presents her sexuality throughout her lyrics, videos, and live performances.[9] In an interview with Pitchfork she stated, "It's not just about being sexy, it's about being confident and me being confident in my sexuality."[91] On her Texas rap origins, she told Rolling Stone, "I don't feel like we ever really had a female rapper come from Houston or Texas and shut shit down. So that's where I'm coming from."[9]
    She cites Beyonc(C), Pimp C, The Notorious B.I.G., Three 6 Mafia, Nicki Minaj, and her mother as her biggest influences.[92][11][7][12][91] [93] Of two she has said "I like Pimp C's cockiness. He makes me feel so confident and he makes me feel so cool. So definitely when people are listening to my music I want them to feel like that too. Biggie inspires me too. I love his wordplay."[3] She credits Nicki Minaj as an inspiration, saying, "Nicki, she was here before us, so this is who we had to look at, at this time. So, definitely Nicki has been an inspiration to me, and I'm pretty sure she's been an inspiration to a lot of women in hip hop right now." In her acceptance speech at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards where she was joined onstage by Beyonc(C) to collect an award for their collaboration, she said: "Ever since I was little, I was like, 'you know what? One day, I'm gonna grow up and I'm gonna be like the rap Beyonc(C).' That was definitely my goal. And I remember I went to the rodeo for the first time and I saw Destiny's Child perform, and I was like, 'yes, I'm 'bout to go hard, I love her work ethic, I love the way she is, I love the way she carries herself.' And my mama would always be like, 'Megan, what would Beyonc(C) do?' And I'm always like, 'you know what? What would Beyonc(C) do, but make it a little ratchet.'"[94] She also credits Q-Tip as her mentor.[95]
    Public image Alter egos In multiple interviews, Megan Thee Stallion has referred to herself as "Tina Snow", one of her alter egos and also the name of her debut EP, Tina Snow. It was influenced by Pimp C's alias Tony Snow, and has similar confidence and an unapologetic sexually dominant delivery.[9] "Hot Girl Meg" is another alter ego who is described as embodying Megan Thee Stallion's carefree and outgoing side, which she compares to a "college, party girl."[96][30] She stated that she introduced "Hot Girl Meg" on her EP, Fever.[30] She has also referred to herself as "Thee Hood Tyra Banks".[97][98]
    Trademarks Megan Thee Stallion doing her signature
    ad-libMegan originated the viral catchphrase "hot girl summer" on social media.[99][100][101][102] It is a derivative of another of her most-known catchphrases, "hot girl", also derived from "real hot girl shit". She first used the phrase in a tweet on April 14, 2018.[103] It later appeared on the Fever album cover, which read, "She's thee HOT GIRL and she's bringing THEE HEAT."[104] She defined the term as "women and men being unapologetically them, just having a good-ass time, hyping up their friends, doing you."[105] Megan Thee Stallion officially trademarked the term "hot girl summer" in September 2019 after applying for it in July of that year.[106][107] A song of the same name was released on August 9, 2019.[108]
    In addition to "hot girl" and "hot girl summer", Megan Thee Stallion is known for her signature ad-lib which involves sticking her tongue out,[109][110] creating a "creaky",[110] audible "agh"[109] or "blah"[111] sound. In August 2019, Twitter created an official emoji for this tongue symbol which could be spawned directly after the hashtag "#megantheestallion".[109] This symbol also inspired the cover art of her EP Suga which was revealed in March 2020.[112]
    Philanthropy She contributed $15,400 worth of Thanksgiving turkeys and helped hand them out to 1,050 households in need at the Houston Food Bank Portwall Pantry in November 2019.[3]
    Personal life Megan Thee Stallion mentions being part Creole in her songs "Cocky AF" and "Freak Nasty" as well as in a tweet in September 2017.[113][114][115] Her mother, Holly Thomas, died in March 2019 from a longstanding cancerous brain tumor, and her grandmother died in the same month.[116][117][118] In addition to acting as Megan's manager, Thomas influenced her decision to study health administration and also helped foster her wish to establish assisted living facilities in her hometown of Houston.[91] After having previously taken time off school, she resumed her studies at Texas Southern University in health administration, where she was a third-year student as of 2019.[8][12][119][9][120]
    She has four dogs: a French bulldog named 4oe (pronounced Four),[121] Dos, Five, and Ten. [122]
    Megan Thee Stallion confirmed her relationship with fellow rapper Pardison Fontaine via Instagram Live on February 19, 2021.[123]
    2020 gunshot injuries Tory Lanez, who was charged with shooting Megan in October 2020, pictured in 2016
    On July 15, 2020, Megan Thee Stallion stated that she had suffered gunshot wounds and that she had undergone surgery to remove the bullets. Her statement countered an earlier TMZ report that she had injured her foot on broken glass three days prior when she was in a car with rapper Tory Lanez and an unidentified woman; the car was pulled over by police and Lanez was arrested on gun charges following a vehicle search.[124][125][126] Megan was subjected to ridicule as many jokes about the shooting circulated online. On July 27, 2020, she revealed that she was shot in both feet and denounced the rumors and jokes in an Instagram Live session, where she also recounted the incident and cried.[126][127] The following month, Megan claimed that Lanez was the person who shot her, saying that "I didn't tell the police what happened immediately right there because I didn't want to die."[128][129][130] On September 25, 2020, Lanez released his fifth album, Daystar, in which he addresses the shooting on nearly every song, and denies that he shot Megan, while also claiming she and her team were "trying to frame" him.[131] The same day, in a statement to Variety, Megan's attorney, Alex Spiro, claimed Lanez's representatives had since attempted to launch a "smear campaign" against Megan to discredit her allegations. Spiro stated: "We have been made aware of manipulated text messages and invented email accounts that have been disseminated to the media in a calculated attempt to peddle a false narrative about the events that occurred".[132] Lanez's team denied this, saying that they would investigate who was behind the fake emails and would take appropriate action.[133] Megan Thee Stallion would also later reveal that she had been offered money by Lanez and his team to keep quiet on the issue following the incident.[134]
    On October 8, 2020, Lanez was charged with shooting Megan Thee Stallion by L.A. County prosecutors. An arraignment for Lanez was scheduled on October 13,[135][136] however, it was delayed to November 18, after Lanez's attorney requested a continuance. A protective order has since been issued against Lanez; he is to stay at least 100 yards away from Megan and not contact her. He was also ordered to surrender any guns he owns.[137] In an op-ed for The New York Times, published on October 13, 2020, Megan addressed the shooting further, writing: "Black women are still constantly disrespected and disregarded in so many areas of life. I was recently the victim of an act of violence by a man. After a party, I was shot twice as I walked away from him. We were not in a relationship. Truthfully, I was shocked that I ended up in that place".[137] If convicted, Lanez may face a maximum sentence of 22 years and eight months in state prison.[138] He pleaded not guilty to assault with a semiautomatic handgun in late November 2020.[139] In the same month, Megan Thee Stallion released her debut studio album, Good News, on which the album opener is the diss track "Shots Fired" directed towards Lanez. The song gained acclaim, with many critics noting that it samples and interpolates the 1995 song "Who Shot Ya?" by The Notorious B.I.G..[140][141][142] Megan Thee Stallion also addressed the shooting in her op-ed for The New York Times titled "Why I Speak Up for Black Women".[143][82][83]
    Discography Studio albums
    Good News (2020)Filmography Television Tours Supporting Bad Girls Tour (with Iggy Azalea and Cupcakke) (2018; cancelled)[25][26]Legendary Nights Tour (with Meek Mill and Future) (2019)[144]Awards and nominations See also List of artists who reached number one in the United StatesSouthern hip hopNotes ^ pronounced "the" despite its extra "e"[3] References ^ a b c d e Ogunnaike, Lola (April 6, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion Is Just Warming Up". Marie Claire. ISSN 0025-3049. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020 . Retrieved June 27, 2020 . ^ a b c "Megan Jovon Ruth Pete: Born 15 Feb 1995 in Bexar, Texas | Texas Birth Index" . FamilySearch . Retrieved January 10, 2020 . ^ a b c Finn, Natalie (February 15, 2020). "These 25 Facts Will Make You Fall in Love With Megan Thee Stallion". E! . Retrieved December 26, 2020 . Her grand stage name is pronounced Megan the Stallion, despite the regally spelled thee. ^ "Megan Thee Stallion Goes Undercover on YouTube, Twitter and Instagram | GQ". 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"Justin Bieber & Megan Thee Stallion Are Top Music Nominees for 2020 E! People's Choice Awards". Billboard. ISSN 0006-2510 . Retrieved October 2, 2020 . ^ Blistein, Jon (October 26, 2020). "The Weeknd, Roddy Ricch, Megan Thee Stallion Lead 2020 American Music Awards Nominations". Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 26, 2020 . ^ Shaffer, Claire (October 2, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion, Young Thug Go to Wonderland in 'Don't Stop' Video". Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 4, 2020 . ^ a b Ruiz, Matthew Ismael (October 4, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion Delivers Politically Charged "Savage" Performance on SNL". Pitchfork. ISSN 2574-2183 . Retrieved October 4, 2020 . ^ Ruiz, Matthew Ismael (October 4, 2020). "Watch Megan Thee Stallion Perform "Savage" and Deliver a Black Lives Matter Message on 'SNL ' ". Complex. ISSN 1538-6848 . Retrieved October 4, 2020 . ^ Willen, Claudia (October 4, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion turns 'Savage' into a call for justice for Black women during 'SNL' performance". Insider . Retrieved October 4, 2020 . ^ a b Monroe, Jazz (October 13, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion Pens New York Times Op-Ed Called 'Why I Speak Up for Black Women ' ". Pitchfork . Retrieved December 8, 2020 . ^ a b Richards, Will (December 8, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion thanked by Maxine Waters for New York Times op-ed". NME. ISSN 0028-6362 . Retrieved December 8, 2020 . ^ Ray-Harris, Ashley (October 27, 2020). "Sarah Cooper's 'Everything's Fine' Is a 2020 Time Capsule, but not Much More: TV Review". Variety . Retrieved January 1, 2021 . ^ Warner, Denise (November 24, 2020). "2021 Grammy Nominations: See the Full List". Billboard. ISSN 0006-2510 . Retrieved December 8, 2020 . ^ Truitt, Brian. "Grammys 2021: Megan Thee Stallion wins best new artist, Beyonc(C) takes two awards". USA TODAY . Retrieved March 15, 2021 . ^ Hussey, Allison (November 12, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion Announces Debut Album Good News". Pitchfork . Retrieved November 12, 2020 . ^ Gallagher, Alex (November 20, 2020). "Watch Megan Thee Stallion's striking new video for 'Body ' ". NME . Retrieved November 21, 2020 . ^ Evans, Gavin (November 30, 2020). "Here Are the First Week Numbers for Megan Thee Stallion's Debut Album 'Good News ' ". Complex . Retrieved December 1, 2020 . ^ Aswad, Jem (January 14, 2021). "Ariana Grande to Drop '34 + 35' Remix, Featuring Megan Thee Stallion and Doja Cat, Tonight". Variety . Retrieved January 14, 2021 . ^ a b c Kameir, Rawiya (March 28, 2019). "The Thrill of Megan Thee Stallion's Real-Time Rise". Pitchfork. ISSN 2574-2183. Archived from the original on April 22, 2019 . Retrieved April 22, 2019 . ^ Lamarre, Carl (April 30, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion Still Can't Believe She Has a Record With Beyonce: 'Manifestation Is a Real Word ' ". Billboard. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020 . Retrieved August 3, 2020 . ^ She states that Nicki has been an inspiration to her at the 7:40 mark in this video. Megan Thee Stallion Creates the Playlist of Her Life | Teen Vogue , retrieved March 21, 2021 ^ Stedman, Alex (March 14, 2021). "Beyonce Takes Grammys Stage With Megan Thee Stallion to Accept Best Rap Song". Variety. Archived from the original on March 20, 2021 . Retrieved March 20, 2021 . ^ Jones, Dalyah. "Megan Thee Stallion Is Houston's Q-Tip-Approved, Anime-Loving Rap Sensation [Interview]". Okayplayer . Retrieved November 20, 2020 . ^ Simpson, Pierce (March 20, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion Rides a Stallion at SBSW". Complex. ISSN 1538-6848 . Retrieved April 22, 2019 . ^ "Megan Thee Stallion teases new song Girls in the Hood". Rapid City Journal. June 25, 2020. ISSN 1079-3410 . Retrieved August 3, 2020 . ^ "Hot Girl Meg on Instagram: "Thee Hood Tyra Banks ðŸ'– "PULL UP LATE" OUT NOW ON 7/13 ðŸ¤ðŸ½ðŸ¤ðŸ½ðŸ¤ðŸ½go get it on Apple ðŸ'– " ". Instagram . Retrieved September 1, 2019 . ^ Ellis, Emma Grey (July 29, 2019). "Sharing Your #HotGirlSummer? Buy Megan Thee Stallion's Album". Wired. ISSN 1078-3148 . Retrieved July 30, 2019 . ^ Lang, Cady (August 9, 2019). "How Megan Thee Stallion's 'Hot Girl Summer' Took Over Summer". Time. ISSN 0040-781X . Retrieved July 30, 2019 . ^ Jones, Alexis (July 12, 2019). "#HotGirlSummer Explained: Inside Megan Thee Stallion's Viral Mantra". Marie Claire. ISSN 0025-3049 . Retrieved July 30, 2019 . ^ De Loera, Carlos (July 19, 2019). "The 'hot girl summer' meme, explained". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 2165-1736. Archived from the original on July 29, 2019 . Retrieved July 30, 2019 . ^ HOT GIRL MEG [@theestallion] (April 15, 2018). "This abt to be a REAL HOT GIRL SUMMER ðŸ¤ðŸ½" (Tweet) '' via Twitter. ^ Spruch, Kirsten (August 2, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion Confirms Release Date For 'Hot Girl Summer' Song: 'It's So Worth The Wait ' ". Billboard. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020 . Retrieved August 3, 2020 . ^ Jennings, Rebecca (July 12, 2019). "What is "hot girl summer"? 2019's most fun meme, explained". Vox. ISSN 1605-1769. Archived from the original on July 30, 2019 . Retrieved July 30, 2019 . ^ Saponara, Michael (July 22, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion Files to Trademark 'Hot Girl Summer ' ". Billboard. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on July 24, 2019 . Retrieved July 30, 2019 . ^ Elder, Sajae (September 21, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion says she has officially trademarked "Hot girl summer " ". The Fader . Retrieved August 3, 2020 . ^ Elder, Sajae (July 28, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion shares a snippet of "Hot Girl Summer " ". The Fader. ISSN 1533-5194 . Retrieved July 30, 2019 . ^ a b c Bowen, Sesali (August 29, 2019). "Twitter Has Given Megan Thee Stallion An Official Emoji". Nylon. ISSN 1524-1750 . Retrieved October 12, 2020 . ^ a b Fagen, Lucas (August 31, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion, a Hardcore Master of Rap". Hyperallergic. OCLC 881810209 . Retrieved October 12, 2020 . ^ Empire, Kitty (September 5, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion review '' a landmark performance". The Guardian. ISSN 1756-3224 . Retrieved October 12, 2020 . ^ Daly, Rhian (March 4, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion confirms details of debut album 'Suga ' ". NME. ISSN 0028-6362 . Retrieved October 12, 2020 . ^ "Lyrics: Cocky AF by Megan Thee Stallion". Genius. Archived from the original on March 1, 2020 . Retrieved June 27, 2020 . He heard I'm Creole, he think I know voodoo ^ "Lyrics: Freak Nasty by Megan Thee Stallion". Genius . Retrieved June 27, 2020 . Creole mami, huh ^ HOT GIRL MEG [@theestallion] (September 10, 2017). "Thee creole mami thee htown Hottie" (Tweet) '' via Twitter. ^ "Megan Thee Stallion Opens Up About Losing Her Mother In Emotional Video". Vibe. December 24, 2019. ISSN 1070-4701. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020 . Retrieved August 3, 2020 . ^ Grant, Jasmine (March 24, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion Reveals Her Mother Died From A 'Brain Tumor ' ". Essence. ISSN 0014-0880. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019 . Retrieved March 26, 2019 . ^ Caldwell, Brandon (March 22, 2019). "Condolences: Megan Thee Stallion's Mother, Holly Thomas, Passes Away". 97.9 The Box. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019 . Retrieved March 22, 2019 . ^ Gracie, Bianca (December 11, 2018). "Meet Megan Thee Stallion, the Houston Rapper Crafting the Hottest Bars While Still Attending College". Billboard. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020 . Retrieved June 27, 2020 . ^ Jones, Da'Lyah. "Two & Fro: Swangin' and Bangin' (Ep. 2)". NPR. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019 . Retrieved November 27, 2018 . ^ "FOLLOWING MEGAN THEE STALLION'S DOG ON INSTAGRAM WAS A GREAT DECISION". Nylon Magazine. Bustle Digital Group. ^ Megan Thee Stallion Goes Undercover on YouTube, Twitter and Instagram | GQ , retrieved March 2, 2021 ^ "Megan Thee Stallion Confirms She's Dating Pardison Fontaine: 'That's My Boo ' ". Billboard . Retrieved March 1, 2021 . ^ Aswad, Jem (July 15, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion Says She 'Suffered Gunshot Wounds as a Result of a Crime' Over the Weekend". Variety. ISSN 0042-2738. Archived from the original on July 15, 2020 . Retrieved July 15, 2020 . ^ Mamo, Heran (July 15, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion Says She's 'Incredibly Grateful to Be Alive' After Being Shot Multiple Times". Billboard. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020 . Retrieved July 15, 2020 . ^ a b Butler, Bethonie (July 31, 2020). "Analysis: Megan Thee Stallion was mocked after being shot. As she reclaims the narrative, Black women recognize her pain". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved October 12, 2020 . ^ Holmes, Charles (July 27, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion on Shooting Incident: 'There's Nothing To Joke About ' ". Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 23, 2021 . ^ Aswad, Jem (August 21, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion Claims Tory Lanez Shot Her (Watch)". Variety. ISSN 0042-2738 . Retrieved August 21, 2020 . ^ Bloom, Madison (August 21, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion Says Tory Lanez Shot Her". Pitchfork. ISSN 2574-2183 . Retrieved August 21, 2020 . ^ Onibada, Ade (August 21, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion Names Tory Lanez As The Person Who Shot Her". BuzzFeed News . Retrieved September 23, 2020 . ^ Jem, Aswas; Chris, Willman (September 24, 2020). "Tory Lanez Denies Megan Thee Stallion's Account of Being Shot in a Highly Defensive Surprise Album". Variety. ISSN 0042-2738 . Retrieved October 1, 2020 . ^ Daly, Rhian (September 25, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion's lawyer claims Tory Lanez's team launched "smear campaign" over shooting allegations". NME. ISSN 0028-6362 . Retrieved October 1, 2020 . ^ Lamarre, Carl (September 29, 2020). "Tory Lanez's Team Allegedly Sent Emails From Fake 300 Entertainment Account to 'Campaign Press' for Megan Thee Stallion Incident (Exclusive)". Billboard. ISSN 0006-2510 . Retrieved October 1, 2020 . ^ Kirkpatrick, Emily (November 16, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion Claims Tory Lanez Tried to Pay Her to Stay Quiet After Shooting". Vanity Fair . Retrieved November 24, 2020 . ^ "Rapper Tory Lanez charged with shooting Megan Thee Stallion". The Guardian. October 8, 2020. ISSN 1756-3224 . Retrieved October 12, 2020 . ^ Aswad, Jem (October 8, 2020). "Tory Lanez Charged With Assault in Megan Thee Stallion Shooting". Variety. ISSN 0042-2738 . Retrieved October 12, 2020 . ^ a b "Tory Lanez Ordered to Stay Away From Megan Thee Stallion". Rap-Up. October 13, 2020 . Retrieved October 14, 2020 . ^ Coscarelli, Joe (October 8, 2020). "Tory Lanez Charged With Assault in Shooting of Megan Thee Stallion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved October 12, 2020 . ^ Strauss, Matthew (November 18, 2020). "Tory Lanez Pleads Not Guilty to Assault in Megan Thee Stallion Shooting Case". Pitchfork . Retrieved November 21, 2020 . ^ Aswad, Jem (November 20, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion Slams Tory Lanez With 'Shots Fired' Diss Track". Variety . Retrieved November 20, 2020 . However, it's mostly a traditional diss track and a strong one... ^ Curto, Justin (November 20, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion Murders the Narrative on 'Shots Fired ' ". Vulture . Retrieved November 20, 2020 . ^ Wang, Steffanee; Valentine, Claire; Bobila, Maria. "The 5 Must-Listen Tracks Off Megan Thee Stallion's 'Good News ' ". Nylon . Retrieved November 20, 2020 . ^ Megan Thee Stallion (October 13, 2020). "Why I Speak Up for Black Women". The New York Times. ^ Caraan, Sophie (June 19, 2019). "Meek Mill & Future Announce 'Legendary Nights Tour' With Mustard, YG & Megan Thee Stallion". Hypebeast. ISSN 2304-1250. Archived from the original on June 29, 2019 . Retrieved August 3, 2020 . External links Official website Megan Thee Stallion at AllMusic
  Kaitlyn Greenidge - Wikipedia
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    Archived Version
    Wed, 26 May 2021 02:05
    American writer
    Kaitlyn Greenidge is an American writer. She received a 2017 Whiting Award for Fiction for her debut novel, We Love You, Charlie Freeman. Her second book is a historical novel called Libertie (2021).[1][2]
    Early life and education [ edit ] Greenidge was born in Boston and raised in the neighboring communities of Somerville and Arlington.[3][4] She and her two sisters were raised by her mother, a social worker, after her parents divorced when she was 7.[5][6] Greenidge and her sisters were some of the few students of color in their wealthy school district.[1]
    She received her bachelor's degree from Wesleyan University and her MFA from Hunter College.[1][7]
    Career [ edit ] Greenidge has written nonfiction for outlets such as Elle.com, Vogue, The New York Times, and the Wall Street Journal.[8][7] In September 2020 she was hired as features director for Harper's Bazaar.[9]
    Books [ edit ] Greenidge's debut novel, We Love You, Charlie Freeman, was released in 2016. It tells the story of an African American family, the Freemans, who adopt a chimpanzee and raise it as a family member for an institutional research project.[2] The book received positive critical reception; it was called "masterful"[10] in a Paste review, and a "vivid and poignant coming-of-age story"[11] by Kirkus. Greenidge received a 2017 Whiting Award for the book.
    She received a 2018-2019 fellowship from the Radcliffe Institute, where she worked on "an untitled novel based in part on the life of Susan Smith McKinney Steward, the first black female doctor in New York State."[7] The novel, Libertie, was released by Algonquin in March 2021.[12] In a starred review by Publisher's Weekly, the book was called "another genius work of radical historical fiction."[13] Kirkus wrote in a similarly positive review: "Greenidge explores issues that are still real today while also inviting readers into historical moments that will be new to many."[14]
    Personal life [ edit ] Greenidge resides in Brooklyn with her husband and daughter (b. 2019).[15]
    Accolades [ edit ] 2017 - Whiting Award for Fiction (for We Love You, Charlie Freeman)[2]2021 - Guggenheim Fellowship for FictionWorks [ edit ] We Love You, Charlie Freeman (2016), Algonquin, ISBN 978-1-61620-467-9Libertie (2021), Algonquin, ISBN 978-1-61620-701-4References [ edit ] ^ a b c Alter, Alexandra (2021-03-21). "Excellence Runs in the Family. Her Novel's Heroine Wants Something Else". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-03-21 . ^ a b c Honorees, Whiting (2017-03-22). "Kaitlyn Greenidge, Fiction". The Paris Review . Retrieved 2020-01-24 . ^ "Fan of histories that force us to rethink history - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved 2020-01-24 . ^ "Dear President: What You Need to Know About a Racialized Imagination | WNYC | New York Public Radio, Podcasts, Live Streaming Radio, News". WNYC . Retrieved 2020-01-24 . ^ "In fiction, anyone can be a protagonist: "I don't understand this desire to only read about people who are like oneself " ". Salon. 2016-06-17 . Retrieved 2020-01-24 . ^ Alter, Alexandra (2021-03-21). "Excellence Runs in the Family. Her Novel's Heroine Wants Something Else". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-03-27 . ^ a b c "Kaitlyn Greenidge". Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University. 2018-04-05 . Retrieved 2020-01-24 . ^ Grady, Constance (2020-01-22). "The controversy over the new immigration novel American Dirt, explained". Vox . Retrieved 2020-01-24 . ^ Hopkins, Kathryn (2020-10-09). "Samira Nasr Makes Three New Hires at Harper's Bazaar". WWD . Retrieved 2020-10-11 . ^ "We Love You, Charlie Freeman by Kaitlyn Greenidge Review". pastemagazine.com. 2016-03-08 . Retrieved 2020-01-24 . ^ WE LOVE YOU, CHARLIE FREEMAN by Kaitlyn Greenidge | Kirkus Reviews. ^ Lefferts, Daniel (2020-11-20). "With Her New Book, Kaitlyn Greenidge Practices Radical Care". www.publishersweekly.com . Retrieved 2020-11-21 . ^ "Libertie". www.publishersweekly.com. 2020-12-14 . Retrieved 2021-03-27 . ^ "Libertie". Kirkus Reviews. 2020-12-15 . Retrieved 2021-03-27 . ^ "I Went to a Conference with a 6-Week-Old". NYT Parenting . Retrieved 2020-01-24 . External links [ edit ] Official websiteKaitlyn Greenidge on Twitter
  Megan Thee Stallion and Representative Maxine Waters on Misogynoir, Saying No, and the Genius of WAP
    Link to Article
    Archived Version
    Wed, 26 May 2021 02:03
    [image id='5086ef3e-372c-482a-8790-9f0295e77e81' mediaId='4fad7dc6-4782-4aa0-be45-bd9008b0780e' align='center' size='medium' share='false' caption='' expand='' crop='original'][/image]
    Towards the end of 2020, Megan Thee Stallion published an op-ed in The New York Times, titled ''Why I Speak Up for Black Women.'' A concise overview of the phenomenon of misogynoir, the piece related her own experience with violent assault to the larger history of Black women in America. ''When women choose to capitalize on our sexuality, to regain our own power,'' Megan wrote, ''we are vilified and disrespected.''
    Megan's public image'--with her frank and funny talk of sex, bodies and desire and her slick, alluring outfits'--can seem a product of our current moment, but she's working in a much older tradition. It's the tradition of the jazz singer, the blueswoman, the wayward girl, those Black women who took the parts of life they were told were unspeakable, the pleasure they felt and owned in their own bodies, and turned it into vibrant, original art forms. In her ode to the possibilities found in willful women, Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments, Saidiya Hartman wrote, ''Waywardness is an ongoing exploration of what might be; it is an improvisation with the terms of social existence, when the terms have already been dictated, when there is little room to breathe'...It is the untiring practice of trying to live when you were never meant to survive.'' Or, as Meg herself has put it, ''I'm a problem nobody solvin'''.
    Rep. Maxine Waters knows the power of willfulness and self-possession. Currently the longest-serving Black female member of Congress, she has seen how much has changed for Black women and girls in this country and how much has, dispiritingly, stayed the same. But in her leadership and uncompromising drive to speak truth to power during the Trump-era, Rep. Waters provided another avatar for Black women and girls to imagine: the woman with the gavel, the one who decides how to spend her own time. It's no wonder, then, that Rep. Waters reached out to Megan after her op-ed to say ''We need your voice in this fight.''
    The two women spoke at the start of 2021 about what it takes to stay grounded, how to say no, and how to define themselves in a world that would love to do it for them.
    [mediaosvideo align='center' embedId='d1e24b3f-2841-48c8-848f-235fc7d8c885' mediaId='2ffaebc5-f951-4113-be5e-9b38f252c0f5' size='large'][/mediaosvideo]
    Megan Thee Stallion: I'm so nervous.
    Rep. Maxine Waters: Oh no, you're not.
    Megan Thee Stallion: I just can't believe it.
    Rep. Maxine Waters: Well, thank you for inviting me to do this little interview with you.
    Megan Thee Stallion: Thank you for even being a part of it. I'm so mind blown right now, I don't even know what to say.
    Rep. Maxine Waters: Just say what you always say.
    Harper's Bazaar: Megan, can you speak a bit about what it meant to receive that letter from Representative Waters?Megan Thee Stallion: Just to receive any type of recognition from the wonderful Ms. Waters, it really blew my mind. Because I know that, me being a young Black woman in my generation, the things that I fight for, the things that I talk about every day, it seems new for us because we're just now going through it. But to be recognized by a woman that has always spoken out about these issues and has always been an advocate for Black women and just the whole Black community, I felt overwhelmed. I felt seen.
    I just felt very appreciative. It's hard to feel like you're doing something new. It's hard to feel like I'm speaking about something for the first time because I've never done it before. And I'm seeing the things that people are saying to me and how some people may not agree with what I'm saying. They feel like it's controversial and all I'm saying is, ''protect Black women''. And now people are taking it like I'm saying something crazy. So, just to be supported by another Black woman who sends the same message, I feel like, ''You know what? I am doing the right thing and I'm going to keep doing it, because Maxine Waters said I can.''
    Rep. Maxine Waters: Well, let me just tell you that I was moved by your article and I was so pleased. Oftentimes, particularly happens with entertainers, they put you in a box. And somehow they don't see you as a person who has a life that includes a family, that includes decisions that you have to make that has nothing to do with your performance, but about living. And so they don't see you as thinking about the plight of Black women or civil rights or any of these issues. So that's why I was very pleased that you wrote it, because they need to know that you are smart, you're intelligent, you're strong, and that you have something to say.
    I want to thank you for that. And I want you to know that when you speak of yourself and you say maybe people think you're being too controversial, pay that no attention. What it means is you have confidence, and not only do you have confidence, you're smart and you know how to manage yourself, your life and what you want to do. For some people who don't have courage and don't have confidence, they don't understand it when they see it in other people. So you should be proud of who you are. And I know you are. And not only your talent, but your person, what do you care about? And what is it you're doing that is not only good for you, but it's good for others.
    Harper's Bazaar: What I'm seeing right now between the two of you is, it's an example of how you build community, which is showing words of affirmation for another person, saying, "I see you." How do you build community with other Black women?Rep. Maxine Waters: We have to take people where they are, and we have to be honest with people about who we are. We have to be honest in ways that will help people to open up and be honest with you. And so if we put ourselves high on a pedestal somewhere, and we're talking about, ''I'm your role model, and you got to do this and you got to act this way and you got to dress this way and you should be doing this,'' we're not being honest.
    We have people who address the issues in different ways. We have people certainly who have different thoughts, things that we don't even think about or know about. We have people who dress differently and we have people who don't accept tradition. We have to respect that. We have to take people where they are.
    When we approach people, it is not trying to have them believe that somehow you are more pure. You are more knowledgeable, you are more anything. Accept people where they are and they'll accept you are where you are.
    When I see someone and I'm talking with them, I'm looking at them and I'm listening to them. I don't care what they have on. I don't care about anything else, but what this person is expressing. And I'm not judging them on anything else except what they're sharing with me. For me, that is the way that you connect with others. That is the way you build community. That is where you get trust. And that is where you come to other people's aid.
    When people need you, you come to their aid and it's not all always about money. I'm talking about just having the ability to have someone listen to you, that's hearing what you're saying, or you are sharing a moment that you experienced, that you want someone else to know about.
    That's how you build community. You respect people, you take them where they are, and you come to their aid when they need you.
    Harper's Bazaar: Megan, you seem to be really interested in building that community as well in your performance space. You've done shows where you offered scholarship aid to people who come.Megan Thee Stallion: I was raised by women. I had my mother, my grandmother, and my great-grandmother, and my aunt. Growing up, they always taught me, "You can do whatever you want to do, be whoever you want to be as long as you're a woman who knows at the end of the day, you don't have to depend on anybody else. Get out here in the world and make it yours."
    Now that I'm in a position where I felt like I have to give back to my community, my women. I want everybody to feel the way that I feel growing up.
    I am currently still in school. I remember what it was like to be a freshman on campus. I was so confused about everything. I took out the student loans, but you know what I did? As soon as I got money, as soon as I'm making salary money, I paid off my student loans and I paid all my tuition fees outright.
    And when I got in a position to do that for other women, I really wanted to be a part of other women's story where they're like, "I was going to give up. I couldn't do it. But guess what? Megan Stallion said I could, so I did. And she really helped me." I know that if I can make it easy for somebody, I want to do that.
    Rep. Maxine Waters: I mean, people go to school to try to get to where you are and here you are in this place and you're still paying attention to education.
    [pullquote align='center']You can't ask me to do something that I don't want to do and I'm not a person that's easily swayed.
    '--
    Megan Thee Stallion '--[/pullquote]
    Megan Thee Stallion: My mother and my great-grandmother passed away recently, but my grandmother is still alive and she will whoop my butt, even me at 25, she would whoop my butt if I dropped out of college. I'm not only getting a degree for myself. I'm getting it for the women in my family who originally pushed me to go to school.
    Rep. Maxine Waters: If you had grandma, great-grandma, and mama and all of that, I know what they said: "Girl, get educated because they can't take it out of your head. They can't take it away from you if you get educated.'' That's what they always said. Right? Get educated.
    Megan Thee Stallion: My great-grandmother always said, "Get them papers."
    Harper's Bazaar: We've come off an election where we've seen the incredible organizing power of Black women. The response has been from some people to assign those Black women even more work. How do we redirect that impulse? How do we ensure that we're being supported and protected as much as we were being celebrated or asked to help?Rep. Maxine Waters: One of the most important things for each of us to do is to examine who we are and to get grounded in who we are and have our own philosophies about life and what we care about. That's very important to know yourself. And when you do that, and you set out to do things like Stacey Abrams and other women who have been involved in voter registration, it's because you want to do it. It is because this is who you are. This is because you believe that you have the power and the ability to be helpful and to change things. And when you do that, you are living the life that you want to live.
    Now, how do you do that and then not have others expecting of you to do other things and more and more and more? Once you get grounded in whom you are, then you know how much you want to do, how much you don't want to do. You are not driven about what others always want you to do. You're driven by what you feel and what you think and what is right, because you know who you are. You are grounded in such a way that your direction is determined by you.
    I've learned that if you don't say no, you will be overwhelmed with what everybody else wants you to do. And people call on me sometimes to talk about subjects I have no idea what they're talking about. And I have to say, "You're talking to the wrong person. I don't know anything about that.''
    You can't do everything and you're not good at everything. And so, do what your heart, your mind, your soul tells you and what you know about what makes you feel right and good and be grounded in all of that. " So, that's how I handle the world.
    Harper's Bazaar: Megan, have you found that balance yet as you're growing into and knowing yourself?Megan Thee Stallion: In 2020 I learned a lot about myself. I've been very self-aware for all my life but as you go through new experiences, you become a new person almost. I have the same morals goals, I'm still Megan, but I'm going through new things so now I'm able to speak about new things. When I don't know something, I'm not going to talk deeply about it because I need to learn, you're never too old to learn.
    You can't ask me to do something that I don't want to do and I'm not a person that's easily swayed either. If I'm telling you, "No," I genuinely mean that. I'm only going to talk to you about what Megan wants to talk about and I'm only going to do what Megan wants to do and there is nobody powerful enough walking this earth that's going to make me feel any differently about it.
    Rep. Maxine Waters: That's good, that's being grounded.
    Harper's Bazaar: What music do you listen to when you need encouragement, to get what you need to get done?Rep. Maxine Waters: I listen to the young people around me and they may tell me something maybe you ought to pay attention to. But then they told me to look at, was it WAP?
    Don't worry, don't worry, don't worry. I said, "Now that's audacity. That is audacity." And that is the ability for women to take charge of what they want to say. I had paid attention to the young gangster rap time, when men were in charge. They said whatever they wanted to say about women, what have you. But women didn't say, for a long time, what they could say or wanted to say or dared to say. And so I thought ''that's audacity.''
    [pullquote align='center']Women didn't say, for a long time, what they could say or wanted to say or dared to say. And so I thought [about WAP], that's audacity.
    '-- Rep. Waters '--[/pullquote]
    [When hip hop started] we had so many people who didn't understand this new genre and we had so many mature people who wanted to censor, particularly gangster rap.
    I'm a real First Amendment person who believes in the right of freedom of speech. And so, I took up the cause with Tupac and with Dr. Dre and with a number of artists to defend them. I went before the United States Senate. I thought, "These people got something to say and they're saying something that's very important."
    When hardcore rap was not accepted, even by black people and the ministers in the church, the pure creativity and the talent of rap took over. And it took over not because the white media or anybody else helped with that, it took over because it was so accepted by so many and so loved by so many. And that's how it keeps evolving. It keeps evolving in ways that now you have a Megan, who is up for four Grammy awards, but doing it her way. Okay.
    Megan Thee Stallion: Oh my gosh. I love it here.
    Harper's Bazaar: How do you respond when someone tells you to stay quiet or to not speak up?Rep. Maxine Waters: I come from a huge family. I had 12 brothers and sisters...When you're in a house with 13 kids, you better be outspoken. If you want to make sure that all the dinner's not gone when you come in from your practice, you have to learn to speak up. I've been controversial because of that, because I dare to speak up. But outplaced criticism doesn't bother me. I am outspoken and that's who I am.
    Megan Thee Stallion: I always try to figure out ''Why are you trying to silence me? What are you hiding? Like what is it? Why should I not be able to speak about the things that I feel strongly about?''
    I came from the south side of Houston. I would've never thought that I would be in the place that I am now, but I knew this is where I wanted to be. No matter how many no's I heard, I was like, how can I turn this into a hell yes? So I just always stayed true to who I was.
    [editoriallinks id='4fe44fb3-df14-4a07-9c7e-0ba89596bed4' align='center'][/editoriallinks]
    Kaitlyn Greenidge Kaitlyn Greenidge is the author of the novels We Love You, Charlie Freeman and Liberite, which will be published by Algonquin Books in March 2021.
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  African-American Vernacular English - Wikipedia
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    Variety of American English
    African-American Vernacular English (AAVE, [1]), also referred to as Black (Vernacular) English, Black English Vernacular, or occasionally Ebonics (a colloquial, controversial term),[2] is the variety of English natively spoken, particularly in urban communities, by most working- and middle-class African Americans and Black Canadians.
    Having its own unique grammatical, vocabulary, and accent features, African-American Vernacular English is employed by Black Americans and Canadians as the more informal and casual end of a sociolinguistic continuum; on the formal end of this continuum, speakers switch to more standard English grammar and vocabulary, usually while retaining elements of the nonstandard accent.
    As with most African-American English, African-American Vernacular English shares a large portion of its grammar and phonology with the rural dialects of the Southern United States, and especially older Southern American English, due to historical connections of African Americans to the region.
    Mainstream linguists maintain that the parallels between African-American Vernacular English and West African languages and English-based creole languages are real but minor,[11] with African-American Vernacular English genealogically still falling under the English language,[12] demonstrably tracing back to the diverse nonstandard dialects of early English settlers in the Southern United States. However, a minority of linguists argue that the vernacular shares so many characteristics with African creole languages spoken around the world that it could have originated as its own English-based creole or semi-creole language, distinct from the English language, before undergoing a process of decreolization.[15][17]
    Origins African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) may be considered a dialect, ethnolect or sociolect.[citation needed ] While it is clear that there is a strong historical relationship between AAVE and earlier Southern U.S. dialects, the origins of AAVE are still a matter of debate.
    The presiding theory among linguists is that AAVE has always been a dialect of English, meaning that it originated from earlier English dialects rather than from English-based creole languages that "decreolized" back into English. In the early 2000s, Shana Poplack provided corpus-based evidence'--evidence from a body of writing'--from isolated enclaves in Saman and Nova Scotia peopled by descendants of migrations of early AAVE-speaking groups (see Saman English) that suggests that the grammar of early AAVE was closer to that of contemporary British dialects than modern urban AAVE is to other current American dialects, suggesting that the modern language is a result of divergence from mainstream varieties, rather than the result of decreolization from a widespread American creole.[18]
    Linguist John McWhorter maintains that the contribution of West African languages to AAVE is minimal. In an interview on National Public Radio's Talk of the Nation, McWhorter characterized AAVE as a "hybrid of regional dialects of Great Britain that slaves in America were exposed to because they often worked alongside the indentured servants who spoke those dialects..." According to McWhorter, virtually all linguists who have carefully studied the origins of AAVE "agree that the West African connection is quite minor."[19]
    However, a creole theory, less accepted among linguists, posits that AAVE arose from one or more creole languages used by African captives of the Atlantic slave trade, due to the captives speaking many different native languages and therefore needing a new way to communicate among themselves and with their captors. According to this theory, these captives first developed what are called pidgins: simplified mixtures of languages. Since pidgins form from close contact between speakers of different languages, the slave trade would have been exactly such a situation. Creolist John Dillard quotes, for example, slave ship captain William Smith describing the sheer diversity of mutually unintelligible languages just in The Gambia. By 1715, an African pidgin was reproduced in novels by Daniel Defoe, in particular, The Life of Colonel Jacque. In 1721, Cotton Mather conducted the first attempt at recording the speech of slaves in his interviews regarding the practice of smallpox inoculation. By the time of the American Revolution, varieties among slave creoles were not quite mutually intelligible. Dillard quotes a recollection of "slave language" toward the latter part of the 18th century: "Kay, massa, you just leave me, me sit here, great fish jump up into da canoe, here he be, massa, fine fish, massa; me den very grad; den me sit very still, until another great fish jump into de canoe; but me fall asleep, massa, and no wake 'til you come...." Not until the time of the American Civil War did the language of the slaves become familiar to a large number of educated Whites. The abolitionist papers before the war form a rich corpus of examples of plantation creole. In Army Life in a Black Regiment (1870), Thomas Wentworth Higginson detailed many features of his Black soldiers' language. Opponents of the creole theory suggest that such pidgins or creoles existed but simply died out without directly contributing to modern AAVE.
    Phonology Many pronunciation features distinctly set AAVE apart from other forms of American English (particularly, General American). McWhorter argues that what truly unites all AAVE accents is a uniquely wide-ranging intonation pattern or "melody", which characterizes even the most "neutral" or light African-American accent. A handful of multisyllabic words in AAVE differ from General American in their stress placement so that, for example, police, guitar, and Detroit are pronounced with initial stress instead of ultimate stress. The following are phonological differences in AAVE vowel and consonant sounds.
    Vowels All AAVE vowelsPure vowels (monophthongs)English diaphonemeAAVE phoneme[25]Example words[...~É›Ë~É›É] act, pal, trap[É›Ë~É›É~eÉ] (/.../ raising)ham, land, yeah[a~É‘Ì~É‘] blah, bother, father, lot, top, wasp[É'(É--)~É--(ÊŠ)] all, dog, bought, loss, saw, taught[É›~eÉ] dress, met, bread[É] about, syrup, arena[Éª~iÉ] hit, skim, tip[i] beam, chic, fleet[ÊŒ~É'] bus, flood, what[ÊŠ~Éµ~¸Ìž] book, put, should[ÊŠu~u] food, glue, newDiphthongs[¤Ë~¤e~aË] prize, slide, tie[¤Éª] price, slice, tyke[...É--~...É] now, ouch, scout[eÉª~É›Éª] lake, paid, rein[oÉª] boy, choice, moist[ÊŒÊŠ~É--ÊŠ] goat, oh, showR-colored vowelsrhotic: [É‘É¹~É'É¹] non-rhotic: [É‘~É'] barn, car, heartrhotic: [É›É¹] non-rhotic: [É›É] bare, bear, there[É'] burn, first, herdrhotic: [Éš] non-rhotic: [É] better, martyr, doctorrhotic: [iÉ¹] non-rhotic: [iÉ~iÉ¤] fear, peer, tierrhotic: [oÉ¹] non-rhotic:[oÉ~É--É~É--o] hoarse, horse, poor score, tour, warrhotic: [juÉ¹~jÊŠÉ¹] non-rhotic:[juÉ~jÊŠÉ] cure, Europe, pureAfrican American Vowel Shift: AAVE accents have traditionally resisted the cot-caught merger spreading nationwide, with LOT pronounced [É‘Ì] and THOUGHT traditionally pronounced [É'É--] , though now often [É'~É--É] . Early 2000s research has shown that this resistance may continue to be reinforced by the fronting of LOT , linked through a chain shift of vowels to the raising of the TRAP , DRESS , and perhaps KIT vowels. This chain shift is called the "African American Shift".[26] However, there is still evidence of AAVE speakers picking up the cot-caught merger in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Charleston, South Carolina; and among younger speakers.Reduction of certain diphthong forms to monophthongs, in particular, the PRICE vowel /aÉª/ is monophthongized to [aË] except before voiceless consonants (this is also found in most White Southern dialects). The vowel sound in CHOICE (/É--Éª/ in General American) is also monophthongized, especially before /l/ , making boil indistinguishable from ball.Pin''pen merger: Before nasal consonants (/m/ , /n/ , and /Å‹/ ), DRESS /É›/ and KIT /Éª/ are both pronounced like [Éª~ÉªÉ] , making pen and pin homophones. This is also present in other dialects, particularly of the South. The Pin-pen merger is not universal in AAVE, and there is evidence for unmerged speakers in California, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.[30][31][32]The distinction between the KIT /Éª/ and FLEECE /i/ vowels before liquid consonants is frequently reduced or absent, making feel and fill homophones (fill''feel merger). and also merge, making poor and pour homophones (cure''force merger).Consonants Word-final devoicing of /b/ , /d/ , and /É/ , whereby, for example, cub sounds similar to cup, though these words may retain the longer vowel pronunciations that typically precede voiced consonants, and devoicing may be realized with debuccalization (where /d/ is realized as [.], for instance)[34][35]AAVE speakers may not use the fricatives [Î¸] (the th in "thin") and [°] (the th of "then") that are present in other varieties of English. The phoneme's position in a word determines its exact sound.Word-initially, is normally the same as in other English dialects (so thin is [Î¸Éªn] ); in other situations, it may move forward in the mouth to (Th-fronting).Word-initially, is [°~d] (so this may be [dÉªs] ). In other situations, /°/ may move forward to .Realization of final ng /Å‹/ , the velar nasal, as the alveolar nasal [n] (assibilation, alveolarization) in function morphemes and content morphemes with two or more syllables like -ing, e.g. tripping /ËtrÉªpÉªÅ‹/ is pronounced as [ËtÉ¹ÉªpÉ¨n] (trippin) instead of the standard [ËtÉ¹ÉªpÉªÅ‹] . This change does not occur in one-syllable content morphemes such as sing, which is [sÉªÅ‹] and not *[sÉªn] . However, singing is [ËsÉªÅ‹É¨n] . Other examples include wedding '†' [ËwÉ›É¾É¨n] , morning '†' [ËmÉ--É¹nÉ¨n] , nothing '†' [ËnÊŒfÉ¨n] . Realization of /Å‹/ as [n] in these contexts is commonly found in many other English dialects.[37]A marked feature of AAVE is final consonant cluster reduction. There are several phenomena that are similar but are governed by different grammatical rules. This tendency has been used by creolists to compare AAVE to West African languages since such languages do not have final clusters.Final consonant clusters that are homorganic (have the same place of articulation) and share the same voicing are reduced. E.g. test is pronounced [tÉ›s] since /t/ and /s/ are both voiceless; hand is pronounced [h...n] (alternatively [h...Ìƒ] or [hÉ›Én] ), since /n/ and /d/ are both voiced; but pant is unchanged, as it contains both a voiced and a voiceless consonant in the cluster. It is the plosive (/t/ and /d/ ) in these examples that is lost rather than the fricative; the nasal is also either preserved completely or lost with preservation of nasality on the preceding consonant.[40] Speakers may carry this declustered pronunciation when pluralizing so that the plural of test is [ËtÉ›sÉ¨s] rather than [tÉ›sts] . The clusters /ft/ , /md/ are also affected.More often, word-final /sp/ , /st/ , and /sk/ are reduced, again with the final element being deleted rather than the former.For younger speakers, /skr/ also occurs in words that other varieties of English have /str/ so that, for example, street is pronounced [skrit] .Clusters ending in /s/ or /z/ exhibit variation in whether the first or second element is deleted.Similarly, final consonants may be deleted (although there is a great deal of variation between speakers in this regard). Most often, /t/ and /d/ are deleted. As with other dialects of English, final /t/ and /k/ may reduce to a glottal stop. Nasal consonants may be lost while nasalization of the vowel is retained (e.g., find may be pronounced [f£Ë] ). More rarely, /s/ and /z/ may also be deleted.Use of metathesized forms like aks for "ask"[47] or graps for "grasp".General non-rhotic behavior, in which the rhotic consonant /r/ is typically dropped when not followed by a vowel; it may also manifest as an unstressed [É] or the lengthening of the preceding vowel. Intervocalic /r/ may also be dropped, e.g. General American story ([ËstÉ--É¹i] ) can be pronounced [ËstÉ--.i] , though this doesn't occur across morpheme boundaries.[49] /r/ may also be deleted between a consonant and a back rounded vowel, especially in words like throw, throat, and through.The level of AAVE rhoticity is likely somewhat correlated with the rhoticity of White speakers in a given region; in 1960s research, AAVE accents tended to be mostly non-rhotic in Detroit, whose White speakers are rhotic, but completely non-rhotic in New York City, whose White speakers are also often non-rhotic.[51]/l/ is often vocalized in patterns similar to that of /r/ (though never between vowels) and, in combination with cluster simplification (see above), can make homophones of toll and toe, fault and fought, and tool and too. Homonymy may be reduced by vowel lengthening and by an off-glide [É¤] . "Deep" phonology McWhorter discusses an accent continuum from "a 'deep' Black English through a 'light' Black English to standard English," saying the sounds on this continuum may vary from one African American speaker to the next or even in a single speaker from one situational context to the next. McWhorter regards the following as rarer features, characteristic only of a deep Black English but which speakers of light Black English may occasionally "dip into for humorous or emotive effect":
    Lowering of /Éª/ before /Å‹/ , causing pronunciations such as [Î¸É›Å‹~Î¸...Å‹] for thing (sounding something like thang).Word-medially and word-finally, pronouncing /Î¸/ as [f] (so [mÊŒmf] for month and [m...É--f] for mouth), and /°/ as [v] (so [smuv] for smooth and [ËÉ¹...vÉ(É¹)] for rather. This is called th-fronting. Word-initially, is [d] (so those and doze sound nearly identical). This is called th-stopping. In other words, the tongue fully touches the top teeth.Glide deletion (monophthongization) of all instances of , universally, resulting in [aË~¤Ë] (so that, for example, even rice may sound like rahs.)Full gliding (diphthongization) of , resulting in [iÉ] (so that win may sound like wee-un).Raising and fronting of the vowel of words like strut, mud, tough, etc. to something like [É'~É] .Grammar Tense and aspect Although AAVE does not necessarily have the simple past-tense marker of other English varieties (that is, the -ed of "worked"), it does have an optional tense system with at least four aspects of the past tense and two aspects of the future tense.
    Phases/tenses of AAVEPhaseExamplePastPre-recentI been bought itRecentI done buy itaPre-presentI did buy itPast inceptiveI do buy itPresentI be buying itFutureImmediateI'mma buy itPost-immediateI'mma gonna buy itIndefinite futureI gonna buy it^a Syntactically, I bought it is grammatical, but done (always unstressed, pronounced as /dÉn/) is used to emphasize the completed nature of the action.
    As phase auxiliary verbs, been and done must occur as the first auxiliary; when they occur as the second, they carry additional aspects:
    He been done work means "he finished work a long time ago".He done been work means "until recently, he worked over a long period of time".The latter example shows one of the most distinctive features of AAVE: the use of be to indicate that performance of the verb is of a habitual nature. In most other American English dialects, this can only be expressed unambiguously by using adverbs such as usually.[59]
    This aspect-marking form of been or BIN[60] is stressed and semantically distinct from the unstressed form: She BIN running ('She has been running for a long time') and She been running ('She has been running'). This aspect has been given several names, including perfect phase, remote past, and remote phase (this article uses the third). As shown above, been places action in the distant past. However, when been is used with stative verbs or gerund forms, been shows that the action began in the distant past and that it is continuing now. Rickford (1999) suggests that a better translation when used with stative verbs is "for a long time". For instance, in response to "I like your new dress", one might hear Oh, I been had this dress, meaning that the speaker has had the dress for a long time and that it isn't new.
    To see the difference between the simple past and the gerund when used with been, consider the following expressions:
    I been bought her clothes means "I bought her clothes a long time ago".I been buying her clothes means "I've been buying her clothes for a long time".AAVE grammatical aspectsAspectExampleStandard English meaningHabitual/continuative aspect[63]He be working Tuesdays.He frequently (or habitually) works on Tuesdays.Intensified continuative (habitual)He stay working.He is always working.Intensified continuative (not habitual)He steady working.He keeps on working.Perfect progressiveHe been working.He has been working.Irrealis[clarification needed ]He finna go to work.He is about to go to work.a^a Finna corresponds to "fixing to" in other varieties. it is also written fixina, fixna, fitna, and finta[66]In addition to these, come (which may or may not be an auxiliary[67]) may be used to indicate speaker indignation, such as in Don't come acting like you don't know what happened and you started the whole thing ('Don't try to act as if you don't know what happened, because you started the whole thing').
    Negation Negatives are formed differently from most other varieties of English:
    Use of ain't as a general negative indicator. As in other dialects, it can be used where most other dialects would use am not, isn't, aren't, haven't, and hasn't. However, in marked contrast to other varieties of English in the US, some speakers of AAVE also use ain't instead of don't, doesn't, or didn't (e.g., I ain't know that). Ain't had its origins in common English but became increasingly stigmatized since the 19th century. See also amn't.Negative concord, popularly called "double negation", as in I didn't go nowhere; if the sentence is negative, all negatable forms are negated. This contrasts with standard written English conventions, which have traditionally prescribed that a double negative is considered incorrect to mean anything other than a positive (although this was not always so; see double negative).In a negative construction, an indefinite pronoun such as nobody or nothing can be inverted with the negative verb particle for emphasis (e.g., Don't nobody know the answer, Ain't nothing going on.)While AAVE shares these with Creole languages, Howe & Walker (2000) use data from early recordings of African Nova Scotian English, Saman English, and the recordings of former slaves to demonstrate that negation was inherited from nonstandard colonial English.
    Other grammatical characteristics The copula be in the present tense is often dropped, as in Russian, Hebrew, Arabic and other languages. For example: You crazy ("You're crazy") or She my sister ("She's my sister"). The phenomenon is also observed in questions: Who you? ("Who're you?") and Where you at? ("Where are you (at)?"). This has been sometimes considered a Southern U.S. regionalism, though it is most frequent in Black speech. On the other hand, a stressed is cannot be dropped: Yes, she is my sister. The general rules are:Only the forms is and are (of which the latter is anyway often replaced by is) can be omitted; am, was, and were are not deleted.These forms cannot be omitted when they would be pronounced with stress in General American (whether or not the stress serves specifically to impart an emphatic sense to the verb's meaning).These forms cannot be omitted when the corresponding form in standard English cannot show contraction (and vice versa). For example, I don't know where he is cannot be reduced to *I don't know where he just as in standard English forms the corresponding reduction *I don't know where he's is likewise impossible. (I don't know where he at is possible, paralleling I don't know where he's at in standard English.)Possibly some other minor conditions apply as well.[73]Verbs are uninflected for number and person: there is no -s ending in the present-tense third-person singular. Example: She write poetry ("She writes poetry"). AAVE don't for standard English doesn't comes from this, unlike in some other dialects which use don't for standard English doesn't but does when not in the negative. Similarly, was is used for what in standard English are contexts for both was and were.The genitive -'s ending may or may not be used. Genitive case is inferrable from adjacency. This is similar to many creoles throughout the Caribbean. Many language forms throughout the world use an unmarked possessive; it may here result from a simplification of grammatical structures. Example: my momma sister ("my mother's sister")The words it and they denote the existence of something, equivalent to standard English's there is or there are.Word order in questions: Why they ain't growing? ("Why aren't they growing?") and Who the hell she think she is? ("Who the hell does she think she is?") lack the inversion of most other forms of English. Because of this, there is also no need for the "auxiliary do".Vocabulary AAVE shares most of its lexicon with other varieties of English, particularly that of informal and Southern dialects; for example, the relatively recent use of y'all. However, it has also been suggested that some of the vocabulary unique to AAVE has its origin in West African languages, but etymology is often difficult to trace and without a trail of recorded usage, the suggestions below cannot be considered proven. Early AAVE and Gullah contributed a number of African-originated words to the American English mainstream, including gumbo,[78] goober,[79] yam, and banjo.[80]
    AAVE has also contributed slang expressions such as cool and hip. In many cases, the postulated etymologies are not recognized by linguists or the Oxford English Dictionary, such as to dig,[82] jazz, tote, and bad-mouth, a calque from Mandinka.[84]
    AAVE also has words that either are not part of most other American English dialects or have strikingly different meanings. For example, there are several words in AAVE referring to White people that are not part of mainstream American English; these include gray as an adjective for Whites (as in gray dude), possibly from the color of Confederate uniforms; and paddy, an extension of the slang use for "Irish".[85]
    "Ofay," which is pejorative, is another general term for a White person; it might derive from the Ibibio word afia, which means "light-colored", from the Yoruba word ofe, spoken in hopes of disappearing from danger. However, most dictionaries simply say its etymology is unknown.[86]
    Kitchen refers to the particularly curly or kinky hair at the nape of the neck, and siditty or seddity means "snobbish" or "bourgeois".[87]
    AAVE has also contributed various words and phrases to other varieties of English, including chill out, main squeeze, soul, funky, and threads.
    Influence on other dialects African-American Vernacular English has influenced the development of other dialects of English. The AAVE accent, New York accent, and Spanish-language accents have together yielded the sound of New York Latino English, some of whose speakers use an accent indistinguishable from an AAVE one. AAVE has also influenced certain Chicano accents and Liberian Settler English, directly derived from the AAVE of the original 16,000 African Americans who migrated to Liberia in the 1800s.[90] In the United States, urban youth participating in hip-hop culture or marginalized as ethnic minorities, aside from Latinos, are also well-studied in adopting African-American Vernacular English, or prominent elements of it: for example, Southeast-Asian Americans embracing hip-hop identities.[91][92]
    Variation Urban versus rural variations African-American Vernacular English began as mostly rural and Southern, yet today is mostly urban and nationally widespread, and its more recent urban features are now even diffusing into rural areas.[93] Urban AAVE alone is intensifying with the grammatical features exemplified in these sentences: "He be the best" (intensified equative be), "She be done had her baby" (resultative be done), and "They come hollerin" (indignant come). On the other hand, rural AAVE alone shows certain features too, such as: "I was a-huntin" (a-prefixing); "It riz above us" (different irregular forms); and "I want for to eat it" (for to complement).[94] Using the word bees even in place of be to mean is or are in standard English, as in the sentence "That's the way it bees" is also one of the rarest of all deep AAVE features today, and most middle-class AAVE speakers would recognize the verb bees as part of only a deep "Southern" or "country" speaker's vocabulary.
    Local variations New York City AAVE incorporates some local features of the New York accent, including its high THOUGHT vowel; meanwhile, conversely, Pittsburgh AAVE may merge this same vowel with the LOT vowel, matching the cot-caught merger of White Pittsburgh accents. AAVE accents traditionally do not have the cot-caught merger. Memphis, Atlanta, and Research Triangle AAVE incorporates the DRESS vowel raising and FACE vowel lowering associated with White Southern accents. Memphis and St. Louis AAVE are developing, since the mid-twentieth century, an iconic merger of the vowels in SQUARE and NURSE , making there sound like thurr.[95]
    Although the distinction between AAVE and General American accents is clear to most English speakers, some characteristics, notably double negatives and the omission of certain auxiliaries (see below) such as the has in has been are also characteristic of many colloquial dialects of American English. There is near-uniformity of AAVE grammar, despite its vast geographic spread across the whole country. This may be due in part to relatively recent migrations of African Americans out of the American South (see Great Migration and Second Great Migration) as well as to long-term racial segregation that kept Black people living together in largely homogeneous communities.
    Misconceptions about AAVE are, and have long been, common, and have stigmatized its use. One myth is that AAVE is grammatically "simple" or "sloppy". However, like all dialects, AAVE shows consistent internal logic and grammatical complexity, and is used naturally by a group of people to express thoughts and ideas.[98] Prescriptively, attitudes about AAVE are often less positive; since AAVE deviates from the standard, its use is commonly misinterpreted as a sign of ignorance, laziness, or both.[100] Perhaps because of this attitude (as well as similar attitudes among other Americans), most speakers of AAVE are bidialectal, being able to speak with more standard English features, and perhaps even a General American accent, as well as AAVE. Such linguistic adaptation in different environments is called code-switching'--though Linnes (1998) argues that the situation is actually one of diglossia:[103] each dialect, or code, is applied in different settings. Generally speaking, the degree of exclusive use of AAVE decreases with increasing socioeconomic status (although AAVE is still used by even well-educated African Americans).
    Another myth is that AAVE is the native dialect (or even more inaccurately, a linguistic fad) employed by all African Americans. Wheeler (1999) warns that "AAVE should not be thought of as the language of Black people in America. Many African Americans neither speak it nor know much about it".
    Ogbu (1999) argues that the use of AAVE carries racially affirmative political undertones as its use allows African Americans to assert their cultural upbringing. Nevertheless, use of AAVE also carries strong social connotations; Sweetland (2002) presents a White female speaker of AAVE who is accepted as a member into African American social groups despite her race.
    Before the substantial research of the 1960s and 1970s'--including William Labov's groundbreakingly thorough grammatical study, Language in the Inner City'--there was doubt that the speech of African Americans had any exclusive features not found in varieties spoken by other groups; Williamson (1970) noted that distinctive features of African American speech were present in the speech of Southerners and Farrison (1970) argued that there were really no substantial vocabulary or grammatical differences between the speech of Black people and other English dialects.[109]
    In the legal system The United States courts are divided over how to admit statements of ambiguous tense made in AAVE under evidence. In United States v. Arnold, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held that "he finna shoot me" was a statement made in the present tense, so it was admissible hearsay under the excited utterance exception; however, the dissent held that past or present tense could not be determined by the statement, so the statement should not have been admitted into evidence.[110]
    In US courts, an interpreter is only routinely available for speakers of "a language other than English". Rickford & King (2016) argue that a lack of familiarity with AAVE (and other minority dialects of English) on the part of jurors, stenographers, and others can lead to misunderstandings in court. They especially focus on the Trayvon Martin case and how the testimony of Rachel Jeantel was perceived as incomprehensible and not credible by the jury due to her dialect.
    In music Spirituals, blues, jazz, R&B, and most recently, hip-hop are all genres associated with African American music; as such, AAVE usually appears, through singing, speaking, or rapping, in these musical forms. Examples of morphosyntactic features of AAVE in genres other than hip-hop are given below:
    ArtistSongLyricAAVE featureNina Simone"It Be's That Way Sometime""It Be's That Way Sometime"habitual aspect with beVera Hall"Trouble So Hard""Don't nobody know my trouble but God"negative concordTexas Alexander"The Rising Sun""She got something round and it look just like a bat"lack of inflection on present-tense verbWC Handy"Saint Louis Blues""Cause my baby, he done left this town."Use of "done" to indicate the recent pastMore recently, AAVE has been used heavily in hip-hop to show "street cred". Examples of morphosyntactic AAVE features used by Black hip-hop artists are given below:
    In addition to grammatical features, lexical items specific to AAVE are often used in hip-hop:
    ArtistSongLyricAAVE lexical itemaStandard English definitionKanye West ft. Jay-Z"Otis""Or the big-face rollie, I got two of those"rollieRolex (watch)Tupac Shakur"Straight Ballin""And getting ghost on the 5-0"5-0 ("five-oh")policeLil Wayne"Blinded""I can put bangles around yo ashy ankles"ashydry skin^a Lexical items taken from Smitherman (2000)
    Because hip-hop is so intimately related to the African American oral tradition, non-Black hip-hop artists also use certain features of AAVE; for example, in an MC battle, Eyedea said, "What that mean, yo?" displaying a lack of subject-verb inversion and also the "auxiliary do". However, they tend to avoid the term nigga, even as a marker of solidarity. White hip-hop artists such as Eyedea can choose to accentuate their whiteness by hyper-articulating postvocalic r sounds (i.e. the retroflex approximant).
    AAVE is also used by non-Black artists in genres other than hip-hop, if less frequently. For instance, in "Tonight, Tonight", Hot Chelle Rae uses the term dime to mean "an attractive woman". Jewel's "Sometimes It Be That Way" employs habitual be in the title to indicate habitual aspect. If they do not employ similar features of AAVE in their speech, then it can be argued that they are modeling their musical performance to evoke aspects of particular musical genres such as R&B or the blues (as British pop musicians of the 1960s and beyond did to evoke rock, pop, and the blues). Some research suggests that non-African American young adults learn AAVE vocabulary by listening to hip-hop music.
    On Twitter, AAVE is used as a framework from which sentences and words are constructed, in order to accurately express oneself. Grammatical features and word pronunciations stemming from AAVE are preserved. Spellings based on AAVE have become increasingly common, to the point where it has become a normalized practice. Some examples include, "you" (you're), "they" (their/they're), "gon/gone" (going to), and "yo" (your).
    In education Educators traditionally have attempted to eliminate AAVE usage through the public education system, perceiving the dialect as grammatically defective. In 1974, the teacher-led Conference on College Composition and Communication issued a position statement affirming students' rights to their own dialects and the validity of all dialects. Mainstream linguistics has long agreed with this view about dialects. In 1979, a judge ordered the Ann Arbor School District to find a way to identify AAVE speakers in the schools and to "use that knowledge in teaching such students how to read standard English."[120] In 1996, Oakland Unified School District made a controversial resolution for AAVE, which was later called "Ebonics." The Oakland School board approved that Ebonics be recognized as a language independent from English (though this particular view is not endorsed by linguists), that teachers would participate in recognizing this language, and that it would be used in theory to support the transition from Ebonics to Standard American English in schools. This program lasted three years and then died off.[121]
    See also Notes ^ Gordon, Matthew J. (2013). Labov: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-4411-5852-9. ^ For the reasons that linguists avoid using the term Ebonics, see for example Green (2002:7''8). ^ See Howe & Walker (2000) for more information ^ The Oakland school board's resolution "was about a perfectly ordinary variety of English spoken by a large and diverse population of Americans of African descent. . . . [E]ssentially all linguists agree that what the Oakland board was dealing with is a dialect of English."Pullum (1997) ^ Mufwene (2001:29) and Bailey (2001:55), both citing Stewart (1964), Stewart (1969), Dillard (1972), and Rickford (1997a). ^ Those in favor of the "creole hypothesis" of African-American Vernacular English include creolists William Stewart, John Dillard and John Rickford. ^ William Labov, in the Foreword to Poplack & Tagliamonte (2001), says "I would like to think that this clear demonstration of the similarities among the three diaspora dialects and the White benchmark dialects, combined with their differences from creole grammars, would close at least one chapter in the history of the creole controversies." ^ Ludden, Jennifer (September 6, 2010). "Op-Ed: DEA Call For Ebonics Experts Smart Move" Archived 2018-01-08 at the Wayback Machine. NPR. ^ Heggarty, Paul; et al., eds. (2013). "Accents of English from Around the World". University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 2016-04-26 . Retrieved 2018-01-07 See pronunciation for "Chicago AAVE" and "N.Carolina AAVE." CS1 maint: postscript (link) ^ Thomas, Erik. (2007). "Phonological and phonetic characteristics of AAVE". Language and Linguistics Compass. 1. 450 - 475. 10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00029.x. p. 464. ^ King, Sharese. "On negotiating racial and regional identities: Vocalic variation among African Americans in Bakersfield, California". University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. 22:2. ^ Jones, Taylor; Kalbfeld, Jessica Rose; Hancock, Ryan; Clark, Robin (2019-06-25). "Testifying while black: An experimental study of court reporter accuracy in transcription of African American English". Language. 95 (2): e216''e252. doi:10.1353/lan.2019.0042. ISSN 1535-0665. ^ Taylor, Jones (2020). Variation in African American English: The Great Migration and Regional Differentiation (Thesis). University of Pennsylvania. ^ Bailey & Thomas (1998:89), citing Wolfram (1994) ^ Farrington, Charlie (October 2018). "Incomplete neutralization in African American English: The case of final consonant voicing". Language Variation and Change. 30 (3): 361''383. doi:10.1017/S0954394518000145. ISSN 0954-3945. ^ Green (2002:121''122) although her examples are different. ^ "Phonological Features of African American Vernacular English". www.rehabmed.ualberta.ca . Retrieved 2020-08-30 . ^ See Baugh (2000:92''94) on "aks" and metathesis, on the frequency with which "aks" is brought up by those who ridicule AAVE (e.g.Cosby (1997)), and on the linguistic or cognitive abilities of a speaker of another variety of English who would take "aks" to mean "axe" in a context that in another variety would probably call for "ask". ^ Green (2002:121), citing Wolfram & Fasold (1974:140) ^ Wolfram, Walt; Kohn, Mary E. (forthcoming). "The regional development of African American Language Archived 2018-11-06 at the Wayback Machine". In Sonja Lanehart, Lisa Green, and Jennifer Bloomquist (eds.), The Oxford Handbook on African American Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 147. ^ Aspectual be: Green (2002:47''54) ^ In order to distinguish the stressed and unstressed forms, which carry different meaning, linguists often write the stressed version as BIN ^ Fickett (1972:17) refers to this as a combination of "punctuative" and "imperfect" aspects. ^ Green (2002:70''71), citing DeBose & Faraclas (1993). ^ See Spears (1982:850) ^ Geoff Pullum (17 October 1998). "Why Ebonics Is No Joke". Lingua Franca (transcript). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010 . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . ^ Shorter OED, 5th edition, cf Bantu kingumbo ^ Shorter OED, 5th edition, Kikongo nguba ^ Nagle, S., & Sanders, S. (Eds.). (2003). English in the Southern United States (Studies in English Language). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 12. ^ This is from Wolof dgg or dgga, meaning "to understand/appreciate" according to Smitherman 2000 s.v. "Dig"; or, it may instead come from Irish tuig, according to Random House Unabridged, 2001 ^ Smitherman (1977) cited in Rickford & Rickford (2000:240). ^ Gray: Smitherman, Black Talk, s.v. "Gray". Paddy: Dictionary of American Regional English, s.v. "Paddy". ^ Smitherman (2000) suggests either a general West African or the Pig Latin origin. Black Talk, s.v. "Ofay". ^ Smitherman (2000), s.v. "Kitchen". Kitchen, siditty: Dictionary of American Regional English, s.vv. "Kitchen", "Siditty". ^ Singler, John Victor (2004). Liberian Settler English: phonology. In Edgar W. Schneider, Kate Burridge, Bernd Kortmann, Rajend Mesthrie & Clive Upton (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English: Phonology. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 875-876. ^ Reyes, Angela (2007). Language, Identity, and Stereotype Among Southeast Asian American Youth: The Other Asian. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ^ Reyes, Angela. (2005). "Appropriation of African American Slang by Asian American Youth". Journal of Sociolinguistics. 9. 509 - 532. ^ Wolfram, Walt (2004). "The Grammar of Urban African American Vernacular English". In Handbook of Varieties of English, edited by Bernd Kortmann and Edgar Schneider. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 334. ^ Wolfram, Walt (2004). "The Grammar of Urban African American Vernacular English". In Handbook of Varieties of English, edited by Bernd Kortmann and Edgar Schneider. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 335-336. ^ Wolfram, Walt; Kohn, Mary E. (forthcoming). "The regional development of African American Language Archived 2018-11-06 at the Wayback Machine". In Sonja Lanehart, Lisa Green, and Jennifer Bloomquist (eds.), The Oxford Handbook on African American Language. 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(1999), The Workings of Language: From Prescriptions to Perspectives, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 9780275962456, archived from the original on 2016-05-18 , retrieved 2018-01-07 Wheeler, Rebecca; Swords, Rachel (2006), Code-switching: Teaching Standard English in Urban Classrooms, Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English Williamson, Juanita (1970), "Selected features of speech: black and white", CLA Journal, 13: 420''433 Winford, Donald (1992), "Back to the past: The BEV/creole connection revisited", Language Variation and Change, 4 (3): 311''357, doi:10.1017/S0954394500000831 Wolfram, Walter A. (1994), "The phonology of a sociocultural variety: The case of African American Vernacular English", in Bernthal, John E.; Bankson, Nicholas W. (eds.), Child Phonology: Characteristics, Assessment, and Intervention with Special Populations, New York: Thieme Wolfram, Walter A. (1998), "Language ideology and dialect: understanding the Oakland Ebonics controversy", Journal of English Linguistics, 26 (2): 108''121, doi:10.1177/007542429802600203, S2CID 144554543 Wolfram, Walter A.; Fasold, Ralph W. (1974), Social Dialects in American English, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Further reading Bailey, Guy; Baugh, John; Mufwene, Salikoko S.; Rickford, John R. (2013), African-American English: Structure, History and Use, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-135-09756-1 Delpit, Lisa; Dowdy, Joanne Kilgour (2002), The Skin that We Speak: Thoughts on Language and Culture in the Classroom., New York: New Press, ISBN 1-56584-544-7 McDorman, Richard E. (2012). "Understanding African-American English: A Course in Language Comprehension and Cross-Cultural Understanding for Advanced English Language Learners in the United States" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 8 October 2012 . Nunberg, Geoffrey (1997), "Double Standards", Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 15 (3): 667''675, doi:10.1023/A:1005815614064, S2CID 169316918, archived from the original on 23 September 2009 , retrieved 4 March 2010 Oubr(C), Alondra (1997). "Black English Vernacular (Ebonics) and Educability: A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Language, Cognition, and Schooling". African American Web Connection. Archived from the original on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 4 March 2010 . Patrick, Peter L. (2007). "A bibliography of works on African American English". University of Essex. Archived from the original on 2010-02-16 . Retrieved 4 March 2010 . Pollock, K.; Bailey, G.; Berni; Fletcher; Hinton, L.N.; Johnson; Roberts; Weaver (1998). "Phonological Features of African American Vernacular English (AAVE)". Child Phonology Laboratory. University of Alberta. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010 . Retrieved 4 March 2010 . Rickford, John R. (December 1996). "Ebonics Notes and Discussion". Archived from the original on 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 4 March 2010 . Rickford, John R.; King, Sharese (2016). "Language and linguistics on trial: Hearing Rachel Jeantel (and other vernacular speakers) in the courtroom and beyond" (PDF) . Language. 92 (4): 948''988. doi:10.1353/lan.2016.0078. ISSN 1535-0665. S2CID 152062713. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-07 . Retrieved 2018-03-06 . Rickford, John R.; Rickford, Angela E. (1995), "Dialect readers revisited", Linguistics and Education, 7 (2): 107''128, doi:10.1016/0898-5898(95)90003-9 Sidnell, Jack. "African American Vernacular English (Ebonics)". Archived from the original on 10 February 2010 . Retrieved 4 March 2010 .
  Audacity | Definition of Audacity at Dictionary.com
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    Top Definitions Synonyms Quizzes Examples [ aw- das -i-tee ]
    / É--Ëd...s Éª ti /
    noun, plural au·dac·i·ties. boldness or daring, especially with confident or arrogant disregard for personal safety, conventional thought, or other restrictions.
    effrontery or insolence; shameless boldness: His questioner's audacity shocked the lecturer.
    Usually audacities . audacious or particularly bold or daring acts or statements. QUIZZESQUIZ YOURSELF ON "SITE," "CITE," AND "SIGHT"!Set your sights on wordy gold with this quiz on the commonly mixed up words "site," "cite," and sight"!
    Question 1 of 7
    ''Site'' and ''cite'' derive from the same Latin root, ''situs.''
    Origin of audacity 1400''50; late Middle English
    audacite
    <Latin
    audÄc-,
    stem of
    audÄx
    daring (adj.) +
    -ite
    -ityWords nearby audacity auction pitch,
    auctorial,
    aucuba,
    AUD,
    audacious,
    audacity
    ,
    Aude,
    Auden,
    Auden, W. H.,
    Audhumla,
    audialDictionary.com UnabridgedBased on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, (C) Random House, Inc. 2021
    Example sentences from the Web for audacityAn artist who seeks to pay proper tribute to trees must have skill, imagination and a measure of audacity .
    Few achievements in modern science rival the speed and the audacity of the coronavirus vaccine program.
    That paradigm-busting audacity has given KDP the biggest caffeine buzz in beverages.
    It is the necessity and audacity not only of hope, but of beauty.
    In the end, talent and technique got the better of ardor and audacity .
    Many rock artists ''borrowed'' material from black blues artists, but few did so with more audacity than Jimmy Page.
    They have a great sense of performance, bravado, and audacity .
    As David Plouffe detailed in his book, The Audacity To Win, the campaign had committed in writing to stay in the federal system.
    He's someone with huge potential, in line with the spirit of Vuitton - creative audacity with extreme refinement.
    But they soon fell out, for Murat had the audacity to try and make these patriots fight instead of merely seeking plunder.
    Scarce a day passed without some engagement in which the King of Naples showed his audacity and his talent as a leader.
    As Marquise de Condillac it hurt her pride to listen and not have him whipped for his audacity ; as a woman it insulted her.
    Felizardo was remarkable for his audacity , his fine horsemanship, and his expert marksmanship.
    Audacity , ever excellent in war, is sound as a proposition of Euclid in operations against Asiatics.
  Harper's Bazaar - Wikipedia
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    American monthly women's fashion magazine
    Harper's BazaarEditor-in-chiefSamira Nasr (United States)Lydia Slater (United Kingdom)Olivia Phillips (Arabia)[1]Ana Torrejon (Argentina)Kellie Hush (Australia)Maria Prata (Brazil)Milena Aleksieva (Bulgaria)Andr(C)e Burgat (Chile)Su Mang (China)Nora Grundov (Czech Republic)Kerstin Schneider (Germany)Eva Nisioti (Greece)Xaven Mak (Hong Kong)Nonita Kalra (India)Ria Lirungan (Indonesia)Kaori Tsukamoto (Japan)Karina Utegenova (Kazakhstan)Mikyung Jeon (Korea)Natasha Kraal (Malaysia)Adma Kawage (Mexico)Miluska van 't Lam (Netherlands)[2]Mara Coman (Romania)Daria Veledeeva (Russia)Petar JanoÅeviÄ‡ (Serbia)Kenneth Goh (Singapore)Melania Pan (Spain)Elaine Liao (Taiwan)Duang Poshyananda (Thailand)Eda Goklu (Turkey)Anna Zemskova (Ukraine)Tran Nguyen Thien Huong (Vietnam)[3]CategoriesFashionFrequencyMonthlyPublisher1867''1913, Harper & BrothersTotal circulation(June 2012)734,504[4]Year foundedNovember 2, 1867 ; 153 years ago ( 1867-11-02 ) , New York CityFirst issueNovember 2, 1867 ; 153 years ago ( 1867-11-02 ) , New York CityCompanyHearst MagazinesCountryUnited StatesBased inNew York CityLanguageEnglishWebsite harpersbazaar.com ISSN0017-7873Harper's Bazaar is an American monthly women's fashion magazine. It was first published in New York City on November 2, 1867, as the weekly Harper's Bazar.[5] Harper's Bazaar is published by Hearst and considers itself to be the style resource for "women who are the first to buy the best, from casual to couture".[6] Since its debut in 1867, as the U.S.'s first fashion magazine, its pages have been home to talent such as the founding editor, author and translator Mary Louise Booth, as well as numerous fashion editors, photographers, illustrators and writers.
    Harper's Bazaar ' s corporate offices are located in the Hearst Tower, 300 West 57th Street or 959 Eighth Avenue, near Columbus Circle in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.
    The current editor-in-chief of the U.S. edition is Samira Nasr.[7]
    History [ edit ] Harper & Brothers founded the magazine based in New York City on November 2, 1867.[8] This company also gave birth to Harper's Magazine and HarperCollins Publishing.[citation needed ]
    Front cover illustrating hairstyles, Vol. I, No. 49 (October 3, 1868) '' as
    Harper's Bazar: A Repository of Fashion, Pleasure, and InstructionHarper's Bazar began publication as a tabloid-size weekly newspaper catering to women in the middle and upper classes. It showcased fashion from Germany and Paris in a newspaper-design format. It was not until 1901 Harper's moved to a monthly issued magazine which it maintains today. Now Harper's Bazaar is owned and operated by Hearst in the United States and the National Magazine Company in the United Kingdom. Hearst purchased the magazine in 1913.[citation needed ]
    The name change to Harper's Bazaar was filed on December 30, 1930.[5]
    Victorian elegance (1898''1912) [ edit ] As the turn-of-the-century began in America, Harper's Bazaar began featuring both illustrations and photographs for its covers and inside features of high society and increasingly of fashion.[citation needed ]
    During the late Victorian period, as the women's suffrage movement was gaining momentum (American women did not all win the right to vote until 1920 with the passing of the 19th Amendment), the introduction of more tailored dresses and jackets coincided with women's new sense of feminism. Bazaar also began profiling prominent socialites, such as the Astors and the Griscoms.
    The Carmel Snow years (1933''1957) [ edit ] In 1933, editor-in-chief Carmel Snow (a former editor at Vogue) brought photojournalist Martin Munkacsi to a windswept beach to shoot a swimwear spread. As the model ran toward the camera, Munkacsi took the picture that made fashion-magazine history. Until that moment, nearly all fashion was carefully staged on mannequin-like models in a studio. Snow's buoyant spirit (she rarely slept or ate, although she had a lifelong love affair with the three-martini lunch) and wicked sense of adventure brought life to the pages of Bazaar. Snow's genius came from cultivating the "best" people. Her first big find was art director Alexey Brodovitch, who innovated Bazaar ' s iconic Didot logo. Brodovitch is perhaps best known for his work with Richard Avedon, who, as a young photographer, was so determined to work at Bazaar that he endured the humiliation of 14 canceled interviews before finally being hired. Snow also unleashed the force of nature known as Diana Vreeland, whom she brought on as fashion editor in 1936. The collaboration of these four visionaries resulted in some of the germane fashion shoots of the 20th century and ended only with Snow's retirement, at age 70, in 1957.[9]
    Alexey Brodovitch (1934''1958) [ edit ] In 1934, newly installed Bazaar editor Carmel Snow attended an Art Directors Club of New York exhibition curated by 36-year-old graphic designer Alexey Brodovitch and immediately offered Brodovitch a job as Bazaar 's art director. Throughout his career at the magazine, Brodovitch, a Russian (C)migr(C) (by way of Paris), revolutionized magazine design. With his directive "Astonish me", he inspired some of the greatest visual artists of the 20th century (including prot(C)g(C)s Irving Penn, Hiro, Gleb Derujinsky, and, of course, Richard Avedon). One of his assistants was future Rolling Stone art director Tony Lane. Brodovitch's signature use of white space, his innovation of Bazaar 's iconic Didot logo, and the cinematic quality that his obsessive cropping brought to layouts (not even the work of Man Ray and Henri Cartier-Bresson was safe from his busy scissors) compelled Truman Capote to write, "What Dom P(C)rignon was to champagne ... so [Brodovitch] has been to ... photographic design and editorial layout." Brodovitch's personal life was less triumphant. Plagued by alcoholism, he left Bazaar in 1958 and eventually moved to the south of France, where he died in 1971.
    The Vreeland years (1936''1962) [ edit ] Toni Frissell, Woman in tennis outfit, published in
    Harper's Bazaar, February 1947
    When Carmel Snow saw Mrs. T. Reed Vreeland dancing on the roof of New York's St. Regis Hotel in a white lace Chanel dress and a bolero with roses in her hair one evening in 1936, she knew she'd found Bazaar ' s newest staffer. Diana, who is said to have invented the word "pizzazz", first came to the attention of readers with her "Why Don't You ... ?" column. (A typical suggestion: "Why don't you ... wear, like the Duchess of Kent, three enormous diamond stars arranged in your hair in front?") Before long, she became fashion editor, collaborating with photographers Louise Dahl-Wolfe and Richard Avedon and, later, art director Henry Wolf. Her eccentricity, perception and wit, as well as her sharp wit and sweeping pronouncements ("I adore that pink! It's the navy blue of India," "Elegance is refusal!"), were memorialized in the movie Funny Face, making her, for many, the prototypical fashion-magazine editor.
    The Avedon years (1945''1965) [ edit ] Richard Avedon began creating fashion portfolios for Harper's Bazaar at age 22. His distinctive photographs showed both chic insouciance and boundless vitality. Avedon's women leapt off curbs, roller-skated on the Place de la Concorde, and were seen in nightclubs, enjoying the freedom and fashions of the postwar era.[citation needed ]
    He was immortalized in the film Funny Face by the character Dick Avery (played by Fred Astaire), who asked, "What's wrong with bringing out a girl who has character, spirit, and intelligence?"
    The Derujinsky years (1950''1968) [ edit ] Gleb Derujinsky's 18-year career at Harper's Bazaar spanned from 1950 to 1968 and during that time produced some of the classic images of the era.Scouted by editor-in-chief Carmel Snow and art director Alexey Brodovitch, Derujinsky joined the elite group of photographers, including Richard Avedon, who shot for the magazine. Working closely with the then fashion editor Diana Vreeland, Derujinsky proved a pioneer in his field, creating stunning juxtapositions between European Haute Couture dresses and landscapes ranging from desert sands to car junkyards, fairgrounds and airports, all this at a time when air travel was yet to become as common as it is now. "Avedon shot dresses and clothes, Gleb shot women living in them".[10]
    To mark the inauguration of Pan Am's Boeing 707 in 1957, Derujinsky traveled across the world with Nena von Schlebr¼gge, and Ruth Neumann, whom he would later marry. The latter would be his muse from the seaside harbors of China, to the Nara Deer Park in Japan, and throughout Thailand, Spain and Greece.The 1957 Paris Collections were the basis for a 25-page spread in Harper's Bazaar featuring his photographs. "Gleb Derujinsky's photographs evoke the best of Harper's Bazaar: exquisitely beautiful, original, and instantly iconic images of a very fashionable life".[11]
    Nonnie Moore (1980''1984) [ edit ] Nonnie Moore was hired as fashion editor in 1980, having served in the same post at Mademoiselle.[12] The New York Times noticed the changes she made at Harper's Bazaar, highlighting how the magazine had been "looking a little dowdy", but that Moore had "noticeably sharpened the magazine's fashion point of view" by showing "brighter, younger and more stylish", complimenting her use of "young and exciting fashion photographers", such as Oliviero Toscani.[13]
    Harper's Bazaar worldwide [ edit ] This section
    may be incomprehensible or very hard to understand. Sometimes this can be due to
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    ( June 2020 ) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)The magazine is published in 37 countries and regions.
    Harper's Bazaar Australia [ edit ] Harper's Bazaar Australia founded the magazine based in Sydney on March 1, 1998, with Nicole Kidman on the cover. From 2009 until 2013, the winner of Australia's Next Top Model, an annual Australian reality television series, appeared on the magazine's cover and in an editorial feature. The current editor-in-chief is Kellie Hush, whose first edited issue in Sydney in November 2012. Harper's Bazaar Australia first published based in Sydney on March 1, 1998. Since its debut in Sydney on March 1, 1998, it has used the slogan and tagline Australia's No. 1 Fashion Magazine.
    In mid-July 2020, the magazine's Australian publisher Bauer Media Australia closed down Harper's Bazaar Australia, citing declining advertising revenue and travel restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The magazine ceased publication in July 2020.[14][15]
    EditorsKarin Upton Baker (1998''2001)Alison Veness-McGourty (2001''2008)Jamie Huckbody (2008''2009)Edwina McCann (2009''2012)Kellie Hush (2012''present) Harper's Bazaar India [ edit ] Harper's Bazaar India published its first Indian edition of the magazine on March 1, 2009, which featured Kareena Kapoor and Swarovski crystals on the cover.[16] The magazine is based in and published from Mumbai[17], in partnership with the Noida-based India Today Group. The launch editor was Sujata Assomull Sippy, but she left the magazine after the April 2012 issue.[18] The ex-editor, Nishat Fatima, was appointed in December 2012.[19] Recently,[when? ] former editor of ELLE India, Nonita Kalra, was appointed as the editor of Harper's Bazaar India.[20] Harper's Bazaar India first published in Mumbai on March 1, 2009, with the slogan and tagline India's No. 1 Fashion Magazine.
    EditorsSujata Assomull Sippy (2009''2012)Nishat Fatima (2012''2016)Nonita Kalra (2016''present) Harper's Bazaar Indonesia [ edit ] New York City-based Hearst collaboration with Jakarta-based MRA Printed Media's Harper's Bazaar Indonesia founded the magazine based in Jakarta in June 2000, under the name PT Media Insani Abadi. Harper's Bazaar Indonesia first published based in Jakarta in June 2000. Since its debut in Jakarta on January 2, 2000, with the slogan and tagline its Indonesia's No. 1 Fashion Magazine.
    Harper's Bazaar Malaysia [ edit ] New York City-based Hearst Communications' Harper's Bazaar Malaysia founded the magazine based in Kuala Lumpur on April 6, 2003 with the tagline Malaysia's No. 1 Fashion Magazine.
    Harper's Bazaar UK [ edit ] The Harper's Bazaar UK edition was first published in London in 1929.[21] In November 1970, New York City-based Hearst Communications amalgamated it with Queen magazine (which dated from 1862) to form Harpers & Queen. The magazine was widely perceived to be focused on British "high society" and the lives of socialites and the British aristocracy. In March 2006, it was renamed Harper's Bazaar, bringing it in line with its international sister titles, and repositioned as a more celebrity-oriented fashion magazine. Harper's Bazaar UK has a long history of literary contributions from leading writers, including Evelyn Waugh, Henry James, Thomas Hardy, and Virginia Woolf. It maintains that connection today, with recent articles written by Ali Smith, Jeanette Winterson, and Margaret Atwood, and runs its own Literary Salon. The magazine has won several awards, including Consumer Magazine of the Year.[citation needed ] The current editor-in-chief is Lydia Slater. Harper's Bazaar UK has historically used the slogan, theme, and tagline "British's No. 1 Fashion Magazine".
    EditorsLucy Yeomans (2000''2012)Jennifer Dickinson (2012)Justine Picardie (2013''2019)Lydia Slater (2019''present) Harper's Bazaar Vietnam [ edit ] Harper's Bazaar Vietnam founded the magazine based in Ho Chi Minh City on June 27, 2011, the Vietnamese version of Harper's Bazaar is called Phong cch Harper's Bazaar as a result of merging Harper's Bazaar and Phong cch.[22] TrÆ°Æng Ngá>>c nh was the first face cover.
    Starting 2012, Harper's Bazaar Vietnam launched an enhanced iPad edition, an official YouTube channel and an official Fanpage on Facebook.[23] Harper's Bazaar Vietnam was also a co-sponsor the first season of Project Runway Vietnam (local title: Nh thiáºt káº thá>>'i trang Viá>>‡t Nam).
    In 2014, Harper's Bazaar Vietnam launched its website.[24] Harper's Bazaar Vietnam first published based in Ho Chi Minh City on June 27, 2011. Since its debut in Ho Chi Minh City on June 27, 2011, with the slogan and tagline its Vietnam's No. 1 Fashion Magazine.
    Harper's Bazaar Singapore [ edit ] Harper's Bazaar Singapore published its first Singapore edition of the magazine on November 4, 2001. It is published by SPH Magazines. Its official Facebook page was launched in 2008,[25] and an enhanced iPad edition was launched in 2012.
    In 2015, Harper's Bazaar Singapore launched its website.[26] It features news about fashion, beauty, lifestyle and celebrities.[27]
    Harper's Bazaar Singapore has won several awards, including a MPAS Awards 2018 for Fashion Media of the Year (Gold).[28][29] The magazine was also the media partner for the first four seasons of Asia's Next Top Model.
    Kenneth Goh has been the editor-in-chief of the magazine since 2014.[30] Harper's Bazaar Singapore first published based in Singapore on November 4, 2001. Since its debut in Singapore on November 4, 2001, with the slogan and tagline its Singapore's No. 1 Fashion Magazine.
    Harper's Bazaar China [ edit ] Harper's Bazaar China originated as Best China Fashion ' s English version. On November 4, 2001, the magazine officially started a collaboration with Fashion Group. In September 2002, it began a copyright cooperation with Harper's Bazaar. After three years of copyright collaboration, the magazine changed its name to Harper's Bazaar in 2005. The targeted audiences of Harper's Bazaar China are successful women over 25 that have high income, good taste, love fashion, and pursue perfection. The chief editor of Harper's Bazaar China is Su Mang. The magazine now has offices in Harbin.[31]
    Harper's Bazaar China has started BAZAAR Stars' Charity Night and has proposed to "let the charity become a kind of fashion." Hosted by Harper's Bazaar China, BAZAAR Stars' Charity Gala is an annual fundraising gala for Chinese celebrities who support charities. It collects money through an auction, to be used for charities that support causes for impoverished children, medical aids, disaster recovery and many others.
    In an interview, the Editor-in-Chief of Harper's Bazaar China, Su Mang, said, "People usually think Fashion has nothing to do with charity. Sometimes they regard charity merely as our strategy to gain attention, but I want to say that, if behind the glamorous dresses, there is a true willingness to help others, we should also applaud for them."[32] Harper's Bazaar China first published based in Shanghai on November 4, 2001.
    Harper's Bazaar Taiwan [ edit ] Harper's Bazaar Taiwan founded the magazine based in New Taipei City on February 4, 1990. It was authorized by Hearst Cooperation to be published by Hwa Ker Publishing Company Limited. Its chief editor is Elaine Liao.[33] Harper's Bazaar Taiwan first published based in New Taipei City on February 4, 1990. Since its debut in New Taipei City on February 4, 1990, with the slogan and tagline its Taiwan's No. 1 Fashion Magazine.
    Harper's Bazaar Hong Kong [ edit ] Founded the magazine based in Hong Kong on January 3, 1988, Harper's Bazaar Hong Kong was authorized by Hearst Cooperation to be published by the SCMP Group. Its chief editor is Xaven Mak.[34] Harper's Bazaar Hong Kong first published based in Hong Kong on 1988. Since its debut in Hong Kong on January 3, 1988, with the slogan and tagline its Hong Kong's No. 1 Fashion Magazine.
    Harper's Bazaar Arabia [ edit ] Harper's Bazaar Arabia is the Middle East and North Africa edition of the international publication, and founded the magazine based in Dubai on March 1, 2007.[35] It is published by ITP Media Group in Dubai and has prominent audiences in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.
    As well as showcasing local and regional fashion, beauty and lifestyle trends, the title has secured a number of world-exclusive covers and interviews with celebrities including Rihanna, Kylie Jenner and Kris Jenner, will.i.am, Shanina Shaik, Sophia Vergara, Nancy Ajram, Sarah Jessica Parker and Janet Jackson. The English language magazine also has a web platform,[36] and launched an Arabic-language version of the website[37] in January 2017. The brand also publishes Harper's Bazaar Art, Interiors and Junior titles and hosts an annual Harper's Bazaar Best Dressed event celebrating the most stylish women in the region.
    In July 2018 Harper's Bazaar Arabia became the first magazine to have a Saudi Arabian woman on the cover when they featured Taleedah Tamer as their July/August cover girl.[38] Harper's Bazaar Arabia first published based in Dubai on March 1, 2007. Since its debut in Dubai on March 1, 2007, with the slogan and tagline its Arabia's No. 1 Fashion Magazine.
    Harper's Bazaar Thailand [ edit ] Harper's Bazaar Thailand founded the magazine based in Bangkok on January 2, 2005. The oldest fashion, beauty and lifestyle magazine in the world under the hearst international harper's bazaar and is the magazine of media expertise international (Thailand) limited. Its editor-in-chief is Duang Poshyanonda.[39] Harper's Bazaar Thailand first published based in Bangkok on January 2, 2005. Since its debut in Bangkok on January 2, 2005, with the slogan and tagline its Thailand's No. 1 Fashion Magazine.
    Editors [ edit ] Mary L. Booth (1867''1889)Margaret Sangster (1889''1899)Elizabeth Jordan (1900''1913)William Martin Johnson (1913''1914)Hartford Powell (1914''1916)John Chapman Hilder (1916''1920)Henry Blackman Sell (1920''1926)Charles Hanson Towne (1926''1929)Arthur H. Samuels (1929''1934)Carmel Snow (1934''1957)Nancy White (1957''1971)James Brady (1971''1972)Anthony Mazzola (1972''1992)Liz Tilberis (1992''1999)Katherine Betts (1999''2001)Glenda Bailey (2001''2020)Samira Nasr (2020''present)See also [ edit ] List of Harper's Bazaar cover modelsList of women's magazinesLizzette KattanNat Mags (UK publisher)Maria PodgorbunskayaMargaret Elizabeth SangsterLucy YeomansStephanie TheobaldAmy Fine CollinsReferences [ edit ] ^ "Harper's BAZAAR Arabia Announces Olivia Phillips As Editor In Chief". Harper's BAZAAR Arabia. March 4, 2020 . Retrieved July 19, 2020 . ^ "Kennismaken met de nieuwe hoofdredacteur van Harper's Bazaar NL". Harper's Bazaar (in Dutch). October 28, 2018 . Retrieved July 20, 2020 . ^ Suen, Zoe (December 2, 2019). "Vietnam: Luxury's Next Goldmine?". Business of Fashion . Retrieved May 13, 2021 . ^ "eCirc for Consumer Magazines". Alliance for Audited Media. June 30, 2012. Archived from the original on January 23, 2017 . Retrieved December 2, 2012 . ^ a b "Corporate Changes". The New York Times. December 31, 1930. Page 36. "Albany, Dec. 30.'--These corporate changes were filed today: ... [under heading 'Name Changes'] Harper's Bazar, Manhattan, to Harper's Bazaar. ..." ^ "Harper's BAZAAR". www.hearst.com . Retrieved April 5, 2016 . ^ "Harper's Bazaar Appoints First Woman of Color as Top Editor". The New York Times . Retrieved June 9, 2020 . ^ "Harper Brothers | American publishers". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved September 7, 2017 . ^ "The Carmel Snow Years: 1933''57". May 1, 2007. ^ Capturing Fashion: Derujinsky. Flammarion. 2016. p. 45. ^ Capturing Fashion: Gleb Derujinsky. Flammarion. 2016. p. 107. ^ Hevesi, Dennis (February 24, 2009). "Nonnie Moore, Fashion Editor at Magazines, Dies at 87". The New York Times . Retrieved February 26, 2009 . ^ Duka, John (January 6, 1981). "Notes on Fashion". The New York Times . Retrieved February 25, 2009 . ^ Doyle, Michael (July 21, 2020). "InStyle, Elle, Women's Health, Men's Health among Australian magazines axed by Bauer Media". ABC News. Archived from the original on August 11, 2020 . Retrieved September 4, 2020 . ^ Meade, Amanda (July 20, 2020). "Mercury Capital axes eight former Bauer magazines, including Harper's Bazaar, Elle and Men's Health". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020 . Retrieved September 4, 2020 . ^ "Hottest covers of Harper's Bazaar '' '' Photo1 '' India Today -". ^ Advano, Alyssa (October 17, 2017). "The Life of Nonita Kalra, Editor of Harper's Bazaar India". The Manor . Retrieved May 13, 2021 . ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 1, 2013 . Retrieved July 7, 2013 . CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Indian Advertising, Media, Marketing, Digital, Advertising Agencies '' afaqs!". ^ "Nonita Kalra: "Gift Yourself That Fearlessness " ". March 4, 2016. ^ Shaw, Ping (1999). "Internationalization of the women's magazine industry in Taiwan context, process and influence". Asian Journal of Communication. 9 (2): 17''38. doi:10.1080/01292989909359623. ^ " ' Sao' chuáº(C)n bá>>‹ cho lá>>… ra máº¯t 'Phong Cch Harper's Bazaar ' ". VnExpress Giáº£i Tr­. ^ "Harper's Bazaar Viá>>‡t Nam". Facebook. ^ "Home". Harper's Bazaar Viá>>‡t Nam. ^ "Harper's BAZAAR, Singapore". ^ "Harper's Bazaar Singapore '' Fashion, Beauty, Travel, Parties & Culture". ^ "About '' Harper's Bazaar Singapore". ^ "Media Release: SPH Magazines a big winner at MPAS Awards 2018 '' SPH Magazines". ^ "Harper's BAZAAR '' SPH Magazines". ^ "Media release: Kenneth Goh appointed Editor-in-Chief of Harper's BAZAAR Singapore '' SPH Magazines". ^ University of Wisconsin School of Business (August 22, 2014). "9-to-5: Living the Intern Life at Harper's BAZAAR China" . Retrieved May 13, 2021 . ^ "æ—¶å°šèŠ­èŽŽ_BAZAARä¸­æ–‡ç½‘_éç¾Žåº...å¥"æ§èšåæ—¶å°šå¹"å°". www.bazaar.com.cn . Retrieved December 5, 2016 . ^ "å'æ½‘æ‚å°š Harpers Bazaar TW". Harper's BAZAAR . Retrieved December 5, 2016 . ^ "Harper's Bazaar". www.harpersbazaar.com.hk . Retrieved December 5, 2016 . ^ "Harper's Bazaar (English)". ITP. ^ "Harpers Bazaar Arabia". Harpers Bazaar Arabia . Retrieved January 1, 2017 . ^ "Harper's Bazaar Arabia (Arabic Language)". Harpers Bazaar Arabia . Retrieved January 1, 2017 . ^ Holt, Bethan (June 28, 2018). "Could Taleedah Tamer become Saudi Arabia's first supermodel?" '' via www.telegraph.co.uk. ^ "Magazine". Harper's BAZAAR Thailand (in Thai) . Retrieved July 20, 2020 . External links [ edit ] Official website Harper's Bazaar Singapore official websiteHarper's Bazaar Hong Kong official websiteHarper's Bazaar Vietnam official websiteHarper's Bazaar UK official websiteHarper's Bazaar Australia official website [permanent dead link ] Harper's Bazaar Russia official websiteHarper's Bazaar Germany official websiteHarper's Bazaar Serbia official websiteHarper's Bazaar Romania official websiteHarper's Bazaar Arabia official websiteHarper's Bazaar USA '' magazine profile at Fashion Model DirectoryOnline archive Archived April 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine of early covers"Illustrations from Harper's Bazaar". NYPL Digital Gallery. Cornell University. Harper's Bazaar digitized issues 1867''1900
  Bussy | Know Your Meme
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    AboutBussy is a portmanteau of the words boy and pussy used to refer to a man's anus. The word was coined and primarily used be members of the LGBTQ+ community.
    OriginUsage of the word "bussy" within the gay community predates its internet usage. According to Urban Dictionary, which features the earliest known usage of the word online, members of the LGBTQ+ community have been using the word to describe the male anus since 1992. Urban Dictionary user One Angry Fine Ass Guy defined the word, "Slang term used by gay men to connote Boy-Pussy. In reference to their anus. Bussy has been used for at least 15 years by gay men to describe their man hole of love!" The post received more than 2,000 upvotes in less than 14 years (shown below).
    SpreadThe word remained a fixture of the gay cultural lexicon but did not begin seeing widespread usage online until the mid-00s. On December 22nd, 2014, Twitter user @lohanthony tweeted, "i hate when people ask me if i'm a boy or a girl'... bitch you KNOW i'm a boy'.... now come over here and eat this bussy'..." The tweet received more than 4,000 likes and 850 retweets, becoming the first tweet featuring the word to top 1,000 likes (shown below, left).
    The following year, on September 16th, 2015, Wikitonary defined the word as "bus driver." Three years later, on September 27th, 2018, Wiktionary added a second definition for the word that reflects the common usage. In 2019, users added another definition: "transmasculine vulva."
    Others have used the word to refer to a positive reaction to music. Babe.net writes, "Bussy is also a term used to 'Bop your bussy' in reference to sick tunes. Look back at all of the times you used other (shittier) descriptors for your enjoyment of a good beat."
    On May 19th, 2019, the word went viral after being mentioned in a video by BuzzFeed. The video, "Taron Egerton Reads Thirst Tweets," features actor Taron Egerton reading sexual tweets. One tweet reads, "Taron Egerton is one white boy that I trust to destroy my bussy." Egerton responds, "What's a bussy?" The post received more than 6.1 million views in less than two years (shown below).
    Bussy GangOn May 7th, 2018, YouTuber dakooters published the song "Bussy Gang," a parody of the Lil Pump song Gucci Gang. Within three years, the song received more than 459,000 views (shown below).
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  Maxine Waters - Wikipedia
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    American politician
    Maxine Waters
    Assumed office January 3, 2019 Preceded by Jeb Hensarling In office January 3, 2013 '' January 3, 2019 Preceded by Barney Frank Succeeded by Patrick McHenry Assumed office January 3, 1991 Preceded by Augustus HawkinsConstituency29th district (1991''1993)35th district (1993''2013)43rd district (2013''present) In office December 6, 1976 '' November 30, 1990 Preceded by Leon D. Ralph Succeeded by Marguerite Archie-HudsonBornMaxine Moore Carr
    ( 1938-08-15 ) August 15, 1938 (age 82) St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouse(s)Edward Waters
    '‹
    '‹
    (
    m. 1956;
    div. 1972)
    '‹
    Children2ResidenceWindsor Square, Los Angeles, California, U.S.EducationCalifornia State University, Los Angeles (BA)WebsiteHouse websiteMaxine Moore Waters (n(C)e Carr; August 15, 1938) is an American politician serving as the U.S. Representative for California's 43rd congressional district since 1991. The district, numbered as the 29th district from 1991 to 1993 and as the 35th district from 1993 to 2013, includes much of southern Los Angeles, as well as portions of Gardena, Inglewood and Torrance.
    A member of the Democratic Party, Waters is currently in her 15th term in the House. She is the most senior of the twelve black women currently serving in Congress, and she chaired the Congressional Black Caucus from 1997 to 1999.[1] She is the second most senior member of the California congressional delegation after Nancy Pelosi. She is currently the chairwoman of the House Financial Services Committee.
    Before becoming a U.S. Representative, Waters served in the California State Assembly, to which she was first elected in 1976. As an assemblywoman, she advocated divestment from South Africa's apartheid regime. In Congress, she was an outspoken opponent of the Iraq War and has sharply criticized Republican Presidents George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, and Donald Trump,[2] as well as Democratic President Barack Obama.[3]
    Waters was included in Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of 2018.[4]
    Early life and education Maxine Waters was born in 1938 in St. Louis, Missouri, the daughter of Remus Carr and Velma Lee (n(C)e Moore).[5][6] The fifth of 13 children, Waters was raised by her single mother after her father left the family when Maxine was two.[7] She graduated from Vashon High School in St. Louis before moving with her family to Los Angeles, California, in 1961. She worked in a garment factory and as a telephone operator before being hired as an assistant teacher with the Head Start program in Watts in 1966.[7] Waters later enrolled at Los Angeles State College (now California State University, Los Angeles), where she received a bachelor's degree in sociology in 1971.[8]
    Early political career In 1973, Waters went to work as chief deputy to City Councilman David S. Cunningham, Jr.. She was elected to the California State Assembly in 1976. While in the Assembly, she worked for the divestment of state pension funds from any businesses active in South Africa, a country then operating under the policy of apartheid, and helped pass legislation within the guidelines of the divestment campaign's Sullivan Principles.[9] She ascended to the position of Democratic Caucus Chair for the Assembly.[10]
    U.S. House of Representatives Elections Upon the retirement of Augustus F. Hawkins in 1990, Waters was elected to the United States House of Representatives for California's 29th congressional district with over 79% of the popular vote. She has been reelected consistently from this district, renumbered as the 35th district in 1992 and as the 43rd in 2012, with at least 70 percent of the vote.
    Waters has represented large parts of south-central Los Angeles and the Los Angeles coastal communities of Westchester and Playa Del Rey, as well as the cities of Torrance, Gardena, Hawthorne, Inglewood and Lawndale.
    Tenure On July 29, 1994, Waters came to public attention when she repeatedly interrupted a speech by Peter King (R-NY). The presiding officer, Carrie Meek (D-FL), classed her behavior as "unruly and turbulent", and threatened to have the Sergeant at Arms present her with the Mace of the House of Representatives (the equivalent of a formal warning to desist). As of 2017, this is the most recent instance of the mace being employed for a disciplinary purpose. Waters was eventually suspended from the House for the rest of the day. The conflict with King stemmed from the previous day, when they had both been present at a House Banking Committee hearing on the Whitewater controversy. Waters felt King's questioning of Maggie Williams (Hillary Clinton's chief of staff) was too harsh, and they subsequently exchanged hostile words.[11][12][13]
    Waters was chair of the Congressional Black Caucus from 1997 to 1998. In 2005 Waters testified at the U.S. House Committee on Education and the Workforce hearings on "Enforcement of Federal Anti-Fraud Laws in For-Profit Education", highlighting the American College of Medical Technology as a "problem school" in her district.[14] In 2006 she was involved in the debate over King Drew Medical Center. She criticized media coverage of the hospital and in 2006 Waters asked the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to deny a waiver of the cross ownership ban, and hence license renewal for KTLA-TV, a station the Los Angeles Times owned. She said, "The Los Angeles Times has had an inordinate effect on public opinion and has used it to harm the local community in specific instances." She requested that the FCC force the paper to either sell its station or risk losing that station's broadcast rights.[15] According to Broadcasting & Cable, the challenges raised "the specter of costly legal battles to defend station holdings... At a minimum, defending against one would cost tens of thousands of dollars in lawyers' fees and probably delay license renewal about three months".[16] Waters' petition was ultimately unsuccessful.[17] As a Democratic representative in Congress, Waters was a superdelegate to the 2008 Democratic National Convention. She endorsed Democratic U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton for the party's nomination in late January 2008, granting the New York Senator nationally recognized support that some suggested would "make big waves."[18][19][20] Waters later switched her endorsement to U.S. Senator Barack Obama when his lead in the pledged delegate count became insurmountable on the final day of primary voting.[21] In 2009 Waters had a confrontation with fellow Democratic congressman Dave Obey (WI) over an earmark in the United States House Committee on Appropriations. The funding request was for a public school employment training center in Los Angeles that was named after her.[22] In 2011, Waters voted against the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012, related to a controversial provision that allows the government and the military to detain American citizens and others indefinitely without trial.[23]
    With the retirement of Barney Frank (D-MA) in 2012, Waters became the ranking member of the House Financial Services Committee.[24][25] On July 24, 2013, Waters voted in favor of Amendment 100 included in H.R. 2397 Department of Defense Appropriations Act of 2014.[26] The amendment targeted domestic surveillance activities, specifically that of the National Security Agency, and if ultimately passed would have limited the flexibility of the NSA's interpretation of the law to collect sweeping data on U.S. citizens.[27] Amendment 100 was rejected 217''205. On March 27, 2014, Waters introduced a discussion draft of the Housing Opportunities Move the Economy Forward Act of 2014 known as the Home Forward Act of 2014.[28] A key provision of the bill includes the collection of 10 basis points for "every dollar outstanding mortgages collateralizing covered securities" estimated to be approximately $5 billion a year. These funds would be directed to three funds that support affordable housing initiatives, with 75% going to the National Housing trust fund. The National Housing Trust Fund will then provide block grants to states to be used primarily to build, preserve, rehabilitate, and operate rental housing that is affordable to the lowest income households, and groups including seniors, disabled persons and low income workers. The National Housing Trust was enacted in 2008, but has yet to be funded.[29] In 2009, Waters co-sponsored Rep. John Conyers' bill calling for reparations for slavery to be paid to black Americans.[30]
    For her tenure as the chairwoman of the House Financial Services Committee in the 116th Congress, Waters earned an "A" grade from the non-partisan Lugar Center's Congressional Oversight Hearing Index.[31]
    CIA Following a 1996 San Jose Mercury News article alleging the complicity of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the Los Angeles crack epidemic of the 1980s, Waters called for an investigation. Waters questioned whether "U.S.-government paid or organized operatives smuggled, transported and sold it to American citizens".[32] The United States Department of Justice announced it had failed to find any evidence to support the original story.[33] The Los Angeles Times also concluded after its own extensive investigation that the allegations were not supported by evidence.[34] The author of the original story, Gary Webb, was eventually transferred to a different beat and removed from investigative reporting, before his death in 2004.[35] Webb was found in his apartment with two bullet holes in his head. His death was declared a suicide. Following these post-publication investigations, Waters read into the Congressional Record a memorandum of understanding in which former President Ronald Reagan's CIA director rejected any duty by the CIA to report illegal narcotics trafficking to the Department of Justice.[36][37]
    Allegations of corruption According to Chuck Neubauer and Ted Rohrlich writing in the Los Angeles Times in 2004, Maxine Waters' relatives had made more than $1 million during the preceding eight years by doing business with companies, candidates and causes that Waters had helped. They claimed she and her husband helped a company get government bond business, and her daughter Karen Waters and son Edward Waters have profited from her connections. Waters replied that "They do their business and I do mine."[38] Liberal watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington named Waters to its list of corrupt members of Congress in its 2005, 2006, 2009 and 2011 reports.[39][40] Citizens Against Government Waste named her the June 2009 Porker of the Month due to her intention to obtain an earmark for the Maxine Waters Employment Preparation Center.[41][42]
    Waters came under investigation for ethics violations and was accused by a House panel of at least one ethics violation related to her efforts to help OneUnited Bank receive federal aid.[43] Waters' husband is a stockholder and former director of OneUnited Bank and the bank's executives were major contributors to her campaigns. In September 2008, Waters arranged meetings between U.S. Treasury Department officials and OneUnited Bank, so that the bank could plead for federal cash. It had been heavily invested in Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, and its capital was "all but wiped out" after the U.S. government took them over. The bank received $12 million in Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) money.[44][45] The matter was investigated by the House Ethics Committee,[46][47] which charged her with violations of the House's ethics rules in 2010.[48][49][50][51] On September 21, 2012, the House Ethics Committee completed a report clearing Waters of all ethics charges after nearly three years of investigation.[52]
    Objection to 2000 presidential election results Waters and other members of the House of Representatives objected to the 25 electoral votes from Florida which George W. Bush narrowly won after a contentious recount. Because no senator joined her objection, the objection was dismissed by Vice President Al Gore, who was Bush's opponent in the 2000 presidential election.[53]
    Objection to 2004 presidential election results Waters was one of thirty-one House Democrats who voted to not count the electoral votes from Ohio in the 2004 presidential election.[54] President George W. Bush won Ohio by 118,457 votes.[55]
    Objection to 2016 presidential election results Waters objected to the 3 electoral votes from Wyoming after the 2016 presidential election, a state Donald Trump won with 68.2% of the vote.[56] Because no senator joined her objection, the objection was dismissed by then-Vice President Joe Biden.[57]
    "Reclaiming my time" In July 2017, during a House Financial Services Committee meeting, Waters questioned United States Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin. At several points during the questioning, Waters used the phrase "reclaiming my time" when Mnuchin did not directly address the questions Waters had asked him. The video of the interaction between Waters and Mnuchin became popular on social media, and the phrase became attached to her criticisms of Trump.[58]
    Louis Farrakhan In early 2018, Waters was among the members of Congress the Republican Jewish Coalition called on to resign due to her connections with Nation of Islam leader and known anti-Semite[59] Louis Farrakhan, who had recently drawn criticism for anti-semitic remarks.[60][61][62]
    Confrontationalism Rodney King verdict and Los Angeles riots When south-central Los Angeles erupted in riots'--in which 63 were killed'--after the Rodney King verdict in 1992, Waters gained national attention when she led a chant of "No justice, no peace" at a rally in the midst of the riot.[63] She also "helped deliver relief supplies in Watts and demanded the resumption of vital services".[64][65] Waters described the riots as a rebellion, saying "If you call it a riot it sounds like it was just a bunch of crazy people who went out and did bad things for no reason. I maintain it was somewhat understandable, if not acceptable."[66] In her view, the violence was "a spontaneous reaction to a lot of injustice." In regard to the looting of Korean-owned stores by local black residents, she said in an interview with KABC radio host Michael Jackson:
    "There were mothers who took this as an opportunity to take some milk, to take some bread, to take some shoes. Maybe they shouldn't have done it, but the atmosphere was such that they did it. They are not crooks."[67]
    Sarah Huckabee Sanders On June 23, 2018, following an incident in which White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders was denied service and asked to leave a restaurant. Waters then urged attendees at a rally in Los Angeles to confront Trump administration officials by saying,
    "If you see anybody from [Trump's] cabinet in a restaurant, in a department store, at a gasoline station, you get out and you create a crowd, and you push back on them, and you tell them they're not welcome anymore, anywhere.''[68][69]
    In response, House Democratic leader Nancy Pelosi posted comments on Twitter reported to be a condemnation of Waters' remarks: "Trump's daily lack of civility has provoked responses that are predictable but unacceptable."[70]
    Derek Chauvin trial Comments by Waters on April 17, 2021, while attending protests over the killing of Daunte Wright in Brooklyn Center, Minnesota, drew controversy.[71] Responding to questions outside the Brooklyn Center police department[72]'-- a heavily fortified area that for days had been location of violent clashes between law enforcement and demonstrators attempting to overrun it[73][74]'--Waters commented on the protests and the looming jury verdict in the trial of Derek Chauvin, a former Minneapolis police officer who, at the time, was charged with murdering George Floyd.[75] Walters said, which was prior to closing arguments in the trial, "I hope we get a verdict that says guilty, guilty, guilty. And if we don't, we cannot go away." and when asked "What happens if we do not get what you just told? What should the people do? What should protestors do?" Waters responded that
    "We've got to stay on the street. And we've got to get more active, we've got to get more confrontational, we've got to make sure that they know that we mean business."[71][76]
    In response to a question from a reporter about the curfew in effect in Brooklyn Center, which loomed shortly,[77] Waters said, "I don't think anything about curfew ... I don't know what 'curfew' means. Curfew means that 'I want to you all to stop talking, I want you to stop meeting, I want you to stop gathering.' I don't agree with that."[78][79]
    The protests outside the Brooklyn Center police station remained peaceful through the night. The crowd, although it grew raucous when the curfew went into effect, shrunk in size shortly after as protesters left on their own and no arrests were reported.[80][81]
    The judge in Chauvin's trial said on April 19, 2021, that Walters' comments two days prior were "abhorrent" and that it was "disrespectful to the rule of law and to the judicial branch" for elected officials to comment in advance of the verdict. The judge refused the defense's request for a mistrial, saying that the jury "have been told not to watch the news. I trust they are following those instructions," but also said that "Congresswoman Waters may have given you something on appeal that may result in this whole trial being overturned".[82][83]
    Following Waters' comments, Kevin McCarthy, the Republican minority leader said, "Waters is inciting violence in Minneapolis '' just as she has incited it in the past. If Speaker Pelosi doesn't act against this dangerous rhetoric, I will bring action this week''.[79][84][85][86] On April 19, 2021, McCarthy introduced a resolution in the House to censure Waters, calling her comments "dangerous". The following day, the House voted to block McCarthy's resolution, narrowly defeating it along party lines, 216''210.[87]
    Waters later asserted that her remarks in Brooklyn Center on April 17, 2021, where taken out of context and that she believed in non-violent actions. In a media interview, she said about it, ''I talk about confronting the justice system, confronting the policing that's going on, I'm talking about speaking up. I'm talking about legislation. I'm talking about elected officials doing what needs to be done to control their budgets and to pass legislation.''[88]
    Bombing attempt Packages that contained pipe bombs were sent to two of Waters's offices on October 24, 2018. The packages were intercepted and were investigated by the FBI. No one was injured. Similar packages were sent to several other Democratic leaders and to CNN.[89][90] In 2019, Cesar Sayoc pleaded guilty to mailing the bombs and was sentenced to 20 years in prison.[91][92]
    Committee assignments Committee on Financial Services (Chairwoman)As Chairwoman of the full committee, Waters may serve as an ex officio member of all subcommittees.Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis[93] Previously, she had served on the Committee on the Judiciary. [citation needed ]
    Caucus memberships Chief Deputy WhipFounding member and Chair of the Out of Iraq CaucusCongressional Progressive Caucus[94]Congressional Black Caucus (CBC); past chair of CBC (105th United States Congress)Medicare for All CaucusPositions Barack Obama In August 2011, Waters criticized President Barack Obama, saying that he was insufficiently supportive of the black community. Waters referred to the high unemployment rate for African Americans (which was around 15.9 percent at the time).[95] At a Congressional Black Caucus town-hall meeting on jobs in Detroit, Waters said that African-American members of Congress were reluctant to criticize or place public pressure on Obama because "y'all love the President".[96]
    In October 2011, Waters engaged in a public dispute with Obama, arguing that he paid more attention to the swing voters of the Iowa primaries than to equal numbers of (geographically dispersed) black voters. In response, Obama argued that it was time to "stop complaining, stop grumbling, stop crying" and get back to working with him.[3][97][98]
    Castro and Cuba Waters has visited Cuba a number of times, praising[when? ] Fidel Castro's moves towards democracy. She also criticized previous U.S. efforts to overthrow him and demanded an end to the U.S. trade embargo.[99] In 1998, Waters wrote a letter to Castro citing the 1960s and 1970s as "a sad and shameful chapter of our history", and she thanked Castro for providing help to those who needed to "flee political persecution".[100]
    In 1998, Waters wrote an open letter to Fidel Castro asking him not to extradite convicted terrorist Assata Shakur from Cuba, where she had sought asylum. Waters argued that much of the Black community regarded her conviction as false.[101][102][103] She had earlier supported a Republican bill to extradite Shakur, who was referred to by her former name, Joanne Chesimard. In 1999, Waters called on President Bill Clinton to return six-year-old Elian Gonzales to Cuba; Elian had survived a boat journey from Cuba, during which his mother had drowned, and was taken in by U.S. relatives.[100]
    Donald Trump Waters has called Trump "a bully, an egotistical maniac, a liar and someone who did not need to be President"[40] and "the most deplorable person I've ever met in my life".[104] In a 2017 appearance on MSNBC's All In with Chris Hayes, Waters said President Donald Trump's advisors who have ties to Russia or have oil and gas interests there are "a bunch of scumbags".[105]
    Waters began to call for the impeachment of Trump shortly after he took office. In February 2017, Waters said that Trump was "leading himself" to possible impeachment because of his conflicts of interests and that he was creating "chaos and division".[106] In September 2017, while giving a eulogy at Dick Gregory's funeral, she said that she was "cleaning out the White House" and that "when I get through with Donald Trump, he's going to wish he had been impeached."[107] In October 2017, she said the U.S. Congress had enough evidence against Trump to 'be moving on impeachment', in reference to Russian collusion allegations during the 2016 Presidential election, and that Trump "has openly obstructed justice in front of our face".[108]
    Linking President Trump to the violence that erupted at a white nationalist protest rally in Charlottesville, Virginia on August 12, 2017, Waters stated that the White House "... is now the White Supremacists' House"[109][110] Following President Trump's 2018 State of the Union address, Waters released a video response addressing what most of the members of the Congressional Black Caucus viewed as the racist viewpoint and actions of Trump saying, "He claims that he's bringing people together but make no mistake, he is a dangerous, unprincipled, divisive, and shameful racist."[111] Trump later replied by calling her a "low IQ individual".[112]
    On April 24, 2018, while attending the Time 100 Gala, Waters urged Trump to resign from office, "So that I won't have to keep up this fight of your having to be impeached because I don't think you deserve to be there. Just get out."[113]
    On December 18, 2019, Waters voted for both articles of impeachment against President Donald J. Trump.[114] Moments before voting for the Second impeachment of Donald Trump, Waters called him ''the worst president in the history of the United States.'"[115]
    George H. W. Bush In July 1992, Waters labeled President George H. W. Bush "a racist" who "polarized the races in this country". Previously, Waters had suggested that Bush had used race to advance his policies.[116]
    Haiti Waters opposed the 2004 coup d'(C)tat in Haiti and criticized U.S. involvement.[117] Following the coup, Waters led a delegation along with TransAfrica Forum founder Randall Robinson and Jamaican member of parliament Sharon Hay-Webster to meet with Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide and bring him to Jamaica, where he would remain until May.[118][119][120]
    International lending In August 2008, Waters introduced HR 6796, or the "Stop Very Unscrupulous Loan Transfers from Underprivileged countries from Rich Exploitive Funds Act," also known as the Stop VULTURE Funds Act. This would limit the ability of investors in sovereign debt to use U.S. courts to enforce those instruments against a defaulting country. The bill died in committee.[121]
    Iraq War Waters voted against the Iraq War Resolution, the 2002 resolution that funded and granted Congressional approval to possible military action against the regime of Saddam Hussein.[122] She has remained a consistent critic of the subsequent war and has supported an immediate troop withdrawal from Iraq. Waters asserted in 2007 that President George W. Bush was trying to "set [Congress] up" by continually requesting funds for an "occupation" that is "draining" the country of capital, soldier's lives, and other resources. In particular, she argued that the very economic resources being "wasted" in Iraq were those that might provide universal health care or fully fund President Bush's own "No Child Left Behind" education bill. Additionally, Waters, representing a congressional district whose median income falls far below the national average, argued that patriotism alone had not been the sole driving force for those U.S. service personnel serving in Iraq. Rather, "many of them needed jobs, they needed resources, they needed money, so they're there".[123] In a subsequent floor speech, Waters told her colleagues that Congress, lacking the votes to override the "inevitable Bush veto on any Iraq-related legislation," needed to "better [challenge] the administration's false rhetoric about the Iraq war" and "educate our constituents [about] the connection between the problems in Pakistan, Turkey, and Iran with the problems we have created in Iraq".[124] A few months prior to these speeches Waters became a cosponsor of the House resolution to impeach Vice President Dick Cheney for making allegedly "false statements" about the war.[125]
    Mandatory minimum sentences Waters opposes mandatory minimum sentences.[126]
    Tea Party movement Waters has been very critical of the Tea Party movement. On August 20, 2011, while at a town hall discussing some of the displeasure that supporters of President Obama had with the Congressional Black Caucus not supporting the president, Waters stated, "This is a tough game. You can't be intimidated. You can't be frightened. And as far as I'm concerned, the 'tea party' can go straight to Hell ... and I intend to help them get there."[127][128]
    Cryptocurrency On June 18, 2019, Waters asked Facebook to halt their plan to the development and launching of new cryptocurrency called Libra, citing a list of recent scandals. She said, "The cryptocurrency market currently lacks a clear regulatory framework to provide strong protections for investors, consumers and the economy. Regulators should see this as a wake-up call to get serious about the privacy and national security concerns, cybersecurity risks, and trading risks that are posed by cryptocurrencies".[129]
    Nagorno-Karabakh conflict On October 1, 2020, Waters co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, which condemned Azerbaijan's offensive operations against Armenian-populated enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh, denounced Turkey's role in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and called for an immediate cease-fire.[130]
    Personal life Maxine Waters' second husband, Sid Williams, played professional football in the NFL[131] and is a former U.S. Ambassador to the Bahamas under the Clinton Administration.[132] They live in the Windsor Square neighborhood of Los Angeles.[133]
    In May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Maxine Waters confirmed her sister, Velma Moody, had died of the virus aged 86.[134]
    Other achievements Maxine Waters Preparation Center in Watts, California '' named after her while she was a member of the California AssemblyCo-founder of Black Women's ForumCo-Founder of Community BuildReceived the Bruce F. Vento Award from the National Law Center on Homelessness & Poverty for her work on behalf of homeless persons.Candace Award, National Coalition of 100 Black Women, 1992.[135]Electoral history California State Assembly U.S. House of Representatives See also List of African-American United States representativesWomen in the United States House of RepresentativesReferences ^ "Membership". Congressional Black Caucus . Retrieved March 7, 2018 . ^ Gstalter, Morgan (May 29, 2019). "Maxine Waters: Trump should resign and 'free us' from impeachment proceedings". The Hill . Retrieved May 31, 2019 . ^ a b Williams, Joseph Williams (October 20, 2011), " Obama learns perils of roiling Waters", Politico, October 20, 2011. ^ "Maxine Waters: The World's 100 Most Influential People". Time . Retrieved September 23, 2020 . ^ "Next up for House Ethics trial: St. Louis native Maxine Waters". stltoday. November 19, 2010 . Retrieved April 2, 2011 . ^ "Waters, Maxine". Contemporary Black Biography. Encyclopedia.com. 2008 . Retrieved February 7, 2015 . ^ a b Brownstein, Ronald (March 5, 1989). "The Two Worlds of Maxine Waters". Los Angeles Times Magazine . Retrieved December 18, 2014 . ^ "Public Affairs Office - Who's Who of Cal State L.A. Alumni". Cal State LA. October 22, 2013. ^ French, Howard W. (February 9, 1987). "Slash Ties, Apartheid Foes Urge". The New York Times. p. D1 . Retrieved March 13, 2009 . Maxine Waters, a member of the California Assembly who helped frame her state's pension fund divestment bill, has promised to work overtime to insure that our legislation reflects these guidelines and continues to target any and all U.S. companies that are doing business in or with South Africa. ^ "About Congresswoman Maxine Waters: Representing the 35th District of California". Archived from the original on March 1, 2009 . Retrieved March 13, 2009 . During 14 years in the California State Assembly, she rose to the powerful position of Democratic Caucus Chair. She was responsible for some of the boldest legislation California has ever seen: the largest divestment of state pension funds from South Africa; landmark affirmative action legislation; the nation's first statewide Child Abuse Prevention Training Program; the prohibition of police strip searches for nonviolent misdemeanors; and the introduction of the nation's first plant closure law. ^ Manegold, Catherine S. (July 30, 1994). "Sometimes the Order of the Day Is Just Maintaining Order". The New York Times . Retrieved May 3, 2021 . ^ Hawthorne, California; C-SPAN [1] What is the staff with an eagle on top they keep moving around in the House? What is it used for? March 5, 2000 Archived May 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Whitewater Controversy House Floor, Jul 29 1994 | Video | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org . Retrieved January 22, 2019 . ^ "Testimony of the Honorable Maxine Waters". House. Archived from the original on December 13, 2016 . Retrieved March 1, 2017 . ^ Waters, Maxine (November 1, 2006). "Petition to Deny Request for Renewal of Broadcast License". Archived from the original on March 3, 2009 . Retrieved March 13, 2009 . Tribune influenced public opinion in the Los Angeles DMA to harm its residents and one of its most critical public health facilities '' the Martin Luther King/Drew Medical Center (King/Drew). ^ McConnell, Bill (September 19, 2004). "Your Money or Your License". Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved March 13, 2009 . ^ "Station Search Details". Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved March 13, 2009 . Call Sign: KTLA... Channel: 5... Lic Expir: 12/01/2014 [dead link ] ^ "The endorsements that would make huge waves". The Hill. December 6, 2007 . Retrieved March 13, 2009 . Rep. Maxine Waters (D-Calif.). The outspoken anti-war liberal, who campaigned for Ned Lamont (D) over U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman (I) from Connecticut last year, has not picked a favorite. ^ Bombardieri, Marcella (January 29, 2008). "Maxine Waters for Clinton '' 2008 Presidential Campaign Blog '' Political Intelligence". Boston Globe . Retrieved March 14, 2009 . ^ Bombardieri, Marcella (January 29, 2008). "Maxine Waters for Clinton". The Boston Globe. ^ Bosman, Julie (June 3, 2008). "The Superdelegate Tally". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 6, 2008 . Retrieved May 12, 2010 . ^ Allen, Jared; Soraghan, Mike (June 25, 2009). "Obey, Waters in noisy floor fight". The Hill . Retrieved June 26, 2009 . ^ Sheets, Connor. "NDAA Bill: How Did Your Congress Member Vote?". International Business Times. ^ Becker, Bernie; Schroeder, Peter (November 28, 2011). "Maxine Waters in line to take over from Frank on Financial Services Committee". The Hill . Retrieved December 7, 2011 . ^ Crittenden, Michael R (December 4, 2012). "Maxine Waters to Succeed Barney Frank on Banking Panel". WSJ Blog Washington Wire . Retrieved May 23, 2013 . ^ "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 412". US House of Representatives. ^ "Why The NSA and President Bush Got The FISA Court to Reinterpret The Law in Order To Collect Tons Of Data". Tech Dirt. ^ Siegel, Robert M.; Sahn, Jeremy C (April 9, 2014). "Recently Unveiled "Home Forward" Housing Act May Signal the End of Fannie and Freddie". The National Law Review. Bilzin Sumberg Baena Price & Axelrod LLP . Retrieved April 16, 2014 . ^ "H.R Bill - 113th Congress 2D Session [Discussion Draft] 'Housing Opportunities Move the Economy Forward Act 5 of 2014' or the 'Home Forward Act of 2014 ' " (PDF) . Government Printing Office. 2014 . Retrieved April 16, 2014 . ^ "H.R. 40 (111th): Commission to Study Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act". GovTrack. ^ "Congressional Oversight Hearing Index". Welcome to the Congressional Oversight Hearing Index. The Lugar Center. ^ Waters, Maxine (August 30, 1996). "Drugs". The Narco News Bulletin. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008 . Retrieved March 13, 2009 . What those articles traced, among other things, is the long-term relationship between Norwin Meneses, a Nicaraguan drug trafficker, Danilo Blandon, a Nicaraguan businessperson connected to the Contra rebels as well as a drug trader, and Ricky Ross, an American who worked with Blandon distributing crack cocaine in this country. These individuals represent a much broader and more troubling relationship between U.S. intelligence and security policy, drug smuggling, and the spread of crack cocaine into the United States. Letter to U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno ^ Cockburn, Alexander; Jeffrey St Clair (October 1, 1999). Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press. Verso. ISBN 1-85984-258-5. ^ "CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy". ^ Osborn, Barbara Bliss (March 1, 1998). " ' Are You Sure You Want to Ruin Your Career?' Gary Webb's fate a warning to gutsy reporters". Fair. ^ Waters, Maxine (May 7, 1998). "Casey". Congressional Record?. California State University Northridge. pp. H2970''H2978. Archived from the original on September 10, 2004 . Retrieved March 14, 2009 . ^ "Casey". Archived from the original on September 10, 2004. [dead link ] [dead link ] ^ Chuck Neubauer and Ted Rohrlich Capitalizing on a Politician's Clout; The husband, daughter and son of Rep. Maxine Waters have business links to people the influential lawmaker has aided; The Los Angeles Times. December 19, 2004. Retrieved August 18, 2010. ^ "Maxine Waters". CREW's Most Corrupt. Archived from the original on May 18, 2012. ^ a b Yamiche Alcindor, 'Auntie Maxine' Waters Goes After Trump and Goes Viral, New York Times (July 7, 2017). ^ "Rep. Maxine Waters is CAGW's June Porker of the Month". Citizens Against Government Waste. April 2009. Archived from the original on June 23, 2009 . Retrieved July 11, 2009 . ^ Wood, Daniel B. (August 3, 2010), "Maxine Waters: charges highlight mixed ethics record", The Christian Science Monitor. ^ Simon, Richard; Mascaro, Lisa (July 31, 2010). "Maxine Waters faces ethics charges". Los Angeles Times. ^ Schmidt, Susan (March 12, 2009). "Waters Helped Bank Whose Stock She Once Owned". Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 13, 2009 . Ms. Waters, who represents inner-city Los Angeles, hasn't made a secret of her family's financial interest in OneUnited. Referring to her family's investment, she said in 2007 during a congressional hearing that for African-Americans, "the test of your commitment to economic expansion and development and support for business is whether or not you put your money where your mouth is." ^ Lipton, Eric; Rutenberg, Jim; Walsh, Barclay (March 12, 2009). "Congresswoman, Tied to Bank, Helped Seek Funds". The New York Times . Retrieved March 13, 2009 . Top federal regulators say they were taken aback when they learned that a California congresswoman who helped set up a meeting with bankers last year had family financial ties to a bank whose chief executive asked them for up to $50 million in special bailout funds. ^ Margasak, Larry (September 16, 2009). "Ethics panel defers probe on Jesse Jackson Jr". Associated Press . Retrieved September 16, 2009 . ^ Simon, Richard (August 6, 2012). "Maxine Waters: House ethics panel extends case of L.A. lawmaker". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 10, 2012 . ^ Lipton, Eric (July 31, 2010). "Ethics Inquiry on Waters Is Tied to OneUnited Bank". The New York Times. ^ Bacon, Jr., Perry (August 13, 2010). "Maxine Waters defends herself publicly on ethics charges". The Washington Post. ^ Lewis, Tara A. (August 9, 2010). "Rep. Maxine Waters Faces Three Charges". Newsweek. ^ Lipton, Eric (July 30, 2010). "Ethics Trial Expected for California Congresswoman". The New York Times. ^ Hederman, Rosaline (September 21, 2012). "Maxine Waters cleared of House ethics charges". The Washington Post . Retrieved September 21, 2012 . ^ "Objections Aside, a Smiling Gore Certifies Bush". Los Angeles Times. January 7, 2001. ^ "Final Vote Results for Role Call 7". Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. January 6, 2005 . Retrieved January 15, 2013 . ^ Salvato, Albert (December 29, 2004). "Ohio Recount Gives a Smaller Margin to Bush" '' via NYTimes.com. ^ "2016 Presidential Election Results '' The New York Times" . Retrieved August 9, 2017 . ^ Williams, Brenna (January 6, 2017). "11 times VP Biden was interrupted during Trump's electoral vote certification - CNN Politics". CNN. ^ Romano, Ajo (July 31, 2017). "Reclaiming my time: Maxine Waters's beleaguered congressional hearing led to a mighty meme". Vox . Retrieved August 25, 2017 . ^ * "Louis Farrakhan". Southern Poverty Law Center . Retrieved April 21, 2021 . "The Nation of Islam "Louis Farrakhan: America's Leading Anti-Semite " ". Anti-Defamation League . Retrieved April 21, 2021 . Kass, John. "Louis Farrakhan's anti-Semitism and the silence of the left". chicagotribune.com . Retrieved April 21, 2021 . Stern, Marlow (June 17, 2020). "Hollywood Celebs Are Praising an Anti-Semitic Hatemonger". The Daily Beast . Retrieved April 21, 2021 . "Fox Soul Announces It Will Not Broadcast Louis Farrakhan July 4 Address". Jewish Journal. June 29, 2020 . Retrieved April 21, 2021 . "Revisiting Louis Farrakhan's Influence Amid Celebrities' Anti-Semitic Comments". NPR.org . Retrieved April 21, 2021 . Burke, Daniel (May 9, 2019). "A Catholic church hosted Louis Farrakhan for an anti-Facebook speech. At least one Jewish group was not happy about it". CNN . Retrieved April 21, 2021 . News, ABC NEWS. "Republican Jewish Coalition calls for resignation of 7 Democrats over 'ties' to Farrakhan". ABC News . Retrieved April 21, 2021 . Cohen, Richard. "Opinion | Why does the left still associate with Louis Farrakhan?". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved April 21, 2021 . ^ News, ABC NEWS. "Republican Jewish Coalition calls for resignation of 7 Democrats over 'ties' to Farrakhan". ABC News . Retrieved April 21, 2021 . ^ Manchester, Julia. "Jewish GOP group calls on Dem lawmakers to resign over Farrakhan remarks". The Hill. Capitol Hill Publishing . Retrieved April 17, 2018 . ^ Lima, Cristiano. "Dems denounce Farrakhan rhetoric amid pressure from GOP". Politico. Capitol News Company . Retrieved April 17, 2018 . ^ Newman, Maria (May 19, 1992), "AFTER THE RIOTS: Washington at Work; Lawmaker From Riot Zone Insists On a New Role for Black Politicians", The New York Times. ^ Louise Donahue Rep. Maxine Waters to speak at annual MLK Convocation on February 20 January 15, 2007 Currents (UC Santa Cruz) ^ "Maxine Water". PBS. ^ Pandey, Swati (April 29, 2007). "Was it a 'riot,' a 'disturbance' or a 'rebellion'?". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 12, 2010 . ^ Shuit, Douglas P. (May 10, 1992). "Waters Focuses Her Rage at System". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 13, 2018 . ^ Ehrlich, Jamie (June 25, 2018). "Democratic congresswoman encourages supporters to harass Trump administration officials". CNN . Retrieved June 25, 2018 . ^ " ' They're Not Welcome Anymore, Anywhere.' Maxine Waters Tells Supporters to Confront Trump Officials". Time . Retrieved April 20, 2021 . ^ Pramuk, Jacob (June 25, 2018). "Pelosi rebukes Democratic Rep. Maxine Waters for urging supporters to confront Trump administration officials". CNBC . Retrieved June 25, 2018 . ^ a b Edmondson, Catie (April 19, 2021). "A defense lawyer and the judge suggest a congresswoman's comments could offer grounds for appeal". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ Desmond, Declan (April 18, 2021). "Maxine Waters speaks in Brooklyn Center, draws ire of right-wing media". Bring Me the News . Retrieved April 18, 2021 . ^ Kieth, Theo (April 16, 2021). "Walz: Tear gas in Brooklyn Center meant to avoid another police station burning". FOX-9 . Retrieved April 20, 2021 . ^ Liz Navratil, Ryan Faircloth, Liz Navratil and Ryan Faircloth, Navratil, Liz; Faircloth, Ryan; Faircloth, Ryan (April 17, 2021). "As curfew passes, Brooklyn Center protest remains peaceful". Star Tribune . Retrieved April 20, 2021 . CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Derek Chauvin's fate in the death of George Floyd is now in the hands of the jury". Los Angeles Times. April 19, 2021 . Retrieved April 20, 2021 . ^ Cillizza, Chris (April 19, 2021). "Maxine Waters just inflamed a very volatile situation". The Po!nt with Chris Cillizza. CNN . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ Cashman, Tyler; Korynta, Emma Korynta (April 17, 2021). "Demonstrations continue for seventh straight night outside Brooklyn Center police department". KARE-11 . Retrieved April 17, 2021 . ^ Waters, Maxine (April 19, 2021). "Congresswoman Maxine Waters Urges Daunte Wright Protesters to Continue". Unicorn Riot (Interview). Brooklyn Center, Minnesota. 6 minutes 18 seconds in. Archived from the original on April 20, 2020 . Retrieved April 20, 2021 '' via YouTube. Question: "...George Floyd is waking so many people up, yet nothing's happened despite the rhetoric. What needs to happen that's different this year than all the years before?" Waters: "We're looking for a guilty verdict ... and we're looking to see if all the talk that took place and has been taking place after they talk, what happened to George Floyd, if nothing does not happen, [sic] then we know that we've got to not only stay in the street, but we've got to fight for justice. But I am very hopeful, and I hope, that we're going to get a verdict that does say guilty, guilty, guilty, and if we don't, we cannot go away." ... Q: "What happens if we do not get what you just told? What should the people do? What should protestors do?" Waters: "I didn't hear you." Q: "What should protestors do?" Waters: "Well, we gotta stay on the street. And we've got to get more active, we've got to get more confrontational, we've got to make sure that they know that we mean business." Q: "What do you think about this curfew tonight?" Waters: "I don't think anything about curfew; I don't think any about curfew. I don't know what 'curfew' means. Curfew means that 'I want to you all to stop talking, I want you to stop meeting, I want you to stop gathering.' I don't agree with that." ^ a b Duster, Chandelis. "Waters calls for protesters to 'get more confrontational' if no guilty verdict is reached in Derek Chauvin trial". CNN . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ Cashman, Tyler; Korynta, Emma Korynta (April 17, 2021). "Demonstrations continue for seventh straight night outside Brooklyn Center police department". KARE-11 . Retrieved April 17, 2021 . ^ Navratil, Liz; Faircloth, Ryan; Navratil, Liz; Faircloth, Ryan (April 17, 2021). "As curfew passes, Brooklyn Center protest remains peaceful". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on April 18, 2021 . Retrieved April 17, 2021 . ^ Kelly, Caroline. "Judge in Derek Chauvin trial says Rep. Maxine Waters' comments may be grounds for appeal". CNN . Retrieved April 20, 2021 . ^ Vallejo, Justin (April 20, 2021). "What would mistrial mean for George Floyd case?". The Independent . Retrieved April 20, 2021 . ^ Pengelly, Martin (April 19, 2021). "Republicans demand action against Maxine Waters after Minneapolis remarks". The Guardian . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ Fordham, Evie (April 18, 2021). "Republicans slam Maxine Waters for telling protesters to 'get more confrontational' over Chauvin trial". Fox News . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ Millward, David (April 18, 2021). "Democratic congresswoman urges protesters to stay on streets if Derek Chauvin is cleared". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235 . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ Manu Raju; Veronica Stracqualursi. "Democrats block resolution censuring Maxine Waters for Chauvin trial comments". CNN . Retrieved April 20, 2021 . ^ Hupka, Sasha. "Did California Congresswoman Maxine Waters Tamper With The Jury In Derek Chauvin's Trial?". www.capradio.org . Retrieved May 23, 2021 . ^ Kennedy, Merrit (October 24, 2018). "Apparent 'Pipe Bombs' Mailed To Clinton, Obama And CNN". NPR . Retrieved October 25, 2018 . ^ " " Potentially destructive devices" sent to Clinton, Obama, CNN prompt massive response". CBS News. October 24, 2018 . Retrieved October 25, 2018 . ^ Weiser, Benjamin; Watkins, Ali (August 5, 2019). "Cesar Sayoc, Who Mailed Pipe Bombs to Trump Critics, Is Sentenced to 20 Years". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved January 10, 2020 . ^ "Florida Man Who Mailed Bombs To Democrats, Media Gets 20 Years In Prison". NPR.org . Retrieved January 10, 2020 . ^ "Pelosi Names Select Members to Bipartisan House Select Committee on the Coronavirus Crisis". Speaker Nancy Pelosi. April 29, 2020 . Retrieved May 11, 2020 . ^ "Caucus Members". Congressional Progressive Caucus . Retrieved January 30, 2018 . ^ Montopoli, Brian (August 11, 2011), "Maxine Waters: Why isn't Obama in black communities?", CBS News. ^ Camia, Catalina (August 18, 2011), "Waters: Black lawmakers hesitant to criticize Obama", USA Today. ^ Allen, Jonathan (August 8, 2011). "Waters to Obama: Iowans or blacks?". Politico . Retrieved October 23, 2018 . ^ Williams, Joseph (August 29, 2011). "Obama reopens rift with black critics". Politico . Retrieved October 23, 2018 . ^ "Waters". The Political Guide. ^ a b "In Castro's Corner". The National Review. July 24, 2008. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. ^ West Savali, Kirsten (April 26, 2017). "Bigger Than Trump: One-on-One Exclusive With Rep. Maxine Waters". The Root. ^ Muhammad, Jihad Hassan (May 6, 2013). " ' A Song for Assata' the FBI hunts hip-hop's hero". The Dallas Weekly . Retrieved November 8, 2013 . ^ presumably Maxine Waters (September 9, 1998). "Congresswoman Waters issues statement on U.S. Freedom Fighter Assata Shakur". World History Archives . Retrieved November 9, 2013 . ^ Max Greenwood, Maxine Waters: Trump is the most deplorable person I've ever met, The Hill (August 4, 2017). ^ "Rep. Maxine Waters: Trump advisors with Russia ties are ..." MSNBC. February 21, 2017. ^ Diaz, Daniella (February 6, 2017). "Waters: Trump 'leading himself' to impeachment". CNN. ^ "WATCH: Maxine Waters Turns Comedian Dick Gregory's Eulogy into Anti-Trump Speech". September 20, 2017. ^ Lim, Naomi (October 12, 2017), "Maxine Waters: Congress has enough evidence against Trump to 'be moving on impeachment'", Washington Examiner. ^ Carter, Brandon (August 13, 2017), "Maxine Waters to Trump: Blame for Charlottesville is on your side, not 'many'", The Hill. ^ Waters, Maxine (August 13, 2017). "Trump has made it clear - w/ Bannon & Gorka in the WH, & the Klan in the streets, it is now the White Supremacists' House. #Charlottesviille". @RepMaxineWaters . Retrieved October 27, 2019 . ^ Koman, Tess (February 1, 2018). "Maxine Waters Delivers Scathing SOTU Response: 'Make No Mistake. Trump Is a Dangerous Racist ' ". Cosmopolitan . Retrieved February 6, 2018 . ^ Ruiz, Joe (March 11, 2018). "Trump again questions Rep. Waters' intelligence, says she's 'very low IQ ' ". CNN . Retrieved March 11, 2018 . ^ "Congresswoman Maxine Waters' Advice for President Trump: 'Please Resign ' ". Time. ^ Panetta, Grace. "WHIP COUNT: Here's which members of the House voted for and against impeaching Trump". Business Insider. ^ Folley, Aris (January 13, 2021). "Maxine Waters in impeachment speech says Trump 'capable of starting a civil war ' ". TheHill . Retrieved January 13, 2021 . ^ Sam Fulwood II, Rep. Waters Labels Bush 'a Racist,' Endorses Clinton, Los Angeles Times (July 9, 1992). ^ "Aristide says U.S. deposed him in 'coup d'etat ' ". CNN. March 2, 2004 . Retrieved May 6, 2010 . ^ "Defying Washington: Haiti's Aristide Returns to the Caribbean", Pacifica Radio, March 15, 2004, archived from the original on January 19, 2011 , retrieved July 1, 2011 ^ "Newsmaker profile '' Sharon Hay Webster", Jamaica Gleaner, March 21, 2004, archived from the original on July 17, 2012 , retrieved July 1, 2011 ^ "Aristide leaves Jamaica, heads for South Africa", CTV News Saskatoon, May 30, 2004 , retrieved July 1, 2011 ^ "Stop Very Unscrupulous Loan Transfers from Underprivileged countries to Rich, Exploitive Funds Act (2008 '' H.R. 6796)". GovTrack. ^ "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 455, H J RES 114 To Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq". Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. October 10, 2002 . Retrieved March 14, 2009 . ^ "The Iraq War". October 22, 2007. Archived from the original on May 31, 2008 . Retrieved June 14, 2008 . ^ "War in Iraq". November 5, 2007. Archived from the original on May 31, 2008 . Retrieved June 14, 2008 . ^ "Cheney ouster gains backers". The Washington Times. June 13, 2007 . Retrieved May 3, 2021 . ^ Meeks, Kenneth (June 1, 2005), "Back Talk with Maxine Waters" (interview), Black Enterprise. ^ Jenkins, Sally (August 22, 2011). "Maxine Waters to tea party: Go to Hell". The Washington Post. ^ Epstein, Jennifer (August 22, 2011). "Rep. Maxine Waters: Tea party can go to hell". Politico. ^ Wong, Queenie (June 18, 2019). "US lawmaker wants Facebook to halt its Libra cryptocurrency project". CNET. Archived from the original on June 19, 2019 . Retrieved June 19, 2019 . ^ "Senate and House Leaders to Secretary of State Pompeo: Cut Military Aid to Azerbaijan; Sanction Turkey for Ongoing Attacks Against Armenia and Artsakh". The Armenian Weekly. October 2, 2020. ^ Murphy, Patricia. "Rep. Maxine Waters: Yank the NFL's Antitrust Exemption". Politics Daily. ^ Hall, Carla (February 6, 1994). "Sidney Williams' Unusual Route to Ambassador Post : Appointments: His nomination has drawn some critics. But his biggest boost may come from his wife, Rep. Maxine Waters". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 19, 2017 . ^ How much are they worth? Maxine Waters, Los Angeles Times. ^ "Maxine Waters says her sister died from coronavirus". MSN . Retrieved October 28, 2020 . ^ "Camille Cosby, Kathleen Battle Win Candace Awards". Jet. Vol. 82 no. 13. Johnson Publishing Company. July 20, 1992. pp. 16''17. ^ "1976 CA State Assembly 48". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "1978 CA State Assembly 48". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "1980 CA State Assembly 48". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "1982 CA State Assembly 48". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "1984 CA State Assembly 48". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "1986 CA State Assembly 48". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "1988 CA State Assembly 48". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "1990 CA District 29 - D Primary". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "1990 CA District 29". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "1992 CA District 35 - D Primary". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "1992 CA District 35". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "1994 CA District 35". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "STATEMENT OF VOTE November 8, 1994, General Election" (PDF) . California Secretary of State . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "1996 CA District 35". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "1998 CA District 35". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "2000 CA District 35". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "2002 CA District 35". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "2004 CA District 35". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "2006 CA District 35 - D Primary". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "2006 CA District 35". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "2008 CA District 35 - D Primary". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "2008 CA District 35". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "2010 CA District 35 - D Primary". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "2010 CA District 34". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "2012 CA District 43 - Open Primary". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "2012 CA District 43". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "2014 CA District 43 - Open Primary". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "2014 CA District 43". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "2016 CA District 43 - Open Primary". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "2016 CA District 43". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "2018 CA District 43 - Open Primary". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "2018 CA District 43". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "2020 CA District 43 - Open Primary". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . ^ "2020 CA District 43". ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved April 19, 2021 . External links Congresswoman Maxine Waters official U.S. House websiteMaxine Waters for Congress campaign websiteMaxine Waters for Congress campaign website (old)Maxine Waters at CurlieBiography at the Biographical Directory of the United States CongressProfile at Vote SmartFinancial information (federal office) at the Federal Election CommissionLegislation sponsored at the Library of CongressAppearances on C-SPANImage of Richard Hatcher, Coretta Scott King, Maxine Waters at the Black Caucus of the 1984 Democratic National Convention. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.ArticlesLos Angeles Times Interview: Maxine Waters by Robert Scheer, LA Times, May 16, 1993Top Blacks '-- Maxine Waters: Distinguished Congresswoman 2001 profileMaxine Waters speaks with Street Gangs Media by Alex Alonso, www.streetgangs.com, January 18, 2003Haiti regime neither able nor willing to hold fair election by Rep. Maxine Waters, October 19, 2005Beyond DeLay '-- Rep. Maxine Waters (D-CA) criticism from Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington[when? ] [dead link ]
Clips
  06. TBC52 - Megan Thee Stallion speaks up for Black women in powerful essay l GMA 1.mp3
  07. TBC52 - Malcolm X- On Protecting Black Women 1.mp3
  08. Maxine Waters Stands Up For Megan Thee Stallion RSMS 2.mp3
  09. Redefining Female Audacity Laurette Lynn TEDxUniversityofTulsa 1.mp3
  10. Ben Shapiro WAP Official Lyrics & Meaning Ⅰ Verified 1.mp3
  11. Ben Shapiro WAP Official Lyrics & Meaning Ⅰ Verified 2.mp3
  12. TBC48 - CUNY Special Brainwashed Challenging the Myth of Black Inferiority 4 - Studs and Sluts.mp3
  13. TBC52 - Get Your Booty to the Poll Official PSA.mp3
  14. In Search of Good Pussy - Don Spears - Author 1.mp3
  15. Megan Thee Stallion & Rep. Maxine Waters on Standing Up for Black Women and The Genius of 'WAP' 1.mp3
  16. Megan Thee Stallion & Rep. Maxine Waters on Standing Up for Black Women and The Genius of 'WAP' 2.mp3
  17. Commodity money vs. Fiat money Financial sector AP Macroeconomics Khan Academy 1.mp3
  18. Commodity money vs. Fiat money Financial sector AP Macroeconomics Khan Academy 2.mp3
  19. What are Stonks 1.mp3
  20. Bhad Bhabie Says Critics of Her OnlyFans Appearance are Just Jealous TMZ 1.mp3
  21. Megan Thee Stallion & Rep. Maxine Waters on Standing Up for Black Women and The Genius of 'WAP' 3.mp3
  22. TBC53 - Maxine Waters Black Male Trump Voters Are Despicable To Their Families & I Will Never Forgive Them 1.mp3
  23. TBC30 - Dr. Amos Wilson Culture & Problem Solving 1.mp3
  24. TBC30 - Dr. Amos Wilson Culture & Problem Solving 2.mp3
  25. Joe Rogan - What's the Difference Between a Cult and a Religion 1.mp3
  26. Megan Thee Stallion & Rep. Maxine Waters on Standing Up for Black Women and The Genius of 'WAP' 4.mp3
  27. What is MFAC explained (DONATION)..mp3
  28. Black Girl (1972) Leslie Uggams Brock Peters 1.mp3
  29. Black Girl (1972) Leslie Uggams Brock Peters 2.mp3
  30. Black Girl (1972) Leslie Uggams Brock Peters 5.mp3
  31. What I learned from THE PLAYERS CLUB movie review + The Stripper's Myth 1.mp3
  32. What I learned from THE PLAYERS CLUB movie review + The Stripper's Myth 2.mp3
  33. A History Lesson In Tha Strip Game!!!!!!!!! Dolla Bill.wmv 1.mp3
  34. I Am Sarah Baartman , by Tomeka Allen 1.mp3
  35. I Am Sarah Baartman , by Tomeka Allen 2.mp3
  36. Full Episode “Where Are They Now Fix My Toxic Obsession” Iyanla Fix My Life OWN 1.mp3
  37. Full Episode “Where Are They Now Fix My Toxic Obsession” Iyanla Fix My Life OWN 2.mp3
  38. Why We Are So Obsessed With Big Butts, According To Science... 1.mp3
  39. Rev. Leon Lonnie Love - Crooked Reverend (DONATION).mp3
  40. TBC08 - Tiffany Graham - LGBT Youth Homelessness and Survival Sex 3.5.mp3
  41. Stripper interview-Diamond (short version of demonetized video) 1.mp3
  42. Stripper interview-Diamond (short version of demonetized video) 2.mp3
  43. Prostitute interview-Dymond 1.mp3
  44. Prostitute interview-Dymond 2.mp3
  45. Prostitute interview-Dymond 3.mp3
  46. Prostitute interview-Dymond 4.mp3
  04. Maxine Waters Praises Megan Thee Stallion's 'Audacity' For WAP 1.mp3
  05. Maxine Waters Stands Up For Megan Thee Stallion RSMS 1.mp3
Music in this Episode
  Intro: Cardi B WAP Hardcore version - 14 sec
  Outro: Shirley Bassey - Diamonds are forever 10 sec
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