No Agenda Episode 1196 - "Clinton Kildepstein"

  Feed
  Donate
  News Network
  Store
  Adam Curry
  John C Dvorak
[Collaboration node - do not delete.]
.highlight{background-color:#FF0}
No Agenda Episode 1196 - "Clinton Kildepstein"
  No Agenda Episode 1196 - "Clinton Kildepstein"
    "Clinton Kildepstein"
    Direct [link] to the mp3 file
    ShowNotes Archive of links and Assets (clips etc) 1196.noagendanotes.com
    Sign Up for the newsletter
    Archive of Shownotes (includes all audio and video assets used) archive.noagendanotes.com
    No Agenda Social Registration
    The No Agenda News Network- noagendanewsnetwork.com
    RSS Podcast Feed
    Experimental IPFS RSS Feed
    Get the No Agenda News App for your iPhone and iPad
    Get the NoAgendDroid app for your Android Phone
    Torrents of each episode via BitLove

    document.write("Last Modified " + document.lastModified)
    This page created with the FreedomController

  Credits
    "Clinton Kildepstein"
    Executive Producers:
      Sir Dave, Earl of America's Heartland and Saudi Arabia
      Sir Roy Pearce
      Stefanie Bell
    Associate Executive Producers:
      Jim Bennett
      Zachary McLean
      Glenn Bukowski
    Become a member of the 1197 Club, support the show here
    Art By: Data
    Engineering, Stream Management & Wizardry
      Mark van Dijk - Systems Master
      Ryan Bemrose - Program Director
    Title Changes
      Sir Anthony Farmer -> Sir ALF of the Nether-realm
    NEW: and soon on Netflix: Animated No Agenda
    No Agenda Social Registration
    End of Show Mixes: - UKPMX - Gx2 -Oh My Bosh - Danny Loos-Secret Agent Paul-Stepford Wives-PlaceBoing- Dave Courbanou - Able Kirby - Jungle Jones - Chris Wilson - Tom Starkweather - Conan Salada - Future Trash - Phantomville Billy Bon3s - Sir Seat Sitter
    Sign Up for the newsletter
    No Agenda Peerage
    ShowNotes Archive of links and Assets (clips etc) 1196.noagendanotes.com
    New: Directory Archive of Shownotes (includes all audio and video assets used) archive.noagendanotes.com
    --No Agenda Player--
    RSS Podcast Feed
    Full Summaries in PDF
    Get the No Agenda News App for your iPhone and iPad
    Get the NoAgendDroid app for your Android Phone
    No Agenda Lite in opus format
    NoAgendaTorrents.com has an RSS feed or show torrents

    document.write("Last Modified " + document.lastModified)
    This page created with the FreedomController

  Cover Art
    Art By: Data
  Shownotes
    Search
    EuroLand
      Britons should eat grey SQUIRRELS to keep population numbers down | Daily Mail Online
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 07:37
        Britons should EAT grey squirrels to keep population down and stop them killing trees, says Forestry Commission bossSir Harry Studholme said growing more trees is vital to curb climate changeBut Sir Harry said it was being hindered by the grey squirrel which strip barkHe said if other control measures fail we should cull them and use them for foodBy Colin Fernandez, Environment Correspondent For The Daily Mail
        Published: 20:06 EST, 3 December 2019 | Updated: 03:03 EST, 4 December 2019
        Grey squirrels are killing trees and we should consider eating them to control numbers, according to the Forestry Commission.
        Commission chairman Sir Harry Studholme, who is backing the Mail's Be A Tree Angel Christmas campaign, said growing more trees is vital to curb climate change.
        But he said it was being hindered by the grey squirrel '' and if other control measures fail we should cull them and use them for food.
        Squirrels damage trees by stripping bark, which can lead to deadly fungal infections.
        Grey squirrels are killing trees and we should consider eating them to control numbers, according to the Forestry Commission (file photo)
        'Ring barking' '' where all the bark is removed in a circle around a trunk or branch '' causes trees to die from that point up.
        Sir Harry said: 'Grey squirrels are very damaging to trees, particularly when they ring-bark oak, beech and sycamore...which can easily kill it. They make the growing of broadleaf timber in the UK virtually impossible'.
        Commission chairman Sir Harry Studholme (pictured) said growing more trees is vital to curb climate change
        The Forestry Commission has reintroduced a squirrel predator, the pine marten, in the Forest of Dean.
        But Sir Harry said if that approach does not succeed we should eat 'grey squirrels in London restaurants'.
        Red squirrels are also known to 'ring bark' but to a lesser extent than greys.
        There are 2.5million greys in the UK, compared to 140,000 reds, which have been killed off by a disease greys are immune to, squirrel pox.
        Sir Harry told environment journal The ENDS report that another destructive species, muntjac deer, which also damages growing trees, might also be hunted for food to control numbers.
        Grey squirrels are native to North America, and were first introduced to Britain in the 1870s by aristocrats for their country estates.
        Our campaign '' organised with the Tree Council '' started on November 23 and so far readers have planted or pledged to plant more than 24,500 trees.
        Currently just 13 per cent of the UK is woodland '' experts say we need to increase this to help combat carbon dioxide emissions.
        Advertisement
      French public sector strike: Build independent committees of action for political struggle against Macron
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Source: World Socialist Web Site (en)
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 02:33
        By Anthony Torres 5 December 2019The following statement is being distributed by supporters of the Socialist Equality Party to workers and young people participating in Thursday's public sector strike across France.
        Today's strike against pension cuts in France will mark a major escalation of the class struggle. A year after the eruption of the ''Yellow Vest'' protests against social inequality, the government has only intensified the attacks on the working class. Now rail, transit, airline, hospital, energy and port workers, together with students and lawyers groups, will strike and march. The strike has the support of two-thirds of the public, polls show, including 74 percent of manual workers and 70 percent of public-sector workers.
        Yellow vest protests in France [Credit: Wikimedia]It is part of a vast international resurgence of the class struggle this year. In Chile, Bolivia, Hong Kong, Iraq, Lebanon, Sudan, Algeria and beyond, workers and youth are mobilizing in protests driven by opposition to obscene levels of social inequality. Forty thousand Polish teachers waged the first national strike since the Stalinist regime restored capitalism in 1989, and GM autoworkers joined miners and teachers in taking strike action in the United States.
        Terrified of this growing social anger and alerted by French railworkers' wildcat strikes this autumn, the French union bureaucracies and allied pseudo-left political parties reluctantly decided to call strike action, fearing that otherwise strikes would erupt outside their control. Now, workers are eagerly taking the opportunity reluctantly offered to them by the unions.
        Workers must be warned: the unions, which opposed the ''Yellow Vest'' protests, oppose a movement against Macron. Just as in the period before they called the strike, they will do everything they can to block a mass movement of workers against the government. Thus, Laurent Escure of the National Union of Autonomous Unions (UNSA) warned employers that ''anger is festering in some industries'' and asked them to ''decide on reforms as fast as possible'' because ''if we do after the 5th, we will be in the danger zone.''
        The way forward is for workers to take the struggle out of the hands of the unions, building their own action committees, independent of the unions and their political allies. Already, workers at meetings are chanting: ''The strike belongs to the strikers!''
        Workers have seen how the ''Yellow Vests'' organized independently on social media. They will need their own action committees, where they can freely discuss and decide on what actions should be taken and connect them to the growing international movement of the working class.
        Emanuel Macron stands alone on Armistice Day 2018 [Credit: Wikimedia]There is nothing to negotiate with Macron, who will give only tear gas to the workers. There will be no national ''reform'' after decades of capitalist globalization, run by billionaire aristocrats.
        An international revolutionary confrontation is emerging between the working class and the financial aristocracy, represented in France by the banker-president Macron. The only progressive solution to the international problems of social inequality and military-police repression that are driving protests internationally is the expropriation of the financial aristocracy.
        In this explosive global context, ''social dialog'' organized by the unions has nothing to offer to the working class. In every country, the unions are empty shells, having lost their working class base and obtained financing instead from businesses and the state. This follows decades in which they imposed wage and benefit cuts to ensure the competitiveness of their capitalists on the world market. The French unions, having opposed the ''Yellow Vest'' protests, will now maneuver to obtain a rotten sell-out deal with the state and employers' groups and impose it on the workers.
        Workers must reject the predictable attempts by the unions and their petty-bourgeois political allies, such as the New Anticapitalist Party (NPA) and Workers Struggle (LO), to intervene and disorganize, sabotage or otherwise strangle workers' struggles. These parties' actions, based on the authority conferred to them by the state-financed ''social dialog,'' have no legitimacy whatsoever.
        Nearly three decades after the Stalinist regime dissolved the Soviet Union in 1991, imperialist wars in the Middle East and rising social inequality have undermined European capitalism's social pretensions. In France, after collaborating with the Nazis during World War II, the ruling class promised to carry out ''the eviction of great economic and financial aristocracies from rulership over the economy.'' This could not be realized under capitalism, however, and the financial aristocracy is now rapidly pushing for a police-state dictatorship to preserve its wealth and attack the workers.
        Emanuel Macron sits in gilded chair on his inauguration [Credit: Wikimedia]Since 2011, NATO has used Islamist terror networks for its own purposes in dirty proxy wars in Libya and Syria. After these networks carried out terror attacks in France, the Socialist Party (PS) imposed in 2015 a state of emergency suspending democratic rights. It made use of this police state measure to violently repress protests against a labor law that effectively suspended the Labor Code. Despite opposition from 70 percent of the population, the PS then imposed the law without even a vote in Parliament, using an anti-democratic provision of the French Constitution.
        In 2017, Macron had his dubious majority in the National Assembly'--elected by less than half of French voters amid mass abstention'--issue decrees sharpening the PS' reactionary labor law. Macron used them to facilitate mass sackings and salary cuts, slash unemployment insurance for millions of people, and partially privatize the National Railways (SNCF). He carried out all these policies with the complicity of the unions, which acquiesced to the state of emergency and organized only a few impotent, token strikes at the SNCF.
        Now Macron wants to scrap France's various pension programs and replace them with a single system of retirement ''by points,'' whose monetary value the state could determine arbitrarily as each worker retires.
        Workers opposing this attack face a direct political struggle against the Macron government, and behind him the international financial markets. Against the ''Yellow Vest'' protests, Macron tried to rehabilitate the memory of French fascist dictator Philippe P(C)tain, hailing him as a ''great soldier'' and thus whitewashing the record of P(C)tain's Vichy regime and European fascism. This was the prelude to a violent repression of the ''Yellow Vests,'' which the pseudo-left allies of the trade unions like the NPA called a ''far right rabble.''
        The ''Yellow Vest'' movement, while it enjoyed broad popular sympathy in France, issued calls for an ''apolitical'' awakening of the people that did not win support from broader layers of workers. Now, a new stage in the class struggle is being prepared. The mobilization of large layers of public-sector workers underscores the need to make a political appeal to the working class as a whole, on the perspective of waging the class struggle that is erupting around the world.
        Independent committees of action in workplaces, schools and working class neighborhoods are critical to allow workers to organize and map out their actions without interference from the unions and their allies. The Socialist Equality Party (PES) will seek to connect this rise of the class struggle to an internationalist, socialist and anti-war movement in the European and international working class, allowing it to take power and reorganize public life based on social need, not private profit.
        Contribute to the fight for socialism in 20202019 has been a year of mass social upheaval. We need you to help the WSWS and ICFI make 2020 the year of international socialist revival. We must expand our work and our influence in the international working class. If you agree, donate today. Thank you.
      Macron pension reform: France paralysed by biggest national strike in years - BBC News
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 07:02
        Media playback is unsupported on your device
        Media caption Protesters take over streets in France for the largest nationwide strike in yearsA nationwide strike has severely disrupted schools and public transport across France.
        Workers are angry at being forced to retire later or face reduced pensions.
        School and transport workers have been joined by police, lawyers, and hospital and airport staff for a general walkout that could include millions of people.
        France's largest nationwide strike in years was agreed by unions unhappy with President Emmanuel Macron's plans for a universal points-based pension system.
        "What we've got to do is shut the economy down," said union official Christian Grolier of the Force Ouvri¨re (Workers' Force). "People are spoiling for a fight."
        Interior Minister Christophe Castaner said on the eve of the strike he expected almost 250 demonstrations nationwide, some of which he said could turn violent.
        "We know there will be lots of people in these protests and we know the risks. I have requested that systematically when there is rioting or violence we make arrests immediately," he said.
        On Paris's famous Champs-‰lys(C)es boulevard, riot police began searching pedestrians' bags before dawn, and shops on a planned protest route have been ordered to close.
        How bad is the transport chaos?Transport networks ground to a near-halt in some areas on Thursday morning.
        Some 90% of high-speed TGV and intercity trains have been cancelled, with buses also affected. In Paris, just five of the city's 16 metro lines are running.
        The early rush hour saw deserted stations as commuters shared car rides, took to their bikes or worked from home.
        Image copyright Reuters Image caption Some of those hit by bus and train strikes took to their bikes in Paris "Public transport will be very difficult today, as it will tomorrow and probably this weekend too," junior transport minister Jean-Baptiste Djebbari told French station RTL radio.
        Train operators Eurostar and Thalys, which run international services, have cancelled at least half their services linking Paris with London and Brussels. Eurostar will operate a reduced timetable until 10 December.
        Air travel has been badly affected, with hundreds of flights cancelled. Air France said it would cancel 30% of internal flights and 30% of short-haul international flights, amid walk-outs by air traffic controllers.
        Image copyright Reuters Image caption People in Nice prepare for industrial action with posters that read: "Everyone on strike on 5 December" Low-cost carrier EasyJet has cancelled 223 domestic and short-haul international flights, and warned passengers to expect delays.
        Who else is walking out?Nurses and hospital staff, lawyers and police officers, refuse collectors, energy staff and postal workers are among others participating in industrial action.
        France's health minister said it was not yet clear how badly hospitals would be affected, but preparations had been made to deal with the strike.
        Parents with children of primary school age will also be affected.
        Image copyright Getty Images Image caption A large number of primary schools across France will be impacted by the strikes The largest primary school teachers' union said it expected as many as four out of 10 schools to shut across the country. About 70% of primary teachers are expected to take industrial action.
        The union representing secondary or high schools expects 60% of teachers to go on strike but schools are due to stay open.
        Farmers, whose pensions are among the lowest in the country, have said they will not join Thursday's strikes.
        How long will the disruption last?The industrial action is expected to last beyond Thursday and some trade union leaders have warned they will keep it up until Mr Macron abandons his campaign promise to overhaul the retirement system.
        One opinion poll put public support for the strikes at 69%, with backing strongest among 18-34 year-olds.
        The Macron administration will hope to avoid a repeat of the country's general strike over pension reforms in 1995, which crippled the transport system for three weeks and drew massive popular support, forcing a government reversal.
        Image copyright Reuters Image caption At present it is unclear when the strike will be called off A number of yellow-vest protesters known as "gilets jaunes" said they planned to join the demonstrations.
        The movement, which emerged at the end of 2018, started with demonstrations against a sharp increase in diesel taxes, but has broadened to reflect anger over higher living costs and President Macron's economic policies.
        Are Macron's pension reforms really that controversial?France currently has a system comprising dozens of different schemes and Mr Macron wants to create a unified system, which he says would be more fair.
        His new plan aims to reward employees for each day worked, awarding points that would later be transferred into future pension benefits.
        The official retirement age has been raised in the last decade from 60 to 62, but remains one of the lowest among the OECD group of rich nations - in the UK, for example, the retirement age is 66.
        Image copyright Getty Images Image caption French President Emmanuel Macron has staked his reputation on reforming France The move to a universal points-based pension system would remove the most advantageous pensions for a number of jobs ranging from sailors to lawyers and even opera workers.
        Meanwhile, those retiring before 64 would receive a lower pension. For example, someone retiring at 63 would receive 5% less, so unions fear it will mean having to work longer for a lower pension.
        A recent poll concluded that 75% of people thought that pension reforms were necessary, but only a third believed the government could deliver them.
        What do the workers say?Several workers have explained their grievances, ranging from poor salaries to frustration with the political class.
        Paris metro driver Damien Vitry told the France Info news website that he provided a service so others could celebrate New Year's Eve.
        "You lose out with your family life and that's why we get compensation," he said. "This pension reform is a bit like a football match where they change the rules at half-time.
        With all the added measures he would now have to work longer if he wanted a full pension, he complained.
        Train driver Cyril Romero, from Toulouse, told France Info he would reconsider his job if the reforms went through.
        "I started in 2001 with a contract that allowed me to leave at 50. But like everyone else, I got the reforms which pushed back my early retirement age to 52-and-a-half and then, in reality, 57-and-a-half for full pension. Now they want to make us work even longer."
        An unnamed history teacher, writing in Huffpost, was planning to strike on Friday as well as Thursday.
        "For me, the pension reforms are one punch too many. We're fighting not to lose hundreds of euros of pension a month - after more than 40 years in a job.
        "How can you dream of ending your career in front of pupils beyond the age of 70, in worsening conditions and on what for many of us is just a minimum wage?"
        Are you taking part in the strike? Have your travel and other plans been affected due to the dispute? Email haveyoursay@bbc.co.uk .
        Please include a contact number if you are willing to speak to a BBC journalist. You can also contact us in the following ways:
        WhatsApp: +44 7756 165803Tweet: @BBC_HaveYourSaySend pictures/video to yourpics@bbc.co.uk Upload your pictures / video hereText an SMS or MMS to 61124 or +44 7624 800 100Please read our terms of use and privacy policy
      Live: Mass strikes and protests in France over pension reform | Euronews
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 06:59
        France woke on Thursday to a nationwide strike by transport workers, teachers and other professionals in a showdown between unions and President Emmanuel Macron over his planned pension reforms.
        Some 90 per cent of high-speed trains have been axed, most of the Paris metro is shut, hundreds of flights cancelled and the majority of schools closed in the strike.
        Meanwhile, the French Civil Aviation Authority has confirmed a fifth of flights will be cancelled throughout the country on Thursday.
        State carrier Air France has said 30% of its domestic flights and 15% of its medium-haul flights would be affected.
        British low-cost carrier EasyJet has cancelled 223 domestic and short-haul international flights and warned others risk being delayed.
        The strike -- which is open-ended and could last several days -- has drawn comparisons with the struggle between government and unions in November-December 1995 when the country was paralysed for around three weeks.
        Many workers across France have to stay at home or find novel ways to access their offices using car-sharing services, rental bikes or e-scooters.
        What's the strike about?Macron wants to implement a signature campaign promise that would see a "universal" retirement system.
        It would do away with 42 "special regimes" for sectors ranging from rail and energy workers to lawyers and Paris Opera employees, which often grant workers higher pensions or early retirement.
        But unions say the changes would effectively require millions of private-sector workers to work beyond the legal retirement age of 62 if they want to receive the full pension they have been promised.
        Prime Minister Edouard Philippe, who has acknowledged French workers will gradually work longer, is set to unveil details of the reform on December 12.
        Transport and schools shutdownOn the Paris metro, 11 of the city's 16 lines were completely down completely Thursday, with only the two fully automated lines running as normal.
        Rail operator SNCF said 90 per cent of high-speed TGV trains as well as regional services across the country were cancelled, while international routes like the Eurostar and Thalys would be severely disrupted.
        Education Minister Jean-Michel Blanquer said he expected 55 per cent of teaching staff to strike nationwide Thursday, with 78 per cent walking out in Paris, and just 30 per cent of schools being able to open.
        6,000 police deployedInterior Minister Christophe Castaner said Wednesday that 245 demonstrations were expected nationwide, warning that a radical fringe of protesters could cause trouble.
        Paris police chief Didier Lallement said around 6,000 members of the security forces would be deployed in the capital alone, with 180 motorbikes used to respond fast to any rioting.
        Two major demonstrations are planned for Paris that will converge on the Place de la Nation, with officials ordering Paris businesses along the routes to close on Thursday.
        Outcome uncertainThe strikes will be a major test of whether Macron, who came to power on the back of a promise to transform France has the political strength to push through his vision.
        The president is seen as having seen off the threat posed by the "yellow vest" protesters whose weekly demonstrations against inequality shook France from November last year.
        But their anger could feed into the strike movement called by the unions and a transport strike on September 13 that caused gridlock in Paris might prove a harbinger of things to come.
        "The moment of truth for Macron," wrote the Le Monde daily in Thursday's edition. "The next days are a decisive test for the head of state."
        The Mediapart website added: "Will the protests and strikes be strong enough to halt the march of reform? Everyone is holding their breath."
        READ MORE: Could France's strike undermine the President's international leadership?
      France Grinds to a Halt as Massive Strike Begins - WSJ
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 06:58
        Tens of thousands of protesters are expected to hit the streets of Paris on Thursday
        PARIS'--The French capital and other big cities were paralyzed by a massive public transport strike against a planned overhaul of France's pensions system, in a test of President Emmanuel Macron's resolve to modernize the economy.
        Trains, including the high-speed line between Paris and London, subways and buses were severely curtailed if not halted altogether. Hundreds of flights were canceled. Many schools, and nurseries remained closed, while several museums, including the Louvre, said parts of their collections might not...
        PARIS'--The French capital and other big cities were paralyzed by a massive public transport strike against a planned overhaul of France's pensions system, in a test of President Emmanuel Macron's resolve to modernize the economy.
        Trains, including the high-speed line between Paris and London, subways and buses were severely curtailed if not halted altogether. Hundreds of flights were canceled. Many schools, and nurseries remained closed, while several museums, including the Louvre, said parts of their collections might not open. Even the Eiffel tower was closed.
        About 6,000 police officers were deployed across the French capital where tens of thousands of protesters'--including lawyers, teachers and air-traffic controllers'--were expected to hit the streets Thursday. Unions warned the protests could last days and become the biggest strike in France in over two decades.
        The proposed overhaul, a major plank in Mr. Macron's program, is a perilous move for the president. The plan has drawn the ire of trade unions and risks reviving social unrest just months after turning the page on the yellow-vest crisis. That movement ran out of steam last spring after prominent protesters publicly turned on each other, creating a leadership vacuum that made it hard to translate public rage into action. But there remains a simmering public anger against Mr. Macron's reform agenda.
        Mr. Macron wants to extend the number of years that people are required to work before collecting their pensions, rather than raising the age of retirement of 62 years old for all workers. He also wants to consolidate France's 42 different retirement plans'--and their special benefits'--into one universal system.
        At the start of his presidency, Mr. Macron abolished France's wealth tax and loosened its rules for hiring and firing in an attempt to lure investors and tech companies to France. That helped fuel the rise of the yellow-vest movement, sending hundreds of thousands of protesters into French cities to torch cars and smash storefronts. Such carnage brought the government to its knees, forcing Mr. Macron to douse the crisis with billions in cash handouts for minimum wage earners.
        Mr. Macron also embarked on a listening tour'--crisscrossing the country to hear complaints and suggestions at town hall meetings. He pledged to cut taxes and offer more public services in rural areas. He also promised to pivot away from the top-down governing style that marked his earliest days in office, to shake off his image of an out-of-touch president of the rich.
        The French leader is now under pressure to show he can deliver on that pledge, while continuing to forge ahead with his agenda.
        Mr. Macron said he wants to make France's costly pension system more fair and sustainable. France's public pension plan is expected to hit a '‚¬10 billion ($11 billion) deficit by 2022, according to a recent government report, as people live longer and have fewer children.
        Any changes to the country's retirement plan are expected to take months. Attempts by previous governments were met with strong resistance from trade unions. In 1995, they led a massive strike for three weeks, forcing the government to back down.
        A recent Ifop poll of 1,004 people showed 76% believed the government should overhaul the country's pension system, but only 36% trusted Mr. Macron to do it right.
        Write to Noemie Bisserbe at noemie.bisserbe@wsj.com
    OTG
      Power companies will soon be paying you to cut your energy use - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 01:07
        Late morning, as the temperature rises, Peter Casey reaches for the remote and turns on the air conditioning at his home in suburban Brisbane.
        The units installed on the walls of his apartment look the same as any other air conditioners, but there is a difference.
        They're fitted with "PeakSmart" technology.
        It allows the electricity network company to send a signal that turns the air conditioning down for a short while during times of peak demand when the network is feeling the strain.
        "We cycle down the compressor, which is what creates the cooling part of the air conditioner," says Peter Price, an executive general manager at Energy Queensland.
        "It cycles down for 20 minutes. The fan still runs, blowing out cold air. Customers don't know that we've done that, but it pulls down the peak demand enough to make a difference."
        Mr Casey got a rebate that covered about half the cost of installing the air conditioners, and he's a happy customer.
        "We've not noticed a thing," he tells the ABC.
        "The air conditioner works exactly the same as it has before. It's not noticeable when they've activated it, so if the room's cool it stays cool.
        Demand management keeps the lights on and bills downPeakSmart air conditioners are installed in about 100,000 households.
        They're a key part of Queensland's "demand management" initiative, which more than 1.2 million, or 55 per cent, of electricity customers in the state have enrolled in.
        It has helped the state avoid blackouts when the mercury has soared.
        "It's on those very days when you have this massive peak demand that demand management really comes in to its own," Mr Price explains.
        "Without demand management we wouldn't be able to keep customers connected."
        Demand management has allowed the state to avoid spending huge sums '-- likely in the billions '-- on network upgrades, which would then be passed on to customers through higher power bills.
        "The fact is that without demand management prices would have been higher than they are today," says Mr Price.
        Queenslanders have also adopted demand management schemes that allow the energy network to shift the heating of off-peak hot water systems and pool cleaners to the middle of the day, when Queensland's high penetration of rooftop solar means there is an abundance of energy supply.
        Big energy users are also involved, including Stadiums Queensland, which operates a series of sports and entertainment venues including Lang Park, home of the Brisbane Broncos NRL team, and the home grounds of the North Queensland Cowboys and the Gold Coast Titans.
        Photo Suncorp Stadium is saving money by cutting down its power use at peak demand times. ABC News: Nic MacBean With a subsidy that covered more than half the up-front cost, it introduced technology that maximised the efficiency of its electricity use and cut its very heavy peak-demand load during events, netting big savings and taking pressure off the electricity network.
        "The benefits flow from our bottom line, our triple bottom line, to patrons because we can reinvest the savings," says Stadiums Queensland environment and property project officer Kate Harding.
        Demand response is coming, nationwideSoon the rest of the nation will get a taste of what the Sunshine State has pioneered, but in an even more sophisticated form.
        'Wholesale demand response' is coming, and it's set to revolutionise the electricity system.
        "It will be the biggest reform ever in the history of the National Electricity Network," says Dan Cass, the energy policy lead at The Australia Institute.
        Photo Dan Cass says demand response is the biggest change the national electricity network has ever seen. ABC News: Peter Healy Put simply, demand response gives consumers the choice to turn down or turn off their electricity use in response to a signal to do so.
        In effect, consumers will get paid for cutting electricity consumption at times of high demand, and they will sell their reduced demand into the electricity market, though not as individual consumers.
        The way it will work is that households and businesses will sign up with companies known as "demand response service providers", which will bring together large numbers of consumers willing to cut their power use when electricity prices are high.
        These businesses will bid the reduced demand into the wholesale electricity market as a substitute for increased power generation, and then reward their customers by crediting or rebating their electricity bills.
        Demand response will compete with electricity generation, which the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission says will likely push down power prices.
        Demand response could allow coal plants to close earlyThe flow-on benefits are enormous.
        Most of the time Australia does not need all of the electricity that its mix of coal, gas, solar, wind and hydroelectricity is capable of supplying.
        Effectively, the nation builds massive overcapacity compared to electricity demand in ordinary times to avoid power disruption on a small minority of extreme days when there is huge demand.
        Photo Coal power stations, like Liddell in NSW, are reaching the end of their lives. ABC News: Kerrin Thomas By encouraging consumers to avoid consumption during peak times on the network, demand response can defer or eliminate the need to spend on new capacity to generate and transmit electricity '-- costs that make up a huge component of power bills.
        It may also allow existing, polluting power plants that contribute to climate change to be retired early without threatening the stability of the electricity network.
        Snowy 2.0 will speed coal's demise The Federal Government's hydroelectricity investments will enable renewable energy to completely replace coal-fired power.Power companies make big profits when electricity prices soar, and so do power stations, often gas plants and hydro which supply expensive "peaking" electricity to meet spikes in electricity demand.
        Demand response offers the potential to keep supply and demand in balance at a lower cost.
        It also provides a way of enacting an emergency cut to consumption to keep the network stable without forcing blackouts on people or businesses.
        Demand response is already being trialled and implemented by power companies and new "demand response providers".
        Enel X for example, a global pioneer of electricity demand response, is working on a trial with the Australian Renewable Energy Agency to create a "demand response power reserve" that brings together a portfolio of industrial and commercial businesses in NSW and Victoria willing to cut electricity consumption when the network is under strain.
        More than 10,000 customers of the small energy retailer Powershop have opted in to a program where they cut their electricity usage during times of peak demand in return for a $10 credit on their bill.
        How long until these exceptions become the norm?A rule change to extend and encourage demand response is currently being developed by the Australian Energy Market Commission, which sets the rules for the national electricity market.
        It was due to unveil new rules for a "wholesale demand response mechanism" today, but it has delayed the announcement for several months while it works with the Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) on the details and lines up the reform with a raft of other similar changes being envisaged by the Energy Security Board for the Council of Australian Governments.
        Meanwhile, customers are going it alone, putting in their own "demand response" using smart meters that let them assess their electricity use '-- and cost '-- in real time.
        Photo Smart meters are being rolled out so household energy use can be measured in real time. ABC News As more household appliances become "smart devices", programmed to power down in response to a simple signal, it is possible millions of Australians will be voluntarily signing up to schemes that cut consumption during peak periods.
        The end point of all these technological innovations and policy reforms will be when millions of consumer devices, solar systems, batteries and factories are aggregated into virtual power plants. These will sell electricity and all the reliability services the grid needs.
        Again, Queensland is already in the lead.
        It has a prototype already operating, the 44 MW Yurika power station, spread across multiple sites in that massive state.
        AEMO says there are now 10 others in development around Australia. And, unlike most other changes in the energy system, these developments have bipartisan support.
        Peter Casey says it's time schemes like the one he's involved are rolled out nationwide.
        "Every air conditioner sold in Australia should be sold with this capability," he says.
        "You tick the box, get the saving, help the network.
        "It should just be what we do."
      Gouda geeft subsidie voor camera of videodeurbel bij aanmelden Politiedatabase - Beeld en geluid - Nieuws - Tweakers
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 03:20
        Inwoners van de gemeente Gouda kunnen tot 250 euro subsidie krijgen als ze een beveiligingscamera of videodeurbel aanschaffen en die aanmelden bij het project Camera in Beeld van de politie. Het gaat om een versoepeling van een bestaande regeling.
        Gouwenaars konden al tot 250 euro subsidie krijgen voor het laten installeren van inbraakwerende maatregelen, waaronder beveiligingscamera's, maar tot nu toe gold dat alleen bij installatie door gecertificeerde bedrijven.
        De burgemeester en politiechef van Gouda hebben volgens het AD Donderdag bekendgemaakt dat de regeling nu is aangepast zodat ook wifi-camera's en videodeurbellen in aanmerking komen. Om in aanmerking te komen voor de subsidie moeten bewoners hun camera aanmelden bij Camera in Beeld. Dat is een database die de politie gebruikt om te kunnen zien waar camera's hangen waar een beroep op kan worden gedaan.
        De beelden worden niet direct doorgestuurd naar de politie. Als er een misdaad plaatsvindt, gebruikt de politie de database om te kijken of er camera's in de buurt hangen. Dan benadert de politie de eigenaren om de beelden op te vragen. Na toetsing van het Openbaar Ministerie worden die beelden eventueel ingezet in opsporingsprogramma's.
        Het filmen van de openbare weg met beveiligingscamera's en deurbellen is in Nederland aan strenge regels gebonden, schrijft Ius Mentis. Zo moeten gebruikers een noodzaak hebben om te filmen, passanten daarop wijzen, de beelden goed beveiligen en vervolgens zo snel mogelijk weggooien. Het filmen van eigen grond is wel zonder meer toegestaan.
      OTG fliphone is very enjoyable to talk on
      Phone doesn’t immediately hang up when you close the lid
      China due to introduce face scans for mobile users - BBC News
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Sun, 01 Dec 2019 16:33
        Image copyright AFP Image caption China has for years been trying to enforce rules to ensure that everyone using the internet does so under their "real-name" identities People in China are now required to have their faces scanned when registering new mobile phone services, as the authorities seek to verify the identities of the country's hundreds of millions of internet users.
        The regulation, announced in September, was due to come into effect on Sunday.
        The government says it wants to "protect the legitimate rights and interest of citizens in cyberspace".
        China already uses facial recognition technology to survey its population.
        It is a world leader in such technologies, but their intensifying use across the country in recent years has sparked debate.
        What are the new rules?When signing up for new mobile or mobile data contracts, people are already required to show their national identification card (as required in many countries) and have their photos taken.
        But now, they will also have their faces scanned in order to verify that they are a genuine match for the ID provided.
        China has for years been trying to enforce rules to ensure that everyone using the internet does so under their "real-name" identities.
        In 2017, for example, new rules required internet platforms to verify a user's true identity before letting them post online content.
        The new regulation for telecom operators was framed by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology as a way to "strengthen" this system and ensure that the government can identify all mobile phone users. Most Chinese internet users access the web via their phones.
        Jeffrey Ding, a researcher on Chinese artificial intelligence at Oxford University, said that one of China's motivations for getting rid of anonymous phone numbers and internet accounts was to boost cyber-security and reduce internet fraud.
        But another likely motivation, he said, was to better track the population: "It's connected to a very centralised push to try to keep tabs on everyone, or that's at least the ambition."
        Are people worried?When the regulations were announced in September, the Chinese media did not make a big deal of it.
        But online, hundreds of social media users voiced concerns about the increasing amount of data being held on them.
        "People are being more and more strictly monitored," one user of the Sina Weibo microblogging website said. "What are they [the government] afraid of?"
        Media playback is unsupported on your device
        Media caption In your face: China's all-seeing surveillance systemMany others complained that China had already seen too many data breaches. "Before, thieves knew what your name was, in the future they'll know what you'll look like," said one user, receiving more than 1,000 likes. Another criticised the policy, saying: "This is being implemented without the consent of the public."
        Another said they often received scam calls from people who knew their name and address, and asked: "Will they be able to tell what I look like now?"
        But others were less cynical, saying that the move was simply in line with "technological progress".
        China already extensively censors and polices the web, removing and blocking content it does not want its citizens to see and talk about.
        How widespread is facial recognition in China?China is often described as a surveillance state - in 2017 it had 170 million CCTV cameras in place across the country with the goal of installing an estimated 400 million new ones by 2020.
        The country is also setting up a "social credit" system to keep score of the conduct and public interactions of all its citizens in one database.
        The aim is that by 2020, everyone in China will be enrolled in a vast national database that compiles fiscal and government information to give a "ranking" for each citizen.
        Facial recognition plays a key role in the surveillance system and it has been lauded as a way of catching fugitives. Last year, media noted that police were able to pick a fugitive out of a crowd of 60,000 at a concert using the technology.
        In the western region of Xinjiang, where up to a million Uighur Muslims and other ethnic minorities have been detained for what the authorities call "re-education", surveillance cameras use facial recognition to specifically track Uighurs, based on their appearance, the New York Times reported earlier this year.
        But facial recognition is increasingly becoming a part of daily life and commercial transactions in China. It's used more and more, for example, to pay in shops and supermarkets.
        However there has been some blow-back. Earlier this year, a university professor sued a wildlife park for making facial recognition mandatory for visitors - sparking a wider debate about the state's mass collection of data on its citizens.
        Media playback is unsupported on your device
        Media caption The BBC visits the camps where China's Muslims have their "thoughts transformed"In September, the Chinese government said it planned to "curb and regulate" the use of facial recognition technology in schools after reports a university was trialling using it to monitor the attendance and behaviour of students.
        Mr Ding said it was clear that there is increasing backlash against China's widespread adoption of facial recognition technology.
        Such criticism used to focus on fears of data theft, hacking and abuses by commercial companies, he said. However, increasingly, citizens seem willing to criticise how the Chinese government might exploit such data to track the population.
      AI cameras to catch texting Australian drivers
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Source: BBC News - Technology
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 10:02
        Image copyright NSW Transport Image caption Drivers caught by the AI will eventually face a fine Artificial intelligence (AI) cameras capable of detecting drivers who are using their mobiles illegally have been activated in Australia.
        The cameras were launched by New South Wales (NSW) Transport on 1 December.
        Drivers spotted by the AI during its first three months of use will receive a warning letter but after that they could face a fine.
        A trial of the tool in the first half of 2019 successfully detected 100,000 drivers using a mobile illegally.
        "Some people have not got the message about using their phones legally and safely," said Andrew Constance, minister for roads.
        "If they think they can continue to put the safety of themselves, their passengers and the community at risk without consequence they are in for a rude shock."
        Image copyright NSW Transport Image caption The AI has been designed to work in all weather conditions, NSW Transport says The detection network will be expanded to 45 AI-equipped cameras by 2023, according to NSW Transport.
        The authority said it believed the detection system was a world first.
        It uses high-definition cameras to take photos of the front-row cabin space of vehicles, in "all weather conditions".
        "Images that the automated system considers likely to contain a driver illegally using a mobile phone are verified by authorised personnel," NSW said on a web page about the cameras.
        Following the three-month warning period, drivers caught by the cameras will receive penalty points and a A$344 (£180) fine, or a A$457 fine in a school zone.
        In the UK, Thames Valley and Hampshire police launched a system earlier this year that can detect mobile phone signals coming from road vehicles.
        However, it cannot tell whether drivers or passengers are using the phones and so is not being used as an enforcement tool.
      U.S. homeland security proposes face scans for U.S. citizens
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Tue, 03 Dec 2019 08:22
        The plan has already drawn opposition from some privacy advocatesBy Ted Hesson
        WASHINGTON, Dec 2 (Reuters) - The Trump administration intends to propose a regulation next year that would require all travelers - including U.S. citizens - to be photographed when entering or leaving the United States, according to the administration's regulatory agenda.
        The proposed regulation, slated to be issued in July by the Homeland Security Department, would be part of a broader system to track travelers as they enter and exit the United States.
        The plan has already drawn opposition from some privacy advocates. Jay Stanley, a senior policy analyst with the American Civil Liberties Union, blasted the idea in a written statement on Monday.
        "Travelers, including U.S. citizens, should not have to submit to invasive biometric scans simply as a condition of exercising their constitutional right to travel," he said.
        The Trump administration contends in its regulatory agenda that the face scan requirement will combat the fraudulent use of U.S. travel documents and aid the identification of criminals and suspected terrorists.
        The public typically has 30 to 60 days to comment on a proposed U.S. regulation. The federal agency then needs to review and respond to comments, a process that can be time-consuming for major regulations.
        The Trump administration also said in its regulatory agenda that it plans to issue a separate fast-track regulation this month that would allow the entry-exit project to move beyond a pilot status.
        U.S. Customs and Border Protection, which is part of DHS, has already conducted pilot programs that collect photographs and fingerprints from foreign travelers.
        A 2018 internal audit found technical and operational problems during a pilot program at nine U.S. airports. The problems raised questions about whether DHS would meet a self-imposed deadline to confirm all foreign departures at the top 20 U.S. airports by fiscal year 2021.
        The non-partisan Pew Research Center estimated in 2006 that 45 percent of immigrants in the United States without legal status entered on a valid visa but did not depart when it expired. (Reporting by Ted Hesson; Editing by Dan Grebler)
        Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.
      You Should Use a Private Email Server. Google Makes It Hard
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Wed, 04 Dec 2019 00:14
        Helm offers a $500 way to get off Gmail forever, as long as you bug your loved ones to check their spam folders
        By Max Chafkin
        Hillary, Ivanka, and Jared were right. No, not about that. Or that. And definitely not that. Just about the one thing, really: the utility'...
        This story is just a click away.
        Sign up for a free Medium account to read this story from Bloomberg Businessweek. Plus, get one more story in your member preview this month.
        Already have an account? Sign in Written by
        Covering the business world like no one else.
        Covering the business world like no one else.
        Welcome to a place where words matter. On Medium, smart voices and original ideas take center stage - with no ads in sight. Watch Follow all the topics you care about, and we'll deliver the best stories for you to your homepage and inbox. Explore Get unlimited access to the best stories on Medium '-- and support writers while you're at it. Just $5/month. Upgrade
      iPhone 11 Pro still collects location data even when told not to - 9to5Mac
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Wed, 04 Dec 2019 15:07
        A security researcher has found that the iPhone 11 Pro still intermittently collects location data even when the user has blocked it from doing so.
        Apple has seemingly admitted this, telling the researcher that this is 'expected behavior' '...
        NordVPNKrebsOnSecurity identified the issue, made a video showing it happening (below) and reported it to Apple. However, the response from the iPhone maker implies that certain 'system services' continue to collect location data even when the user has selected Never for all individual system services and apps.
        One of the more curious behaviors of Apple's new iPhone 11 Pro is that it intermittently seeks the user's location information even when all applications and system services on the phone are individually set to never request this data. Apple says this is by design, but that response seems at odds with the company's own privacy policy ['...]
        The policy [says in part]: ''You can also disable location-based system services by tapping on System Services and turning off each location-based system service.'' But apparently there are some system services on this model (and possibly other iPhone 11 models) which request location data and cannot be disabled by users without completely turning off location services, as the arrow icon still appears periodically even after individually disabling all system services that use location.
        To be clear, completely turning off Location Services does work. But if you go into Settings > Privacy > Location Services and individually toggle off every single app, then scroll down to System Services and individually toggle all of those off too, the device will still access your location from time to time.
        Apple responded by clearly implying that there are some system services where users don't get to choose whether or not data is collected.
        ''We do not see any actual security implications,'' an Apple engineer wrote in a response to KrebsOnSecurity. ''It is expected behavior that the Location Services icon appears in the status bar when Location Services is enabled. The icon appears for system services that do not have a switch in Settings.''
        This does, as Krebs suggests, seem to contradict Apple's claim that users get granular control over sharing their location. For example, someone who wants Location Services switched on for Maps but off for everything else cannot achieve this, despite both Apple's privacy policy and the Settings app implying that they can.
        Apple reportedly didn't respond to any follow-up questions. We've also reached out to Apple and will update with any response. You can watch the video demo below, in which Krebs shows that all individual toggles are off, but the iPhone accesses your location when it connects to WiFi and mobile data.
        Via CNET. Photo: Shutterstock.
        FTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. More.
        About the AuthorBen Lovejoy @benlovejoy
        Ben Lovejoy is a British technology writer and EU Editor for 9to5Mac. He's known for his op-eds and diary pieces, exploring his experience of Apple products over time, for a more rounded review. He also writes fiction, with two technothriller novels, a couple of SF shorts and a rom-com!
        Ben Lovejoy's favorite gear
      AI Helps Humana Pitch Flu Shots to Customers - WSJ
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 06:38
        Humana Inc. has employed artificial intelligence to come up with persuasive language in emails sent to customers to encourage more of them to get flu shots'--and it is seeing higher open and click-through rates.
        The Louisville, Ky.-based health insurer serves more than 16 million customers, including four million Medicare Advantage members. Medicare Advantage plans are administered by private insurers. These plans typically offer lower out-of-pocket costs than traditional government-run Medicare in exchange for members using in-network doctors and hospitals.
        Seniors are at the greatest risk of coming down with the respiratory illness. Those 65 and older accounted for 86% of flu-related deaths and 69% of hospitalizations in the 2017-18 season.
        The flu season usually peaks between December and February.
        Flu shots are an important part of keeping Humana members healthy and lowering health-care costs, said Jennifer Bazante, the company's chief marketing officer. For years, it thought it was doing a good job getting members to take preventive measures, but wanted to see if it could improve its messaging and engagement rates, Ms. Bazante said.
        In 2016, Humana started working with New York-based software company Persado Inc., which offers a cloud-based AI tool designed to make marketing messages more effective. The following year, Humana decided to use the tool on its flu-shot email campaign.
        For the email subject line, Humana employees came up with the phrase ''Be sure to protect yourself and your loved ones this flu season.'' Running that language through Persado resulted in the recommendation that Humana go with ''[first name] we're serious about protecting you this flu season.''
        The changes might seem subtle, but as Ms. Bazante explains, the phrase ''we're serious'' conveyed a sense that the company was committed to its members' well-being.
        The results were significant. The Humana message had an open rate of about 20%, while the Persado message had an open rate of 31%. And more people clicked through. The Persado message had a click-through rate of 0.83%, more than double the rate for the original Humana message, 0.41%.
        ''We have found, through in other research as well, that the emotional element cause the consumer to respond. It creates a sense of trust,'' Ms. Bazante said.
        The company said it can't yet measure whether more members received flu shots, but it is working on it. Still, the email click-throughs points to members being more engaged in their health, a precursor to behavioral change, it said.
        When a Persado customer comes up with wording for a particular campaign, it enters the phrase into Persado's platform. The system analyzes the words to determine their meaning. Persado then uses a form of AI called natural language generation'--which taps a repository of more than 1 million tagged words and phrases in English, ranked by how well they performed in other client campaigns'--to create a series of new messages. Those new messages are then tested on real customers.
        Persado analyzes the responses'--clicks, conversions or other engagement metrics'--and produces a message designed to generate the greatest response. The system can make suggestions in 25 languages.
        ''We see which elements work better,'' said Alex Vratskides, Persado's chief executive.
        Forrester Research Inc. analyst Brandon Purcell said Persado's offering is unique. Until recently, he said, messaging was left to what marketers thought worked best. ''Persado is changing the game by actually creating that content and deciphering which content is going to resonate with which types of customers algorithmically,'' he said.
        Ms. Bazante said the Humana marketing team, which was used to trusting its instincts, needed to get accustomed to using an automated process.
        ''As you see the performance of those campaigns improved and the response of the members, and the engagement of the members, then it started to be much more easily adopted by other teams,'' she said.
        Humana, which has worked with Persado on more than 40 campaigns, including one promoting prescription refills, is making plans for about 20 more.
        Write to John McCormick at john.mccormick@wsj.com
      FBI warns US citizens that connected televisions can provide hackers a window into their homes | Daily Mail Online
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 06:44
        Is your TV watching you? FBI warns US citizens that connected televisions can provide hackers a window into their homes '-- encouraging owners to stick TAPE over their smart TV camerasSmart TVs are internet-connected devices that support apps and streamingMany come with built-in cameras, microphones and facial recognition softwareHackers can use such TVs to spy on you and gain access to your home networkThe FBI advocates installing security updates and customising privacy optionsThey also suggest that people cover their TV's camera with tape when not in use By Ian Randall For Mailonline
        Published: 08:16 EST, 2 December 2019 | Updated: 08:16 EST, 2 December 2019
        For many people, watching television is a beloved pastime '-- but could your smart TV be watching you in return?
        As discount smart TVs fly off the shelves in Cyber Monday sales, the FBI has issued a warning that the internet-connected devices can allow hackers access to your home.
        Connected televisions with cameras and microphones can provide an opening for bad actors to spy on you and violate your privacy, they warned.
        Hackers can also take control of unsecured smart TVs and use them as a bridgehead to access your router and form their get into your computer or smartphone.
        To combat this, they advocate familiarising yourself with your TV's privacy features and policies, not relying on default settings and covering cameras with tape.
        Scroll down for video
        As discount smart TVs fly off the shelves in Cyber Monday sales, the FBI has issued a warning that the internet-connected devices can allow hackers access to your home
        Smart '-- or 'connected' '-- televisions are those devices that link to the internet and allow the use of various apps and streaming services.
        Increasingly, these high-tech device are being fitted with cameras and microphones '-- allowing for user voice control and the addition of video chat facilities.
        Some models are even being designed with facial recognition technology, allowing for the television to determine who is watching and make suggestions for new programmes to enjoy based on individual viewing histories.
        With these features, however, come privacy and security concerns.
        'Beyond the risk that your TV manufacturer and app developers may be listening and watching you, that television can also be a gateway for hackers to come into your home,' a Portland, Oregon FBI spokesperson wrote on the bureau's website.
        'A bad cyber actor may not be able to access your locked-down computer directly.'
        Nevertheless, they warned, 'it is possible that your unsecured TV can give him or her an easy way in the backdoor through your router.'
        The FBI also warned of the potential for hackers to remotely take control of an unsecured smart TV. 'In a worst-case scenario, they can turn on your bedroom TV's camera and microphone and silently cyberstalk you,' they cautioned
        The FBI also warned of the potential for hackers to remotely take control of an unsecured smart TV.
        'At the low end of the risk spectrum, they can change channels, play with the volume, and show your kids inappropriate videos,' they cautioned.
        'In a worst-case scenario, they can turn on your bedroom TV's camera and microphone and silently cyberstalk you.
        The bureau noted that US citizens can report cyber-fraud to either their local FBI office, or online via the Internet Crime Complaint Centre.
        WHAT STEPS CAN YOU TAKE TO SECURE YOUR SMART TV? Hackers may try to exploit your smart TV to spy on you and gain access to other connected technologies in your home.
        The FBI have the following recommendations to keep your home safe:
        Know exactly what features your TV has and how to control those features. Do a basic Internet search with your model number and the words 'microphone', 'camera', and 'privacy'.Don't depend on the default security settings. Change passwords if you can '-- and know how to turn off the microphones, cameras, and collection of personal information if possible. If you can't turn them off, consider whether you are willing to take the risk of buying that model or using that service.If you can't turn off a camera but want to, a simple piece of black tape over the camera eye is a back-to-basics option.Check the manufacturer's ability to update your device with security patches. Can they do this? Have they done it in the past?Check the privacy policy for the TV manufacturer and the streaming services you use. Confirm what data they collect, how they store that data, and what they do with it. SOURCE: Oregon FBI
        A simple piece of black tape over the smart TV's camera eye is a back-to-basics option for ensuring privacy. Alternatively, one can purchase a cheap lens cover, pictured
        Advertisement
      Ring reportedly outed camera owners to police with a heat map - The Verge
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 07:49
        Amazon-owned home surveillance company Ring gave law enforcement a heat map that let police see all devices installed in an area, allowing them to view users down to the street level, according to a new report from CNET.
        Feature was removed in July
        While the feature was removed in July, law enforcement could reportedly use the function to search for the concentration of cameras in a neighborhood, and even see circles drawn around individual user locations. The documents that revealed the feature were obtained by a privacy researcher and shared with the publication.
        The feature was so specific, according to CNET, that police could essentially obtain the specific location of Ring customers. While police can request videos from users through Ring, the company has denied that it provides information to law enforcement on who, specifically, owns their products.
        In a statement, a Ring spokesperson said that zooming in on the map ''would not provide actual device locations.''
        ''Ring is constantly working to improve our products and services and, earlier this year, we updated the video request process to no longer include any device density information,'' the spokesperson said. ''Previous iterations of the video request feature included approximate device density, and locations were obfuscated to protect user privacy.''
        Ring has faced scrutiny over its seemingly close relationship with United States police departments. The company has partnered with hundreds of law enforcement agencies around the United States, raising questions about user privacy. Recently, after sending a letter about Ring's privacy practices, Sen. Edward Markey (D-MA) said the company's policies presented ''an open door for privacy and civil liberty violations.''
        Update, 6:05PM ET: Includes statement from Ring spokesperson.
    MH17
      Russia refuses Dutch request to hand over MH17 suspect Volodymyr Tsemakh
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Source: News | Euronews RSS
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 17:43
        Russia has refused a Dutch request to hand over a suspect in the downing of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17, in violation of European law, prosecutors said on Monday.
        Volodymyr Tsemakh, a Ukrainian national, had been identified as a suspect by the Netherlands, which is leading an investigation into the disaster on July 17, 2014 which killed all 298 people onboard. Two-thirds of the passengers were Dutch.
        MH17 was shot out of the sky over territory held by pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine as it flew from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur. Investigators say the missile that hit the airline came from a launcher transported from a Russian military base in Kursk, just across the border. Moscow denies wrongdoing.
        Tsemakh is sought by the Netherlands as a suspect, but is not among four men '-- three Russians and a Ukrainian '-- who will go on trial in absentia in a Dutch court in March for murder over the downing of the aircraft.
        "The Public Prosecution Service has concluded that Russia willingly allowed Mr Tsemakh to leave the Russian Federation and refused to execute the Dutch request. While under the European Convention on Extradition, it was obliged to do so," the prosecution service said in a statement.
        Russia does not extradite its own citizens, but Dutch prosecutors said there was no impediment in this case because Tsemakh is a Ukranian citizen.
        Dutch prosecutors have not yet determined whether or not to prosecute Tsemakh.
        Tsemakh, whom Ukraine's security service has identified as a former commander of Russian-backed separatist forces in eastern Ukraine, was transferred to Russia in an exchange of prisoners between Moscow and Kiev in September.
        Dutch prosecutors said they had asked Moscow to arrest Tsemakh and hand him over to the Netherlands for questioning, but received a notice on Nov. 19 that Russia could not comply because his whereabouts were unknown.
    Big Tech
      Read the goodbye letter Google cofounders Larry Page and Sergey Brin wrote to announce they're stepping down from their leadership roles at Alphabet
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 00:08
        Google co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin, who respectively served as CEO and President of the search giant's parent company Alphabet, announced on Tuesday that they would be relinquishing their leadership roles at the company.
        Google CEO Sundar Pichai will be taking over as the chief executive of Alphabet, which means he'll be overseeing Google in addition to the company's Other Bets businesses such as its autonomous car division Waymo and drone delivery firm Wing.
        ''We've never been ones to hold on to management roles when we think there's a better way to run the company,'' the letter read. ''And Alphabet no longer needs two CEOs and a President.''
        Although Pichai will be steering the company, Brin and Page are staying on as co-founders, board members, and shareholders of Alphabet.
        The two cofounders published a letter announcing the news that reflects on the reason behind the shift and the evolution of Google since they founded it back in 1998.
        ''The company is not conventional and continues to make ambitious bets on new technology, especially with our Alphabet structure,'' they wrote.
        Our very first founders' letter in our 2004 S-1 began:
        ''Google is not a conventional company. We do not intend to become one. Throughout Google's evolution as a privately held company, we have managed Google differently. We have also emphasized an atmosphere of creativity and challenge, which has helped us provide unbiased, accurate and free access to information for those who rely on us around the world.''
        We believe those central tenets are still true today. The company is not conventional and continues to make ambitious bets on new technology, especially with our Alphabet structure. Creativity and challenge remain as ever-present as before, if not more so, and are increasingly applied to a variety of fields such as machine learning, energy efficiency and transportation. Nonetheless, Google's core service-providing unbiased, accurate, and free access to information-remains at the heart of the company.
        However, since we wrote our first founders' letter, the company has evolved and matured. Within Google, there are all the popular consumer services that followed Search, such as Maps, Photos, and YouTube; a global ecosystem of devices powered by our Android and Chrome platforms, including our own Made by Google devices; Google Cloud, including GCP and G Suite; and of course a base of fundamental technologies around machine learning, cloud computing, and software engineering. It's an honor that billions of people have chosen to make these products central to their lives-this is a trust and responsibility that Google will always work to live up to.
        And structurally, the company evolved into Alphabet in 2015. As we said in the Alphabet founding letter in 2015:
        ''Alphabet is about businesses prospering through strong leaders and independence.''
        Since we wrote that, hundreds of Phoenix residents are now being driven around in Waymo cars-many without drivers! Wing became the first drone company to make commercial deliveries to consumers in the U.S. And Verily and Calico are doing important work, through a number of great partnerships with other healthcare companies. Some of our ''Other Bets'' have their own boards with independent members, and outside investors.
        Those are just a few examples of technology companies that we have formed within Alphabet, in addition to investment subsidiaries GV and Capital G, which have supported hundreds more. Together with all of Google's services, this forms a colorful tapestry of bets in technology across a range of industries-all with the goal of helping people and tackling major challenges.
        Our second founders' letter began:
        ''Google was born in 1998. If it were a person, it would have started elementary school late last summer (around August 19), and today it would have just about finished the first grade.''
        Today, in 2019, if the company was a person, it would be a young adult of 21 and it would be time to leave the roost. While it has been a tremendous privilege to be deeply involved in the day-to-day management of the company for so long, we believe it's time to assume the role of proud parents-offering advice and love, but not daily nagging!
        With Alphabet now well-established, and Google and the Other Bets operating effectively as independent companies, it's the natural time to simplify our management structure. We've never been ones to hold on to management roles when we think there's a better way to run the company. And Alphabet and Google no longer need two CEOs and a President. Going forward, Sundar will be the CEO of both Google and Alphabet. He will be the executive responsible and accountable for leading Google, and managing Alphabet's investment in our portfolio of Other Bets. We are deeply committed to Google and Alphabet for the long term, and will remain actively involved as Board members, shareholders and co-founders. In addition, we plan to continue talking with Sundar regularly, especially on topics we're passionate about!
        Sundar brings humility and a deep passion for technology to our users, partners and our employees every day. He's worked closely with us for 15 years, through the formation of Alphabet, as CEO of Google, and a member of the Alphabet Board of Directors. He shares our confidence in the value of the Alphabet structure, and the ability it provides us to tackle big challenges through technology. There is no one that we have relied on more since Alphabet was founded, and no better person to lead Google and Alphabet into the future.
        We are deeply humbled to have seen a small research project develop into a source of knowledge and empowerment for billions-a bet we made as two Stanford students that led to a multitude of other technology bets. We could not have imagined, back in 1998 when we moved our servers from a dorm room to a garage, the journey that would follow.
    25 4 45
      House Intelligence Report Trump Impeachment
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 01:40
        THE TRUMP-UKRAINE IMPEACHMENT INQUIRY REPORT Report of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Pursuant to H. Res. 660 in Consultation with the House Committee on Oversight and Reform and the House Committee on Foreign Affairs December 2019
        2 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Rep. Adam B. Schiff (CA), Chairman Rep. Jim Himes (CT) Rep. Terri Sewell (AL) Rep. Andr(C) Carson (IN) Rep. Jackie Speier (CA) Rep. Mike Quigley (IL) Rep. Eric Swalwell (CA) Rep. Joaquin Castro (TX) Rep. Denny Heck (WA) Rep. Peter Welch (VT) Rep. Sean Patrick Maloney (NY) Rep. Devin Nunes (CA), Ranking Member Rep. Mike Conaway (TX) Rep. Michael Turner (OH) Rep. Brad Wenstrup (OH) Rep. Chris Stewart (UT) Rep. Elise Stefanik (NY) Rep. Will Hurd (TX) Rep. John Ratcliffe (TX) Rep. Jim Jordan (OH) Rep. Val Demings (FL) Rep. Raja Krishnamoorthi (IL) Majority Staff Timothy S. Bergreen, Staff Director Daniel S. Goldman, Director of Investigations Maher Bitar, General Counsel Rheanne Wirkkala, Deputy Director of Investigations Patrick M. Boland, Communications DirectorImpeachment Inquiry Investigative Staff William M. Evans Patrick Fallon Sean A. Misko Nicolas A. Mitchell Daniel S. Noble Diana Y. Pilipenko Ariana N. Rowberry Carly A. Blake, Deputy Staff Director William Wu, Budget and Policy Director Wells C. Bennett, Deputy General Counsel Oversight Staff Linda D. Cohen Thomas Eager Abigail C. Grace Kelsey M. Lax Amanda A. Rogers Thorpe Lucian D. Sikorskyj Conrad Stosz Kathy L. Suber Aaron A. Thurman Raffaela L. Wakeman Non-Partisan Security and Information Technology Staff Kristin Jepson Kimberlee Kerr Claudio Grajeda
        3 House Committee on Oversight and Reform Rep. Carolyn B. Maloney (NY), Chairwoman Rep. Elijah E. Cummings (MD), Chairman Rep. Eleanor Holmes Norton (DC) Rep. Wm. Lacy Clay (MO) Rep. Stephen Lynch (MA) Rep. Jim Cooper (TN) Rep. Gerald E. Connolly (VA) Rep. Raja Krishnamoorthi (IL) Rep. Jamie Raskin (MD) Rep. Harley Rouda (CA) Rep. Debbie Wasserman Schultz (FL) Rep. John Sarbanes (MD) Rep. Peter Welch (VT) Rep. Jackie Speier (CA) Rep. Robin Kelly (IL) Rep. Mark DeSaulnier (CA) Rep. Brenda Lawrence (IL) Rep. Stacey Plaskett (VI) Rep. Ro Khanna (CA) Rep. Jimmy Gomez (CA) Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (NY) Rep. Ayanna Pressley (MA) Rep. Rashida Tlaib (MI) Rep. Jim Jordan (OH), Ranking Member Rep. Paul Gosar (AZ) Rep. Thomas Massie (KY) Rep. Virginia Foxx (NC) Rep. Mark Meadows (NC) Rep. Jody Hice (GA) Rep. Glenn Grothman (WI) Rep. James Comer (KY) Rep. Michael Cloud (TX) Rep. Bob Gibbs (OH) Rep. Clay Higgins (LA) Rep. Ralph Norman (SC) Rep. Chip Roy (TX) Rep. Carol Miller (WV) Rep. Mark Green (TN) Rep. Kelly Armstrong (ND) Rep. Greg Steube (FL) Rep. Fred Keller (PA) Majority Staff Dave Rapallo, Staff Director Susanne Sachsman Grooms, Deputy Staff Director & Chief Counsel Peter Kenny, Chief Investigative Counsel Krista A. Boyd, General Counsel Janet H. Kim, Chief Counsel for Investigations Russell Anello, Chief Oversight Counsel Aryele Bradford, Communications Director Investigative Staff S. Tori Anderson Aaron D. Blacksberg Chioma Chukwu Cassie Fields Greta Gao Michael Gordon Jessica L. Heller Gina Kim Jason Powell Dan Rebnord Ricardo Brandon Rios Erinn L. Sauer, Detailee Amish A. Shah Laura Waters
        4 Operations and Press Team Zachary Barger, Intern Jamitress Bowden Kristen Charley, Intern Kenyatta Collins James Darlson, Intern Emma Dulaney Evan Elizabeth Freeman, Intern Christophe Godshall, Intern Brandon Jacobs Elisa LaNier Kellie Larkin Olivia Letts, Intern Anna Rose Marx, Intern Courtney Miller Noah Steimel, Intern Travis Stoller, Intern Amy Stratton Laura Trevisani, Intern Joshua Zucker
        5 House Committee on Foreign Affairs Rep. Eliot L. Engel (NY), Chairman Rep. Brad Sherman (CA) Rep. Gregory Meeks (NY) Rep. Albio Sires (NJ) Rep. Gerald Connolly (VA) Rep. Theodore Deutch (FL) Rep. Karen Bass (CA) Rep. William Keating (MA) Rep. David Cicilline (RI) Rep. Ami Bera (CA) Rep. Joaquin Castro (TX) Rep. Dina Titus (NV) Rep. Adriano Espaillat (NY) Rep. Ted Lieu (CA) Rep. Susan Wild (PA) Rep. Dean Phillips (MN) Rep. Ilhan Omar (MN) Rep. Colin Allred (TX) Rep. Andy Levin (MI) Rep. Abigail Spanberger (VA) Rep. Chrissy Houlahan (PA) Rep. Tom Malinowski (NJ) Rep. David Trone (MD) Rep. Jim Costa (CA) Rep. Michael McCaul (TX) Ranking Member Rep. Christopher Smith (NJ) Rep. Steve Chabot (OH) Rep. Joe Wilson (SC) Rep. Scott Perry (PA) Rep. Ted Yoho (FL) Rep. Adam Kinzinger (IL) Rep. Lee Zeldin (NY) Rep. James Sensenbrenner (WI) Rep. Ann Wagner (MO) Rep. Brian Mast (FL) Rep. Francis Rooney (FL) Rep. Brian Fitzpatrick (PA) Rep. John Curtis (UT) Rep. Ken Buck (CO) Rep. Ron Wright (TX) Rep. Guy Reschenthaler (PA) Rep. Tim Burchett (TN) Rep. Greg Pence (IN) Rep. Steve Watkins (KS) Rep. Michael Guest (MS) Rep. Juan Vargas (CA) Rep. Vicente Gonzalez (CA) Majority Staff Jason Steinbaum, Staff Director Doug Campbell, Deputy Staff Director Laura Carey, Senior Professional Staff Member, State Department Oversight Tim Mulvey, Communications Director Jacqueline Ramos, Senior Professional Staff Member, Europe and Russia Operations and Press Staff Evan Bursey Jacqueline Colvett Rachel Levitan
        6 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .......................................................................................................................................7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .........................................................................................................12 KEY FINDINGS OF FACT ........................................................................................................34 SECTION I. THE PRESIDENT'S MISCONDUCT ...............................................................37 1. The President Forced Out the U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine ...........................................38 2. The President Put Giuliani and the Three Amigos in Charge of Ukraine Issues ............51 3. The President Froze Military Assistance to Ukraine .......................................................67 4. The President's Meeting with the Ukrainian President Was Conditioned on An Announcement of Investigations .....................................................................................83 5. The President Asked the Ukrainian President to Interfere in the 2020 U.S. Election by Investigating the Bidens and 2016 Election Interference ................................................98 6. The President Wanted Ukraine to Announce the Investigations Publicly ....................114 7. The President's Conditioning of Military Assistance and a White House Meeting on Announcement of Investigations Raised Alarm ............................................................126 8. The President's Scheme Was Exposed ..........................................................................140 SECTION II. THE PRESIDENT'S OBSTRUCTION OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES' IMPEACHMENT INQUIRY ..........................................................202 1. Constitutional Authority for Congressional Oversight and Impeachment ....................203 2. The President's Categorical Refusal to Comply ...........................................................208 3. The President's Refusal to Produce Any and All Subpoenaed Documents ..................217 4. The President's Refusal to Allow Top Aides to Testify ................................................231 5. The President's Unsuccessful Attempts to Block Key Witnesses .................................245 6. The President's Intimidation of Witnesses ....................................................................257 APPENDIX A: KEY PEOPLE AND ENTITIES ..................................................................293 APPENDIX B: ABBREVIATIONS AND COMMON TERMS ...........................................299
        7 PREFACE This report reflects the evidence gathered thus far by the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, in coordination with the Committee on Oversight and Reform and the Committee on Foreign Affairs, as part of the House of Representatives' impeachment inquiry into Donald J. Trump, the 45th President of the United States. The report is the culmination of an investigation that began in September 2019 and intensified over the past three months as new revelations and evidence of the President's misconduct towards Ukraine emerged. The Committees pursued the truth vigorously, but fairly, ensuring the full participation of both parties throughout the probe. Sustained by the tireless work of more than three dozen dedicated staff across the three Committees, we issued dozens of subpoenas for documents and testimony and took more than 100 hours of deposition testimony from 17 witnesses. To provide the American people the opportunity to learn and evaluate the facts themselves, the Intelligence Committee held seven public hearings with 12 witnesses'--including three requested by the Republican Minority'--that totaled more than 30 hours. At the outset, I want to recognize my late friend and colleague Elijah E. Cummings, whose grace and commitment to justice served as our North Star throughout this investigation. I would also like to thank my colleagues Eliot L. Engel and Carolyn B. Maloney, chairs respectively of the Foreign Affairs and Oversight and Reform Committees, as well as the Members of those Committees, many of whom provided invaluable contributions. Members of the Intelligence Committee, as well, worked selflessly and collaboratively throughout this investigation. Finally, I am grateful to Speaker Nancy Pelosi for the trust she placed in our Committees to conduct this work and for her wise counsel throughout. I also want to thank the dedicated professional staff of the Intelligence Committee, who worked ceaselessly and with remarkable poise and ability. My deepest gratitude goes to Daniel Goldman, Rheanne Wirkkala, Maher Bitar, Timothy Bergreen, Patrick Boland, Daniel Noble, Nicolas Mitchell, Sean Misko, Patrick Fallon, Diana Pilipenko, William Evans, Ariana Rowberry, Wells Bennett, and William Wu. Additional Intelligence Committee staff members also assured that the important oversight work of the Committee continued, even as we were required to take on the additional responsibility of conducting a key part of the House impeachment inquiry. Finally, I would like to thank the devoted and outstanding staff of the Committee on Oversight and Reform, including but not limited to Dave Rapallo, Susanne Sachsman Grooms, Peter Kenny, Krista Boyd, and Janet Kim, as well as Laura Carey from the Committee on Foreign Affairs. * * * In his farewell address, President George Washington warned of a moment when ''cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people and to usurp for themselves the reins of government, destroying afterwards the very engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion.''
        8 The Framers of the Constitution well understood that an individual could one day occupy the Office of the President who would place his personal or political interests above those of the nation. Having just won hard-fought independence from a King with unbridled authority, they were attuned to the dangers of an executive who lacked fealty to the law and the Constitution. In response, the Framers adopted a tool used by the British Parliament for several hundred years to constrain the Crown'--the power of impeachment. Unlike in Britain, where impeachment was typically reserved for inferior officers but not the King himself, impeachment in our untested democracy was specifically intended to serve as the ultimate form of accountability for a duly-elected President. Rather than a mechanism to overturn an election, impeachment was explicitly contemplated as a remedy of last resort for a president who fails to faithfully execute his oath of office ''to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.'' Accordingly, the Constitution confers the power to impeach the president on Congress, stating that the president shall be removed from office upon conviction for ''Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.'' While the Constitutional standard for removal from office is justly a high one, it is nonetheless an essential check and balance on the authority of the occupant of the Office of the President, particularly when that occupant represents a continuing threat to our fundamental democratic norms, values, and laws. Alexander Hamilton explained that impeachment was not designed to cover only criminal violations, but also crimes against the American people. ''The subjects of its jurisdiction,'' Hamilton wrote, ''are those offenses which proceed from the misconduct of public men, or, in other words, from the abuse or violation of some public trust. They are of a nature which may with peculiar propriety be denominated political, as they relate chiefly to injuries done immediately to the society itself.'' Similarly, future Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court James Wilson, a delegate from Pennsylvania at the Constitutional Convention, distinguished impeachable offenses from those that reside ''within the sphere of ordinary jurisprudence.'' As he noted, ''impeachments are confined to political characters, to political crimes and misdemeanors, and to political punishments.'' * * * As this report details, the impeachment inquiry has found that President Trump, personally and acting through agents within and outside of the U.S. government, solicited the interference of a foreign government, Ukraine, to benefit his reelection. In furtherance of this scheme, President Trump conditioned official acts on a public announcement by the new Ukrainian President, Volodymyr Zelensky, of politically-motivated investigations, including one into President Trump's domestic political opponent. In pressuring President Zelensky to carry out his demand, President Trump withheld a White House meeting desperately sought by the Ukrainian President, and critical U.S. military assistance to fight Russian aggression in eastern Ukraine.
        9 The President engaged in this course of conduct for the benefit of his own presidential reelection, to harm the election prospects of a political rival, and to influence our nation's upcoming presidential election to his advantage. In doing so, the President placed his own personal and political interests above the national interests of the United States, sought to undermine the integrity of the U.S. presidential election process, and endangered U.S. national security. At the center of this investigation is the memorandum prepared following President Trump's July 25, 2019, phone call with Ukraine's President, which the White House declassified and released under significant public pressure. The call record alone is stark evidence of misconduct; a demonstration of the President's prioritization of his personal political benefit over the national interest. In response to President Zelensky's appreciation for vital U.S. military assistance, which President Trump froze without explanation, President Trump asked for ''a favor though'': two specific investigations designed to assist his reelection efforts. Our investigation determined that this telephone call was neither the start nor the end of President Trump's efforts to bend U.S. foreign policy for his personal gain. Rather, it was a dramatic crescendo within a months-long campaign driven by President Trump in which senior U.S. officials, including the Vice President, the Secretary of State, the Acting Chief of Staff, the Secretary of Energy, and others were either knowledgeable of or active participants in an effort to extract from a foreign nation the personal political benefits sought by the President. The investigation revealed the nature and extent of the President's misconduct, notwithstanding an unprecedented campaign of obstruction by the President and his Administration to prevent the Committees from obtaining documentary evidence and testimony. A dozen witnesses followed President Trump's orders, defying voluntary requests and lawful subpoenas, and refusing to testify. The White House, Department of State, Department of Defense, Office of Management and Budget, and Department of Energy refused to produce a single document in response to our subpoenas. Ultimately, this sweeping effort to stonewall the House of Representatives' ''sole Power of Impeachment'' under the Constitution failed because witnesses courageously came forward and testified in response to lawful process. The report that follows was only possible because of their sense of duty and devotion to their country and its Constitution. Nevertheless, there remain unanswered questions, and our investigation must continue, even as we transmit our report to the Judiciary Committee. Given the proximate threat of further presidential attempts to solicit foreign interference in our next election, we cannot wait to make a referral until our efforts to obtain additional testimony and documents wind their way through the courts. The evidence of the President's misconduct is overwhelming, and so too is the evidence of his obstruction of Congress. Indeed, it would be hard to imagine a stronger or more complete case of obstruction than that demonstrated by the President since the inquiry began. The damage the President has done to our relationship with a key strategic partner will be remedied over time, and Ukraine continues to enjoy strong bipartisan support in Congress. But the damage to our system of checks and balances, and to the balance of power within our three
        10 branches of government, will be long-lasting and potentially irrevocable if the President's ability to stonewall Congress goes unchecked. Any future President will feel empowered to resist an investigation into their own wrongdoing, malfeasance, or corruption, and the result will be a nation at far greater risk of all three. * * * The decision to move forward with an impeachment inquiry is not one we took lightly. Under the best of circumstances, impeachment is a wrenching process for the nation. I resisted calls to undertake an impeachment investigation for many months on that basis, notwithstanding the existence of presidential misconduct that I believed to be deeply unethical and damaging to our democracy. The alarming events and actions detailed in this report, however, left us with no choice but to proceed. In making the decision to move forward, we were struck by the fact that the President's misconduct was not an isolated occurrence, nor was it the product of a na¯ve president. Instead, the efforts to involve Ukraine in our 2020 presidential election were undertaken by a President who himself was elected in 2016 with the benefit of an unprecedented and sweeping campaign of election interference undertaken by Russia in his favor, and which the President welcomed and utilized. Having witnessed the degree to which interference by a foreign power in 2016 harmed our democracy, President Trump cannot credibly claim ignorance to its pernicious effects. Even more pointedly, the President's July call with Ukrainian President Zelensky, in which he solicited an investigation to damage his most feared 2020 opponent, came the day after Special Counsel Robert Mueller testified to Congress about Russia's efforts to damage his 2016 opponent and his urgent warning of the dangers of further foreign interference in the next election. With this backdrop, the solicitation of new foreign intervention was the act of a president unbound, not one chastened by experience. It was the act of a president who viewed himself as unaccountable and determined to use his vast official powers to secure his reelection. This repeated and pervasive threat to our democratic electoral process added urgency to our work. On October 3, 2019, even as our Committee was engaged in this inquiry, President Trump publicly declared anew that other countries should open investigations into his chief political rival, saying, ''China should start an investigation into the Bidens,'' and that ''President Zelensky, if it were me, I would recommend that they start an investigation into the Bidens.'' When a reporter asked the President what he hoped Ukraine's President would do following the July 25 call, President Trump, seeking to dispel any doubt as to his continuing intention, responded: ''Well, I would think that, if they were honest about it, they'd start a major investigation into the Bidens. It's a very simple answer.'' By doubling down on his misconduct and declaring that his July 25 call with President Zelensky was ''perfect,'' President Trump has shown a continued willingness to use the power of his office to seek foreign intervention in our next election. His Acting Chief of Staff, Mick Mulvaney, in the course of admitting that the President had linked security assistance to Ukraine to the announcement of one of his desired investigations, told the American people to ''get over
        11 it.'' In these statements and actions, the President became the author of his own impeachment inquiry. The question presented by the set of facts enumerated in this report may be as simple as that posed by the President and his chief of staff's brazenness: is the remedy of impeachment warranted for a president who would use the power of his office to coerce foreign interference in a U.S. election, or is that now a mere perk of the office that Americans must simply ''get over''? * * * Those watching the impeachment hearings might have been struck by how little discrepancy there was between the witnesses called by the Majority and Minority. Indeed, most of the facts presented in the pages that follow are uncontested. The broad outlines as well as many of the details of the President's scheme have been presented by the witnesses with remarkable consistency. There will always be some variation in the testimony of multiple people witnessing the same events, but few of the differences here go to the heart of the matter. And so, it may have been all the more surprising to the public to see very disparate reactions to the testimony by the Members of Congress from each party. If there was one ill the Founding Founders feared as much as that of an unfit president, it may have been that of excessive factionalism. Although the Framers viewed parties as necessary, they also endeavored to structure the new government in such a way as to minimize the ''violence of faction.'' As George Washington warned in his farewell address, ''the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it.'' Today, we may be witnessing a collision between the power of a remedy meant to curb presidential misconduct and the power of faction determined to defend against the use of that remedy on a president of the same party. But perhaps even more corrosive to our democratic system of governance, the President and his allies are making a comprehensive attack on the very idea of fact and truth. How can a democracy survive without acceptance of a common set of experiences? America remains the beacon of democracy and opportunity for freedom-loving people around the world. From their homes and their jail cells, from their public squares and their refugee camps, from their waking hours until their last breath, individuals fighting human rights abuses, journalists uncovering and exposing corruption, persecuted minorities struggling to survive and preserve their faith, and countless others around the globe just hoping for a better life look to America. What we do will determine what they see, and whether America remains a nation committed to the rule of law. As Benjamin Franklin departed the Constitutional Convention, he was asked, ''what have we got? A Republic or a Monarchy?'' He responded simply: ''A Republic, if you can keep it.'' Adam B. Schiff Chairman, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
        12 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The impeachment inquiry into Donald J. Trump, the 45th President of the United States, uncovered a months-long effort by President Trump to use the powers of his office to solicit foreign interference on his behalf in the 2020 election. As described in this executive summary and the report that follows, President Trump's scheme subverted U.S. foreign policy toward Ukraine and undermined our national security in favor of two politically motivated investigations that would help his presidential reelection campaign. The President demanded that the newly-elected Ukrainian president, Volodymyr Zelensky, publicly announce investigations into a political rival that he apparently feared the most, former Vice President Joe Biden, and into a discredited theory that it was Ukraine, not Russia, that interfered in the 2016 presidential election. To compel the Ukrainian President to do his political bidding, President Trump conditioned two official acts on the public announcement of the investigations: a coveted White House visit and critical U.S. military assistance Ukraine needed to fight its Russian adversary. During a July 25, 2019, call between President Trump and President Zelensky, President Zelensky expressed gratitude for U.S. military assistance. President Trump immediately responded by asking President Zelensky to ''do us a favor though'' and openly pressed for Ukraine to investigate former Vice President Biden and the 2016 conspiracy theory. In turn, President Zelensky assured President Trump that he would pursue the investigation and reiterated his interest in the White House meeting. Although President Trump's scheme intentionally bypassed many career personnel, it was undertaken with the knowledge and approval of senior Administration officials, including the President's Acting Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, and Secretary of Energy Rick Perry. In fact, at a press conference weeks after public revelations about the scheme, Mr. Mulvaney publicly acknowledged that the President directly tied the hold on military aid to his desire to get Ukraine to conduct a political investigation, telling Americans to ''get over it.'' President Trump and his senior officials may see nothing wrong with using the power of the Office of the President to pressure a foreign country to help the President's reelection campaign. Indeed, President Trump continues to encourage Ukraine and other foreign countries to engage in the same kind of election interference today. However, the Founding Fathers prescribed a remedy for a chief executive who places his personal interests above those of the country: impeachment. Accordingly, as part of the House of Representatives' impeachment inquiry, the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, in coordination with the Committees on Oversight and Reform and Foreign Affairs, were compelled to undertake a serious, sober, and expeditious investigation into whether the President's misconduct warrants that remedy. In response, President Trump engaged in an unprecedented campaign of obstruction of this impeachment inquiry. Nevertheless, due in large measure to patriotic and courageous public servants who provided the Committees with direct evidence of the President's actions, the Committees uncovered significant misconduct on the part of the President of the United States. As required under House Resolution 660, the Intelligence Committee, in consultation with the Committees on Oversight and Reform and Foreign Affairs, has prepared this report to detail the evidence uncovered to date, which will now be transmitted to the Judiciary Committee for its consideration.
        13 SECTION I'--THE PRESIDENT'S MISCONDUCT The President Conditioned a White House Meeting and Military Aid to Ukraine on a Public Announcement of Investigations Beneficial to his Reelection Campaign The President's Request for a Political Favor On the morning of July 25, 2019, President Donald Trump settled in to the White House Executive Residence to join a telephone call with President Volodymyr Zelensky of Ukraine. It had been more than three months since President Zelensky, a political neophyte, had been swept into office in a landslide victory on a platform of rooting out corruption and ending the war between his country and Russia. The day of his election, April 21, President Zelensky spoke briefly with President Trump, who had called to congratulate him and invite him to a visit at the White House. As of July 25, no White House meeting had materialized. As is typical for telephone calls with other heads of state, staff members from the National Security Council (NSC) convened in the White House Situation Room to listen to the call and take notes, which would later be compiled into a memorandum that would constitute the U.S. government's official record of the call. NSC staff had prepared a standard package of talking points for the President based on official U.S. policy. The talking points included recommendations to encourage President Zelensky to continue to promote anti-corruption reforms in Ukraine, a pillar of American foreign policy in the country as far back as its independence in the 1990s when Ukraine first rid itself of Kremlin control. This call would deviate significantly from that script. Shortly before he was patched through to President Zelensky, President Trump spoke with Gordon Sondland, who had donated $1 million to President Trump's 2016 presidential inauguration and whom the President had appointed as the United States Ambassador to the European Union. Ambassador Sondland had helped lay the groundwork for a very different kind of call between the two Presidents. Ambassador Sondland had relayed a message to President Zelensky six days earlier that ''assurances to run a fully transparent investigation'' and ''turn over every stone'' were necessary in his call with President Trump. Ambassador Sondland understood these phrases to refer to two investigations politically beneficial to the President's reelection campaign: one into former Vice President Joe Biden and a Ukrainian gas company called Burisma, on which his son sat on the board, and the other into a discredited conspiracy theory alleging that Ukraine, not Russia, interfered in the 2016 U.S. election. The allegations about Vice President Biden were without evidence, and the U.S. Intelligence Community had unanimously determined that Russia, not Ukraine, interfered in the 2016 election to help the candidacy of Donald Trump. Despite the falsehoods, Ambassador Sondland would make it clear to Ukrainian officials that the public announcement of these investigations was a prerequisite for the coveted White House meeting with President Trump, an effort that would help the President's reelection campaign. The White House meeting was not the only official act that President Trump conditioned on the announcement of these investigations. Several weeks before his phone call with President Zelensky, President Trump ordered a hold on nearly $400 million of congressionally-
        14 appropriated security assistance to Ukraine that provided Kyiv essential support as it sought to repel Russian forces that were occupying Crimea and inflicting casualties in the eastern region of the country. The President's decision to freeze the aid, made without explanation, sent shock waves through the Department of Defense (DOD), the Department of State, and the NSC, which uniformly supported providing this assistance to our strategic partner. Although the suspension of aid had not been made public by the day of the call between the two Presidents, officials at the Ukrainian embassy in Washington had already asked American officials about the status of the vital military assistance. At the outset of the conversation on July 25, President Zelensky thanked President Trump for the ''great support in the area of defense'' provided by the United States to date. He then indicated that Ukraine would soon be prepared to purchase additional Javelin anti-tank missiles from the United States as part of this defense cooperation. President Trump immediately responded with his own request: ''I would like you to do us a favor though,'' which was ''to find out what happened'' with alleged Ukrainian interference in the 2016 election. President Trump then asked President Zelensky ''to look into'' former Vice President Biden's role in encouraging Ukraine to remove a prosecutor widely viewed by the United States and numerous European partners to be corrupt. In so doing, President Trump gave currency to a baseless allegation that Vice President Biden wanted to remove the corrupt prosecutor because he was investigating Burisma, a company on whose board the Vice President's son sat at the time. Over the course of the roughly thirty-minute call, President Trump repeated these false allegations and pressed the Ukrainian President to consult with his personal attorney, Rudy Giuliani, who had been publicly advocating for months for Ukraine to initiate these specific investigations. President Zelensky promised that he would ''work on the investigation of the case.'' Later in the call, he thanked President Trump for his invitation to join him at the White House, following up immediately with a comment that, ''[o]n the other hand,'' he would ''ensure'' that Ukraine pursued ''the investigation'' that President Trump had requested. During the call, President Trump also disparaged Marie Yovanovitch, the former U.S. ambassador to Ukraine, who championed anti-corruption reforms in the country, and whom President Trump had unceremoniously removed months earlier following a smear campaign waged against her by Mr. Giuliani and others. President Trump claimed that she was ''bad news'' and was ''going to go through some things.'' He praised the current prosecutor at the time, who was widely viewed as corrupt and who helped initiate the smear campaign against her, calling him ''very good'' and ''very fair.'' Hearing the call as it transpired, several White House staff members became alarmed. Far from giving the ''full-throated endorsement of the Ukraine reform agenda'' that had been hoped for, the President instead demanded a political investigation into an American'--the presidential candidate he evidently feared most, Joe Biden. Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Vindman, an NSC staff member responsible for Ukraine policy who listened to the call, immediately reported his concerns to NSC lawyers. His
        15 supervisor, NSC Senior Director for Europe and Russia Timothy Morrison, also reported the call to the lawyers, worrying that the call would be ''damaging'' if leaked publicly. In response, the lawyers placed the memorandum summarizing the call onto a highly classified server, significantly limiting access to the materials. The call record would not remain hidden forever. On September 25, 2019, facing immense public pressure to reveal the contents of the call and following the announcement the previous day of a formal impeachment inquiry in the House of Representatives into President Trump's actions toward Ukraine, the White House publicly released the memorandum of the July 25 call. The record of the call would help explain for those involved in Ukraine policy in the U.S. government, the Congress, and the public why President Trump, his personal attorney, Mr. Giuliani, his hand-picked appointees in charge of Ukraine issues, and various senior Administration officials would go to great lengths to withhold a coveted White House meeting and critical military aid from Ukraine at a time when it served as a bulwark against Russian aggression in Europe. The answer was as simple as it was inimical to our national security and election integrity: the President was withholding officials acts while soliciting something of value to his reelection campaign'--an investigation into his political rival. The story of that scheme follows. * * * The President Removed Anti-Corruption Champion Ambassador Yovanovitch On April 24, 2019, President Donald Trump abruptly called back to Washington the United States Ambassador to Ukraine, Marie ''Masha'' Yovanovitch, after a ruthless smear campaign was waged against her. She was known throughout Ukraine and among her peers for aggressively advocating for anti-corruption reforms consistent with U.S. foreign policy and only recently had been asked to extend her stay in Ukraine. Her effectiveness in anti-corruption efforts earned her enemies in Kyiv and in Washington. As Deputy Assistant Secretary of State George Kent testified in praising Ambassador Yovanovitch: ''You can't promote principled anticorruption action without pissing off corrupt people.'' Beginning on March 20, The Hill newspaper published several op-eds attacking Ambassador Yovanovitch and former Vice President Joe Biden, relying on information from a Ukrainian prosecutor, Yuriy Lutsenko, who was widely viewed to be corrupt. Mr. Lutsenko had served as the chief prosecutor in Ukraine under the then-incumbent president who lost to Volodymyr Zelensky in April 2019. Although he would later recant many of his allegations, Mr. Lutsenko falsely accused Ambassador Yovanovitch of speaking negatively about President Trump and giving Mr. Lutsenko a ''do-not-prosecute list.''
        16 The attacks against Ambassador Yovanovitch were amplified by prominent, close allies of President Trump, including Mr. Giuliani and his associates, Sean Hannity, and Donald Trump Jr. President Trump tweeted the smears himself just a month before he recalled the Ambassador from Ukraine. In the face of attacks driven by Mr. Lutsenko and the President's allies, Ambassador Yovanovitch and other senior State Department officials asked Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to issue a statement of support for her and for the U.S. Embassy in Ukraine. The Secretary declined, fearing that President Trump might publicly undermine those efforts, possibly through a tweet. Following a ceremony in which she presented an award of courage to the family of a young female anti-corruption activist killed in Ukraine for her work, Ambassador Yovanovitch received an urgent call from the State Department regarding her ''security,'' and imploring her to take the first plane back to Washington. When she arrived, she was informed that she had done nothing wrong, but that the President had lost confidence in her. She was told to leave her post as soon as possible. In her place, the President would designate three new agents to spearhead Ukraine policy, political appointees far more willing to engage in an improper ''domestic political errand'' than an ambassador known for her efforts to fight corruption. The President's Hand-Picked Agents Began the Scheme Just three days before Ambassador Yovanovitch's abrupt recall to Washington, President Trump had his first telephone call with President-elect Zelensky. During that conversation, President Trump congratulated the Ukrainian leader on his victory, complimented him on his country's Miss Universe Pageant contestants, and invited him to visit the White House. A White House meeting would help demonstrate the United States' strong support for Ukraine as it fought a hot war with Russia and attempted to negotiate an end to the conflict with Russian President Vladimir Putin, as well as to bolster President-elect Zelensky's standing with his own people as he sought to deliver on his promised anti-corruption agenda. Although the White House's public summary of the call included some discussion of a commitment to ''root out corruption,'' President Trump did not mention corruption at all. Shortly after the conversation, President Trump asked Vice President Mike Pence to attend President Zelensky's inauguration. Vice President Pence confirmed directly to President Zelensky his intention to attend during a phone conversation on April 23, and Vice President Pence's staff and the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv began preparations for the trip. At the same time, President Trump's personal attorney, Mr. Giuliani, intensified his campaign to pressure Ukraine's newly-elected President to initiate investigations into Joe Biden, who had officially entered the race for the Democratic nomination on April 25, and the baseless conspiracy theory about Ukrainian interference in the 2016 election. On May 9, the New York Times published an article in which Mr. Giuliani declared that he intended to travel to Ukraine on behalf of his client, President Trump, in order to meddle in an investigation. After public backlash, Mr. Giuliani canceled the trip, blaming ''some bad people'' around President Zelensky. Days later, President Trump rescinded the plans for Vice President Pence to attend President
        17 Zelensky's inauguration, which had not yet been scheduled. The staff member planning the trip was not provided an explanation for the about-face, but staff in the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv were disappointed that President Zelensky would not receive a ''high level'' show of support from the United States. In Vice President Pence's stead, Secretary of Energy Rick Perry led the American delegation to the Ukrainian President's inauguration. Ambassador Sondland, Special Representative for Ukraine Negotiations Ambassador Kurt Volker, and Lt. Col. Vindman also attended. In comments that would foreshadow troubling events to come, Lt. Col. Vindman warned President Zelensky to stay out of U.S. domestic politics to avoid jeopardizing the bipartisan support Ukraine enjoyed in Congress. The delegation returned to the United States impressed with President Zelensky, especially his focus on anti-corruption reforms. Ambassador Sondland quickly organized a meeting with President Trump in the Oval Office on May 23, attended by most of the other members of the delegation. The three political appointees, who would describe themselves as the ''Three Amigos,'' relayed their positive impression of President Zelensky to President Trump and encouraged him to schedule the Oval Office meeting he promised in his April 21 phone call with the new leader. President Trump reacted poorly to the suggestion, claiming that Ukraine ''tried to take me down'' in 2016. In order to schedule a White House visit for President Zelensky, President Trump told the delegation that they would have to ''talk to Rudy.'' Ambassador Sondland testified that he understood the President's instruction to be a directive to work with Mr. Giuliani if they hoped to advance relations with Ukraine. President Trump directed the three senior U.S. government officials to assist Mr. Giuliani's efforts, which, it would soon become clear, were exclusively for the benefit of the President's reelection campaign. As the Three Amigos were given responsibility over the U.S. government's Ukraine portfolio, Bill Taylor, a former Ambassador to Ukraine, was considering whether to come out of retirement to accept a request to succeed Ambassador Yovanovitch in Kyiv. As of May 26, Ambassador Taylor was ''still struggling with the decision,'' and, in particular, whether anyone can ''hope to succeed with the Giuliani-Biden issue swirling.'' After receiving assurances from Secretary Pompeo that U.S. policy toward Ukraine would not change, Ambassador Taylor accepted the position and arrived in Kyiv on June 17. Ambassador Taylor would quickly come to observe an ''irregular channel'' led by Mr. Giuliani that, over time, began to undermine the official channel of diplomatic relations with Ukraine. Mr. Giuliani would prove to be, as the President's National Security Advisor Ambassador John Bolton would tell a colleague, a ''hand grenade that was going to blow everyone up.'' The President Froze Vital Military Assistance For fiscal year 2019, Congress appropriated and authorized $391 million in security assistance to Ukraine: $250 million in funds administered by DOD and $141 million in funds administered by the State Department. On June 18, DOD issued a press release announcing its intention to provide $250 million in taxpayer-funded security assistance to Ukraine following the
        18 certification that all legitimate conditions on the aid, including anti-corruption reforms, had been met. Shortly after this announcement, however, both the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and DOD received inquiries from the President related to the funds. At that time, and throughout the next few months, support for Ukraine security assistance was overwhelming and unanimous among all of the relevant agencies and within Congress. By July 3, OMB blocked a Congressional notification which would have cleared the way for the release of $141 million in State Department security assistance funds. By July 12, President Trump had placed a hold on all military support funding for Ukraine. On July 18, OMB announced the hold to all of the relevant agencies and indicated that it was directed by the President. No other reason was provided. During a series of policy meetings involving increasingly senior officials, the uniform and consistent position of all policymaking agencies supported the release of funding. Ukraine experts at DOD, the State Department, and the NSC argued that it was in the national security interest of the United States to continue to support Ukraine. As Mr. Morrison testified, ''The United States aids Ukraine and her people so that they can fight Russia over there, and we don't have to fight Russia here.'' Agency officials also expressed concerns about the legality of President Trump's direction to withhold assistance to Ukraine that Congress had already appropriated for this express purpose. Two OMB career officials, including one of its legal counsels, would resign, in part, over concerns regarding the hold. By July 25, the date of President Trump's call with President Zelensky, DOD was also receiving inquiries from Ukrainian officials about the status of the security assistance. Nevertheless, President Trump continued to withhold the funding to Ukraine without explanation, against the interests of U.S. national security, and over the objections of these career experts. The President Conditioned a White House Meeting on Investigations By the time Ukrainian officials were first learning about an issue with the anticipated military assistance, the President's hand-picked representatives to Ukraine had already informed their Ukrainian counterparts that President Zelensky's coveted White House meeting would only happen after Ukraine committed to pursuing the two political investigations that President Trump and Mr. Giuliani demanded. Ambassador Sondland was unequivocal in describing this conditionality, testifying, ''I know that members of this committee frequently frame these complicated issues in the form of a simple question: Was there a quid pro quo? As I testified previously with regard to the requested White House call and the White House meeting, the answer is yes.'' Ambassadors Sondland and Volker worked to obtain the necessary assurance from President Zelensky that he would personally commit to initiate the investigations in order to secure both.
        19 On July 2, in Toronto, Canada, Ambassador Volker conveyed the message directly to President Zelensky, specifically referencing the ''Giuliani factor'' in President Zelensky's engagement with the United States. For his part, Mr. Giuliani made clear to Ambassadors Sondland and Volker, who were directly communicating with the Ukrainians, that a White House meeting would not occur until Ukraine announced its pursuit of the two political investigations. After observing Mr. Giuliani's role in the ouster of a U.S. Ambassador and learning of his influence with the President, Ukrainian officials soon understood that ''the key for many things is Rudi [sic].'' On July 10, Ambassador Bolton hosted a meeting in the White House with two senior Ukrainian officials, several American officials, including Ambassadors Sondland and Volker, Secretary Perry, Dr. Fiona Hill, Senior Director for Europe and Russia at the NSC, and Lt. Col. Vindman. As had become customary each time Ukrainian officials met with their American counterparts, the Ukrainians asked about the long-delayed White House meeting. Ambassador Bolton demurred, but Ambassador Sondland spoke up, revealing that he had worked out an arrangement with Acting Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney to schedule the White House visit after Ukraine initiated the ''investigations.'' Ambassador Bolton ''stiffened'' and quickly ended the meeting. Undaunted, Ambassador Sondland ushered many of the attendees to the Ward Room downstairs to continue their discussion. In the second meeting, Ambassador Sondland explained that he had an agreement with Mr. Mulvaney that the White House visit would come only after Ukraine announced the Burisma/Biden and 2016 Ukraine election interference investigations. At this second meeting, both Lt. Col. Vindman and Dr. Hill objected to intertwining a ''domestic political errand'' with official foreign policy, and they indicated that a White House meeting would have to go through proper channels. Following these discussions, Dr. Hill reported back to Ambassador Bolton, who told her to ''go and tell [the NSC Legal Advisor] that I am not part of whatever drug deal Sondland and Mulvaney are cooking up on this.'' Both Dr. Hill and Lt. Col. Vindman separately reported the incident to the NSC Legal Advisor. The President's Agents Pursued a ''Drug Deal'' Over the next two weeks, Ambassadors Sondland and Volker worked closely with Mr. Giuliani and senior Ukrainian and American officials to arrange a telephone call between President Trump and President Zelensky and to ensure that the Ukrainian President explicitly promised to undertake the political investigations required by President Trump to schedule the White House meeting. As Ambassador Sondland would later testify: ''Mr. Giuliani was expressing the desires of the President of the United States, and we knew these investigations were important to the President.'' On July 19, Ambassador Volker had breakfast with Mr. Giuliani and his associate, Lev Parnas, at the Trump Hotel in Washington, D.C. Mr. Parnas would subsequently be indicted for campaign finance violations as part of an investigation that remains ongoing. During the conversation, Ambassador Volker stressed his belief that the attacks being leveled publicly
        20 against Vice President Biden related to Ukraine were false and that the former Vice President was ''a person of integrity.'' He counseled Mr. Giuliani that the Ukrainian prosecutor pushing the false narrative, Mr. Lutsenko, was promoting ''a self-serving narrative to preserve himself in power.'' Mr. Giuliani agreed, but his promotion of Mr. Lutsenko's false accusations for the benefit of President Trump did not cease. Ambassador Volker also offered to help arrange an in-person meeting between Mr. Giuliani and Andriy Yermak, one of President Zelensky's most trusted advisors, which would later take place in Madrid, Spain in early August. After the breakfast meeting at the Trump Hotel, Ambassador Volker reported back to Ambassadors Sondland and Taylor about his conversation with Mr. Giuliani, writing in a text message that, ''Most impt [sic] is for Zelensky to say that he will help investigation'--and address any specific personnel issues'--if there are any,'' likely referencing President Zelensky's decision to remove Mr. Lutsenko as prosecutor general, a decision with which Mr. Giuliani disagreed. The same day, Ambassador Sondland spoke with President Zelensky and recommended that the Ukrainian leader tell President Trump that he ''will leave no stone unturned'' regarding the political investigations during the upcoming presidential phone call. Ambassador Sondland emailed several top Administration officials, including Secretary of State Pompeo, Acting Chief of Staff Mulvaney, and Secretary Perry, stating that President Zelensky confirmed that he would ''assure'' President Trump that ''he intends to run a fully transparent investigation and will 'turn over every stone.''' According to Ambassador Sondland, he was referring in the email to the Burisma/Biden and 2016 election interference investigations. Secretary Perry and Mr. Mulvaney responded affirmatively that the call would soon take place, and Ambassador Sondland testified later that ''everyone was in the loop'' on plans to condition the White House meeting on the announcement of political investigations beneficial to President Trump. The arrangement troubled the Ukrainian President, who ''did not want to be used as a pawn in a U.S. reelection campaign.'' The President Pressed President Zelensky to Do a Political Favor On the morning of July 25, Ambassador Volker sent a text message to President Zelensky's top aide, Mr. Yermak, less than 30 minutes before the presidential call. He stated: ''Heard from White House'--assuming President Z convinces trump he will investigate / 'get to the bottom of what happened' in 2016, we will nail down date for visit to Washington. Good luck!'' Shortly before the call, Ambassador Sondland spoke directly with President Trump. President Zelensky followed this advice during his conversation with President Trump. President Zelensky assured that he would pursue the investigations that President Trump had discussed'--into the Bidens and 2016 election interference'--and, in turn, pressed for the White House meeting that remained outstanding. The following day, Ambassadors Volker, Sondland, and Taylor met with President Zelensky in Kyiv. The Ukrainian President told them that President Trump had mentioned ''sensitive issues'' three times during the previous day's phone call. Following the meeting with the Ukrainian leader, Ambassador Sondland had a private, one-on-one conversation with Mr. Yermak in which they discussed ''the issue of investigations.'' He then retired to lunch at an
        21 outdoor restaurant terrace with State Department aides where he called President Trump directly from his cellphone. The White House confirmed that the conversation lasted five minutes. At the outset of the call, President Trump asked Ambassador Sondland whether President Zelensky ''was going to do the investigation'' that President Trump had raised with President Zelensky the day before. Ambassador Sondland stated that President Zelensky was ''going to do it'' and ''would do anything you ask him to.'' According to David Holmes, the State Department aide sitting closest to Ambassador Sondland and who overheard the President's voice on the phone, Ambassador Sondland and President Trump spoke only about the investigation in their discussion about Ukraine. The President made no mention of other major issues of importance in Ukraine, including President Zelensky's aggressive anti-corruption reforms and the ongoing war it was fighting against Russian-led forces in eastern Ukraine. After hanging up the phone, Ambassador Sondland explained to Mr. Holmes that President Trump ''did not give a shit about Ukraine.'' Rather, the President cared only about ''big stuff'' that benefitted him personally, like ''the Biden investigation that Mr. Giuliani was pitching,'' and that President Trump had pushed for in his July 25 call with the Ukrainian leader. Ambassador Sondland did not recall referencing Biden specifically, but he did not dispute Mr. Holmes' recollection of the call with the President or Ambassador Sondland's subsequent discussion with Mr. Holmes. The President's Representatives Ratcheted up Pressure on the Ukrainian President In the weeks following the July 25 call, the President's hand-picked representatives increased the President's pressure campaign on Ukrainian government officials'--in person, over the phone, and by text message'--to secure a public announcement of the investigations beneficial to President Trump's reelection campaign. In discussions with Ukrainian officials, Ambassador Sondland understood that President Trump did not require that Ukraine conduct investigations as a prerequisite for the White House meeting so much as publicly announce the investigations'--making clear that the goal was not the investigations, but the political benefit Trump would derive from their announcement and the cloud they might put over a political opponent. On August 2, President Zelensky's advisor, Mr. Yermak, traveled to Madrid to meet Mr. Giuliani in person. There, they agreed that Ukraine would issue a public statement, and they discussed potential dates for a White House meeting. A few days later, Ambassador Volker told Mr. Giuliani that it ''would be good'' if Mr. Giuliani would report to ''the boss,'' President Trump, about ''the results'' of his Madrid discussion so that President Trump would finally agree to a White House visit by President Zelensky. On August 9, Ambassador Volker and Mr. Giuliani spoke twice by phone, and Ambassador Sondland spoke twice to the White House for a total of about 20 minutes. In a text message to Ambassador Volker later that day, Ambassador Sondland wrote, ''I think potus [sic] really wants the deliverable,'' which Ambassador Sondland acknowledged was the public
        22 statement announcing the two political investigations sought by President Trump and Mr. Giuliani. The following day, Ambassador Sondland briefed State Department Counselor Ulrich Brechbuhl, a top advisor to Secretary Pompeo, on these discussions about President Zelensky issuing a statement that would include an announcement of the two political investigations. Ambassador Sondland also emailed Secretary Pompeo directly, copying the State Department's executive secretary and Mr. Brechbuhl, to inform them about the agreement for President Zelensky to give the press conference. He expected to see a draft of the statement, which would be ''delivered for our review in a day or two.'' Ambassador Sondland noted his hope that the draft statement would ''make the boss happy enough to authorize an invitation.'' On August 12, Mr. Yermak sent the proposed statement to Ambassador Volker, but it lacked specific references to the two investigations politically beneficial to President Trump's reelection campaign. The following morning, Ambassadors Sondland and Volker spoke with Mr. Giuliani, who made clear that if the statement ''doesn't say Burisma and 2016, it's not credible.'' Ambassador Volker revised the statement following this direction to include those references and returned it to the Ukrainian President's aide. Mr. Yermak balked at getting drawn into U.S. politics and asked Ambassador Volker whether the United States had inquired about investigations through any appropriate Department of Justice channels. The answer was no, and several witnesses testified that a request to a foreign country to investigate a U.S. citizen ''for political reasons'' goes ''against everything'' the United States sought to promote in eastern Europe, specifically the rule of law. Ambassador Volker eventually agreed with Mr. Yermak that the announcement of the Biden/Burisma and 2016 elections investigations would ''look like it would play into our domestic politics,'' so the statement was temporarily ''shelved.'' Nevertheless, Ambassador Sondland, in accordance with President Trump's wishes, continued to pursue the statement into early September 2019. Ukrainians Inquired about the President's Hold on Security Assistance Once President Trump placed security assistance on hold in July, ''it was inevitable that it was eventually going to come out.'' On July 25, DOD officials learned that diplomats at the Ukrainian Embassy in Washington had made multiple overtures to DOD and the State Department ''asking about security assistance.'' Separately, two different contacts at the Ukrainian Embassy approached Ambassador Volker's special advisor, Catherine Croft, to ask her in confidence about the hold. Ms. Croft was surprised at the effectiveness of their ''diplomatic tradecraft,'' noting that they ''found out very early on'' that the United States was withholding critical military aid to Ukraine. By mid-August, before the freeze on aid became public, Lt. Col. Vindman had also received inquiries from an official at the Ukrainian Embassy. The hold remained in place throughout August against the unanimous judgment of American officials focused on Ukraine policy. Without an explanation for the hold, which ran contrary to the recommendation of all relevant agencies, and with President Trump already
        23 conditioning a White House visit on the announcement of the political investigations, it became increasingly apparent to multiple witnesses that the military aid was also being withheld in exchange for the announcement of those. As both Ambassador Sondland and Mr. Holmes would later testify, it became as clear as ''two plus two equals four.'' On August 22, Ambassador Sondland emailed Secretary Pompeo again, recommending a plan for a potential meeting between President Trump and President Zelensky in Warsaw, Poland on September 1. Ambassador Sondland noted that President Zelensky should ''look him in the eye'' and tell President Trump that once new prosecutorial officials were in place in Ukraine, ''Zelensky should be able to move forward publicly and with confidence on those issues of importance to Potus and the U.S.'' Ambassador Sondland testified that this was a reference to the political investigations that President Trump discussed on the July 25 call, that Secretary Pompeo had listened to. Ambassador Sondland hoped this would ''break the logjam'''--the hold on critical security assistance to Ukraine. Secretary Pompeo replied three minutes later: ''Yes.'' The President's Security Assistance Hold Became Public On August 28, Politico published a story revealing President Trump's weeks-long hold on U.S. military assistance to Ukraine. Senior Ukrainian officials expressed grave concern, deeply worried about the practical impact on their efforts to fight Russian aggression, but also about the public message it sent to the Russian government, which would almost certainly seek to exploit any real or perceived crack in U.S. resolve toward Ukraine. On August 29, at the urging of National Security Advisor Bolton, Ambassador Taylor wrote a first-person cable to Secretary Pompeo. This was the only first-person cable the Ambassador had ever sent in his decades of government service. He explained the ''folly'' of withholding security assistance to Ukraine as it fought a hot war against Russia on its borders. He wrote that he ''could not and would not defend such a policy.'' Ambassador Taylor stated that Secretary Pompeo may have carried the cable with him to a meeting at the White House. The same day that Ambassador Taylor sent his cable, President Trump cancelled his planned trip to Warsaw for a World War II commemoration event, where he was scheduled to meet with President Zelensky. Vice President Pence traveled in his place. Ambassador Sondland also traveled to Warsaw and, at a pre-briefing discussion with the Vice President before he met President Zelensky, Ambassador Sondland raised the issue of the hold on security assistance. He told Vice President Pence that he was concerned that the security assistance ''had become tied to the issue of investigations'' and that ''everything is being held up until these statements get made.'' Vice President Pence nodded in response, apparently expressing neither surprise nor dismay at the linkage between the two. At the meeting, President Zelensky expressed concern that even an appearance of wavering support from the United States for Ukraine could embolden Russia. Vice President Pence reiterated U.S. support for Ukraine, but could not promise that the hold would be lifted. Vice President Pence said he would relay his support for lifting the hold to President Trump so a decision could be made on security assistance as soon as possible. Vice President Pence spoke with President Trump that evening, but the hold was not lifted.
        24 Following this meeting, Ambassador Sondland pulled aside President Zelensky's advisor, Mr. Yermak, to explain that the hold on security assistance was conditioned on the public announcement of the Burisma/Biden and the 2016 election interference investigations. After learning of the conversation, Ambassador Taylor texted Ambassador Sondland: ''Are we now saying that security assistance and WH meeting are conditioned on investigations?'' The two then spoke by phone. Ambassador Sondland explained that he had previously made a ''mistake'' in telling Ukrainian officials that only the White House meeting was conditioned on a public announcement of the political investigations beneficial to President Trump. He clarified that ''everything'''--the White House meeting and hundreds of millions of dollars of security assistance to Ukraine'--was now conditioned on the announcement. President Trump wanted President Zelensky in a ''public box,'' which Ambassador Taylor understood to mean that President Trump required that President Zelensky make a public announcement about the investigations and that a private commitment would not do. On September 7, President Trump and Ambassador Sondland spoke. Ambassador Sondland stated to his colleagues that the President said, ''there was no quid pro quo,'' but that President Zelensky would be required to announce the investigations in order for the hold on security assistance to be lifted, ''and he should want to do it.'' Ambassador Sondland passed on a similar message directly to President Zelensky and Mr. Yermak that, ''although this was not a quid pro quo, if President Zelensky did not clear things up in public, we would be at a stalemate,'' referring to the hold on security assistance. Arrangements were made for the Ukrainian President to make a public statement during an interview on CNN. After speaking with Ambassador Sondland, Ambassador Taylor texted Ambassadors Sondland and Volker: ''As I said on the phone, I think it's crazy to withhold security assistance for help with a political campaign.'' Notwithstanding his long-held understanding that the White House meeting was conditioned on the public announcement of two political investigations desired by President Trump'--and not broader anti-corruption concerns'--Ambassador Sondland responded hours later: Bill, I believe you are incorrect about President Trump's intentions. The President has been crystal clear: no quid pro quo's of any kind. The President is trying to evaluate whether Ukraine is truly going to adopt the transparency and reforms that President Zelensky promised during his campaign. I suggest we stop the back and forth by text. If you still have concerns, I recommend you give Lisa Kenna or [Secretary Pompeo] a call to discuss with them directly. Thanks. Ambassador Sondland's subsequent testimony revealed this text to be a false exculpatory'--an untruthful statement that can later be used to conceal incriminating information. In his public testimony, Ambassador Sondland testified that the President's direction to withhold a presidential telephone call and a White House meeting for President Zelensky were both quid pro quos designed to pressure Ukraine to announce the investigations. He also testified that he developed a clear understanding that the military aid was also conditioned on the investigations, that it was as simple as 2+2=4. Sondland confirmed that
        25 his clear understanding was unchanged after speaking with President Trump, which he then communicated to the Ukrainians'--President Zelensky had to publicly announce the two investigations if he wanted to get the meeting or the military aid. In Ambassador Sondland's testimony, he was not clear on whether he had one conversation with the President in which the subject of a quid pro quo came up, or two, or on precisely which date the conversation took place during the period of September 6 through 9. In one version of the conversation which Ambassador Sondland suggested may have taken place on September 9, he claimed that the President answered an open question about what he wanted from Ukraine with an immediate denial'--''no quid pro quo.'' In another, he admitted that the President told him that President Zelensky should go to a microphone and announce the investigations, and that he should want to do so'--effectively confirming a quid pro quo. Both Ambassador Taylor and Mr. Morrison, relying on their contemporaneous notes, testified that the call between Ambassador Sondland and President Trump occurred on September 7, which is further confirmed by Ambassador Sondland's own text message on September 8 in which he wrote that he had ''multiple convos'' with President Zelensky and President Trump. A call on September 9, which would have occurred in the middle of the night, is at odds with the weight of the evidence and not backed up by any records the White House was willing to provide Ambassador Sondland. Regardless of the date, Ambassador Sondland did not contest telling both Mr. Morrison and Ambassador Taylor of a conversation he had with the President in which the President reaffirmed Ambassador Sondland's understanding of the quid pro quo for the military aid. As Ambassador Sondland acknowledged bluntly in his conversation with Mr. Holmes, President Trump's sole interest with respect to Ukraine was the ''big stuff'' that benefited him personally, such as the investigations into former Vice President Biden, and not President Zelensky's promises of transparency and reform. The President's Scheme Unraveled By early September, President Zelensky was ready to make a public announcement of the two investigations to secure a White House meeting and the military assistance his country desperately needed. He proceeded to book an interview on CNN during which he could make such an announcement, but other events soon intervened. On September 9, the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the Committees on Oversight and Reform, and the Committee on Foreign Affairs announced an investigation into the scheme by President Trump and his personal attorney, Mr. Giuliani ''to improperly pressure the Ukrainian government to assist the President's bid for reelection.'' The Committees sent document production and preservation requests to the White House and the State Department related to the investigation. NSC staff members believed this investigation might have had ''the effect of releasing the hold'' on Ukraine military assistance because it would have been ''potentially politically challenging'' to ''justify that hold.''
        26 Later that day, the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community (ICIG) sent a letter to Chairman Schiff and Ranking Member Nunes notifying the Committee that a whistleblower had filed a complaint on August 12 that the ICIG had determined to be both an ''urgent concern'' and ''credible.'' Nevertheless, the Acting Director of National Intelligence (DNI) took the unprecedented step of withholding the complaint from the Congressional Intelligence Committees, in coordination with the White House and the Department of Justice. The White House had been aware of the whistleblower complaint for several weeks, and press reports indicate that the President was briefed on it in late August. The ICIG's notification to Congress of the complaint's existence, and the announcement of a separate investigation into the same subject matter, telegraphed to the White House that attempts to condition the security assistance on the announcement of the political investigations beneficial to President Trump'--and efforts to cover up that misconduct'--would not last. On September 11, in the face of growing public and Congressional scrutiny, President Trump lifted the hold on security assistance to Ukraine. As with the implementation of the hold, no clear reason was given. By the time the President ordered the release of security assistance to Ukraine, DOD was unable to spend approximately 14 percent of the funds appropriated by Congress for Fiscal Year 2019. Congress had to pass a new law to extend the funding in order to ensure the full amount could be used by Ukraine to defend itself. Even after the hold was lifted, President Zelensky still intended to sit for an interview with CNN in order to announce the investigations'--indeed, he still wanted the White House meeting. At the urging of Ambassador Taylor, President Zelensky cancelled the CNN interview on September 18 or 19. The White House meeting, however, still has not occurred. The President's Chief of Staff Confirmed Aid was Conditioned on Investigations The conditioning of military aid to Ukraine on the investigations sought by the President was as clear to Ambassador Sondland as ''two plus two equals four.'' In fact, the President's own Acting Chief of Staff, someone who meets with him daily, admitted that he had discussed security assistance with the President and that his decision to withhold it was directly tied to his desire to get Ukraine to conduct a political investigation. On October 17, at a press briefing in the White House, Acting Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney confirmed that President Trump withheld the essential military aid for Ukraine as leverage to pressure Ukraine to investigate the conspiracy theory that Ukraine had interfered in the 2016 U.S. election. As Dr. Hill made clear in her testimony, this false narrative has been promoted by President Putin to deflect away from Russia's systemic interference in our election and to drive a wedge between the United States and a key partner. According to Mr. Mulvaney, President Trump ''[a]bsolutely'' mentioned ''corruption related to the DNC server'' in connection with the security assistance during his July 25 call. Mr. Mulvaney also stated that the server was part of ''why we held up the money.'' After a reporter attempted to clarify this explicit acknowledgement of a quid pro quo, Mr. Mulvaney replied:
        27 ''We do that all the time with foreign policy.'' He added, ''I have news for everybody: get over it. There is going to be political influence in foreign policy.'' Ambassador Taylor testified that in his decades of military and diplomatic service, he had never seen another example of foreign aid conditioned on the personal or political interests of the President. Rather, ''we condition assistance on issues that will improve our foreign policy, serve our foreign policy, ensure that taxpayers' money is well-spent,'' not specific investigations designed to benefit the political interests of the President of the United States. In contrast, President Trump does not appear to believe there is any such limitation on his power to use White House meetings, military aid or other official acts to procure foreign help in his reelection. When asked by a reporter on October 3 what he had hoped President Zelensky would do following their July 25 call, President Trump responded: ''Well, I would think that, if they were honest about it, they'd start a major investigation into the Bidens. It's a very simple answer.''
        28 SECTION II'--THE PRESIDENT'S OBSTRUCTION OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES' IMPEACHMENT INQUIRY The President Obstructed the Impeachment Inquiry by Instructing Witnesses and Agencies to Ignore Subpoenas for Documents and Testimony An Unprecedented Effort to Obstruct an Impeachment Inquiry Donald Trump is the first President in the history of the United States to seek to completely obstruct an impeachment inquiry undertaken by the House of Representatives under Article I of the Constitution, which vests the House with the ''sole Power of Impeachment.'' He has publicly and repeatedly rejected the authority of Congress to conduct oversight of his actions and has directly challenged the authority of the House to conduct an impeachment inquiry into his actions regarding Ukraine. President Trump ordered federal agencies and officials to disregard all voluntary requests for documents and defy all duly authorized subpoenas for records. He also directed all federal officials in the Executive Branch not to testify'--even when compelled. No other President has flouted the Constitution and power of Congress to conduct oversight to this extent. No President has claimed for himself the right to deny the House's authority to conduct an impeachment proceeding, control the scope of a power exclusively vested in the House, and forbid any and all cooperation from the Executive Branch. Even President Richard Nixon'--who obstructed Congress by refusing to turn over key evidence'--accepted the authority of Congress to conduct an impeachment inquiry and permitted his aides and advisors to produce documents and testify to Congressional committees. Despite President Trump's unprecedented and categorical commands, the House gathered overwhelming evidence of his misconduct from courageous individuals who were willing to follow the law, comply with duly authorized subpoenas, and tell the truth. In response, the President engaged in a brazen effort to publicly attack and intimidate these witnesses. If left unanswered, President Trump's ongoing effort to thwart Congress' impeachment power risks doing grave harm to the institution of Congress, the balance of power between our branches of government, and the Constitutional order that the President and every Member of Congress have sworn to protect and defend. Constitutional Authority for Congressional Oversight and Impeachment The House's Constitutional and legal authority to conduct an impeachment inquiry is clear, as is the duty of the President to cooperate with the House's exercise of this authority. Article I of the U.S. Constitution gives the House of Representatives the ''sole Power of Impeachment.'' The Framers intended the impeachment power to be an essential check on a President who might engage in corruption or abuse of power. Congress is empowered to conduct oversight and investigations to carry out its authorities under Article I. Because the
        29 impeachment power is a core component of the nation's Constitutional system of checks and balances, Congress' investigative authority is at its zenith during an impeachment inquiry. The Supreme Court has made clear that Congress' authority to investigate includes the authority to compel the production of information by issuing subpoenas, a power the House has delegated to its committees pursuant to its Constitutional authority to ''determine the Rules of its Proceedings.'' Congress has also enacted statutes to support its power to investigate and oversee the Executive Branch. These laws impose criminal and other penalties on those who fail to comply with inquiries from Congress or block others from doing so, and they reflect the broader Constitutional requirement to cooperate with Congressional investigations. Unlike President Trump, past Presidents who were the subject of impeachment inquiries'--including Presidents Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon, and Bill Clinton'--recognized and, to varying degrees, complied with information requests and subpoenas. President Nixon, for example, agreed to let his staff testify voluntarily in the Senate Watergate investigation, stating: ''All members of the White House Staff will appear voluntarily when requested by the committee. They will testify under oath, and they will answer fully all proper questions.'' President Nixon also produced documents in response to the House's subpoenas as part of its impeachment inquiry, including more than 30 transcripts of White House recordings and notes from meetings with the President. When President Nixon withheld tape recordings and produced heavily edited and inaccurate records, the House Judiciary Committee approved an article of impeachment for obstruction. The President's Categorical Refusal to Comply Even before the House of Representatives launched its investigation regarding Ukraine, President Trump rejected the authority of Congress to investigate his actions, proclaiming, ''We're fighting all the subpoenas,'' and ''I have an Article II, where I have the right to do whatever I want as president.'' When the Intelligence, Oversight and Reform, and Foreign Affairs Committees began reviewing the President's actions as part of the House's impeachment inquiry, the President repeatedly challenged the legitimacy of the investigation in word and deed. His rhetorical attacks appeared intended not only to dispute reports of his misconduct, but to persuade the American people that the House lacks authority to investigate the President. On September 26, President Trump argued that Congress should not be ''allowed'' to impeach him under the Constitution and that there ''should be a way of stopping it'--maybe legally, through the courts.'' A common theme of his defiance has been his claims that Congress is acting in an unprecedented way and using unprecedented rules. However, the House has been following the same investigative rules that Republicans championed when they were in control.
        30 On October 8, White House Counsel Pat Cipollone sent a letter to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and the Chairmen of the investigating Committees confirming that President Trump directed his entire Administration not to cooperate with the House's impeachment inquiry. Mr. Cipollone wrote: ''President Trump cannot permit his Administration to participate in this partisan inquiry under these circumstances.'' Mr. Cipollone's letter advanced remarkably politicized arguments and legal theories unsupported by the Constitution, judicial precedent, and more than 200 years of history. If allowed to stand, the President's defiance, as justified by Mr. Cipollone, would represent an existential threat to the nation's Constitutional system of checks and balances, separation of powers, and rule of law. The President's Refusal to Produce Any and All Subpoenaed Documents Following President Trump's categorical order, not a single document has been produced by the White House, the Office of the Vice President, the Office of Management and Budget, the Department of State, the Department of Defense, or the Department of Energy in response to 71 specific, individualized requests or demands for records in their possession, custody, or control. These subpoenas remain in full force and effect. These agencies and offices also blocked many current and former officials from producing records directly to the Committees. Certain witnesses defied the President's sweeping, categorical, and baseless order and identified the substance of key documents. For example, Ambassador Gordon Sondland attached ten exhibits to his written hearing testimony reflecting reproductions of certain communications with high-level Administration officials, including Acting White House Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney, former National Security Advisor John Bolton, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, and Secretary of Energy Rick Perry. Other witnesses identified numerous additional documents that the President and various agencies are withholding that are directly relevant to the impeachment inquiry. Like the White House, the Department of State refused to produce a single document in response to its subpoena, even though there is no legal basis for the Department's actions. In fact, on November 22, the Department was forced to produce 99 pages of emails, letters, notes, timelines, and news articles to a non-partisan, nonprofit ethics watchdog organization pursuant to a court order in a lawsuit filed under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). Although limited in scope, this production affirms that the Department is withholding responsive documents from Congress without any valid legal basis. The President's Refusal to Allow Top Aides to Testify No other President in history has issued an order categorically directing the entire Executive Branch not to testify before Congress, including in the context of an impeachment inquiry. President Trump issued just such an order. As reflected in Mr. Cipollone's letter, President Trump directed government witnesses to violate their legal obligations and defy House subpoenas'--regardless of their offices or
        31 positions. President Trump even extended his order to former officials no longer employed by the federal government. This Administration-wide effort to prevent all witnesses from providing testimony was coordinated and comprehensive. At President Trump's direction, twelve current or former Administration officials refused to testify as part of the House's impeachment inquiry, ten of whom did so in defiance of duly authorized subpoenas: ' Mick Mulvaney, Acting White House Chief of Staff ' Robert B. Blair, Assistant to the President and Senior Advisor to the Chief of Staff ' Ambassador John Bolton, Former National Security Advisor ' John A. Eisenberg, Deputy Counsel to the President for National Security Affairs and Legal Advisor, National Security Council ' Michael Ellis, Senior Associate Counsel to the President and Deputy Legal Advisor, National Security Council ' Preston Wells Griffith, Senior Director for International Energy and Environment, National Security Council ' Dr. Charles M. Kupperman, Former Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, National Security Council ' Russell T. Vought, Acting Director, Office of Management and Budget ' Michael Duffey, Associate Director for National Security Programs, Office of Management and Budget ' Brian McCormack, Associate Director for Natural Resources, Energy, and Science, Office of Management and Budget ' T. Ulrich Brechbuhl, Counselor, Department of State ' Secretary Rick Perry, Department of Energy These witnesses were warned that their refusal to testify ''shall constitute evidence that may be used against you in a contempt proceeding'' and ''may be used as an adverse inference against you and the President.'' The President's Unsuccessful Attempts to Block Other Key Witnesses Despite President Trump's orders that no Executive Branch employees should cooperate with the House's impeachment inquiry, multiple key officials complied with duly authorized subpoenas and provided critical testimony at depositions and public hearings. These officials not only served their nation honorably, but they fulfilled their oath to support and defend the Constitution of the United States. In addition to the President's broad orders seeking to prohibit all Executive Branch employees from testifying, many of these witnesses were personally directed by senior political appointees not to cooperate with the House's impeachment inquiry. These directives frequently cited or enclosed copies of Mr. Cipollone's October 8 letter conveying the President's order not to comply.
        32 For example, the State Department, relying on President Trump's order, attempted to block Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch from testifying, but she fulfilled her legal obligations by appearing at a deposition on October 11 and a hearing on November 15. More than a dozen current and former officials followed her courageous example by testifying at depositions and public hearings over the course of the last two months. The testimony from these witnesses produced overwhelming and clear evidence of President Trump's misconduct, which is described in detail in the first section of this report. The President's Intimidation of Witnesses President Trump publicly attacked and intimidated witnesses who came forward to comply with duly authorized subpoenas and testify about his misconduct, raising grave concerns about potential violations of criminal laws intended to protect witnesses appearing before Congressional proceedings. For example, the President attacked: ' Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch, who served the United States honorably for decades as a U.S. diplomat and anti-corruption advocate in posts around the world under six different Presidents; ' Ambassador Bill Taylor, who graduated at the top of his class at West Point, served as an infantry commander in Vietnam, and earned a Bronze Star and an Air Medal with a V device for valor; ' Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Vindman, an active-duty Army officer for more than 20 years who earned a Purple Heart for wounds he sustained in an improvised explosive device attack in Iraq, as well as the Combat Infantryman Badge; and ' Jennifer Williams, who is Vice President Mike Pence's top advisor on Europe and Russia and has a distinguished record of public service under the Bush, Obama, and Trump Administrations. The President engaged in this effort to intimidate these public servants to prevent them from cooperating with Congress' impeachment inquiry. He issued threats, openly discussed possible retaliation, made insinuations about their character and patriotism, and subjected them to mockery and derision'--when they deserved the opposite. The President's attacks were broadcast to millions of Americans'--including witnesses' families, friends, and coworkers. It is a federal crime to intimidate or seek to intimidate any witness appearing before Congress. This prohibition applies to anyone who knowingly ''uses intimidation, threatens, or corruptly persuades'' another person in order to ''influence, delay, or prevent the testimony of any person in an official proceeding.'' Violations of this law can carry a criminal sentence of up to 20 years in prison. In addition to his relentless attacks on witnesses who testified in connection with the House's impeachment inquiry, the President also repeatedly threatened and attacked a member of the Intelligence Community who filed an anonymous whistleblower complaint raising an
        33 ''urgent concern'' that ''appeared credible'' regarding the President's conduct. The whistleblower filed the complaint confidentially with the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community, as authorized by the relevant whistleblower law. Federal law prohibits the Inspector General from revealing the whistleblower's identity. Federal law also protects the whistleblower from retaliation. In more than 100 public statements about the whistleblower over a period of just two months, the President publicly questioned the whistleblower's motives, disputed the accuracy of the whistleblower's account, and encouraged others to reveal the whistleblower's identity. Most chillingly, the President issued a threat against the whistleblower and those who provided information to the whistleblower regarding the President's misconduct, suggesting that they could face the death penalty for treason. The President's campaign of intimidation risks discouraging witnesses from coming forward voluntarily, complying with mandatory subpoenas for documents and testimony, and disclosing potentially incriminating evidence in this inquiry and future Congressional investigations.
        34 KEY FINDINGS OF FACT Based on witness testimony and evidence collected during the impeachment inquiry, the Intelligence Committee has found that: I. Donald J. Trump, the 45th President of the United States'--acting personally and through his agents within and outside of the U.S. government'--solicited the interference of a foreign government, Ukraine, in the 2020 U.S. presidential election. The President engaged in this course of conduct for the benefit of his reelection, to harm the election prospects of a political opponent, and to influence our nation's upcoming presidential election to his advantage. In so doing, the President placed his personal political interests above the national interests of the United States, sought to undermine the integrity of the U.S. presidential election process, and endangered U.S. national security. II. In furtherance of this scheme, President Trump'--directly and acting through his agents within and outside the U.S. government'--sought to pressure and induce Ukraine's newly-elected president, Volodymyr Zelensky, to publicly announce unfounded investigations that would benefit President Trump's personal political interests and reelection effort. To advance his personal political objectives, President Trump encouraged the President of Ukraine to work with his personal attorney, Rudy Giuliani. III. As part of this scheme, President Trump, acting in his official capacity and using his position of public trust, personally and directly requested from the President of Ukraine that the government of Ukraine publicly announce investigations into (1) the President's political opponent, former Vice President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. and his son, Hunter Biden, and (2) a baseless theory promoted by Russia alleging that Ukraine'--rather than Russia'--interfered in the 2016 U.S. election. These investigations were intended to harm a potential political opponent of President Trump and benefit the President's domestic political standing. IV. President Trump ordered the suspension of $391 million in vital military assistance urgently needed by Ukraine, a strategic partner, to resist Russian aggression. Because the aid was appropriated by Congress, on a bipartisan basis, and signed into law by the President, its expenditure was required by law. Acting directly and through his subordinates within the U.S. government, the President withheld from Ukraine this military assistance without any legitimate foreign policy, national security, or anti-corruption justification. The President did so despite the longstanding bipartisan support of Congress, uniform support across federal departments and agencies for the provision to Ukraine of the military assistance, and his obligations under the Impoundment Control Act. V. President Trump used the power of the Office of the President and exercised his authority over the Executive Branch, including his control of the instruments of the federal government, to apply increasing pressure on the President of Ukraine and the Ukrainian government to announce the politically-motivated investigations desired by President Trump. Specifically, to advance and promote his scheme, the President withheld official
        35 acts of value to Ukraine and conditioned their fulfillment on actions by Ukraine that would benefit his personal political interests: A. President Trump'--acting through agents within and outside the U.S. government'--conditioned a head of state meeting at the White House, which the President of Ukraine desperately sought to demonstrate continued United States support for Ukraine in the face of Russian aggression, on Ukraine publicly announcing the investigations that President Trump believed would aid his reelection campaign. B. To increase leverage over the President of Ukraine, President Trump, acting through his agents and subordinates, conditioned release of the vital military assistance he had suspended to Ukraine on the President of Ukraine's public announcement of the investigations that President Trump sought. C. President Trump's closest subordinates and advisors within the Executive Branch, including Acting Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, Secretary of Energy J. Richard Perry, and other senior White House and Executive Branch officials had knowledge of, in some cases facilitated and furthered the President's scheme, and withheld information about the scheme from the Congress and the American public. VI. In directing and orchestrating this scheme to advance his personal political interests, President Trump did not implement, promote, or advance U.S. anti-corruption policies. In fact, the President sought to pressure and induce the government of Ukraine to announce politically-motivated investigations lacking legitimate predication that the U.S. government otherwise discourages and opposes as a matter of policy in that country and around the world. In so doing, the President undermined U.S. policy supporting anti-corruption reform and the rule of law in Ukraine, and undermined U.S. national security. VII. By withholding vital military assistance and diplomatic support from a strategic foreign partner government engaged in an ongoing military conflict illegally instigated by Russia, President Trump compromised national security to advance his personal political interests. VIII. Faced with the revelation of his actions, President Trump publicly and repeatedly persisted in urging foreign governments, including Ukraine and China, to investigate his political opponent. This continued solicitation of foreign interference in a U.S. election presents a clear and present danger that the President will continue to use the power of his office for his personal political gain. IX. Using the power of the Office of the President, and exercising his authority over the Executive Branch, President Trump ordered and implemented a campaign to conceal his conduct from the public and frustrate and obstruct the House of Representatives' impeachment inquiry by:
        36 A. refusing to produce to the impeachment inquiry's investigating Committees information and records in the possession of the White House, in defiance of a lawful subpoena; B. directing Executive Branch agencies to defy lawful subpoenas and withhold the production of all documents and records from the investigating Committees; C. directing current and former Executive Branch officials not to cooperate with the Committees, including in defiance of lawful subpoenas for testimony; and D. intimidating, threatening, and tampering with prospective and actual witnesses in the impeachment inquiry in an effort to prevent, delay, or influence the testimony of those witnesses. In so doing, and despite the fact that the Constitution vests in the House of Representatives the ''sole Power of Impeachment,'' the President sought to arrogate to himself the right to determine the propriety, scope, and nature of an impeachment inquiry into his own misconduct, and the right to deny any and all information to the Congress in the conduct of its constitutional responsibilities.
        37 SECTION I. THE PRESIDENT'S MISCONDUCT
        38 1. The President Forced Out the U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine The President forced out the United States Ambassador to Ukraine, Marie Yovanovitch, following a baseless smear campaign promoted by President Trump's personal attorney, Rudy Giuliani, and others. The campaign publicized conspiracy theories that benefited the President's personal political interests and undermined official U.S. policy, some of which the President raised during his July 25 call with the President of Ukraine. Overview On April 24, 2019, President Donald J. Trump abruptly recalled the U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine, Marie Yovanovitch. Ambassador Yovanovitch, an award-winning 33-year veteran Foreign Service officer, aggressively advocated for anti-corruption reforms in Ukraine consistent with U.S. foreign policy. President Trump forced her out following a baseless smear campaign promoted by his personal attorney, Rudy Giuliani, associates of Mr. Giuliani, and corrupt Ukrainians. Ambassador Yovanovitch was told by the State Department that President Trump had lost confidence in her, but she was never provided a substantive justification for her removal. Her ouster set the stage for other U.S. officials appointed by President Trump to work in cooperation with Mr. Giuliani to advance a scheme in support of the President's reelection. Mr. Giuliani and his associates promoted false conspiracy theories about Ukraine colluding with Democrats to interfere in the 2016 U.S. election. This false claim was promoted by Russian President Vladimir Putin in February 2017'--less than a month after the unanimous U.S. Intelligence Community assessment that Russia alone was responsible for a covert influence campaign aimed at helping President Trump during the 2016 election. Mr. Giuliani also made discredited public allegations about former Vice President Joe Biden and his son, Hunter, in an apparent effort to hurt President Trump's political rival in the 2020 presidential election. Mr. Giuliani's associates, with their own ties to President Trump, also worked to enter into arrangements with current and former corrupt Ukrainian officials to promote these false allegations'--the same unfounded allegations President Trump requested that Ukraine investigate on his July 25 call with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky. President Trump amplified these baseless allegations by tweeting them just a month before he recalled Ambassador Yovanovitch. Despite requests from Ambassador Yovanovitch and other senior State Department officials, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo refused to issue a statement of support for the Ambassador or the U.S. Embassy in Ukraine for fear of being undermined by a tweet by President Trump. The removal of Ambassador Yovanovitch left a vacuum in the leadership of the U.S. Embassy in Ukraine at an important time. A new president had just been elected on an anti-corruption platform, and the country was in a period of transition as it continued to defend itself against Russia-led military aggression in the east.
        39 Anti-Corruption Ceremony Interrupted to Recall Anti-Corruption Ambassador Ambassador Yovanovitch represented the United States of America as the U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine from 2016 to 2019. She is a non-partisan career public servant, first selected for the American Foreign Service in 1986. President George W. Bush named her as his Ambassador twice, to the Kyrgyz Republic and Armenia, and President Barack Obama nominated her for the posting in Kyiv.1 On the evening of April 24, Ambassador Yovanovitch approached a podium in front of gold drapes at the U.S. Ambassador's residence in Ukraine's capital city. She was hosting an event to present an award of courage to the father of Kateryna Handziuk, who was brutally murdered by people who opposed her efforts to expose and root out public corruption in Ukraine. In 2018, attackers threw sulfuric acid at Ms. Handziuk, burning more than 30 percent of her body. After months of suffering and nearly a dozen surgeries, she died at the age of 33.2 Her attackers have still not been held to account.3 Ambassador Yovanovitch began her speech by noting that Ms. Handziuk ''was a woman of courage who committed herself to speaking out against wrongdoing.'' She lamented how Ms. Handziuk had ''paid the ultimate price for her fearlessness in fighting against corruption and for her determined efforts to build a democratic Ukraine.'' She pledged that the United States would ''continue to stand with those engaged in the fight for a democratic Ukraine free of corruption, where people are held accountable'' and commended Ukrainians who ''have demonstrated to the world that they are willing to fight for a better system.''4 Ambassador Yovanovitch concluded her remarks by holding Ms. Handziuk's story up as an inspiration to the many Ukrainians striving to chart a new course for their country in the face of Russian interference and aggression: I think we can all see what a remarkable woman Kateryna Handziuk was, but she continues to inspire all of us to fight for justice. She was a courageous woman, who wanted to make Ukraine a better place. And she is continuing to do so. And I'll just leave you with one thought that was expressed in Washington at the ceremony'--that courage is contagious. I think we saw that on the Maidan in 2014, we see that on the front lines every day in the Donbas, we see it in the work that Kateryna Handziuk did here in Ukraine. And we see it in the work of all of you'--day in, day out'--fighting for Ukraine and the future of Ukraine.5 Ambassador Yovanovitch's evening was interrupted around 10:00 p.m. by a telephone call from the State Department's headquarters in Washington, D.C. Director General of the Foreign Service and Director of Human Resources Ambassador Carol Perez warned that the Department's leaders had ''great concern'' and ''were worried'' about her. Ambassador Yovanovitch testified that it is ''hard to know how to react to something like that.'' Ambassador Perez said she did not know what the concerns were but pledged she would ''try to find out more'' and would try to call back ''by midnight.''6
        40 Finally, at 1:00 a.m. in Kyiv, Ambassador Perez called again: The ''concerns'' were from ''up the street'' at the White House. Ambassador Perez said that Ambassador Yovanovitch needed to ''come home immediately, get on the next plane to the U.S.'' She warned that there were concerns about Ambassador Yovanovitch's ''security.'' When Ambassador Yovanovitch asked if Ambassador Perez was referring to her physical safety, Ambassador Perez relayed that she ''hadn't gotten that impression that it was a physical security issue,'' but that Ambassador Yovanovitch ''needed to come home right away.''7 Ambassador Yovanovitch asked Ambassador Perez specifically whether this order had anything to do with President Trump's personal attorney, Rudy Giuliani, who had been making unfounded allegations against her in the media. Ambassador Perez said she ''didn't know.''8 Ambassador Yovanovitch argued that this order to return to Washington, D.C. was ''extremely irregular'' and that no one had provided her a reason.9 In the end, however, Ambassador Yovanovitch swiftly returned to Washington.10 Rudy Giuliani, on Behalf of President Trump, Led a Smear Campaign to Oust Ambassador Yovanovitch Ambassador Yovanovitch's recall followed a concerted smear campaign by Mr. Giuliani and his associates, promoted by President Trump. The campaign was largely directed by Rudy Giuliani, President Trump's personal attorney since early 2018.11 A cast of supporting characters, which included corrupt Ukrainian prosecutors, now-indicted middlemen, conservative media pundits, and attorneys close to President Trump, assisted Mr. Giuliani. Among those associates were two U.S. citizens, Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman. Mr. Parnas and Mr. Fruman were Florida-based businessmen who were represented by Mr. Giuliani ''in connection with their personal and business affairs'' and who also ''assisted Mr. Giuliani in connection with his representation of President Trump.''12 Both Mr. Parnas and Mr. Fruman were criminally indicted in the Southern District of New York in October and face charges of conspiring to violate the federal ban on foreign donations and contributions in connection with federal and state elections.13 Dr. Fiona Hill, former Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Europe and Russian Affairs, National Security Council (NSC), learned from her colleagues that ''these guys were notorious in Florida and that they were bad news.''14 The campaign was also propelled by individuals in Ukraine, including two prosecutors general. Yuriy Lutsenko served as the Prosecutor General of Ukraine under former Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko'--the incumbent who lost to President Zelensky in April 2019'--and previously was the head of President Poroshenko's faction in the Ukrainian parliament.15 Viktor Shokin was Mr. Lutsenko's predecessor and was removed from office in 2016.16 Mr. Shokin has been described as ''a typical Ukraine prosecutor who lived a lifestyle far in excess of his government salary, who never prosecuted anybody known for having committed a crime,'' and ''covered up crimes that were known to have been committed.''17 In late 2018, Ukrainian officials informed Ambassador Yovanovitch about Mr. Giuliani's and Mr. Lutsenko's plans to target her. They told her that Mr. Lutsenko ''was in communication with Mayor Giuliani'' and that ''they were going to, you know, do things, including to me.''18
        41 Soon thereafter, Ambassador Yovanovitch learned that ''there had been a number of meetings'' between Mr. Giuliani and Mr. Lutsenko, who was looking to ''hurt'' her ''in the U.S.''19 The allegations against Ambassador Yovanovitch, which later surfaced publicly, concerned false claims that she had provided a ''do-not-prosecute list'' to Mr. Lutsenko and made disparaging comments about President Trump.20 Ambassador Yovanovitch inferred that Mr. Lutsenko was spreading ''falsehoods'' about her because she was ''effective at helping Ukrainians who wanted reform, Ukrainians who wanted to fight against corruption, and '... that was not in his interest.''21 Anti-corruption reform was not in Mr. Lutsenko's interest because he himself was known to be corrupt.22 David Holmes, Counselor for Political Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine, explained that: In mid-March 2019, an Embassy colleague learned from a Ukrainian contact that Mr. Lutsenko had complained that Ambassador Yovanovitch had, quote, unquote, destroyed him, with her refusal to support him until he followed through with his reform commitments and ceased using his position for personal gain.23 Deputy Assistant Secretary of State George Kent similarly summarized Mr. Lutsenko's smear campaign against Ambassador Yovanovitch, which was facilitated by Mr. Giuliani and his associates, as motivated by revenge: Over the course of 2018 and 2019, I became increasingly aware of an effort by Rudy Giuliani and others, including his associates Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman, to run a campaign to smear Ambassador Yovanovitch and other officials at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv. The chief agitators on the Ukrainian side of this effort were some of those same corrupt former prosecutors I had encountered, particularly Yuriy Lutsenko and Viktor Shokin. They were now peddling false information in order to extract revenge against those who had exposed their misconduct, including U.S. diplomats, Ukrainian anticorruption officials, and reform-minded civil society groups in Ukraine.24 Mr. Kent succinctly summarized, ''[y]ou can't promote principled anti-corruption efforts without pissing off corrupt people.''25 By doing her job, Ambassador Yovanovitch drew Mr. Lutsenko's ire. In late 2018 and early 2019, Mr. Lutsenko also risked losing his job as Prosecutor General and possible criminal investigation, if then-candidate Volodymyr Zelensky won the presidency. Special Representative for Ukraine Negotiations, Ambassador Kurt Volker, explained: As is often the case in Ukraine, a change in power would mean change in prosecutorial powers as well, and there have been efforts in the past at prosecuting the previous government. I think Mr. Lutsenko, in my estimation, and I said this to Mayor Giuliani when I met with him, was interested in preserving his own position. He wanted to avoid being fired by a new government in order to prevent prosecution of himself, possible prosecution of himself.26
        42 Officials in Ukraine have also speculated that Mr. Lutsenko cultivated his relationship with Mr. Giuliani in an effort to hold on to his position.27 Ambassador Yovanovitch described Mr. Lutsenko as an ''opportunist'' who ''will ally himself, sometimes simultaneously '... with whatever political or economic forces he believes will suit his interests best at the time.''28 Mr. Lutsenko promoted debunked conspiracy theories that had gained traction with President Trump and Mr. Giuliani. Those debunked conspiracy theories alleged that the Ukrainian government'--not Russia'--was behind the hack of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) server in 2016, and that former Vice President Biden had petitioned for the removal of Mr. Shokin to prevent an investigation into Burisma Holdings, a Ukrainian energy company for which Vice President Biden's son, Hunter, served as a board member. Both conspiracy theories served the personal political interests of President Trump because they would help him in his campaign for reelection in 2020. The first would serve to undercut Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation, which was still underway when Mr. Giuliani began his activities in Ukraine and was denounced as a ''witch hunt'' by the President and his supporters.29 The second would serve to damage Democratic presidential candidate Vice President Biden. These conspiracies lacked any basis in fact. The Intelligence Community, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, both the Majority and Minority of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and the investigation undertaken by Special Counsel Robert Mueller concluded that Russia was responsible for interfering in the 2016 election.30 President Trump's former Homeland Security Advisor, Tom Bossert, said that the idea of Ukraine hacking the DNC server was ''not only a conspiracy theory, it is completely debunked.''31 Russia has pushed the false theory that Ukraine was involved in the 2016 election to distract from its own involvement.32 Mr. Holmes testified that it was to President Putin's advantage to promote the theory of Ukrainian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections for several reasons: First of all, to deflect from the allegations of Russian interference. Second of all, to drive a wedge between the United States and Ukraine which Russia wants to essentially get back into its sphere of influence. Thirdly, to besmirch Ukraine and its political leadership, [and] to degrade and erode support for Ukraine from other key partners in Europe and elsewhere.33 The allegations that Vice President Biden inappropriately pressured the Ukrainians to remove Mr. Shokin also are without merit. Mr. Shokin was widely considered to be ineffective and corrupt.34 When he urged the Ukrainian government to remove Mr. Shokin, Vice President Biden was advocating for anti-corruption reform and pursuing official U.S. policy.35 Moreover, Mr. Shokin's removal was supported by other countries, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank, and was ''widely understood internationally to be the right policy.''36 In May 2019, even Mr. Lutsenko himself admitted that there was no credible evidence of wrongdoing by Hunter Biden or Vice President Biden.37
        43 Nevertheless, Mr. Giuliani engaged with both Mr. Lutsenko and Mr. Shokin regarding these baseless allegations. According to documents provided to the State Department Office of Inspector General, in January 23, 2019, Mr. Giuliani, Mr. Parnas, and Mr. Fruman participated in a conference call with Mr. Shokin. According to notes of the call, Mr. Shokin made allegations about Vice President Biden and Burisma. Mr. Shokin also claimed that Ambassador Yovanovitch had improperly denied him a U.S. visa and that she was close to Vice President Biden.38 Mr. Giuliani separately met with Mr. Lutsenko in New York.39 Over the course of two days, on January 25 and 26, Mr. Giuliani, Mr. Lutsenko, Mr. Parnas, and Mr. Fruman, reportedly discussed whether Ambassador Yovanovitch was ''loyal to President Trump,'' as well as investigations into Burisma and the Bidens.40 For his part, Mr. Lutsenko later said he ''understood very well'' that Mr. Giuliani wanted Mr. Lutsenko to investigate former Vice President Biden and his son, Hunter. ''I have 23 years in politics,'' Lutsenko said. ''I knew. '... I'm a political animal.''41 Mr. Giuliani later publicly acknowledged that he was seeking information from Ukrainians on behalf of his client, President Trump. On October 23, Mr. Giuliani tweeted ''everything I did was to discover evidence to defend my client against false charges.''42 Then, in a series of tweets on October 30, Mr. Giuliani stated: All of the information I obtained came from interviews conducted as '... private defense counsel to POTUS, to defend him against false allegations. I began obtaining this information while Mueller was still investigating his witch hunt and a full 5 months before Biden even announced his run for Pres.43 President Trump and Mr. Giuliani's efforts to investigate alleged Ukrainian interference in the 2016 U.S. election and Vice President Biden negatively impacted the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv. Mr. Holmes testified: Beginning in March 2019, the situation at the Embassy and in Ukraine changed dramatically. Specifically, the three priorities of security, economy, and justice and our support for Ukrainian democratic resistance to Russian aggression became overshadowed by a political agenda promoted by former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani and a cadre of officials operating with a direct channel to the White House.44 U.S. national interests in Ukraine were undermined and subordinated to the personal, political interests of President Trump. The Smear Campaign Accelerated in Late March 2019 The smear campaign entered a more public phase in the United States in late March 2019 with the publication of a series of opinion pieces in The Hill. On March 20, 2019, John Solomon penned an opinion piece quoting a false claim by Mr. Lutsenko that Ambassador Yovanovitch had given him a do-not-prosecute list.45 Mr. Lutsenko
        44 later retracted the claim.46 Mr. Solomon's work also included false allegations that Ambassador Yovanovitch had ''made disparaging statements about President Trump.''47 Ambassador Yovanovitch called this allegation ''fictitious,'' and the State Department issued a statement describing the allegations as a ''fabrication.''48 The Committees uncovered evidence of close ties and frequent contacts between Mr. Solomon and Mr. Parnas, who was assisting Mr. Giuliani in connection with his representation of the President. Phone records show that in the 48 hours before publication of The Hill opinion piece, Mr. Parnas spoke with Mr. Solomon at least six times.49 In addition, The Hill piece cited a letter dated May 9, 2018, from Representative Pete Sessions (R-Texas) to Secretary Pompeo, in which Rep. Sessions accused Ambassador Yovanovitch of speaking ''privately and repeatedly about her disdain for the current administration.''50 A federal criminal indictment alleges that in or about May 2018, Mr. Parnas sought a congressman's assistance to remove Ambassador Yovanovitch, at the request of one or more Ukrainian government officials.51 On March 20, 2019, the day The Hill opinion piece was published, Mr. Parnas again spoke with Mr. Solomon for 11 minutes.52 Shortly after that phone call, President Trump promoted Mr. Solomon's article in a tweet.53 Following President Trump's tweet, the public attacks against Ambassador Yovanovitch were further amplified on social media and were merged with the conspiracy theories regarding both Ukrainian interference in the 2016 U.S. election and the Bidens. On March 22, 2019, Mr. Giuliani tweeted: ''Hillary, Kerry, and Biden people colluding with Ukrainian operatives to make money and affect 2016 election.'' He also gave an interview to Fox News in which he raised Hunter Biden and called for an investigation.54 Then, on March 24, Donald Trump Jr. called Ambassador Yovanovitch a ''joker'' on Twitter and called for her removal.55 This campaign reverberated in Ukraine. Mr. Kent testified that ''starting in mid-March'' Mr. Giuliani was ''almost unmissable'' during this ''campaign of slander'' against Ambassador Yovanovitch.56 According to Mr. Kent, Mr. Lutsenko's press spokeswoman retweeted Donald Trump, Jr.'s tweet attacking the Ambassador.57 Concerns About President Trump Kept State Department from Issuing Statement of Support At the end of March, as this smear campaign intensified, Ambassador Yovanovitch sent Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs David Hale an email identifying her concerns with the false allegations about her and asking for a strong statement of support from the State Department. She explained that, otherwise, ''it makes it hard to be a credible ambassador in a country.''58 Ambassador Hale had been briefed on the smears in a series of emails from Mr. Kent.59 Ambassador Hale agreed that the allegations were without merit.60 Ambassador Yovanovitch was told that State Department officials were concerned that if they issued a public statement supporting her, ''it could be undermined'' by ''[t]he President.''61 Ambassador Hale explained that a statement of support ''would only fuel further negative reaction'' and that ''it might even provoke a public reaction from the President himself about the
        45 Ambassador.''62 In short, State Department officials were concerned ''that the rug would be pulled out from underneath the State Department.''63 Ambassador Yovanovitch turned to the U.S. Ambassador to the European Union, Gordon Sondland, for advice. According to Ambassador Yovanovitch, Ambassador Sondland suggested that, in response to the smear campaign, she make a public statement in support of President Trump. She said Ambassador Sondland told her, ''you need to go big or go home'' and ''tweet out there that you support the President, and that all these are lies and everything else.''64 Ambassador Yovanovitch said she felt that this ''was advice that I did not see how I could implement in my role as an Ambassador, and as a Foreign Service officer.''65 Ultimately, Secretary Pompeo refused to issue a public statement of support for Ambassador Yovanovitch. At the same time Secretary Pompeo was refusing to issue a statement, he was communicating with one of the individuals involved in the smear campaign against her. State Department records show that Secretary Pompeo spoke to Mr. Giuliani on March 26 and 28, not long after Mr. Solomon's first article in The Hill.66 The Smear Campaign was a Coordinated Effort by Mr. Giuliani, His Associates, and One or More Individuals at the White House In April, Mr. Solomon continued to publish opinion pieces about Ambassador Yovanovitch and other conspiracy theories being pursued by Mr. Giuliani on behalf of President Trump. Mr. Solomon was not working alone. As further described below, there was a coordinated effort by associates of President Trump to push these false narratives publicly, as evidenced by public statements, phone records, and contractual agreements. On April 1, Mr. Solomon published an opinion piece in The Hill alleging that Vice President Biden had inappropriately petitioned for the removal of Mr. Shokin to protect his son, Hunter.67 The opinion piece was entitled, ''Joe Biden's 2020 Ukrainian Nightmare: A Closed Probe is Revived.'' Many of the allegations in the piece were based on information provided by Mr. Lutsenko. The following day, Donald Trump, Jr. retweeted the article.68 Phone records obtained by the Committees show frequent communication between key players during this phase of the scheme. Between April 1 and April 7, Mr. Parnas exchanged approximately 16 calls with Mr. Giuliani (longest duration approximately seven minutes) and approximately 10 calls with Mr. Solomon (longest duration approximately nine minutes).69 On April 7, Mr. Solomon followed up with another opinion piece. The piece accused Ambassador Yovanovitch of preventing the issuance of U.S. visas for Ukrainian officials who wished to travel to the United States to provide purported evidence of wrongdoing by ''American Democrats and their allies in Kiev.''70 One of those Ukrainian officials allegedly denied a visa was Konstiantyn Kulyk, a deputy to Mr. Lutesenko. Mr. Kulyk participated in a ''wide-ranging interview'' with Mr. Solomon and was extensively quoted.71 These Ukrainian officials claimed to have evidence of wrongdoing about Vice President Biden's efforts in 2015 to remove Mr. Shokin, Hunter Biden's role as a Burisma board member,
        46 Ukrainian interference in the 2016 U.S. election in favor of Hillary Clinton, and the misappropriation and transfer of Ukrainian funds abroad.72 The opinion piece also made clear that Mr. Giuliani was pursuing these very same theories on behalf of the President: More recently, President Trump's private attorney Rudy Giuliani'--former mayor and former U.S. attorney in New York City'--learned about some of the allegations while, on behalf of the Trump legal team, he looked into Ukrainian involvement in the 2016 election. According to Mr. Solomon's piece, Mr. Lutsenko was reported to have sufficient evidence, ''particularly involving Biden, his family and money spirited out of Ukraine'--to warrant a meeting with U.S. Attorney General William Barr.''73 On the same day that Mr. Solomon published these allegations, Mr. Giuliani appeared on Fox News. Mr. Giuliani discussed how he learned about alleged Ukrainian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections and the Bidens' purported misconduct in Ukraine: Let me tell you my interest in that. I got information about three or four months ago that a lot of the explanations for how this whole phony investigation started will be in the Ukraine, that there were a group of people in the Ukraine that were working to help Hillary Clinton and were colluding really'--[LAUGHTER]'--with the Clinton campaign. And it stems around the ambassador and the embassy, being used for political purposes. So I began getting some people that were coming forward and telling me about that. And then all of a sudden, they revealed the story about Burisma and Biden's son '... [Vice President Biden] bragged about pressuring Ukraine's president to firing [sic] a top prosecutor who was being criticized on a whole bunch of areas but was conducting investigation of this gas company which Hunter Biden served as a director.74 The next day, April 8, Mr. Giuliani tweeted about Mr. Solomon's opinion piece.75 Over the course of the four days following the April 7 article, phone records show contacts between Mr. Giuliani, Mr. Parnas, Representative Devin Nunes, and Mr. Solomon. Specifically, Mr. Giuliani and Mr. Parnas were in contact with one another, as well as with Mr. Solomon.76 Phone records also show contacts on April 10 between Mr. Giuliani and Rep. Nunes, consisting of three short calls in rapid succession, followed by a text message, and ending with a nearly three minute call.77 Later that same day, Mr. Parnas and Mr. Solomon had a four minute, 39 second call.78 Victoria Toensing, a lawyer who, along with her partner Joseph diGenova, once briefly represented President Trump in connection with Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation,79 also was in phone contact with Mr. Giuliani and Mr. Parnas at the beginning of April.80 Beginning in mid-April, Ms. Toensing signed retainer agreements between diGenova & Toensing LLP and Mr. Lutsenko, Mr. Kulyk, and Mr. Shokin'--all of whom feature in Mr. Solomon's opinion pieces.81 In these retainer agreements, the firm agreed to represent Mr.
        47 Lutsenko and Mr. Kulyk in meetings with U.S. officials regarding alleged ''evidence'' of Ukrainian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections, and to represent Mr. Shokin ''for the purpose of collecting evidence regarding his March 2016 firing as Prosecutor General of Ukraine and the role of Vice President Biden in such firing, and presenting such evidence to U.S. and foreign authorities.''82 On July 25, President Trump would personally press President Zelensky to investigate these very same matters. On April 23, Mr. Parnas had a call with Mr. Solomon, and multiple phone contacts with Mr. Giuliani.83 On that same day, Mr. Giuliani had a series of short phone calls (ranging from 11 to 18 seconds) with a phone number associated with the White House, followed shortly thereafter by an eight minute, 28 second call with an unidentified number that called him.84 Approximately half an hour later, Mr. Giuliani had a 48 second call with a phone number associated with Ambassador John Bolton, National Security Advisor to the President.85 That same day, Mr. Giuliani tweeted: Hillary is correct the report is the end of the beginning for the second time...NO COLLUSION. Now Ukraine is investigating Hillary campaign and DNC conspiracy with foreign operatives including Ukrainian and others to affect 2016 election. And there's no Comey to fix the result.86 The next day, on the morning of April 24, Mr. Giuliani appeared on Fox and Friends, lambasting the Mueller investigation. Mr. Giuliani also promoted the false conspiracy theories about Ukraine and Vice President Biden: And I ask you to keep your eye on Ukraine, because in Ukraine, a lot of the dirty work was done in digging up the information. American officials were used, Ukrainian officials were used. That's like collusion with the Ukrainians. And, or actually in this case, conspiracy with the Ukrainians. I think you'd get some interesting information about Joe Biden from Ukraine. About his son, Hunter Biden. About a company he was on the board of for years, which may be one of the most crooked companies in Ukraine. '... And Biden bragged about the fact that he got the prosecutor general fired. The prosecutor general was investigating his son and then the investigation went south.87 Later that day, Mr. Giuliani had three phone calls with a number associated with OMB, and eight calls with a White House number.88 One of the calls with the White House was four minutes, 53 seconds, and another was three minutes, 15 seconds. Later that evening, the State Department phoned Ambassador Yovanovitch and abruptly called her home because of ''concerns'' from ''up the street'' at the White House.89 Ambassador Yovanovitch Was Informed That the President ''Lost Confidence'' in Her When Ambassador Yovanovitch returned to the United States at the end of April, Deputy Secretary of State John Sullivan informed her that she had ''done nothing wrong,'' but ''there had been a concerted campaign'' against her and that President Trump had ''lost confidence'' in her
        48 leadership.90 He also told her that ''the President no longer wished me to serve as Ambassador to Ukraine, and that, in fact, the President had been pushing for my removal since the prior summer.''91 Ambassador Philip T. Reeker, Acting Assistant Secretary of State for the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, offered a similar assessment. He explained to Ambassador Yovanovitch that Secretary Pompeo had tried to ''protect'' her, but ''was no longer able to do that.''92 Counselor of the Department of State T. Ulrich Brechbuhl, who had been handling Ambassador Yovanovitch's recall, refused to meet with her.93 Ambassador Yovanovitch's final day as U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine was May 20, 2019. This was the same day as President Zelensky's inauguration, which was attended by Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, Ambassador Sondland, and Ambassador Volker.94 Rather than joining the official delegation at the inaugural festivities, she finished packing her personal belongings and boarded an airplane for her final flight home. Three days later, President Trump met in the Oval Office with his hand-picked delegation and gave them the ''directive'' to ''talk with Rudy [Giuliani]'' about Ukraine.95 The President Provided No Rationale for the Recall of Ambassador Yovanovitch Ambassador Yovanovitch testified that she was never provided a justification for why President Trump recalled her.96 Only two months earlier, in early March 2019, Ambassador Yovanovitch had been asked by Ambassador Hale to extend her assignment as Ambassador to Ukraine until 2020.97 Ambassador Hale testified that Ambassador Yovanovitch was ''an exceptional officer doing exceptional work at a very critical embassy in Kyiv.''98 He added, ''I believe that she should've been able to stay at post and continue to do the outstanding work that she was doing.''99 During her more than three-decade career, Ambassador Yovanovitch received a number of awards, including: the Presidential Distinguished Service Award, the Secretary's Diplomacy in Human Rights Award, the Senior Foreign Service Performance Award six times, and the State Department's Superior Honor Award five times.100 Career foreign service officer Ambassador P. Michael McKinley, former Senior Advisor to Secretary Pompeo, testified that Ambassador Yovanovitch's reputation was ''excellent, serious, committed.''101 Ambassador Reeker described her as an ''[o]utstanding diplomat,'' ''very precise, very'--very professional,'' ''an excellent mentor,'' and ''a good leader.''102 Ambassador Yovanovitch Strongly Advocated for the U.S. Policy to Combat Corruption Throughout the course of her career, and while posted to Kyiv, Ambassador Yovanovitch was a champion of the United States' longstanding priority of combatting corruption.
        49 Mr. Kent described U.S. foreign policy in Ukraine as encompassing the priorities of ''promoting the rule of law, energy independence, defense sector reform, and the ability to stand up to Russia.''103 Ambassador Yovanovitch testified that it ''was'--and remains'--a top U.S. priority to help Ukraine fight corruption'' because corruption makes Ukraine more ''vulnerable to Russia.''104 Additionally, she testified that an honest and accountable Ukrainian leadership makes a U.S.-Ukrainian partnership more reliable and more valuable to the United States.105 Mr. Holmes testified that Ambassador Yovanovitch was successful in implementing anti-corruption reforms in Ukraine by achieving, for example, ''the hard-fought passage of a law establishing an independent court to try corruption cases.''106 Mr. Holmes said Ambassador Yovanovitch was ''[a]s good as anyone known for'' combatting corruption.107 The reforms achieved by Ambassador Yovanovitch helped reduce the problem faced by many post-Soviet countries of selective corruption prosecutions to target political opponents.108 There was a broad consensus that Ambassador Yovanovitch was successful in helping Ukraine combat pervasive and endemic corruption. President's Authority Does Not Explain Removal of Yovanovitch While ambassadors serve at the pleasure of the president, the manner and circumstances of Ambassador Yovanovitch's removal were unusual and raise questions of motive.109 Ambassador Yovanovitch queried ''why it was necessary to smear my reputation falsely.''110 She found it difficult to comprehend how individuals ''who apparently felt stymied by our efforts to promote stated U.S. policy against corruption'' were ''able to successfully conduct a campaign of disinformation against a sitting ambassador using unofficial back channels.'' 111 Dr. Hill similarly testified that while the President has the authority to remove an ambassador, she was concerned ''about the circumstances in which [Ambassador Yovanovitch's] reputation had been maligned, repeatedly, on television and in all kinds of exchanges.'' Dr. Hill ''felt that that was completely unnecessary.''112 Recall of Yovanovitch Threatened U.S.-Ukraine Policy The smear campaign questioning Ambassador Yovanovitch's loyalty undermined U.S. diplomatic efforts in Ukraine, a key U.S. partner and a bulwark against Russia's expansion into Europe. As Ambassador Yovanovitch explained: Ukrainians were wondering whether I was going to be leaving, whether we really represented the President, U.S. policy, et cetera. And so I think it was'--you know, it really kind of cut the ground out from underneath us.113 Summarizing the cumulative impact of the attacks, she emphasized: ''If our chief representative is kneecapped it limits our effectiveness to safeguard the vital national security interests of the United States.''114
        50 President Trump's recall of Ambassador Yovanovitch left the U.S. Embassy in Ukraine without an ambassador at a time of electoral change in Ukraine and when the Embassy was also without a deputy chief of mission. Mr. Kent explained: During the late spring and summer of 2019, I became alarmed as those efforts bore fruit. They led to the outer [ouster] of Ambassador Yovanovitch and hampered U.S. efforts to establish rapport with the new Zelensky administration in Ukraine.115 '... One of the unfortunate elements of the timing was that we were also undergoing a transition in my old job as deputy chief of mission. The person who replaced me had already been moved early to be our DCM and Charge in Sweden, and so we had a temporary acting deputy chief of mission. So that left the embassy not only without'--the early withdrawal of Ambassador Yovanovitch left us not only without an Ambassador but without somebody who had been selected to be deputy chief of mission.116 It was not until late May that Secretary Pompeo asked Ambassador Bill Taylor, who had previously served as Ambassador to Ukraine, to return to Kyiv as Charg(C) d'Affaires to lead the embassy while it awaited a confirmed Ambassador. Ambassador Taylor did not arrive in Kyiv until June 17, more than a month after Ambassador Yovanovitch officially left Kyiv.117 His mission to carry out U.S. objectives there would prove challenging in the face of ongoing efforts by Mr. Giuliani and others'--at the direction of the President'--to secure investigations demanded by the President to help his reelection.
        51 2. The President Put Giuliani and the Three Amigos in Charge of Ukraine Issues After President Trump recalled Ambassador Yovanovitch, his personal agent, Rudy Giuliani, intensified the President's campaign to pressure Ukraine's newly-elected president to interfere in the 2020 U.S. election. President Trump directed his own political appointees to coordinate with Mr. Giuliani on Ukraine, while National Security Council officials expressed alarm over the efforts to pursue a ''domestic political errand'' for the political benefit of the President. Officials at the highest levels of the White House and Trump Administration were aware of the President's scheme. Overview On April 21, 2019, the day that Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky was elected as president of Ukraine, President Trump called to congratulate him. After a positive call'--in which Mr. Zelensky complimented President Trump and requested that President Trump attend his inauguration'--President Trump instructed Vice President Mike Pence to lead the U.S. delegation to the inauguration. However, on May 13'--before the inauguration date was even set'--President Trump instructed Vice President Pence not to attend. Rudy Giuliani also announced a plan to visit Ukraine in mid-May 2019'--not on official U.S. government business, but instead to pursue on behalf of his client, President Trump, the debunked conspiracy theories about alleged Ukrainian interference in the 2016 election and discredited claims about the Bidens. After public scrutiny in response to his announced visit, Mr. Giuliani cancelled his trip and alleged that President-elect Zelensky was surrounded by ''enemies of the President.'' Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, Ambassador to the European Union Gordon Sondland, and Ambassador Kurt Volker, Special Representative for Ukraine Negotiations, ultimately led the U.S. delegation to President Zelensky's inauguration. Upon returning to Washington, D.C., the three U.S. officials'--who dubbed themselves the ''Three Amigos'''--debriefed the President in the Oval Office and encouraged him to engage with President Zelensky. Instead of accepting their advice, President Trump complained that Ukraine is ''a terrible place, all corrupt, terrible people,'' and asserted that Ukraine ''tried to take me down in 2016.'' The President instructed the ''Three Amigos'' to ''talk to Rudy'' and coordinate with him on Ukraine matters. They followed the President's orders. Dr. Fiona Hill, Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Europe and Russian Affairs at the National Security Council, would later observe that Ambassador Sondland ''was being involved in a domestic political errand, and we [the NSC staff] were being involved in national security foreign policy, and those two things had just diverged.''
        52 A Political Newcomer Won Ukraine's Presidential Election on an Anti-Corruption Platform On April 21, popular comedian and television actor, Volodymyr Zelensky, won a landslide victory in Ukraine's presidential election, earning the support of 73 percent of voters and unseating the incumbent Petro Poroshenko. Mr. Zelensky, who had no prior political experience, told voters a week before his victory: ''I'm not a politician. I'm just a simple person who came to break the system.''118 Five years earlier, in late 2013, Ukrainians had gathered in Kyiv and rallied against the corrupt government of former President Viktor Yanukovych, eventually forcing him to flee to the safety of Vladimir Putin's Russia. Mr. Zelensky's victory in April 2019 reaffirmed the Ukrainian people's strong desire to overcome an entrenched system of corruption and pursue closer partnership with the West.119 Following the election results, at 4:29 p.m. Eastern Time, President Trump was connected by telephone to President-elect Zelensky and congratulated him ''on a job well done '... a fantastic election.'' He declared, ''I have no doubt you will be a fantastic president.''120 According to a call record released publicly by the White House, President Trump did not openly express doubts about the newly-elected leader.121 And contrary to a public readout of the call originally issued by the White House, President Trump did not mention corruption in Ukraine, despite the NSC staff preparing talking points on that topic.122 Indeed, ''corruption'' was not mentioned once during the April 21 conversation, according to the official call record.123 In the call, President-elect Zelensky lauded President Trump as ''a great example'' and invited him to visit Ukraine for his upcoming inauguration'--a gesture that President Trump called ''very nice.''124 President Trump told Mr. Zelensky: I'll look into that, and well'--give us the date and, at a very minimum, we'll have a great representative. Or more than one from the United States will be with you on that great day. So, we will have somebody, at a minimum, at a very, very high level, and they will be with you.125 Mr. Zelensky persisted. ''Words cannot describe our country,'' he went on, ''so it would be best for you to see it yourself. So, if you can come, that would be great. So again, I invite you to come.''126 President Trump responded, ''Well, I agree with you about your country and I look forward to it.''127 In a nod to his past experience working with Ukraine as a businessman, President Trump added, ''When I owned Miss Universe '... Ukraine was always very well represented.''128 President Trump then invited Mr. Zelensky to the White House to meet, saying: ''When you're settled in and ready, I'd like to invite you to the White House. We'll have a lot of things to talk about, but we're with you all the way.'' Mr. Zelensky promptly accepted the President's invitation, adding that the ''whole team and I are looking forward to that visit.''129 Mr. Zelensky then reiterated his interest in President Trump attending his inauguration, saying, ''it will be absolutely fantastic if you could come and be with us.'' President Trump
        53 promised to let the Ukrainian leader know ''very soon'' and added that he would see Mr. Zelensky ''very soon, regardless.''130 Shortly after the April 21 call, Jennifer Williams, Special Advisor to the Vice President for Europe and Russia, learned that President Trump asked Vice President Pence to attend Mr. Zelensky's inauguration.131 Ms. Williams testified that in a separate phone call between Vice President Pence and President-elect Zelensky two days later, ''the Vice President accepted that invitation from President Zelensky, and looked forward to being able to attend '... if the dates worked out.''132 Ms. Williams and her colleagues began planning for the Vice President's trip to Kyiv.133 Rudy Giuliani and his Associates Coordinated Efforts to Secure and Promote the Investigations with Ukrainian President Zelensky As previously explained in Chapter 1, Mr. Giuliani, acting on behalf of President Trump, had for months engaged corrupt current and former Ukrainian officials, including Ukrainian Prosecutor General Yuriy Lutsenko. The April election of Mr. Zelensky, however, raised the possibility that Mr. Lutsenko might lose his job as Prosecutor General once Mr. Zelensky took power. In the immediate aftermath of President-elect Zelensky's election, Mr. Giuliani continued publicly to project confidence that Ukraine would deliver on investigations related to the Bidens. On April 24'--before Ambassador Yovanovitch received calls abruptly summoning her back to Washington'--Mr. Giuliani stated in an interview on Fox and Friends that viewers should, [K]eep your eye on Ukraine'... I think you'd get some interesting information about Joe Biden from Ukraine. About his son, Hunter Biden. About a company he was on the board of for years, which may be one of the most crooked companies in Ukraine.134 Behind the scenes, however, Mr. Giuliani was taking steps to engage the new Ukrainian leader and his aides. The day before, on April 23, the same day that Vice President Pence confirmed his plans to attend President-elect Zelensky's inauguration, Mr. Giuliani dispatched his own delegation'--consisting of Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman'--to meet with Ihor Kolomoisky, a wealthy Ukrainian with ties to President-elect Zelensky. Instead of going to Kyiv, they booked tickets to Israel, where they met with Mr. Kolomoisky.135 Mr. Kolomoisky owned Ukraine's largest bank until 2016, when Ukrainian authorities nationalized the failing financial institution. Although he denied allegations of committing any crimes, Mr. Kolomoisky subsequently left Ukraine for Israel, where he remained until President Zelensky assumed power.136 Mr. Kolomoisky confirmed to The New York Times that he met with Mr. Parnas and Mr. Fruman in late April 2019. He claimed they sought his assistance in facilitating a meeting between Mr. Giuliani and President-elect Zelensky, and he told them, ''you've ended up in the wrong place,'' and declined to arrange the requested meeting.137
        54 Mr. Giuliani was not deterred. During the time surrounding Ambassador Yovanovitch's recall, Mr. Giuliani and Mr. Parnas connected over a flurry of calls around a planned trip to Ukraine by Mr. Giuliani, which he would eventually cancel after growing public scrutiny. As previously described in Chapter 1, call records obtained by the Committees show a series of contacts on April 23 and 24 between Mr. Giuliani, the White House, Mr. Parnas, and John Solomon, among others.138 On April 25, 2019, former Vice President Biden publicly announced his campaign for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States and launched his effort to unseat President Trump in the 2020 election.139 That evening, Mr. Solomon published a new opinion piece in The Hill entitled, ''How the Obama White House Engaged Ukraine to Give Russia Collusion Narrative an Early Boost.'' Like Mr. Solomon's previous work, this April 25 piece repeated unsubstantiated conspiracy theories about alleged Ukrainian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. 140 Meanwhile, in Kyiv, David Holmes, Counselor for Political Affairs at U.S. Embassy Kyiv, learned on April 25 that Mr. Giuliani had reached out to Mr. Zelensky's campaign chair, Ivan Bakanov, seeking a channel to the newly-elected leader. Mr. Bakanov told Mr. Holmes ''that he had been contacted by, quote, someone named Giuliani, who said he was an advisor to the Vice President, unquote.''141 Mr. Holmes clarified that Mr. Bakanov was ''speaking in Russian'' and that he did not ''know what he [Bakanov] meant'' by his reference to the Vice President, ''but that's what he [Bakanov] said.''142 Regardless of Mr. Bakanov's apparent confusion as to who Mr. Giuliani represented, Mr. Holmes explained that by this point in time, Ukrainian officials seemed to think that Mr. Giuliani ''was a significant person in terms of managing their relationship with the United States.''143 At 7:14 p.m. Eastern Time on April 25, Mr. Giuliani once again received a call from an unknown ''-1'' number, which lasted four minutes and 40 seconds.144 Minutes later, Mr. Giuliani held a brief 36 second call with Sean Hannity, a Fox News opinion host. 145 On the night of April 25, President Trump called into Mr. Hannity's prime time Fox News show. In response to a question about Mr. Solomon's recent publication, President Trump said: It sounds like big stuff. It sounds very interesting with Ukraine. I just spoke to the new president a little while ago, two days ago, and congratulated him on an incredible race. Incredible run. A big surprise victory. That's 75 percent of the vote. But that sounds like big, big stuff. I'm not surprised.146 As Mr. Holmes later learned on July 26 from Ambassador Sondland, President Trump did not care about Ukraine, he cared about this ''big stuff'''--such as the investigation into Vice President Biden.147
        55 In the same Fox News interview, Mr. Hannity asked President Trump whether America needed to see the purported evidence possessed by the unnamed Ukrainians noted in Mr. Solomon's piece. The President replied, invoking Attorney General William P. Barr: Well, I think we do. And, frankly, we have a great new attorney general who has done an unbelievable job in a very short period of time. And he is very smart and tough and I would certainly defer to him. I would imagine he would want to see this. People have been saying this whole'--the concept of Ukraine, they have been talking about it actually for a long time. You know that, and I would certainly defer to the attorney general. And we'll see what he says about it. He calls them straight. That's one thing I can tell you.148 Ukraine's current Prosecutor General Ruslan Ryaboshapka, who assumed his new position in late August 2019, told The Financial Times in late November 2019 that Attorney General Barr had made no contact regarding a potential investigation into allegations of wrongdoing by former Vice President Biden.149 In an apparent reference to President Trump's demand for Ukrainian interference in U.S. elections, Mr. Ryaboshapka stated: ''It's critically important for the west not to pull us into some conflicts between their ruling elites, but to continue to support so that we can cross the point of no return.''150 President Trump Promoted False Information About Former Vice President Joe Biden In early May, Mr. Giuliani continued his outreach to President-elect Zelensky and promoted the need for Ukrainian investigations into former Vice President Biden that served President Trump's political needs. On May 2, at 6:21 a.m. Eastern Time, President Trump retweeted a link to an article in The New York Times, which assessed that Mr. Giuliani's efforts underscored ''the Trump campaign's concern about the electoral threat from the former vice president's presidential campaign'' and noted that ''Mr. Giuliani's involvement raises questions about whether Mr. Trump is endorsing an effort to push a foreign government to proceed with a case that could hurt a political opponent at home.''151 Later that evening, in an interview with Fox News at the White House, President Trump referenced the false allegations about the firing of a corrupt former Ukrainian prosecutor, Viktor Shokin, that Mr. Giuliani had been promoting. He was asked, ''Should the former vice president explain himself on his feeling in Ukraine and whether there was a conflict '... with his son's business interests?''152 President Trump replied: I'm hearing it's a major scandal, major problem. Very bad things happened, and we'll see what that is. They even have him on tape, talking about it. They have Joe Biden on tape talking about the prosecutor. And I've seen that tape. A lot of people are talking about that tape, but that's up to them. They have to solve that problem.153 ''The tape'' President Trump referenced in his interview was a publicly available video of former Vice President Biden speaking in January 2018 at an event hosted by the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), a nonpartisan think-tank focused on foreign policy matters. During an
        56 interview with the CFR president, Vice President Biden detailed how the United States'--consistent with the policy of its European allies and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)'--withheld $1 billion in loan guarantees until the Ukrainian government acceded to uniform American and international demands to fire the corrupt prosecutor.154 By late 2015, Ukrainians were agitating for Mr. Shokin's removal, and in March 2016, Ukraine's parliament voted to dismiss the prosecutor general.155 Multiple witnesses testified that Mr. Shokin's dismissal in 2016 made it more'--not less'--likely that Ukrainian authorities might investigate any allegations or wrongdoing at Burisma or other allegedly corrupt companies.156 Nonetheless, President Trump and his supporters sought to perpetuate the false narrative that Mr. Shokin should not have been removed from office and that Vice President Biden had acted corruptly in carrying out U.S. policy. Rudy Giuliani Was ''Meddling in an Investigation'' on Behalf of President Trump On May 7, 2019, Christopher Wray, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, testified before the U.S. Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies regarding foreign interference in U.S. elections: My view is that, if any public official or member of any campaign is contacted by any nation-state or anybody acting on behalf of a nation-state about influencing or interfering with our election, then that is something that the FBI would want to know about. 157 Mr. Giuliani nonetheless pressed forward with his plan to personally convey to President-elect Zelensky, on behalf of his client President Trump, the importance of opening investigations that would assist President Trump's reelection campaign. On the morning of May 8, Mr. Giuliani called the White House Switchboard and connected for six minutes and 26 seconds with someone at the White House.158 That same day, Mr. Giuliani also connected with Mr. Solomon for almost six minutes, with Mr. Parnas, and with Derek Harvey, a member of Representative Nunes' staff on the Intelligence Committee.159 During a meeting that same day, Ukraine Minister of Interior Arsen Avakov disclosed to Deputy Assistant Secretary of State George Kent that Mr. Parnas and Mr. Fruman would soon visit Kyiv ''and that they were coming with their associate, the Mayor Giuliani.''160 Minister Avakov confided to Mr. Kent that ''Mayor Giuliani had reached out to him and invited him to come and meet the group of them in Florida'' in February 2019.161 Although he declined that offer, Minister Avakov indicated that he intended to accept their new invitation to meet in Kyiv.162 The next day, on May 9, The New York Times publicized Mr. Giuliani's plan to visit Ukraine.163 Mr. Giuliani confirmed that he planned to meet with President Zelensky and press the Ukrainians to pursue investigations that President Trump promoted only days earlier on Fox News.164 The New York Times described Mr. Giuliani's planned trip as:
        57 [P]art of a monthslong effort by the former New York mayor and a small group of Trump allies working to build interest in the Ukrainian inquiries. Their motivation is to'...undermine the case against Paul Manafort, Mr. Trump's imprisoned former campaign chairman; and potentially to damage Mr. Biden, the early front-runner for the 2020 Democratic presidential nomination.165 Mr. Giuliani claimed, ''We're not meddling in an election, we're meddling in an investigation, which we have a right to do.''166 Only a few days after Director Wray's public comments about foreign interference in U.S. elections, Mr. Giuliani acknowledged that ''[s]omebody could say it's improper'' to pressure Ukraine to open investigations that would benefit President Trump. But, Mr. Giuliani argued: [T]his isn't foreign policy'--I'm asking them to do an investigation that they're doing already, and that other people are telling them to stop. And I'm going to give them reasons why they shouldn't stop it because that information will be very, very helpful to my client, and may turn out to be helpful to my government.167 Mr. Giuliani's ''client'' was President Trump, as Mr. Giuliani repeatedly stated publicly. According to Mr. Giuliani, the President fully supported putting pressure on Ukraine to open investigations that would benefit his 2020 reelection campaign.168 Mr. Giuliani emphasized that President Trump ''basically knows what I'm doing, sure, as his lawyer.''169 Underscoring his commitment to pressuring Ukraine until it opened the investigations President Trump promoted on Fox News, Mr. Giuliani told The Washington Post that he would ''make sure that nothing scuttles the investigation that I want.''170 On May 9, following public revelation of his trip by the New York Times, Mr. Giuliani connected in quick succession with Mr. Solomon and then Mr. Parnas for several minutes at a time.171 Mr. Giuliani then made brief connections with the White House Switchboard and Situation Room several times, before connecting at 1:43 p.m. Eastern Time with someone at the White House for over four minutes.172 He connected, separately, thereafter with Mr. Parnas several times in the afternoon and into the evening.173 That evening, Mr. Giuliani tweeted: If you doubt there is media bias and corruption then when Democrats conspiring with Ukrainian officials comes out remember much of the press, except for Fox, the Hill, and NYT, has suppressed it. If it involved @realDonaldTrump or his son it would have been front page news for weeks.174 Shortly thereafter, on the night of May 9, he made an appearance on Fox News and reiterated that his trip to Ukraine was intended to further the President's personal and political interests by pressuring the Ukrainian government to investigate the Bidens:
        58 It's a big story. It's a dramatic story. And I guarantee you, Joe Biden will not get to election day without this being investigated, not because I want to see him investigated. This is collateral to what I was doing.175 The next morning, on May 10, amidst the press coverage of his trip, Mr. Giuliani tweeted: Explain to me why Biden shouldn't be investigated if his son got millions from a Russian loving crooked Ukrainian oligarch while He was VP and point man for Ukraine. Ukrainians are investigating and your fellow Dems are interfering. Election is 17 months away. Let's answer it now176 He then had another flurry of calls with Mr. Parnas. Shortly after 2:00 p.m., Eastern Time, Mr. Giuliani also spoke with Ambassador Volker on the phone. 177 Ambassador Volker had learned that Mr. Giuliani intended to travel to Ukraine ''to pursue these allegations that Lutsenko had made, and he was going to investigate these things'''--specifically, the debunked story that Vice President Biden had improperly pressured Ukraine to fire a corrupt prosecutor general, as well as the Russian-backed conspiracy that the Ukrainians interfered in the 2016 U.S. election.178 Ambassador Volker testified that he had a simple warning for Mr. Giuliani: Prosecutor General Lutsenko ''is not credible. Don't listen to what he is saying.''179 Call records obtained by the Committees reveal that their call lasted more than 30 minutes.180 Call records also show that around midday on May 10, Mr. Giuliani began trading aborted calls with Kashyap ''Kash'' Patel, an official at the National Security Council who previously served on Ranking Member Devin Nunes' staff on the Intelligence Committee. Mr. Patel successfully connected with Mr. Giuliani less than an hour after Mr. Giuliani's call with Ambassador Volker. Beginning at 3:23 p.m., Eastern Time, Mr. Patel and Mr. Giuliani spoke for over 25 minutes.181 Five minutes after Mr. Patel and Mr. Giuliani disconnected, an unidentified ''-1'' number connected with Mr. Giuliani for over 17 minutes.182 Shortly thereafter, Mr. Giuliani spoke with Mr. Parnas for approximately 12 minutes.183 That same afternoon, President Trump conducted a 15-minute long phone interview with Politico. In response to a question about Mr. Giuliani's upcoming visit to Kyiv, the President replied, ''I have not spoken to him at any great length, but I will '... I will speak to him about it before he leaves.''184 Recently, when asked what Mr. Giuliani was doing in Ukraine on his behalf, the President responded: ''Well, you have to ask that to Rudy, but Rudy, I don't, I don't even know. I know he was going to go to Ukraine, and I think he canceled a trip.''185 Prior to that, on October 2, the President publicly stated; ''And just so you know, we've been investigating, on a personal basis'--through Rudy and others, lawyers'--corruption in the 2016 election.''186 On October 4, the President publicly stated: ''If we feel there's corruption, like I feel there was in the 2016 campaign'--there was tremendous corruption against me'--if we feel there's corruption, we have a right to go to a foreign country.''187
        59 By the evening of May 10, Mr. Giuliani appeared to have concerns about the incoming Ukrainian president. He appeared on Fox News and announced, ''I'm not going to go'' to Ukraine ''because I think I'm walking into a group of people that are enemies of the President.''188 In a text message to Politico, Mr. Giuliani alleged the original offer for a meeting with Mr. Zelensky was a ''set up'' orchestrated by ''several vocal critics'' of President Trump who were advising President-elect Zelensky.189 Mr. Giuliani declared that President-elect Zelensky ''is in [the] hands of avowed enemies of Pres[ident] Trump.''190 Like Mr. Giuliani, President Trump would express hostility toward Ukraine in the days and weeks to come. Russian President Putin and Hungarian Prime Minister Orban Counseled President Trump on Ukraine In early May, Mr. Giuliani was not the only person who conveyed his skepticism of Ukraine to President Trump. The President reportedly discussed Ukraine with Russian President Vladimir Putin when they spoke by phone on May 3. President Trump posted on Twitter that he ''[h]ad a long and very good conversation with President Putin of Russia'' and discussed ''even the 'Russian Hoax''''--an apparent reference to the unanimous finding by the U.S. Intelligence Community that Russia interfered in the 2016 election with the aim of assisting President Trump's candidacy.191 Mr. Kent subsequently heard from Dr. Hill, the NSC's Senior Director for Europe and Russia, that President Putin also expressed negative views about Ukraine to President Trump. He testified that President Putin's motivation in undercutting President-elect Zelensky was ''very clear'': He denies the existence of Ukraine as a nation and a country, as he told President Bush in Bucharest in 2008. He invaded and occupied 7 percent of Ukraine's territory and he's led to the death of 13,000 Ukrainians on Ukrainian territory since 2014 as a result of aggression. So that's his agenda, the agenda of creating a greater Russia and ensuring that Ukraine does not survive independently.192 On May 13, President Trump met one-on-one for an hour with Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban. President Trump offered the leader a warm reception in the Oval Office and claimed Prime Minister Orban had ''done a tremendous job in so many different ways. Highly respected. Respected all over Europe.''193 The European Union and many European leaders, however, have widely condemned Mr. Orban for undermining Hungary's democratic institutions and promoting anti-Semitism and xenophobia.194 Mr. Kent explained to the Committees that Prime Minister Orban's ''animus towards Ukraine is well-known, documented, and has lasted now two years.'' Due to a dispute over the rights of 130,000 ethnic Hungarians who live in Ukraine, Kent noted that Prime Minister Orban ''blocked all meetings in NATO with Ukraine at the ministerial level or above,'' undercutting U.S. and European efforts to support Ukraine in its war against Russia.195 Nonetheless, President Trump told reporters prior to his meeting with Prime Minister Orban to not ''forget they're a member of NATO, and a very good member of NATO.''196
        60 Commenting on what Dr. Hill shared with him following the May 3 call and May 13 meeting, Mr. Kent said he understood President Trump's discussions about Ukraine with President Putin and Prime Minister Orban ''as being similar in tone and approach.'' He explained that ''both leaders'' had ''extensively talked Ukraine down, said it was corrupt, said Zelensky was in the thrall of oligarchs'' the effect of which was ''negatively shaping a picture of Ukraine, and even President Zelensky personally.''197 The veteran State Department diplomat concluded, ''[T]hose two world leaders [Putin and Orban], along with former Mayor Giuliani, their communications with President Trump shaped the President's view of Ukraine and Zelensky, and would account for the change from a very positive first call on April 21 to his negative assessment of Ukraine.''198 President Trump Instructs Vice President Pence Not to Attend President Zelensky's Inauguration On Monday, May 13, at approximately 11:00 a.m. Eastern Time, Ms. Williams received a call from an assistant to the Vice President's chief of staff.199 President Trump, the assistant relayed, had ''decided that the Vice President would not attend the inauguration in Ukraine,'' despite the fact that Vice President Pence previously had accepted the invitation.200 Ms. Williams was never given a reason for the change in President Trump's decision.201 Mr. Holmes later testified that: [The U.S. Embassy in Kyiv had] gone back and forth with NSC staff about proposing a list of potential members of the delegation. It was initially quite a long list. We had asked who would be the senior [U.S.] member of that delegation. We were told that Vice President Pence was likely to be that senior member, it was not yet fully agreed to. And so we were anticipating that to be the case. And then the Giuliani event happened, and then we heard that he was not going to play that role.202 Asked to clarify what he meant by ''the Giuliani event,'' Mr. Holmes replied, ''the interview basically saying that he had planned to travel to Ukraine, but he canceled his trip because there were, quote, unquote, enemies of the U.S. President in Zelensky's orbit.''203 One of the individuals around President-elect Zelensky whom Mr. Giuliani publicly criticized was the oligarch Mr. Kolomoisky, who had refused to set up a meeting between Mr. Giuliani and President Zelensky. On May 18, Mr. Giuliani complained on Twitter that the oligarch ''returned from a long exile and immediately threatened and defamed two Americans, Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman. They are my clients and I have advised them to press charges.''204 Mr. Kolomoisky responded to Mr. Giuliani in a televised interview and declared, ''Look, there is Giuliani, and two clowns, Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman, who were engaging in nonsense. They are Giuliani's clients.'' He added: ''They came here and told us that they would organize a meeting with Zelensky. They allegedly struck a deal with [Prosecutor-General Yuriy] Lutsenko about the fate of this criminal case'--Burisma, [former Vice President] Biden, meddling in the U.S. election and so on.''205 He warned that a ''big scandal may break out, and not only in
        61 Ukraine, but in the United States. That is, it may turn out to be a clear conspiracy against Biden.''206 Despite Ukraine's significance to U.S. national security as a bulwark against Russian aggression and the renewed opportunity that President Zelensky's administration offered for bringing Ukraine closer to the United States and Europe, President Trump did not ask Secretary of State Michael Pompeo, Acting Secretary of Defense Patrick Shanahan, or National Security Advisor John Bolton to lead the delegation to President Zelensky's inauguration. Instead, according to Mr. Holmes, the White House ''ultimately whittled back an initial proposed list for the official delegation to the inauguration from over a dozen individuals to just five.''207 Topping that list was Secretary Perry. Accompanying him were Ambassador Sondland, U.S. Special Representative for Ukraine Negotiations Ambassador Volker, and NSC Director for Ukraine Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman.208 Acting Deputy Chief of Mission (Charg(C) d'Affaires) of U.S. Embassy Kyiv Joseph Pennington joined the delegation, in place of outgoing U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine Marie Yovanovitch. U.S. Senator Ron Johnson also attended the inauguration and joined several meetings with the presidential delegation. When asked if this delegation was ''a good group,'' Mr. Holmes replied that it ''was not as senior a delegation as we [the U.S. embassy] might have expected.''209 Secretary Perry, Ambassador Volker, and Ambassador Sondland subsequently began to refer to themselves as the ''Three Amigos.'' During the delegation's meeting with President Zelensky, Mr. Holmes recounted that ''Secretary Perry passed President Zelensky a list of, quote, 'people he trusts' from whom Zelensky could seek advice on energy sector reform, which was the topic of subsequent meetings between Secretary Perry and key Ukrainian energy sector contacts, from which Embassy personnel were excluded by Secretary Perry's staff.''210 Mr. Holmes assessed that the delegation's visit proceeded smoothly, although ''at one point during a preliminary meeting of the inaugural delegation, someone in the group wondered aloud about why Mr. Giuliani was so active in the media with respect to Ukraine.''211 Ambassador Sondland responded: ''Dammit, Rudy. Every time Rudy gets involved he goes and effs everything up.'' 212 Mr. Holmes added: ''He used the 'F' word.''213 By the time of the inauguration, Mr. Holmes assessed that President Zelensky and the Ukrainians were already starting to feel pressure to conduct political investigations related to former Vice President Biden.214 Lt. Col. Vindman also was concerned about the potentially negative consequences of Mr. Giuliani's political efforts on behalf of President Trump'--both for U.S. national security and also Ukraine's longstanding history of bipartisan support in the U.S. Congress.215 During the U.S. delegation's meeting with President Zelensky on the margins of the inauguration, Lt. Col. Vindman was the last person to speak.216 He ''offered two pieces of advice'' to President Zelensky. First, he advised the new leader, ''be particularly cautious with regards to Russia, and its desire to provoke Ukraine.'' 217 And second, Lt. Col. Vindman warned, ''stay out of U.S. domestic '... politics.'' 218 Referencing the activities of Mr. Giuliani, Lt. Col Vindman explained:
        62 [I]n the March and April timeframe, it became clear that there were'--there were actors in the U.S., public actors, nongovernmental actors that were promoting the idea of investigations and 2016 Ukrainian interference. And it was consistent with U.S. policy to advise any country, all the countries in my portfolio, any country in the world, to not participate in U.S. domestic politics. So I was passing the same advice consistent with U.S. policy.219 U.S. Officials Briefed President Trump About their Positive Impressions of Ukraine Ambassadors Volker and Sondland left Kyiv with ''a very favorable impression'' of the new Ukrainian leader.220 They believed it was important that President Trump ''personally engage with the President of Ukraine in order to demonstrate full U.S. support for him,'' including by inviting him to Washington for a meeting in the Oval Office.221 It was agreed that the delegation would request a meeting with President Trump and personally convey their advice. They were granted time with President Trump on May 23. According to Mr. Kent, the delegation was able to secure the Oval Office meeting shortly after the return from Kyiv because of Ambassador Sondland's ''connections'' to Acting White House Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney and President Trump.222 Christopher Anderson, Special Advisor to Ambassador Kurt Volker, also attributed the delegation's ability to quickly confirm a meeting with President Trump to Ambassador Sondland's ''connections to the White House.''223 At the May 23 meeting, Ambassadors Sondland and Volker were joined by Secretary Perry, Senator Johnson, and Dr. Charles M. Kupperman, the Deputy National Security Advisor. Mr. Mulvaney may have also participated.224 Lt. Col. Vindman, who had represented the White House at President Zelensky's inauguration, did not participate in the meeting. Dr. Hill directed him not to join, because she had learned that ''there was some confusion'' from the President ''over who the director for Ukraine is.''225 Specifically, Dr. Hill testified that around the time of the May 23 debriefing in the Oval Office, she ''became aware by chance and accident'' that President Trump had requested to speak with the NSC's Ukraine director about unspecified ''materials.''226 A member of the NSC executive secretary's staff stated that in response to the President's request, ''we might be reaching out to Kash.''227 Dr. Hill testified that she understood the staff to be referring to Mr. Patel, who then served as a director in the NSC's directorate of International Organizations and Alliances, not the directorate of Europe and Russia.228 She subsequently consulted with Dr. Kupperman and sought to clarify if Mr. Patel ''had some special '... Ambassador Sondland-like representational role on Ukraine'' that she had not been informed about, but ''couldn't elicit any information about that.''229 All Dr. Kupperman said was that he would look into the matter.230 Dr. Hill also testified that she never saw or learned more about the Ukraine-related ''materials'' that the President believed he had received from Mr. Patel, who maintained a close relationship with Ranking Member Nunes after leaving his staff to join the NSC.231
        63 President Trump Put the Three Amigos in Charge of the United States' Ukraine Relationship and Directed Them to ''Talk to Rudy'' About Ukraine According to witness testimony, the May 23 debriefing with the President in the Oval Office proved consequential for two reasons. President Trump authorized Ambassador Sondland, Secretary Perry, and Ambassador Volker to lead engagement with the President Zelensky's new administration in Ukraine. He instructed them, however, to talk to and coordinate with his personal attorney, Mr. Giuliani. Ambassador Sondland, Ambassador Volker, Secretary Perry, and Senator Johnson ''took turns'' making their case ''that this is a new crowd, it's a new President'' in Ukraine who was ''committed to doing the right things,'' including fighting corruption.232 According to Ambassador Sondland, the group ''emphasized the strategic importance of Ukraine'' and the value to the United States of strengthening the relationship with President Zelensky.233 They recommended that President Trump once again call President Zelensky and follow through on his April 21 invitation for President Zelensky to meet with him in the Oval Office.234 President Trump reacted negatively to the positive assessment of Ukraine. Ambassador Volker recalled that President Trump said Ukraine is ''a terrible place, all corrupt, terrible people'' and was ''just dumping on Ukraine.''235 This echoed Mr. Giuliani's public statements about Ukraine during early May. According to both Ambassadors Volker and Sondland, President Trump also alleged, without offering any evidence, that Ukraine ''tried to take me down'' in the 2016 election.236 The President emphasized that he ''didn't believe'' the delegation's positive assessment of the new Ukrainian president, and added ''that's not what I hear'' from Mr. Giuliani.237 President Trump said that Mr. Giuliani ''knows all of these things'' and knows that President Zelensky has ''some bad people around him.''238 Rather than committing to an Oval Office meeting with the Ukrainian leader, President Trump directed the delegation to ''[t]alk to Rudy, talk to Rudy.''239 Ambassador Sondland testified that the ''Three Amigos'' saw the writing on the wall and concluded ''that if we did not talk to Rudy, nothing would move forward on Ukraine.''240 He continued: [B]ased on the President's direction we were faced with a choice. We could abandon the goal of a White House meeting for President Zelensky, which we all believed was crucial to strengthening U.S.-Ukrainian ties '... or we could do as President Trump directed and talk to Mr. Giuliani to address the President's concerns. We chose the latter path.241 Ambassador Volker reached a similar conclusion. He believed ''that the messages being conveyed by Mr. Giuliani were a problem, because they were at variance with what our official message to the President was, and not conveying that positive assessment that we all had. And so, I thought it was important to try to step in and fix the problem.''242 Ultimately, however, the ''problem'' posed by the President's instruction to coordinate regarding Ukraine with his personal attorney persisted and would become more acute.
        64 After the May 23 meeting, Ambassador Sondland stayed behind with President Trump and personally confirmed that the Three Amigos ''would be working on the Ukraine file.''243 Multiple witnesses testified about this shift in personnel in charge of the Ukraine relationship.244 Mr. Kent recalled that, after the Oval Office meeting, Secretary Perry, Ambassador Sondland, and Ambassador Volker began ''asserting that, going forward, they would be the drivers of the relationship with Ukraine.''245 Catherine Croft, Special Advisor to Ambassador Kurt Volker, recalled that ''Sondland, Volker, and sort of Perry, as a troika, or as the Three Amigos, had been sort of tasked with Ukraine policy'' by President Trump.246 Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs David Hale testified about his understanding of the meeting, ''[I]t was clear that the President, from the readout I had received, the President had tasked that group, members of that delegation to pursue these objectives: the meeting, and the policy goals that I outlined earlier. So I was, you know, knowing I was aware that Ambassador Volker and Ambassador Sondland would be doing that.''247 On a June 10 conference call with the Three Amigos, ''Secretary Perry laid out for Ambassador Bolton the notion that'' they ''would assist Ambassador Taylor on Ukraine and be there to support'' him as the U.S.-Ukraine relationship ''move[ed] forward.''248 This de facto change in authority was never officially communicated to other officials, including Dr. Hill, who had responsibility for Ukraine at the National Security Council.249 U.S. Officials Collaborated with Rudy Giuliani to Advance the President's Political Agenda Ambassador Sondland testified that in the weeks and months after the May 23 Oval Office meeting, ''everyone was in the loop'' regarding Mr. Giuliani's role in advancing the President's scheme regarding Ukraine.250 The ''Three Amigos'' did as the President ordered and began communicating with Mr. Giuliani. E-mail messages described to the Committees by Ambassador Sondland showed that he informed Mr. Mulvaney, Ambassador Bolton, and Secretaries Pompeo and Perry, as well as their immediate staffs, of his Ukraine-related efforts on behalf of the President.251 According to Ambassador Sondland, Secretary Perry agreed to reach out to Mr. Giuliani first ''given their prior relationship.''252 Secretary Perry discussed with Mr. Giuliani the political concerns that President Trump articulated in the May 23 meeting.253 Dr. Hill testified that Ambassador Volker, Ambassador Sondland, and Secretary Perry ''gave us every impression that they were meeting with Rudy Giuliani at this point, and Rudy Giuliani was also saying on the television, and indeed has said subsequently, that he was closely coordinating with the State Department.''254 These meetings ran counter to Ambassador Bolton's repeated declarations that ''nobody should be meeting with Giuliani''255 Like Dr. Hill, Ambassador Bolton also closely tracked Mr. Giuliani's activities on behalf of the President. According to Dr. Hill, Ambassador Bolton closely monitored Mr. Giuliani's public statements and repeatedly referred to Mr. Giuliani as a ''hand grenade that was going to blow everyone up.''256 During a meeting on June 13, Ambassador Bolton made clear that he
        65 supported more engagement with Ukraine by senior White House officials but warned that ''Mr. Giuliani was a key voice with the President on Ukraine.''257 According to Ambassador Bolton, Mr. Giuliani's influence ''could be an obstacle to increased White House engagement.''258 Ambassador Bolton joked that ''every time Ukraine is mentioned, Giuliani pops up.''259 Ambassador Bolton also reportedly joined Dr. Hill in warning Ambassador Volker against contacting Mr. Giuliani.260 Dr. Hill was particularly concerned about engagement with Mr. Giuliani because ''the more you engage with someone who is spreading untruths, the more validity you give to those untruths.''261 She further testified that she also discussed Mr. Giuliani's activities with Dr. Kupperman, specifically her concern that ''Ukraine was going to be played by Giuliani in some way as part of the campaign.''262 On June 18, Ambassador Volker, Acting Assistant Secretary of State Ambassador Philip T. Reeker, Secretary Perry, Ambassador Sondland, and State Department Counselor T. Ulrich Brechbuhl participated in a meeting at the Department of Energy to follow up to the May 23 Oval Office meeting.263 Ambassador Bill Taylor, Charg(C) d'Affaires for U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, who had arrived in Ukraine just the day before, participated by phone from Kyiv.264 The group agreed that a meeting between President Trump and President Zelensky would be valuable.265 However, Ambassadors Volker and Sondland subsequently relayed to Ambassador Taylor that President Trump ''wanted to hear from Zelensky before scheduling the meeting in the Oval Office.''266 Ambassador Taylor testified that he did not understand, at that time, what the President wanted to hear from his Ukrainian counterpart.267 However, Ambassador Volker's assistant, Mr. Anderson, recalled ''vague discussions'' about addressing ''Mr. Giuliani's continued calls for a corruption investigation.''268 The quid pro quo'--conditioning the Oval Office meeting that President Trump first offered the Ukrainian leader during their April 21 call on the Ukrainians' pursuit of investigations that would benefit President Trump politically'--was beginning to take shape. As Ambassador Sondland testified, the conditions put on the White House meeting and on Ukraine's continued engagement with the White House would get ''more insidious'' with the passage of time.269 President Trump Invited Foreign Interference in the 2020 Election As U.S. officials debated how to meet the President's demands as articulated by Mr. Giuliani, President Trump publicly disclosed on June 12 in an Oval Office interview with ABC News' anchor George Stephanopoulos that there was ''nothing wrong with listening'' to a foreign power who offered political dirt on an opponent. The President added, ''I think I'd want to hear it.'' Mr. Stephanopoulos then pressed the President directly, ''You want that kind of interference in our elections?'' to which President Trump replied, ''It's not an interference, they have information. I think I'd take it.''270 President Trump also made clear that he did not think a foreign power offering damaging information on an opponent was necessarily wrong, and said only that he would ''maybe'' contact the FBI ''if I thought there was something wrong.''271
        66 President Trump's willingness to accept foreign interference in a U.S. election during his interview with Mr. Stephanopoulos was consistent with tweets and interviews by Mr. Giuliani at this time. For example, on June 21, Mr. Giuliani tweeted: New Pres of Ukraine still silent on investigation of Ukrainian interference in 2016 election and alleged Biden bribery of Pres Poroshenko. Time for leadership and investigate both if you want to purge how Ukraine was abused by Hillary and Obama people.272 On June 18, Dr. Hill met with Ambassador Sondland at the White House. She ''asked him quite bluntly'' what his role was in Ukraine. Ambassador Sondland replied that ''he was in charge of Ukraine.''273 Dr. Hill was taken aback and a bit irritated. She prodded Ambassador Sondland again and asked, ''Who put you in charge of Ukraine?'' Dr. Hill testified: ''And, you know, I'll admit, I was a bit rude. And that's when he told me the President, which shut me up.''274 Dr. Hill tried to impress upon Ambassador Sondland the ''importance of coordinating'' with other national security officials in the conduct of Ukraine policy, including the NSC staff and the State Department. Ambassador Sondland ''retorted'' that he was ''coordinating with the President'' and Mr. Mulvaney, ''filling in'' Ambassador Bolton, and talking to State Department Counselor Ulrich Brechbuhl. Ambassador Sondland asked: ''Who else did he have to inform?''275 Dr. Hill stated that, in hindsight, with the benefit of the sworn testimony by others during the impeachment inquiry and seeing documents displayed by witnesses, she realized that she and Ambassador Sondland were working on two fundamentally different tasks. Dr. Hill testified: But it struck me when yesterday, when you put up on the screen Ambassador Sondland's emails and who was on these emails, and he said, These are the people who need to know, that he was absolutely right. Because he was being involved in a domestic political errand, and we were being involved in national security foreign policy, and those two things had just diverged. So he was correct. And I had not put my finger on that at the moment, but I was irritated with him and angry with him that he wasn't fully coordinating. And I did say to him, Ambassador Sondland, Gordon, I think this is all going to blow up. And here we are. 276 Reflecting on her June 18 conversation with Ambassador Sondland, Dr. Hill concluded: Ambassador Sondland is not wrong that he had been given a different remit than we had been. And it was at that moment that I started to realize how those things had diverged. And I realized, in fact, that I wasn't really being fair to Ambassador Sondland, because he was carrying out what he thought he had been instructed to carry out, and we were doing something that we thought was just as'--or perhaps even more important, but it wasn't in the same channel.277
        67 3. The President Froze Military Assistance to Ukraine The President froze military assistance to Ukraine against U.S. national security interests and over the objections of career experts. Overview Since 2014, the United States has maintained a bipartisan policy of delivering hundreds of millions of dollars in security assistance to Ukraine each year. These funds benefit the security of the United States and Europe by ensuring that Ukraine is equipped to defend itself against Russian aggression. In 2019, that bipartisan policy was undermined when President Trump ordered, without justification, a freeze on military assistance to Ukraine. For fiscal year 2019, Congress authorized and appropriated $391 million in security assistance: $250 million through the Department of Defense's (DOD) Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative and $141 million through the State Department's Foreign Military Financing program. In July 2019, however, President Trump ordered the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to put a hold on all $391 million in security assistance to Ukraine. The hold surprised experts from DOD and the State Department. DOD had already announced its intent to deliver security assistance to Ukraine after certifying that the country had implemented sufficient anti-corruption reforms, and the State Department was in the process of notifying Congress of its intent to deliver foreign military financing to Ukraine. In a series of interagency meetings, every represented agency other than OMB (which is headed by Mick Mulvaney, who is also the President's Acting Chief of Staff) supported the provision of assistance to Ukraine and objected to President Trump's hold. Ukraine experts at DOD, the State Department, and the National Security Council (NSC) argued that it was in the national security interest of the United States to continue to support Ukraine. Agency experts also expressed concerns about the legality of President Trump withholding assistance to Ukraine that Congress had already appropriated for this express purpose. Despite these concerns, OMB devised a plan to implement President Trump's hold on the assistance. On July 25, 2019, OMB began using a series of footnotes in funding documents to notify DOD that the assistance funds were temporarily on hold to allow for interagency review. Throughout August and September, OMB continued to use this method and rationale to maintain the hold, long after the final interagency meeting on Ukraine assistance occurred on July 31. The hold continued despite concerns from DOD that the hold would threaten its ability to fully spend the money before the end of the fiscal year, as legally required. On July 25'--the same day as President Trump's call with President Zelensky'--officials at Ukraine's embassy emailed DOD to ask about the status of the hold. By mid-August, officials at DOD, the State Department, and the NSC received numerous questions from Ukrainian officials about the hold. President Trump's hold on the Ukraine assistance was publicly reported on August 28, 2019.
        68 Security Assistance to Ukraine is Important to U.S. National Security Interests The United States has an interest in providing security assistance to Ukraine to support the country in its longstanding battle against Russian aggression and to shore it up as an independent and democratic country that can deter Kremlin influence in both Ukraine and other European countries. In early 2014, in what became known as the Revolution of Dignity, Ukrainian citizens demanded democratic reforms and an end to corruption, thereby forcing the ouster of pro-Kremlin Viktor Yanukovych as Ukraine's president. Shortly thereafter, Russian military forces and their proxies began an incursion into Ukraine that led to Russia's illegal annexation of the Crimean Peninsula of Ukraine, as well as the ongoing, Russian-led armed conflict in the Donbass region of eastern Ukraine. Approximately 13,000 people have been killed as a result of the conflict and over 1.4 million people have been displaced.278 Former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, Nikki Haley, noted that ''militants in eastern Ukraine report directly to the Russian military, which arms them, trains them, leads them, and fights alongside them.''279 Similarly, then-Secretary of Defense James Mattis, during a visit to Ukraine in 2017, chided Russia, stating that ''despite Russia's denials, we know they are seeking to redraw international borders by force, undermining the sovereign and free nations of Europe.''280 In response to Russia's aggression, the international community imposed financial and visa sanctions on Russian individuals and entities, and committed to providing billions of dollars in economic, humanitarian, and security assistance to Ukraine to continue to support its sovereignty and democratic development. The European Union is the single largest contributor of total foreign assistance to Ukraine, having provided '‚¬15 billion in grants and loans since 2014.281 In addition to economic and humanitarian assistance, the United States has contributed a substantial amount of security assistance, mostly lethal and non-lethal military equipment and training, to Ukraine. In fact, the United States is the largest contributor of security assistance to Ukraine. Since 2014, the United States has delivered approximately $1.5 billion in security assistance to Ukraine.282 Multiple witnesses'--including Ambassador William Taylor, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State George Kent, Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman, and Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Laura Cooper'--testified that this security assistance to Ukraine is vital to the national security of the United States and Europe.283 As Ambassador Taylor noted: [R]adar and weapons and sniper rifles, communication, that saves lives. It makes the Ukrainians more effective. It might even shorten the war. That's what our hope is, to show that the Ukrainians can defend themselves and the Russians, in the end, will say ''Okay, we're going to stop.''284 State Department Special Advisor for Ukraine, Catherine Croft, further emphasized that Ukrainians currently ''face casualties nearly every day in defense of their own territory against Russian aggression.''285 Ambassador Taylor testified that American aid is a concrete demonstration of the United States' ''commitment to resist aggression and defend freedom.''286
        69 Witnesses also testified that it is in the interest of the United States for Russian aggression to be halted in Ukraine. In the 20th century, the United States fought two bloody wars to resist the aggression of a hostile power that tried to change the borders of Europe by force. As Ambassador Taylor put it, Russian aggression in Ukraine ''dismissed all the principles that have kept the peace and contributed to prosperity in Europe since World War II.''287 Timothy Morrison, former Senior Director for Europe and Russia at the NSC, put the importance of U.S. assistance in stark terms: Russia is a failing power, but it is still a dangerous one. The United States aids Ukraine and her people so that they can fight Russia over there, and we don't have to fight Russia here.288 Bipartisan Support for Security Assistance to Ukraine Congressional support for security assistance to Ukraine has been overwhelming and bipartisan. Congress provided $391 million in security assistance to Ukraine for fiscal year 2019: $250 million through the DOD-administered Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative (USAI) and $141 million through the State Department-administered Foreign Military Financing program. On September 26, 2018, Congress appropriated $250 million for the Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative, which is funded through DOD. The funding law made clear that the funding was only ''available until September 30, 2019.'' President Trump signed the bill into law on September 28, 2018.289 The Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative'--a Congressionally-mandated program codifying portions of the European Reassurance Initiative, which was originally launched by the Obama Administration in 2015'--authorizes DOD to provide ''security assistance and intelligence support, including training, equipment, and logistics support, supplies and services, to military and other security forces of the Government of Ukraine.''290 Recognizing that strengthening Ukraine's institutions, in addition to its military, is vital to helping it break free of Russia's influence, Congress imposed conditions upon DOD before it could spend a portion of the security assistance funds. Half of the money was held in reserve until the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the Secretary of State, certified to Congress that Ukraine had undertaken sufficient anti-corruption reforms, such as in civilian control of the military and increased transparency and accountability.291 On February 28, 2019, John C. Rood, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, notified Congress that DOD intended to deliver the first half ($125 million) of assistance appropriated in September 2018 to Ukraine, including ''more than $50 million of assistance to deliver counter-artillery radars and defensive lethal assistance.''292 Congress cleared the Congressional notification, which enabled DOD to begin obligating (spending) funds.293 For Ukraine to qualify to receive the remaining $125 million of assistance, Congress required that the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the Secretary of State, certify that the
        70 Government of Ukraine had taken substantial anticorruption reform actions.294 Ms. Cooper and others at DOD conducted a review to evaluate whether Ukraine had met the required benchmarks.295 Ms. Cooper explained that the review involved ''pulling in all the views of the key experts on Ukraine defense, and coming up with a consensus view,'' which was then run ''up the chain in the Defense Department, to ensure we have approval.''296 On May 23, 2019, Under Secretary Rood certified to Congress that Ukraine had completed the requisite defense institutional reforms to qualify for the remaining $125 million in funds. He wrote: On behalf of the Secretary of Defense, and in coordination with the Secretary of State, I have certified that the Government of Ukraine has taken substantial actions to make defense institutional reforms for the purposes of decreasing corruption, increasing accountability, and sustaining improvements of combat capability enabled by U.S. assistance.297 Congress then cleared the related Congressional notification, which enabled DOD to begin obligating the remaining $125 million in funds.298 On June 18, 2019, DOD issued a press release announcing its intention to provide $250 million in security assistance funds to Ukraine ''for additional training, equipment, and advisory efforts to build the capacity of Ukraine's armed forces.'' DOD announced that the security assistance would provide Ukraine with sniper rifles, rocket-propelled grenade launchers, and counter-artillery radars, command and control, electronic warfare detection and secure communications, military mobility, night vision, and military medical treatment.299 On February 15, 2019, Congress also appropriated $115 million for Ukraine through the State Department-administered Foreign Military Financing Program (FMF).300 The Foreign Military Financing Program is administered by the State Department and provides grants or loans to foreign countries to help them purchase military services or equipment manufactured by U.S. companies in the United States. In addition to the $115 million appropriated for fiscal year 2019, approximately $26 million carried over from fiscal year 2018.301 Thus, the total amount of foreign military financing available for Ukraine was approximately $141 million. Before a country receives foreign military financing, the State Department must first seek Congressional approval through a notification to Congress.302 The State Department never sent the required Congressional notification to Congress in the spring or summer of 2019. As described below, OMB blocked the notification.303 President Trump Had Questions About Ukraine Security Assistance The day after DOD issued its June 18 press release announcing $250 million in security assistance funds for Ukraine, President Trump started asking OMB questions about the funding for Ukraine. On June 19, Mark Sandy, Deputy Associate Director for National Security Programs at OMB, was copied on an email from his boss, Michael Duffey, Associate Director for National Security Programs at OMB, to Elaine McCusker, Deputy Under Secretary of
        71 Defense (Comptroller) that said that ''the President had questions about the press report and that he was seeking additional information.''304 Notably, the same day, President Trump gave an interview on Fox News where he raised the so-called ''Crowdstrike'' conspiracy theory that Ukraine, rather than Russia, had interfered in the 2016 election, a line he would repeat during his July 25 call with the Ukrainian president.305 On June 20, in response to the President's inquiry, Ms. McCusker responded to President Trump's inquiry by providing Mr. Sandy information on the security assistance program.306 Mr. Sandy shared the document with Mr. Duffey, who had follow-up questions about the ''financial resources associated with the program, in particular,'' the ''history of the appropriations, [and] any more details about the intent of the program.''307 Mr. Sandy said that his staff provided the relevant information to Mr. Duffey, but he did not know whether Mr. Duffey shared the information with the White House.308 Ms. Cooper also recalled receiving an email inquiring about DOD-administered Ukraine security assistance a ''few days'' after DOD's June 18, 2019 press release.309 The email was from the Secretary of Defense's Chief of Staff, ''asking for follow-up on a meeting with the President.'' The email contained three questions: And the one question was related to U.S. industry. Did U.S'--is U.S. industry providing any of this equipment? The second question that I recall was related to international contributions. It asked, what are other countries doing, something to that effect. And then the third question, I don't recall'--I mean, with any of these I don't recall the exact wording, but it was something to the effect of, you know, who gave this money, or who gave this funding?310 Like Mr. Sandy, Ms. Cooper believed that the President's inquiries were spurred by DOD's June 18 press release. She testified, ''we did get that series of questions just within a few days after the press release and after that one article that had the headline.''311 Ms. Cooper noted that it was ''relatively unusual'' to receive questions from the President, and that she and her staff at the DOD responded ''as quickly'' as they could.312 According to Ms. Cooper, DOD officials included in their answers that security assistance funding ''has strong bipartisan support,'' but never received a response.313 President Trump Froze Military Assistance Despite the fact that DOD experts demonstrated that the security assistance was crucial for both Ukraine and U.S. national security and had strong bipartisan support in Congress, President Trump ordered OMB to freeze the funds in July. On July 3, the State Department notified DOD and NSC staff that OMB was blocking the State Department from transmitting a Congressional notification for the provision of State Department-administered security assistance to Ukraine (i.e., the $141 million in foreign military financing).314 Because the State Department is legally required to transmit such a notification to Congress before spending funds, blocking the Congressional notification effectively barred the State Department from spending the funding.315 Ms. Williams testified that she saw the news in
        72 a draft email that was being prepared as part of the nightly update for the National Security Advisor.316 She agreed that the hold came ''out of the blue'' because it had not been discussed previously by OMB or the NSC.317 On or about July 12, 2019, President Trump directed that a hold be placed on security assistance funding for Ukraine. That day, Robert Blair, Assistant to the President and Senior Advisor to the Chief of Staff, sent an email to Mr. Duffey at OMB about Ukraine security assistance.318 Mr. Sandy, who was on personal leave at the time but later received a copy of the email from Mr. Duffey, testified that in the July 12 email, Mr. Blair communicated ''that the President is directing a hold on military support funding for Ukraine.''319 The email mentioned no concerns about any other country, security assistance package, or aid of any sort.320 On or about July 15, Mr. Morrison learned from Deputy National Security Advisor Charles Kupperman ''that it was the President's direction to hold the assistance.''321 On or about July 17 or 18, 2019, Mr. Duffey and Mr. Blair again exchanged emails about Ukraine security assistance.322 Mr. Sandy later received a copy of the emails, which showed that when Mr. Duffey asked Mr. Blair about the reason for the hold, Mr. Blair provided no explanation and instead said, ''we need to let the hold take place'' and then ''revisit'' the issue with the President.323 On July 18 or 19, when he returned from two weeks of personal leave, Mr. Sandy learned for the first time that the President had placed a hold on Ukraine security assistance from Mr. Duffey.324 According to Mr. Sandy, Mr. Duffey was not aware of the reason but ''there was certainly a desire to learn more about the rationale'' for the hold.325 Agency Experts Repeatedly Objected to the Hold on Security Assistance Between July 18 and July 31, 2019, the NSC staff convened a series of interagency meetings, at which the hold on security assistance was discussed in varying degrees of detail. Over the course of these meetings, it became evident that: ' the President directed the hold through OMB; ' no justification was provided for the hold; ' with the exception of OMB, all represented agencies supported Ukraine security assistance because it was in the national security interests of the United States; and ' there were concerns about the legality of the hold. The first interagency meeting was held on July 18 at the Deputy Assistant Secretary level (i.e., a ''sub-Policy Coordination Committee''). It was supposed to be a ''routine Ukraine policy meeting.'' 326 Ambassador Taylor, Lt. Col. Vindman, Ms. Croft, and Mr. Kent were among the attendees. Witnesses testified that OMB announced at the meeting that President Trump had directed a hold on Ukraine security assistance. Mr. Kent testified that at the meeting, an OMB staff person announced that Acting White House Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney ''at the direction
        73 of the President had put a hold on all security assistance to the Ukraine.''327 Ambassador Taylor testified that the ''directive had come from the President to the Chief of Staff to OMB'' and that when he learned of the hold on military assistance, he ''realized that one of the key pillars of our strong support for Ukraine was threatened.''328 According to Ms. Croft, when Mr. Kent raised the issue of security assistance, it ''blew up the meeting.''329 Ambassador Taylor testified that he and others on the call ''sat in astonishment'' when they learned about the hold.330 David Holmes, Political Counselor at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, was also on the call. He testified he was ''shocked'' and thought the hold was ''extremely significant.''331 He thought the hold undermined what he had understood to be longstanding U.S. policy in Ukraine.332 Ms. Croft testified that ''the only reason given was that the order came at the direction of the President.''333 Ms. Cooper, who did not participate but received a readout of the meeting, testified that the fact that the hold was announced without explanation was ''unusual.''334 Mr. Kent testified that ''[t]here was great confusion among the rest of us because we didn't understand why that had happened.''335 He explained that ''[s]ince there was unanimity that this [security assistance to Ukraine] was in our national interest, it just surprised all of us.''336 With the exception of OMB, all agencies present at the July 18 meeting advocated for the lifting of the hold.337 There was also a lack of clarity as to whether the hold applied only to the State Department-administered Foreign Military Financing to Ukraine or whether it also applied to the DOD-administered Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative funding.338 Ms. Cooper and her colleagues at the DOD were ''concerned'' about the hold.339 After the meeting, DOD sought further clarification from the NSC and State Department about its impact on the DOD-administered funding.340 However, there was no ''specific guidance for DOD at the time.''341 The second interagency meeting to discuss the hold on Ukraine security assistance was held at the Assistant Secretary level (i.e., a ''Policy Coordination Committee'') on July 23, 2019.342 The meeting was chaired by Mr. Morrison.343 Ms. Cooper, who participated via secure video teleconference, testified that ''the White House chief of staff ha[d] conveyed that the President has concerns about Ukraine and Ukraine security assistance.''344 Jennifer Williams, Special Advisor to Vice President Pence for Europe and Eurasia, who also attended the meeting on behalf of the Vice President, testified that the ''OMB representative conveyed that they had been directed by the Chief of Staff, the White House Chief of Staff, to continue holding it [the Ukraine security assistance] until further notice.''345 Similar to the July 18 meeting, the July 23 meeting did not provide clarity about whether the President's hold applied to the DOD-administered funding or only to the funds administered by the State Department.346 Again, no reason was provided for the hold.347 Mr. Sandy did not attend the July 23 meeting as the representative for OMB, but he received a readout that other agencies expressed concerns about the hold. Specifically, the concerns related to the lack of rationale for the hold, the hold's implications on U.S. assistance and ''overall policy toward Ukraine'' and ''similar legal questions.''348
        74 Mr. Morrison also testified that there was a discussion at the July 23 meeting about the legality of the hold, and specifically whether it is ''actually legally permissible for the President to not allow for the disbursement of the funding.''349 Mr. Morrison recalled that DOD raised concerns about possible violations of the Impoundment Control Act.350 The Impoundment Control Act gives the President the authority to delay spending, or not spend, funds only if Congress is notified of those intentions and approves the proposed action (see below for further discussion of the act).351 With the exception of OMB, all agencies present at the July 23rd meeting advocated for the lifting of the hold.352 Ambassador Taylor explained that the State Department ''made a strong statement about the importance of this assistance'' and that Ms. Cooper, on behalf of DOD, ''made a very strong case and continued to make a very strong case for the effectiveness'' of the security assistance.353 Lt. Col. Vindman, who also attended the meeting, testified that there was agreement that the issue should be elevated to the Agency deputies ''as quickly as possible to recommend a release of security assistance.''354 The third interagency meeting, a Deputies Small Group meeting at the Cabinet Deputies level, was held on July 26, 2019. Mr. Duffey was the OMB representative, and Mr. Sandy prepared Mr. Duffey for the meeting.355 Mr. Sandy explained that he prepared Mr. Duffey to get policy guidance on six critical issues: (1) the reason for the hold; (2) the extent of the hold; (3) the duration of the hold; (4) the Congressional affairs approach; (5) the public affairs approach; and (6) and the diplomatic approach.356 Mr. Sandy testified that on July 26, OMB still did not have an understanding of the reason for the hold.357 According to Mr. Sandy, at that time, there was no discussion within OMB about the amount of money that was being contributed to Ukraine by other countries, or whether that topic was the reason for the President's hold.358 Mr. Morrison, Lt. Col. Vindman, Ms. Cooper, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs David Hale, and Mr. Duffey attended the July 26 meeting. At the meeting, OMB stated that ''they had guidance from the President and from Acting Chief of Staff Mulvaney to freeze the assistance.''359 It also was ''stated very clearly'' that the hold applied to both the State Department and Defense Department security assistance funds.360 Ambassador Hale, as the representative for the Department of State, ''advocated strongly for resuming the assistance,'' as did representatives from all agencies other than OMB.361 Mr. Morrison testified that, at the meeting, ''OMB represented that'--and the Chief of Staff's Office was present'--that the President was concerned about corruption in Ukraine, and he wanted to make sure that Ukraine was doing enough to manage that corruption.''362 Ms. Cooper had a similar recollection but received no further understanding of what OMB meant by ''corruption.''363 Ms. Cooper recalled that the deputies did not consider corruption to be a legitimate reason for the hold because they unanimously agreed that Ukraine was making sufficient progress on anti-corruption reforms, as had been certified by DOD on May 23.364 President Trump Continued the Hold Despite Agency Concerns About Legality Prior to the passage of the Impoundment Control Act, presidents had frequently impounded'--i.e., refused to spend'--Congressionally-appropriated funds to enforce their policy
        75 priorities when they diverged from Congress'. However, most of these impoundments were small (i.e., no more than a few percent of the total program budget) or temporary (i.e., funds were released in time for them to be spent before the end of the fiscal year) and rooted in policy, rather than political interests of the President. It was not until President Nixon that presidential impoundment of funds would prompt Congress to take action citing constitutional concerns.365 Unlike his predecessors, Nixon undertook impoundments that were both substantial and, in some cases, permanent, which raised concerns for Congress over its Article I powers. In fact, between 1969 and 1972, Nixon impounded between 15% and 20% of Congressionally-appropriated funds in various accounts.366 To reassert Congressional authority over the budget, in 1973, Congress established the Joint Study Committee on Budget Control, which held a series of hearings and produced more than 4,600 pages of testimony and reports. The Joint Study Committee's findings ultimately led to the overwhelmingly bipartisan passage'--over President Nixon's veto'--of the Impoundment Control Act of 1974, one of a series of reform bills designed to reign in presidential power. Looking back at that moment in history, Rep. Bill Archer (R-TX), a fiscal conservative who served 30 years in the House of Representatives, including as the Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, remarked, ''the culture then was that the president had too much power'...the president is abusing his power.''367 In addition to establishing the Congressional Budget Committees and the independent Congressional Budget Office, the Impoundment Control Act also limits the circumstances under which a president can legally impound Congressionally-appropriated funds. According to the Act, although the President may request authority from Congress to withhold or permanently cancel the availability of budget authority, such an action is not allowed without Congressional approval. Any amount of budget authority proposed to be deferred (i.e., temporarily withheld) or rescinded (i.e., permanently withheld) must be made available for obligation unless Congress, within 45 legislative days, completes action on a bill rescinding all or part of the amount proposed for rescission.368 The Impoundment Control Act does not permit the withholding of funds through their date of expiration, which would be a de facto rescission without Congressional approval.369 At the July 26 interagency meeting, senior agency officials raised serious concerns about the legality of the hold under the Impoundment Control Act. Ms. Cooper testified: A: Well, I'm not an expert on the law, but in that meeting immediately deputies began to raise concerns about how this could be done in a legal fashion because there was broad understanding in the meeting that the funding'--the State Department funding related to an earmark for Ukraine and that the DOD funding was specific to Ukraine security assistance. So the comments in the room at the deputies' level reflected a sense that there was not an understanding of how this could legally play out. And at that meeting the deputies agreed to look into the legalities and to look at what was possible. Q: Okay. So is it fair to say the deputies thought the President was not authorized to place a hold on these funds?
        76 A: They did not use that term, but the expression in the room that I recall was a sense that there was not an available mechanism to simply not spend money that has been in the case of USAI [DOD security assistance] already notified to Congress.370 Lt. Col. Vindman testified that the issue needed to be ''elevated to a PC [Principals Committee] as quickly as possible to release the hold on security assistance'' so that the funds could be obligated before the end of the fiscal year.371 A Principals Committee meeting was never convened.372 According to Mr. Morrison, National Security Advisor John Bolton ''believed that it was unnecessary, that he already had a reasonable idea of where the principals were, and he wanted to get directly to the President as early as possible in the most effective way.''373 Ambassador Bolton understood that the principals ''were all supportive of the continued disbursement of the aid.'' 374 As had been clear since the very first interagency meeting on July 18, the lifting of the hold was ''the unanimous position of the entire interagency.''375 At this point, it remained unclear to many officials why the President continued to hold the funds. On July 31, 2019, a fourth and final interagency meeting was held at the Policy Coordination Committee level. Ms. Cooper attended the meeting on behalf of DOD. According to Ms. Cooper, the agenda ''was largely focused on just routine Ukraine business, postelection follow up,'' and ''security assistance was not actually an explicit agenda item.''376 Ms. Cooper nevertheless raised security assistance and expressed her understanding, after consulting with DOD counsel, that there were only two legally available options to implement the hold: a Presidential rescission notice to Congress (i.e., requesting that Congress ''take back'' funds it had already appropriated) or for the Defense Department to do a reprogramming action (i.e., use Congressionally-appropriated funds for a different purpose).377 In either case, the law requires that the Executive Branch notify, and seek approval from, Congress before taking any action.378 At the July 31 meeting, Ms. Cooper emphasized to the participants that because ''there are only two legally available options and we do not have direction to pursue either,'' DOD would have to start obligating the funds on or about August 6.379 She explained at her deposition that DOD would have had to begin obligating the funds by that date or risk violation of the Impoundment Control Act.380 The Administration, however, never proposed a rescission or reprogramming of funds for Ukraine security assistance and never notified Congress of its intent to withhold funds.381 OMB Used Unusual Process to Implement President's Hold, Skirting Legal Concerns OMB plays a critical role in the release of security assistance funding. The Antideficiency Act requires that, before any department or agency may spend Congressionally-appropriated funding, the Director of OMB or his delegates must ''apportion'' (i.e., make available to spend) the funds in writing.382 Through this mechanism, OMB has the ability to directly impact security assistance funding or funding of any kind that is appropriated by Congress.
        77 In parallel with the interagency meetings that occurred during the latter half of July 2019, OMB devised a way to implement the President's hold on security assistance to Ukraine, notwithstanding DOD's Congressional notifications of February 28 and May 23. Over the course of his twelve-year career at OMB, Mr. Sandy could not recall any other time when a hold had been placed on security assistance after a Congressional notification had been sent.383 When speaking with Mr. Duffey on or about July 18 or 19, Mr. Sandy immediately raised concerns about how to implement the hold without violating the Impoundment Control Act, which required that the funds be obligated (i.e. spent) before they expired at the end of the fiscal year, on September 30.384 In light of that legal requirement, the hold would have to be temporary.385 An additional hurdle was the fact that OMB had already authorized DOD to spend the security assistance funds DOD administered for fiscal year 2019.386 Therefore, when President Trump directed the hold in July, OMB scrambled to reverse that prior authorization. From July 19 through July 24, Mr. Sandy consulted with the OMB Office of General Counsel as well as Ms. McCusker at DOD on how to legally implement a hold on the funds.387 Mr. Sandy's staff at OMB also conferred with OMB's Budget Review Division.388 Based on these consultations, OMB decided to implement the hold through a series of nine funding documents, known legally as ''apportionments.''389 Apportionments typically are used to convey authority to an agency to spend funds, not to withhold funds; thus, in order to bar DOD from spending money, these particular apportionments included footnotes that would impose the holds while using creative language to skirt legal concerns. Mr. Sandy testified that ''the purpose of the footnote was to preclude obligation for a limited period of time but enable planning and casework to continue.''390 He also testified that this use of footnotes was unusual and that in his 12 years of OMB experience, he could ''not recall another event like it.''391 On July 25, OMB issued the first funding document implementing the hold. In this document, the relevant footnote notified DOD that the Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative funds ''are not available for obligation until August 5, 2019, to allow for an interagency process to determine the best use of such funds.'' The footnote also stated that: Based on OMB's communication with DOD on July 25, 2019, OMB understands from the Department that this brief pause in obligations will not preclude DOD's timely execution of the final policy direction. DOD may continue its planning and casework for the Initiative during this period.392 Mr. Sandy explained that the ''interagency process'' referenced in the footnote referred to the NSC-led interagency meetings convened during the latter half of July, and that the August 5 date provided a ''reasonable timeframe for an interagency process'' to produce ''clear guidance'' on the hold.393 The August 5 date was determined in consultation with Mr. Duffey at OMB and Ms. McCusker at DOD.394 Mr. Sandy further testified that the second sentence in the footnote'--which states, in relevant part, that ''OMB understands from the Department that this brief pause in obligations will not preclude DOD's timely execution of the final policy direction'''--was critical to the implementation of the hold:
        78 Well, that gets to the heart of that issue about ensuring that we don't run afoul of the Impoundment Control Act, which means that you have to allow for the timely execution. And this reflects my conversation with'--conversations plural with Elaine McCusker that they can confirm that, during this brief period, they would not foresee any problem fully executing the program by the end of the fiscal year.395 The sentence, in effect, affirmed that if the hold remained in place only until August 5, DOD would still have sufficient time to spend all security assistance funds by September 30, 2019. President Trump, however, would continue the hold long past August 5. Trump Appointee Took Over Signing Authority from Career Budget Expert Since becoming Deputy Associate Director for National Security in 2013, Mr. Sandy was responsible for approving release of the funding for programs within his portfolio, including the Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative.396 Mr. Sandy approved and signed the July 25 funding document.397 On July 29, however, Mr. Duffey'--a political appointee of President Trump whose prior position had been as Executive Director of the Republican Party of Wisconsin'--told Mr. Sandy'--a career civil servant with decades of experience in this area'--that he would no longer be responsible for approving the release of funding for Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative.398 Mr. Duffey also revoked the authority for approving the release of funding for Foreign Military Financing from Mr. Sandy's colleague at OMB.399 Instead, Mr. Duffey would himself assume authority for the $250 million in DOD-administered Ukraine security assistance and authority for approving the release of funding for the $141 million in State Department-administered Foreign Military Financing to Ukraine. 400 Mr. Duffey did not tell Mr. Sandy whether he requested this change in authority but did say that ''it was in essence a joint decision reflecting both guidance from the Acting Director and also his support.''401 Over the course of several days, Mr. Duffey explained to Mr. Sandy and others in the National Security Division that ''there was interest among the leadership in tracking the uses of moneys [sic] closely.''402 Mr. Duffey expressed an ''interest in being more involved in daily operations'' and ''regarded this responsibility as a way for him to learn more about specific accounts within his area.''403 Mr. Sandy testified that prior to July 29, he had never heard Mr. Duffey state any interest in approving the release of funding.404 Furthermore, when they learned that Mr. Duffey was taking on this new responsibility, Mr. Sandy and other staff relayed their concerns to Mr. Duffey that it was a substantial workload.405 Mr. Sandy also testified that ''people were curious what he thought he would learn from apportionments about the accounts as opposed to the other, you know, sources of information.''406 Mr. Sandy agreed that there are more efficient ways of learning about accounts and programs, and that ''I can think of other ways'--other materials that I personally would find more informative.''407 Mr. Sandy was not aware of any prior instance when a political appointee assumed this kind of funding approval authority.408
        79 After the July 31 interagency meeting at which Ms. Cooper announced that DOD would have to start obligating the funds on or about August 6, Mr. Duffey sought clarification. 409 Ms. Cooper explained to Mr. Duffey that at a certain point DOD would not have sufficient time to fully obligate the funds before they expired at the end of the fiscal year. In response, Mr. Duffey ''wanted more information on the precise nature of how long does it take to obligate, and how many cases, and that sort of thing.'' 410 Ms. Cooper referred Mr. Duffey to the DOD comptroller and to the Defense Security Cooperation Agency.411 During the month of August, Mr. Duffey and Ms. McCusker communicated about the implementation of the hold on the Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative funds.412 On August 6 and August 15, Mr. Duffey approved two more funding documents that contained footnotes with language nearly identical to the footnote in the July 25 funding document that initiated the hold; the only difference was that the date funds would become available for spending was changed from August 5 to August 12.413 The August 6 and 15 footnotes, and all subsequent footnotes through September 10, continued to state that the hold was in place ''to allow for an interagency process to determine the best use of such funds,'' even though the final interagency meeting regarding Ukraine security assistance occurred on July 31.414 Not only was there no active interagency process after July, but Ms. Cooper also was not aware of any review of the funding conducted by DOD in July, August, or September.415 In fact, Ms. Cooper noted that months before, DOD had completed its review of whether Ukraine ''had made sufficient progress in meeting defense reform and anticorruption goals consistent with the NDAA,'' and certified to Congress in May 2019 that Ukraine had met the requirements to receive funding.416 Similarly, Mr. Kent testified that the State Department did not conduct, and was never asked to conduct, a review of the security assistance funding administered by the State Department.417 At the same time that OMB was implementing the President's hold through the funding footnotes, officials inside OMB were advocating for release of the funds. On August 7, the National Security Division, International Affairs Division, and Office of Legal Counsel of OMB drafted and transmitted a memo on Ukraine security assistance to OMB Acting Director Vought ''in anticipation of a principals-level discussion to address the topic.''418 The National Security Division's portion of the memorandum recommended to remove the hold because (1) the assistance was consistent with the national security strategy in terms of supporting a stable, peaceful Europe; (2) the aid countered Russian aggression; and (3) there was bipartisan support for the program.419 Mr. Duffey approved the memorandum and agreed with the policy recommendation.420 Sometime in mid-August, DOD raised concerns that it might not be able to fully obligate the Defense Department administered funds before the end of the fiscal year.421 Ms. Cooper testified that the Defense Security Cooperation Agency estimated that $100 million of aid might not be obligated in time and was at risk.422 Because of this, DOD concluded that it could no longer support OMB's claim in the footnote that ''this brief pause in obligations will not preclude DOD's timely execution of the
        80 final policy direction.''423 As mentioned above, Mr. Sandy testified that this sentence was at ''the heart of that issue about ensuring that we don't run afoul of the Impoundment Control Act.'' 424 As a result of DOD's concerns, all of the subsequent footnotes issued by OMB during the pendency of the hold'--approved by Mr. Duffey on August 20, 27, and 31, and September 5, 6, and 10'--removed the sentence regarding DOD's ability to fully obligate by the end of the fiscal year.425 Each footnote extended the hold for a period of two to six days.426 Mr. Sandy and his staff ''continued to express concerns [to Mr. Duffey] about the potential implications vis- -vis the Impoundment Control Act,''427 and advised Mr. Duffey to consult with OMB's Office of General Counsel ''on every single footnote.''428 Mr. Sandy was copied on emails with the Office of General Counsel on these topics. 429 Although Mr. Sandy understood that the Office of General Counsel supported the footnotes, he noted that there were dissenting opinions within the Office of General Counsel.430 Concerns about whether the Administration was bending, if not breaking, the law by holding back this vital assistance contributed to at least two OMB officials resigning, including one attorney in the Office of General Counsel.431 Mr. Sandy testified that the resignation was motivated in part by concerns about the way OMB was handling the hold on Ukraine security assistance.432 According to Mr. Sandy, the colleague disagreed with the Office of General Counsel about the application of the Impoundment Control Act to the hold on Ukraine security assistance.433 Nevertheless, at the direction of the President, OMB continued to implement the hold through September 11. Senior Officials Failed to Convince President Trump to Release the Aid in August Sometime prior to August 16, Ambassador Bolton had a one-on-one meeting with President Trump about the aid.434 According to Mr. Morrison, at that meeting the President ''was not yet ready to approve the release of the assistance.''435 Following the meeting, Ambassador Bolton instructed Mr. Morrison to look for opportunities to get the principals together ''to have the direct, in-person conversation with the President about this topic.'' 436 On or about August 13 or 14, Lt. Col. Vindman was directed to draft a Presidential Decision Memorandum for Ambassador Bolton and the other principals to present to President Trump for a decision on Ukraine security assistance.437 The memorandum, finalized on August 15, recommended that the hold should be lifted, explained why, and included the consensus views from the July 26 meeting that the funds should be released.438 Lt. Col. Vindman received conflicting accounts about whether the memorandum was presented to the President.439 Mr. Morrison, who was Lt. Col. Vindman's supervisor at the NSC and agreed with the recommendation to lift the hold, testified that the memorandum was never provided to the President.440 Mr. Morrison explained that Ambassador Bolton intended to present the memorandum to the President during an unrelated meeting in Bedminster, New Jersey, on August 15, but the ''other subject matter of that meeting consumed all the time.''441 However, while at Bedminster, the principals ''all represented to Ambassador Bolton that they were prepared to tell the President they endorsed the swift release and disbursement of the funding.''442
        81 Mr. Morrison testified that he attempted to gather the ''the right group of principals'' to meet with the President but was unable to do so because of scheduling issues.443 According to Mr. Morrison, the next possible opportunity was during a trip to Warsaw, Poland at the beginning of September, but President Trump did not end up making that trip.444 Ms. Cooper recalled receiving an email at the end of August from Secretary of Defense Esper referencing a meeting or discussion with the President, and that there was ''no decision on Ukraine.''445 Ukrainian Officials Learned About the Hold in July 2019 Witnesses testified that officials in the Ukraine government knew of President Trump's hold on security assistance before it was publicly reported in the press on August 28, 2019. Ms. Croft testified that after July 18'--when the hold was announced by OMB at the interagency meeting'--it was ''inevitable that it was eventually going to come out.''446 Two individuals from the Ukrainian Embassy in Washington, D.C., approached Ms. Croft approximately a week apart ''quietly and in confidence to ask me about an OMB hold on Ukraine security assistance.''447 Ms. Croft could not precisely recall the dates of these conversations, but testified that she was ''very surprised at the effectiveness of my Ukrainian counterparts' diplomatic tradecraft, as in to say they found out very early on or much earlier than I expected them to.''448 Ms. Croft explained that the Ukrainian officials came to her quietly because they would not want the hold to become public: I think that if this were public in Ukraine it would be seen as a reversal of our policy and would, just to say sort of candidly and colloquially, this would be a really big deal, it would be a really big deal in Ukraine, and an expression of declining U.S. support for Ukraine.449 DOD also received questions from the Ukraine Embassy about the status of the military assistance. Ms. Cooper testified that those occurred on July 25, 2019'--the same day as President Trump's call with President Zelensky: On July 25th, a member of my staff got a question from a Ukraine Embassy contact asking what was going on with Ukraine security assistance, because at that time, we did not know what the guidance was on USAI [DOD-administered funds]. The OMB notice of apportionment arrived that day, but this staff member did not find out about it until later. I was informed that the staff member told the Ukrainian official that we were moving forward on USAI, but recommended that the Ukraine Embassy check in with State regarding the FMF [State Department-administered funds].450 On July 25, Ms. Cooper's staff received two emails from the State Department revealing that the Ukrainian Embassy was ''asking about security assistance'' and that ''the Hill knows about the FMF situation to an extent, and so does the Ukrainian Embassy.''451
        82 One of Ms. Cooper's staff members reported that sometime during the week of August 6, a Ukrainian Embassy officer stated that ''a Ukrainian official might raise concerns about security assistance in an upcoming meeting,'' but that the issue was ''not, in fact, raised.''452 Ms. Cooper's staff further reported that Ukrainian officials were aware of the hold on security assistance in August.453 Lt. Col. Vindman testified that, by mid-August, he too was getting questions from Ukrainians about the status of the hold on security assistance: So to the best of my knowledge, the Ukrainians, first of all, are in general pretty sophisticated, they have their network of, you know, Ukrainian interest groups and so forth. They have bipartisan support in Congress. And certainly there are'--it was no secret, at least within government and official channels, that security assistance was on hold. And to the best of my recollection, I believe there were some of these light inquires in the mid-August timeframe.454 While numerous individuals, including Ukrainians, were aware of the hold, it did not become publicly known until a Politico report on August 28, 2019.455
        83 4. The President's Meeting with the Ukrainian President Was Conditioned on An Announcement of Investigations President Trump demanded the public announcement by President Zelensky of investigations into President Trump's political rival and alleged Ukrainian interference in the 2016 U.S. election in exchange for an Oval Office meeting. The President's representatives made that quid pro quo clear to Ukrainian officials. Overview After ordering the hold on security assistance to Ukraine against the unanimous advice of the relevant U.S. government agencies, President Trump used his hand-picked representatives to demand that Ukrainian leaders publicly announce investigations into his political rival, former Vice President Joe Biden, and into the debunked conspiracy theory that Ukraine, not Russia, interfered in the 2016 U.S. election. President Trump, through his agents, made clear that his demand needed to be met before a coveted White House meeting with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky would be scheduled. A face-to-face meeting with President Trump in the Oval Office would have conferred on the new Ukrainian leader much-sought prestige and would have signaled to Russia that Ukraine could continue to count on the support of the President of the United States, which was particularly important as Russia continued to wage war in eastern Ukraine. To date, the White House meeting for President Zelensky has not occurred. Following the May 23 meeting in the Oval Office, President Trump's hand-picked representatives'--the so-called ''Three Amigos'''--worked with the President's personal attorney, Rudy Giuliani, to pressure Ukrainian leaders to announce publicly investigations that would benefit the President's reelection campaign. Testimony of multiple witnesses and contemporaneous text messages exchanged between and among President Trump's representatives confirm that the White House meeting'--and later the release of security assistance for Ukraine'--was conditioned on Ukraine acquiescing to the President's demands. In the weeks leading up to the July 25 call between President Trump and President Zelensky, President Trump's representatives repeatedly relayed the message of conditionality to Ukrainian government officials'--including to President Zelensky himself'--in meetings in Kyiv, Toronto, and Washington, D.C. President Zelensky and his advisors struggled to navigate these demands, recognizing that President Trump's desire that Ukraine announce these political investigations threatened to render Ukraine a ''pawn'' in U.S. domestic reelection politics. An Oval Office Meeting for President Zelensky Was Important to Ukraine and U.S. National Security A face-to-face meeting with the President of the United States in the Oval Office was critical to President Zelensky as the newly-elected Ukrainian leader sought U.S. support for his ambitious anti-corruption agenda and to repel Russian aggression. A White House meeting was
        84 also important for U.S. national security because it would have served to bolster Ukraine's negotiating position in peace talks with Russia. It also would have supported Ukraine as a bulwark against further Russian advances in Europe. Multiple witnesses unanimously attested to the importance of a White House meeting for Ukraine and the United States. For example, David Holmes, the Political Counselor at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, testified that a White House meeting was ''critical'' to President Zelensky's ability to ''encourage Russian President Putin to take seriously President Zelensky's peace efforts.''456 Likewise, Deputy Assistant Secretary George Kent explained that a White House meeting was ''very important'' for Ukrainians to demonstrate the strength of their relationship with ''Ukraine's strongest supporter.'' He also said that it ''makes sense'' for the United States to meet with the Ukrainians as they were on ''the front lines of Russian malign influence and aggression.''457 Dr. Fiona Hill, Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director of European and Russian Affairs at the NSC, explained that a White House meeting would supply the new Ukrainian Government with ''the legitimacy that it needed, especially vis- -vis the Russians,'''--and that the Ukrainians viewed a White House meeting as ''a recognition of their legitimacy as a sovereign state.''458 Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman, the NSC Director for Ukraine, testified that a White House meeting would provide a ''show of support'' from ''the most powerful country in the world and Ukraine's most significant benefactor,'' which would help the Ukrainian President ''establish his bona fides'' and ''implement his agenda.''459 Ambassador Kurt Volker, Special Representative for Ukraine Negotiations, also recognized that it was ''a tremendous symbol of support'' to have President Zelensky visit the White House.460 He explained that a meeting ''enhances [President Zelensky's] stature, that he is accepted, that he is seen at the highest level. The imagery you get from being at the White House is the best in the world, in terms of how it enhances someone's image.''461 President Trump ''Wanted to Hear from Zelensky'' Before Scheduling Oval Office Meeting Ambassador William B. Taylor, Jr. arrived in Ukraine as the new Charg(C) d'Affaires at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv on June 17, 2019. After arriving, Ambassador Taylor worked to secure an Oval Office meeting between President Trump and President Zelensky. This was ''an agreed-upon goal'' of policymakers in both Ukraine and the United States.462 Ambassador Taylor worked with Ambassador Volker and Ambassador to the European Union Gordon Sondland'--two of the Three Amigos'--to try to schedule this meeting. Just days after beginning his new position, Ambassador Taylor learned that President Trump ''wanted to hear from Zelensky'' before scheduling the Oval Office meeting, but Ambassador Taylor did not understand what that meant at the time.463 On June 27, Ambassador Sondland informed Ambassador Taylor that President Zelensky needed to ''make clear'' to President Trump that he, President Zelensky, was not ''standing in the way of 'investigations.'''464 Ambassador Taylor relayed this conversation to Mr. Holmes, who testified that he understood ''investigations'' in that context to mean the ''Burisma-Biden investigations that Mr. Giuliani and his associates had been speaking about'' publicly.465
        85 On June 28, Secretary of Energy Rick Perry'--the third of the Three Amigos'--and Ambassadors Sondland, Volker, and Taylor participated in a conference call to prepare for a discussion later that day with President Zelensky. During this preparatory call, Ambassador Volker explained that he planned to be ''explicit'' with President Zelensky in an upcoming one-on-one meeting in Toronto, Canada. Specifically, Ambassador Volker intended to inform President Zelensky that President Trump would require Ukraine to address ''rule of law, transparency, but also, specifically, cooperation on investigations to get to the bottom of things'' in order to ''get the meeting in the White House.''466 For the subsequent call with President Zelensky on June 28, Ambassador Sondland sought to limit the number of U.S. government personnel listening in. According to Ambassador Taylor, Ambassador Sondland stated that he did not want to include ''most of the regular interagency participants'' and that ''he wanted to make sure no one was transcribing or monitoring'' the call when President Zelensky was patched in. Ambassador Taylor testified that he considered Ambassador Sondland's requests to be ''odd.''467 During that call, President Zelensky and the U.S. officials discussed energy policy and the conflict with Russia in eastern Ukraine. The Ukrainian president also noted that he looked forward to the White House visit that President Trump had offered in a letter dated May 29.468 The exclusion of State Department staff and notetakers from the June 28 call was an early indication to Ambassador Taylor that separate channels of diplomacy related to Ukraine policy'--an official channel and an irregular channel'--were ''diverging.'' Ambassador Taylor testified: This suggested to me that there were the two channels. This suggested to me that the normal channel, where you would have staff on the phone call, was being cut out, and the other channel, of people who were working, again, toward a goal which I supported, which was having a meeting to further U.S.-Ukrainian relations, I supported, but that irregular channel didn't have a respect for or an interest in having the normal staff participate in this call with the head of state.469 Given Ambassador Sondland's efforts to exclude staff on the June 28 call with President Zelensky, Ambassador Taylor asked Ambassadors Sondland and Volker by text message how they planned to handle informing other U.S. officials about the contents of the call. Ambassador Volker responded: ''I think we just keep it among ourselves to try to build working relationship and just get the d*** date for the meeting!''470 Ambassador Sondland then texted: ''Agree with KV. Very close hold.''471 Nevertheless, Ambassador Taylor informed Mr. Kent about the call and wrote a memo for the record dated June 30 that summarized the conversation with President Zelensky.472 Ambassador Volker Pressed ''Investigations'' with President Zelensky in Toronto On July 2, Ambassador Volker met with President Zelensky and his chief of staff on the sidelines of the Ukraine Reform Conference in Toronto. As he later texted to Ambassador Taylor, Ambassador Volker ''pulled the two of them aside at the end and explained the Giuliani factor.''473 Ambassador Volker clarified that by ''the Giuliani factor,'' he meant ''a negative
        86 narrative about Ukraine'' that was ''being amplified by Rudy Giuliani'' and was unfavorably impacting ''Ukraine's image in the United States and our ability to advance the bilateral relationship.''474 Ambassador Volker later informed Ukraine's incoming Minister of Foreign Affairs, Vadym Prystaiko, about his pull-aside with President Zelensky in Toronto via text message: ''I talked to him privately about Giuliani and impact on president T[rump].''475 On July 3, the day after his pull-aside with President Zelensky in Toronto, Ambassador Volker sent a message to Ambassador Taylor emphasizing that ''The key thing is to tee up a phone call w potus and then get visit nailed down.''476 Ambassador Volker told Ambassador Taylor that during the Toronto conference, he counseled the Ukrainian president about how he could ''prepare for the phone call with President Trump.'' Specifically, Ambassador Volker told the Ukrainian leader that President Trump ''would like to hear about the investigations.'' 477 In his public testimony, Ambassador Volker confirmed that he mentioned ''investigations'' to President Zelensky in Toronto, explaining that he was ''thinking of Burisma and 2016'' in raising the subject, and that his ''assumption'' was that Ukrainian officials also understood his reference to ''investigations'' to be ''Burisma/2016.''478 Ambassador Volker's efforts to prepare President Zelensky for his phone call with President Trump appear to have borne fruit. As discussed further in Chapter 5, during the July 25 call, President Zelensky expressed his openness to pursuing investigations into President Trump's political rival, former Vice President Biden, and the conspiracy theory that Ukraine, rather than Russia, interfered in the 2016 U.S. election. President Zelensky also specifically referenced ''Burisma'' during the call. Ambassadors Volker and Sondland Worked to Get Mr. Giuliani What He Needed According to Ambassador Sondland, President Zelensky's commitment to make a public announcement about investigations into Burisma and the 2016 election was a ''prerequisite[]'' for the White House meeting.479 In fact, Ambassador Sondland testified that the announcement of the investigations'--and not the investigations themselves'--was the price President Trump sought in exchange for a White House meeting with Ukrainian President Zelensky: Q: But he had to get those two investigations if that official act was going to take place, correct? A: He had to announce the investigations. He didn't actually have to do them, as I understood it. Q: Okay. President Zelensky had to announce the two investigations the President wanted, make a public announcement, correct? A: Correct.480 Ambassadors Sondland and Volker understood that they needed to work with Mr. Giuliani, who was publicly pressing for the announcement of investigations that would benefit President Trump politically. As discussed in Chapter 2, Ambassador Sondland testified that the key to overcoming President Trump's skepticism about Ukraine was satisfying the President's personal attorney. Sondland said, ''Nonetheless, based on the President's direction, we were faced with a choice: We could abandon the efforts to schedule the White House phone call and a
        87 White House visit'' or ''do as President Trump had directed and 'talk with Rudy''' because ''it was the only constructive path open to us.''481 Ambassador Volker discussed his intention to contact Mr. Giuliani with Mr. Kent. Ambassador Volker explained that he intended to reach out to Mr. Giuliani because it was clear that the former mayor ''had influence'' with President Trump ''in terms of the way the President thought of Ukraine.''482 Ukrainian officials also understood the importance of working through Mr. Giuliani, something that was underscored by his successful effort to smear and remove Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch from Kyiv in late April.483 In response to Ambassador Volker's stated intention to reach out to Mr. Giuliani, Mr. Kent raised concerns about Mr. Giuliani's ''track record,'' including ''asking for a visa for a corrupt former prosecutor,'' attacking Ambassador Yovanovitch, and ''tweeting that the new President needs to investigate Biden and the 2016 campaign.'' Mr. Kent also warned Ambassador Volker that ''asking another country to investigate a prosecution for political reasons undermines our advocacy of the rule of law.''484 On July 10, Ambassador Taylor met with Ukrainian officials in Kyiv, before their Ukrainian colleagues were scheduled to meet with National Security Advisor John Bolton at the White House later that day. At the meeting in Kyiv, the Ukrainian officials expressed that they were ''very concerned'' because they had heard from former Prosecutor General Yuriy Lutsenko, who had learned from Mr. Giuliani, that President Trump had decided not to meet with President Zelensky.485 Ambassador Taylor texted Ambassador Volker to explain the situation and advised that he had also informed T. Ulrich Brechbuhl, Counselor of the Department of State: Volker: Good grief. Please tell Vadym to let the official USG representatives speak for the U.S. lutsenko has his own self-Interest here'... Taylor: Exactly what I told them. Taylor: And I said that RG is a private citizen. Taylor: I briefed Ulrich this afternoon on this.486 Despite his text message to Ambassador Taylor that official U.S. government representatives should be allowed to ''speak for the U.S.,'' and notwithstanding Mr. Kent's warnings about engaging with Mr. Giuliani, Ambassador Volker almost immediately reached out to Mr. Giuliani. Four minutes after sending the text message above, Ambassador Volker texted Mr. Giuliani to request a meeting to ''update you on my conversations about Ukraine.'' He told Mr. Giuliani that he believed he had ''an opportunity to get you what you need.''487 One hour later, around 9:00 a.m. Eastern Time, Ambassador Volker met Ukrainian presidential aide Andriy Yermak for coffee at the Trump Hotel before they traveled down Pennsylvania Avenue to their afternoon meetings at the White House.488 Over coffee, Mr. Yermak asked Ambassador Volker to connect him to Mr. Giuliani, thus further demonstrating the Ukrainians' understanding that satisfying Mr. Giuliani's demands was a key to getting what they wanted from President Trump, namely the Oval Office meeting.489
        88 July 10 White House Meetings: Ambassador Sondland Explicitly Communicated the ''Prerequisite of Investigations'' to Ukrainians On July 10, during two separate meetings at the White House, Ambassador Sondland informed senior Ukrainian officials that there was a ''prerequisite of investigations'' before an Oval Office meeting between President Trump and President Zelensky would be scheduled.490 The first meeting took place in Ambassador Bolton's office. NSC officials, including Ambassador Bolton's staff responsible for Ukraine'--Dr. Hill and Lt. Col. Vindman'--attended, as did the Three Amigos: Secretary Perry, Ambassador Sondland, and Ambassador Volker. The Ukrainian delegation included Mr. Yermak, a senior aide to President Zelensky, and Oleksandr ''Sasha'' Danyliuk, the incoming Ukrainian National Security Advisor.491 The purpose of the meeting was twofold. The Ukrainians were seeking advice and assistance from Ambassador Bolton about how to ''revamp'' the Ukrainian National Security Council, and they were also ''very anxious to set up a meeting, a first meeting between President Zelensky and our President.''492 Near the end of the meeting, the Ukrainian officials raised the scheduling of the Oval Office meeting for President Zelensky. According to Dr. Hill, Ambassador Sondland, who is ''a fairly big guy, kind of leaned over'' and then ''blurted out: Well, we have an agreement with the [White House] Chief of Staff for a meeting if these investigations in the energy sector start.'' Dr. Hill described that others in the room looked up from their notes, thinking the comment was ''somewhat odd.'' Ambassador Bolton ''immediately stiffened'' and ended the meeting. Dr. Hill recounted that Ambassador Bolton was polite but was ''very abrupt. I mean, he looked at the clock as if he had, you know, suddenly another meeting and his time was up, but it was obvious he ended the meeting,'' she added.493 Lt. Col. Vindman similarly testified that the meeting in Ambassador Bolton's office ''proceeded well'' until Ukrainian officials raised the meeting between President Trump and President Zelensky. The Ukrainians stated that they considered the Oval Office meeting to be ''critically important in order to solidify the support for their most important international partner.'' When Ambassador Sondland mentioned Ukraine ''delivering specific investigations in order to secure the meeting with the President,'' Ambassador Bolton cut the meeting short.494 Although Ambassador Volker did not recall any mention of ''investigations'' during the July 10 meeting at his deposition,495 he later testified at his public hearing, ''As I remember, the meeting [in Ambassador Bolton's office] was essentially over when Ambassador Sondland made a general comment about investigations. I think all of us thought it was inappropriate'' and ''not what we should be talking about.''496 After Ambassador Bolton ended the meeting in his office, Ambassador Sondland ''went out into the office in front of Ambassador Bolton'' and made ''unusual'' arrangements for the Ukrainians, Ambassador Volker, Secretary Perry, and others to go to a second meeting in the Ward Room of the White House, located near the secure spaces of the White House Situation Room. As Dr. Hill described it, the purpose of the Ward Room meeting was ''to talk to the
        89 Ukrainians about next steps'' regarding the Oval Office meeting for President Zelensky.497 As Dr. Hill was leaving Ambassador Bolton's office, he pulled her aside and directed her to attend the Ward Room meeting to ''find out what they're talking about and come back'' and report to him. Dr. Hill followed his instruction.498 During the Ward Room meeting, which occurred after a brief photo opportunity outside the West Wing, Ambassador Sondland was more explicit in pressing the Ukrainians to undertake the investigations in order to secure an Oval Office meeting for President Zelensky. Lt. Col. Vindman testified that when the group entered the Ward Room, Ambassador Sondland began to ''review what the deliverable would be in order to get the meeting,'' and that ''to the best of my recollection, he did specifically say 'investigation of the Bidens.''' Lt. Col. Vindman said the request ''was explicit. There was no ambiguity'' and that Ambassador Sondland also mentioned ''Burisma.''499 Dr. Hill entered the Ward Room as the discussion was underway. She testified that ''Ambassador Sondland, in front of the Ukrainians, as I came in, was talking about how he had an agreement with Chief of Staff Mulvaney for a meeting with the Ukrainians if they were going to go forward with investigations. And my director for Ukraine [Lt. Col. Vindman] was looking completely alarmed.''500 Dr. Hill recalled that Ambassador Sondland mentioned ''Burisma'' in the presence of the Ukrainians, in response to which Mr. Danyliuk also appeared ''very alarmed'' and as if he did not know what was happening.501 Dr. Hill confronted Ambassador Sondland, informing him that Ambassador Bolton had sent her there to ensure that the U.S. officials did not commit ''at this particular juncture'' to a meeting between President Trump and President Zelensky. Ambassador Sondland responded that he and the Ukrainians already had an agreement that the meeting would go forward.502 At Dr. Hill's urging, however, Ambassador Sondland excused the Ukrainian officials, who moved into the corridor near the White House Situation Room. Dr. Hill then told Ambassador Sondland: ''Look, I don't know what's going on here, but Ambassador Bolton wants to make it very clear that we have to talk about, you know, how are we going to set up this meeting. It has to go through proper procedures.'' Lt. Col. Vindman relayed his own concerns to Ambassador Sondland in the Ward Room.503 He explained that ''the request to investigate the Bidens and his son had nothing to do with national security, and that such investigations were not something that the NSC was going to get involved in or push.''504 Ambassador Sondland responded that he had had conversations with Mr. Mulvaney and he also mentioned Mr. Giuliani. Lt. Col. Vindman confirmed that Ambassador Sondland described an agreement he had with Mr. Mulvaney about the Oval Office meeting: ''I heard him say that this had been coordinated with White House Chief of Staff Mr. Mick Mulvaney '... He just said that he had had a conversation with Mr. Mulvaney, and this is what was required in order to get a meeting.''505 Dr. Hill then cut the conversation short because she ''didn't want to get further into this discussion at all.'' She testified that Ambassador Sondland ''was clearly annoyed with this, but then, you know, he moved off. He said he had other meetings.''506
        90 Later on July 10, when Ambassador Taylor asked Ambassador Volker how the meetings went with the Ukrainian officials and whether they had resulted in a decision on a presidential call, Ambassador Volker replied: ''Not good'--lets talk.''507 Following the July 10 White House meetings, Mr. Yermak followed up with Ambassador Volker by text message: ''Thank you for meeting and your clear and very logical position. Will be great meet with you before my departure and discuss. I feel that the key for many things is Rudi and I ready to talk with him at any time.''508 Concerned Officials Reported Details of This ''Drug Deal'' to White House Lawyers After the Ward Room meeting, Dr. Hill returned to Ambassador Bolton's office and relayed what she had just witnessed. Ambassador Bolton was ''very angry'' and instructed her to report the conversation to John Eisenberg, Deputy Counsel to the President for National Security Affairs and the Legal Advisor to the National Security Council: And he told me, and this is a direct quote from Ambassador Bolton: You go and tell Eisenberg that I am not part of whatever drug deal Sondland and Mulvaney are cooking up on this, and you go and tell him what you've heard and what I've said.509 Dr. Hill explained that ''drug deal'' referred to Ambassador Sondland's and Mr. Mulvaney's conditioning of a White House meeting on investigations.510 By this point, Dr. Hill explained, it was clear that investigations were ''code, at least, for Burisma. Because that had been mentioned, you know, in the course of Mr. Giuliani's appearances on television.''511 Numerous U.S. officials, including Ambassadors Sondland, Volker, and Bolton, as well as Lt. Col. Vindman and others, were well aware of Mr. Giuliani's efforts to push Ukraine to pursue these political investigations. Following the meeting with Ambassador Bolton, Dr. Hill reported what had occurred to Mr. Eisenberg. She conveyed to Mr. Eisenberg the details of the two meetings, including Ambassador Sondland's agreement with Mr. Mulvaney to provide the White House meeting if Ukraine agreed to pursue the investigations.512 The initial conversation between Dr. Hill and Mr. Eisenberg was brief, and they scheduled a longer discussion for the next day.513 On July 11, Dr. Hill enlisted another NSC official who attended the July 10 meetings, Senior Director for International Energy and Environment P. Wells Griffith, to attend the longer discussion with Mr. Eisenberg.514 Dr. Hill and Mr. Griffith went over the events of July 10 and further explained that Ambassador Sondland said that he had been communicating with Mr. Giuliani. Mr. Eisenberg was ''very concerned'' and stated that he would follow up. Dr. Hill understood that Mr. Eisenberg later discussed the issue with his ''reporting authority,'' specifically, White House Counsel Pat Cipollone.515 Lt. Col. Vindman separately reported his concerns about the July 10 meetings to Mr. Eisenberg. He told Mr. Eisenberg that Ambassador Sondland had asked for investigations into ''Bidens and Burisma,'' which he thought was ''inappropriate.''516 Lt. Col. Vindman also reported that the investigation ''Mr. Giuliani was pushing was now being pulled into a, you know, national
        91 security dialogue.''517 Mr. Eisenberg said that he would look into it and invited Lt. Col. Vindman to return if any further concerns arose. No one from the of the White House Counsel's Office, however, followed up with Lt. Col. Vindman on this issue.518 Dr. Hill and Lt. Col. Vindman discussed their reactions and alarm about the July 10 discussions with each other. They both believed that Ambassador Sondland's statements were inappropriate and ''had nothing to do with national security,'' and that they would not get involved with the scheme.519 On July 19, they also shared their concerns about Ambassador Sondland's comments during the July 10 meetings with Ambassador Taylor.520 Ambassador Sondland Coached President Zelensky on Investigations and Kept Senior White House and State Department Officials ''In the Loop'' In mid-July, Dr. Hill was preparing to depart the NSC and transitioning her role to Timothy Morrison, who had been serving in another role at the NSC.521 On July 13, Ambassador Sondland emailed Mr. Morrison, explaining that the ''[s]ole purpose'' of a presidential call was for President Zelensky to assure President Trump that, ''Corruption ending, unbundling moving forward and any hampered investigations will be allowed to move forward transparently.'' In exchange, Ambassador Sondland wrote, the ''Goal is for Potus to invite him to Oval. Volker, Perry, Bolton and I strongly recommend.''522 Later that evening, Mr. Morrison responded, ''Thank you. Tracking.''523 On July 19, a little over a week after the July 10 meetings at the White House, Ambassador Sondland spoke directly to President Zelensky about the upcoming call between the two presidents: ''It was a short call. I think I said: It looks like your call is finally on, and I think it's important that you, you know, give President Trump'--he wanted this'--some kind of a statement about corruption.''524 Following his call with President Zelensky, Ambassador Sondland emailed several senior Trump Administration officials, including Mr. Mulvaney, Secretary of State Michael Pompeo, Secretary Perry, and their staffs. The subject line of the July 19 email read: ''I Talked to Zelensky just now.'' Ambassador Sondland wrote: He is prepared to receive Potus' call. Will assure him that he intends to run a fully transparent investigation and will ''turn over every stone''. He would greatly appreciate a call prior to Sunday so that he can put out some media about a ''friendly and productive call'' (no details) prior to Ukraine election on Sunday.525 Secretary Perry responded that Mr. Mulvaney had confirmed a call would be set up ''for tomorrow by NSC,''526 and Mr. Mulvaney also responded to confirm that he had asked the NSC to set up the call between the presidents for the following day, July 20.527 Ambassador Sondland explained that this email chain showed that ''[e]veryone was in the loop'' regarding his discussions with Ukrainian officials about the need for the Ukrainian leader to confirm to President Trump that he would announce the investigations. As Ambassador Sondland further testified:
        92 It was no secret. Everyone was informed via email on July 19th, days before the Presidential call. As I communicated to the team, I told President Zelensky in advance that assurances to run a fully transparent investigation and turn over every stone were necessary in his call with President Trump.528 Call records reviewed by the Committees show repeated contact between Ambassador Sondland and the White House around this time. For example, on July 19, at 10:43 a.m. Eastern Time, a number associated with the White House dialed Ambassador Sondland. Four minutes later, at 10:47 a.m., Ambassador Sondland called a White House phone number and connected for approximately seven minutes.529 Later in the afternoon of July 19, Ambassador Sondland texted Ambassadors Volker and Taylor: ''Looks like Potus call tomorrow. I spike [sic] directly to Zelensky and gave him a full briefing. He's got it.''530 Ambassador Volker replied: ''Good. Had breakfast with Rudy this morning'--teeing up call w Yermak Monday. Must have helped. Most impt is for Zelensky to say that he will help investigation'--and address any specific personnel issues'--if there are any.''531 Mr. Giuliani Met with State Department Officials and Ukrainian Government Officials As Ambassador Volker informed Ambassador Sondland in the above text message, on July 19, Ambassador Volker met Mr. Giuliani and his now-indicted associate Lev Parnas for breakfast at the Trump Hotel in Washington, D.C.532 Ambassador Volker also texted Mr. Yermak to inform him that he and Mr. Giuliani were meeting that day: ''Having our long anticipated breakfast today'--will let you know and try to connect you directly.''533 During the breakfast, Mr. Giuliani and Ambassador Volker discussed the discredited allegations against former Vice President Biden relating to Ukraine. Ambassador Volker testified that he pushed back against the allegations during his breakfast with Mr. Giuliani: One of the things that I said in that breakfast that I had with Mr. Giuliani, the only time Vice President Biden was ever discussed with me, and he was repeating'--he wasn't making an accusation and he wasn't seeking an investigation'--but he was repeating all of the things that were in the media that we talked about earlier about, you know, firing the prosecutor general and his son being on the company and all that. And I said to Rudy in that breakfast the first time we sat down to talk that it is simply not credible to me that Joe Biden would be influenced in his duties as Vice President by money or things for his son or anything like that. I've known him a long time, he's a person of integrity, and that's not credible.534 Ambassador Volker further advised Mr. Giuliani during the breakfast that the then-Ukrainian Prosecutor General, Yuriy Lutsenko, was promoting a ''self-serving narrative to preserve himself in power.'' Mr. Giuliani agreed with Ambassador Volker and stated that he had come to that conclusion as well.535
        93 Following the breakfast, Ambassador Volker connected Mr. Giuliani with Mr. Yermak by text message: Volker: Mr Mayor '-- really enjoyed breakfast this morning. As discussed, connecting you here with Andrey Yermak, who is very close to President Zelensky. I suggest we schedule a call together on Monday '-- maybe 10am or 11am Washington time? Kurt Giuliani: Monday 10 to 11 Yermak: Ok, thank you Volker: I will set up call '-- 10 am '-- thanks '' Kurt Yermak: ��536 On the morning of July 22, Mr. Yermak texted Ambassador Volker about the upcoming call with Mr. Giuliani, writing that it was ''very good'' that their discussion would take place before the call between President Trump and President Zelensky.537 Later that day, the three men spoke by phone. Ambassador Volker described the July 22 discussion as merely an ''introductory phone call,''538 although phone records indicate that the call lasted for approximately 38 minutes.539 Ambassador Volker testified that during the call, Mr. Giuliani and Mr. Yermak discussed plans for an in-person meeting in Madrid in early August.540 Afterward, Ambassador Volker texted Mr. Yermak that he thought the call had been ''very useful'' and recommended that Mr. Yermak send Mr. Giuliani a text message to schedule a date for the Madrid meeting.541 Mr. Yermak texted Mr. Giuliani later that day about a plan to ''take this relationship to a new level'' and to meet in person as soon as possible.542 Later on July 22, Ambassador Volker updated Ambassador Sondland on the ''great call'' he ''[o]rchestrated'' between Mr. Giuliani and Mr. Yermak, noting that ''Rudy is now advocating for phone call,'' an apparent reference to the call between President Trump and President Zelensky that would occur on July 25. Ambassador Volker also recommended that Ambassador Sondland inform Mr. Mulvaney that ''Rudy agrees,'' and that he planned to convey the same information to Ambassador Bolton. Ambassador Sondland replied that Mr. Morrison of the White House NSC was also in support of the call.543 Ambassador Volker also told Ambassador Sondland that Mr. Giuliani and Mr. Yermak would meet in person in Madrid within a couple of weeks.544 President Zelensky Feared Becoming ''A Pawn'' in U.S. Reelection Campaign Around this time, senior Ukrainian officials informed U.S. officials that the new Ukrainian president did not want Ukraine to become enmeshed in U.S. domestic reelection politics.
        94 On July 20, Ambassador Taylor spoke with Mr. Danyliuk, the Ukrainian national security advisor, who conveyed that President Zelensky ''did not want to be used as a pawn in a U.S. reelection campaign.'' 545 Ambassador Taylor discussed President Zelensky's concern with Ambassador Volker and, the next day, texted Ambassador Sondland: Taylor: Gordon, one thing Kurt and I talked about yesterday was Sasha Danyliuk's point that President Zelenskyy is sensitive about Ukraine being taken seriously, not merely as an instrument in Washington domestic, reelection politics. Sondland: Absolutely, but we need to get the conversation started and the relationship built, irrespective of the pretext. I am worried about the alternative.546 Ambassador Taylor explained that his reference to ''Washington domestic reelection politics'' was ''a reference to the investigations that Mr. Giuliani wanted to pursue.''547 According to Ambassador Taylor, President Zelensky understood what President Trump and Mr. Giuliani meant by ''investigations,'' and ''he did not want to get involved.'' Specifically, the Ukrainians understood that the ''investigations were pursuant to Mr. Giuliani's request to develop information, to find information about Burisma and the Bidens. This was very well known in public. Mr. Giuliani had made this point clear in several instances in the beginning'--in the springtime.''548 Ambassador Taylor also testified that the ''whole thrust'' of the activities undertaken by Mr. Giuliani and Ambassador Sondland ''was to get these investigations, which Danyliuk and presumably Zelensky were resisting because they didn't want to be seen to be interfering but also to be a pawn.''549 Despite the Ukrainian resistance, Ambassador Sondland said he believed that the public announcement of investigations would ''fix'' an impasse between the Ukrainian government and President Trump. When asked what he meant by ''irrespective of the pretext'' in his July 21 text message to Ambassador Taylor, Ambassador Sondland explained, ''Well, the pretext being the agreed-upon interview or the agreed-upon press statement. We just need to get by it so that the two can meet, because, again, it was back to once they meet, all of this will be fixed.''550 Witnesses Confirmed the President Conditioned an Oval Office Meeting on Investigations Multiple witnesses testified that the conditioning of an Oval Office meeting on President Zelensky's announcement of investigations to benefit the President's reelection campaign came from the very top: President Trump. Ambassador Sondland testified that he, Secretary Perry, and Ambassador Volker worked with Mr. Giuliani ''at the express direction of the President of the United States.''551 Ambassador Sondland stated that ''Mr. Giuliani was expressing the desires of the President of the United States, and we knew these investigations were important to the President.''552 Ambassador Sondland explained that he ''followed the directions of the President'' and that ''we followed the President's orders.''553
        95 Ambassador Sondland further testified that President Trump expressed'--both directly and through Mr. Giuliani'--that he wanted ''a public statement from President Zelensky committing to the investigations of Burisma and the 2016 election'' as ''prerequisites for the White House call and the White House meeting.''554 Ambassador Sondland explained: I know that members of this committee frequently frame these complicated issues in the form of a simple question: Was there a quid pro quo? As I testified previously with regard to the requested White House call and the White House meeting, the answer is yes.555 Ambassador Sondland also testified that knowledge of this quid pro quo was widespread among the President's advisers: ''Everyone was in the loop'' about the President's expectation that President Zelensky had to announce these specific investigations to secure an Oval Office meeting. As an example, Ambassador Sondland cited an email'--copying Senior Advisor to the White House Chief of Staff Robert Blair, State Department Executive Secretary Lisa Kenna, Chief of Staff to the Secretary of Energy Brian McCormack, Mr. Mulvaney, Secretary Perry, and Secretary Pompeo'--where ''[e]veryone was informed.''556 Other U.S. government officials also understood this scheme as a quid pro quo. Ambassador Taylor testified that as early as mid-July, it was ''becoming clear'' to him that ''the meeting President Zelensky wanted was conditioned on investigations of Burisma and alleged Ukrainian influence in the 2016 elections'' and that ''this condition was driven by the irregular policy channel I had come to understand was guided by Mr. Giuliani.''557 Mr. Holmes similarly understood that by July, ''it was made clear that some action on a Burisma/Biden investigation was a precondition for an Oval Office visit.''558 Dr. Hill testified that this quid pro quo was readily apparent after reading the July 25 call summary, explaining that it revealed that the White House meeting was used as ''some kind of asset'' that was ''dangled out to the Ukrainian Government'' to secure a political benefit.559 Final Preparation for Trump-Zelensky Call: Ambassador Volker Counseled Ukrainians and Ambassador Sondland Prepped President Trump Ambassador Taylor testified that the call between President Trump and President Zelensky that ultimately occurred on July 25 was not confirmed until the last minute: ''We were trying to schedule it for about a week in advance, that whole week. As I say, back and forth, yes, no, this time, that time. '... it may have been about the day before that it was actually locked down, so about the 24th.''560 According to Ambassador Taylor, at least one person had prescient concerns about the call before it occurred: ''Ambassador Bolton was not interested in having'--did not want to have the call because he thought it was going to be a disaster. He thought that there could be some talk of investigations or worse on the call.''561 Before the call took place on July 25, Ambassador Volker had lunch with Mr. Yermak in Kyiv. Ambassador Volker followed up with a text message to Mr. Yermak approximately 30 minutes before the call, noting that a White House visit was still on the table if, during the call, President Zelensky convinced President Trump that Ukraine would ''investigate'' and ''get to the bottom of what happened'' in 2016:
        96 Volker: Good lunch '' thanks. Heard from White House'--assuming President Z convinces trump he will investigate / ''get to the bottom of what happened'' in 2016, we will nail down date for visit to Washington. Good luck! See you tomorrow - kurt Ambassador Volker later informed Ambassador Sondland that he had relayed this ''message'' to Mr. Yermak, which Ambassador Sondland had conveyed to Ambassador Volker earlier that day: Volker: Hi Gordon - got your message. Had a great lunch w Yermak and then passed your message to him. He will see you tomorrow. Think everything in place562 Ambassador Sondland testified that the ''message'' that Ambassador Volker conveyed to Mr. Yermak in advance of the July 25 call likely originated from an earlier conversation that Ambassador Sondland had with President Trump: Q: So is it fair to say that this message is what you received from President Trump on that phone call that morning? A: Again, if he testified to that, to refresh my own memory, then, yes, likely I would have received that from President Trump. Q: But the sequence certainly makes sense, right? A: Yeah, it does. Q: You talked to President Trump. A: Yeah. Q: You told Kurt Volker to call you. You left a message for Kurt Volker. Kurt Volker sent this text message to Andriy Yermak to prepare President Zelensky and then President Trump had a phone call where President Zelensky spoke very similar to what was in this text message, right? A: Right. Q: And you would agree that the message in this'--that is expressed here is that President Zelensky needs to convince Trump that he will do the investigations in order to nail down the date for a visit to Washington, D.C. Is that correct? A: That's correct.563 Ambassador Sondland testified that he spoke with President Trump before the call with President Zelensky.564 Mr. Morrison also confirmed that President Trump and Ambassador Sondland spoke before President Trump's call with President Zelensky.565 Mr. Morrison stated that Ambassador Sondland emailed him on the morning of the call and listed ''three topics that he was working on, the first of which was 'I spoke to the President this morning to brief him on the call.'''566 According to Mr. Morrison, Ambassador Sondland ''believed'' that he helped to facilitate the July 25 call between President Trump and President Zelensky.567 On July 26, the day after the call between President Trump and President Zelensky, Ambassador Volker acknowledged his role in prepping President Zelensky for the call with
        97 President Trump in a text to Mr. Giuliani: ''Hi Mr Mayor '' you may have heard'--the President has [sic] a great phone call with the Ukrainian President yesterday. Exactly the right messages as we discussed.''568
        98 5. The President Asked the Ukrainian President to Interfere in the 2020 U.S. Election by Investigating the Bidens and 2016 Election Interference During a call on July 25, President Trump asked President Zelensky of Ukraine to ''do us a favor though'' and investigate his political opponent, former Vice President Joe Biden, and a debunked conspiracy theory that Ukraine interfered in the 2016 U.S. election. The next day, Ambassador Gordon Sondland informed President Trump that President Zelensky ''was gonna do the investigation'' and ''anything'' President Trump asked of him. Overview During a telephone call on July 25, 2019, President Donald J. Trump asked Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky to investigate his political rival, former Vice President Joseph Biden, and a debunked conspiracy theory that Ukraine interfered in the 2016 U.S. election. President Trump also discussed the removal of Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch, former U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine, said that she was ''bad news,'' and warned that she would ''go through some things.'' Two witnesses who listened to the call testified that they immediately reported the details of the call to senior White House lawyers. When asked by a reporter on October 3, 2019, what he had hoped President Zelensky would do following the call, President Trump responded: ''Well, I would think that, if they were honest about it, they'd start a major investigation into the Bidens. It's a very simple answer.'' Witnesses unanimously testified that President Trump's claims about former Vice President Biden and alleged Ukrainian interference in the 2016 U.S. election have been discredited. The witnesses reaffirmed that in late 2015 and early 2016, when former Vice President Biden advocated for the removal of a corrupt Ukrainian prosecutor, he acted in accordance with a ''broad-based consensus'' and the official policy of the United States, the European Union, and major international financial institutions. Witnesses also unanimously testified that the removal of that prosecutor made it more likely that Ukraine would investigate corruption, not less likely. Dr. Fiona Hill, former Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for European and Russian Affairs at the National Security Council, testified that the conspiracy theories about Ukrainian interference in the 2016 U.S. election touted by President Trump are a ''fictional narrative that is being perpetrated and propagated by the Russian security services.'' She noted that President Trump's former Homeland Security Advisor Tom Bossert and former National Security Advisor H.R. McMaster repeatedly advised the President that the so-called ''CrowdStrike'' conspiracy theory that President Trump raised in the July 25 call is completely ''debunked,'' and that allegations Ukraine interfered in the 2016 U.S. election are false. Nonetheless, on July 26, 2019, U.S. Ambassador to the European Union Gordon Sondland met with senior Ukrainian officials in Kyiv and then informed President Trump that President Zelensky ''was gonna do the investigation'' into former Vice President Biden and
        99 alleged Ukrainian interference in the 2016 U.S. election. Ambassador Sondland added that President Zelensky would ''do anything'' President Trump asked of him. After the call, Ambassador Sondland told David Holmes, Counselor for Political Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, that President Trump ''did not give a shit about Ukraine'' and that he only cared about the ''big stuff'' that benefits his personal interests, like the ''Biden investigation.'' President Trump's Call with President Zelensky on July 25, 2019 On July 25, 2019, President Zelensky finally had a long-awaited phone call with Ukraine's most important international partner: The President of the United States. It had been over three months since the two leaders first spoke. Despite a warm but largely non-substantive call on April 21, President Trump had since declined President Zelensky's invitation to attend his inauguration and directed Vice President Mike Pence not to attend either.569 Ukrainian efforts to set a date for a promised Oval Office meeting with President Trump were stalled. As Mr. Holmes explained, following the April 21 call: President Zelensky's team immediately began pressing to set a date for that visit. President Zelensky and senior members of his team made clear that they wanted President Zelensky's first overseas trip to be to Washington, to send a strong signal of American support, and requested a call with President Trump as soon as possible.570 Before scheduling the July 25 call or a White House visit, President Trump met on June 28 with Russian President Vladimir Putin'--whose armed forces were engaged in a war of attrition against U.S.-backed Ukrainian forces'--on the sidelines of the G20 summit in Osaka, Japan.571 During their meeting, President Trump and President Putin shared a joke about Russia's meddling in the 2016 U.S. election.572 On July 25, President Trump joined the call with President Zelensky from the Executive Residence at the White House, away from a small group of senior national security aides who would normally join him in the Oval Office for a conversation with a foreign head of state. President Trump and President Zelensky began to speak at 9:03 a.m. Washington time'--4:03 p.m. in Kyiv. According to Tim Morrison, the newly-installed Senior Director for Europe and Russia on the NSC, President Zelensky spoke in Ukrainian and occasionally in ''chopped English.''573 Translators interpreted the call on both sides.574 American aides listening to the call from the White House Situation Room hoped that what was said over the next 30 minutes would provide President Zelensky with the strong U.S. endorsement he needed in order to successfully negotiate an end to the five-year-old war with Russia that had killed over 13,000 Ukrainian soldiers and to advance President Zelensky's ambitious anti-corruption initiatives in Ukraine.575 The Trump Administration's subject-matter experts, NSC Director for Ukraine Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman and Mr. Morrison, were both on the call.576 They had prepared talking points for President Trump and were taking detailed notes of what both leaders said, so that they could promptly implement any agreed-upon actions.577 They were joined by Lt. Gen. Keith Kellogg, National Security Advisor to the Vice President, and Jennifer Williams, Special Advisor to the Vice President for Europe and Russia. Assistant to the President Robert Blair, a
        100 senior aide to Acting Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney, was also present, along with an NSC press officer.578 Secretary of State Mike Pompeo listened from a different location, as did Dr. Charles M. Kupperman, the Deputy National Security Advisor.579 Notably, Secretary Pompeo did not reveal that he listened to the July 25 call when asked directly about it on This Week on September 22.580 Neither Secretary Pompeo nor the State Department corrected the record until September 30, when ''a senior State Department official'' disclosed the Secretary of State's participation in the July 25 call.581 The two presidents first exchanged pleasantries. President Trump congratulated the Ukrainian leader on his party's parliamentary victory. In a nod to their shared experience as political outsiders, President Zelensky called President Trump ''a great teacher'' who informed his own efforts to involve ''many many new people'' in Ukraine's politics and ''drain the swamp here in our country.''582 The discussion turned to U.S. support for Ukraine. President Trump contrasted U.S. assistance to that of America's closest European allies, stating: ''We spend a lot of effort and a lot of time. Much more than the European countries are doing and they should be helping you more than they are.'' The call then took a more ominous turn. President Trump stated that with respect to U.S. support for Ukraine, ''I wouldn't say that it's reciprocal necessarily because things are happening that are not good but the United States has been very very good to Ukraine.''583 President Zelensky, whose government receives billions of dollars in financial support from the European Union and its member states, responded that European nations were ''not working as much as they should work for Ukraine,'' including in the area of enforcing sanctions against Russia.584 He noted that ''the United States is a much bigger partner than the European Union'' and stated that he was ''very grateful'' because ''the United States is doing quite a lot for Ukraine.''585 President Zelensky then raised the issue of U.S. military assistance for Ukraine with President Trump: ''I also would like to thank you for your great support in the area of defense'''--an area where U.S. support is vital.586 President Zelensky continued: ''We are ready to continue to cooperate for the next steps specifically we are almost ready to buy more Javelins from the United States for defense purposes.''587 The Javelin anti-tank missiles, first transferred to Ukraine by the United States in 2018, were widely viewed by U.S. officials as a deterrent against further Russian encroachment into Ukrainian territory.588 Immediately after the Ukrainian leader raised the issue of U.S. military assistance to Ukraine, President Trump replied: ''I would like you to do us a favor though because our country has been through a lot and Ukraine knows a lot about it.''589
        101 Request to Investigate 2016 Election President Trump then explained the ''favor'' he wanted President Zelensky to do. He first requested that Ukraine investigate a discredited conspiracy theory aimed at undercutting the U.S. Intelligence Community's unanimous conclusion that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 U.S. election.590 Specifically, President Trump stated: I would like you to find out what happened with this whole situation with Ukraine, they say Crowdstrike... I guess you have one of your wealthy people... The server, they say Ukraine has it. There are a lot of things that went on, the whole situation. I think you're surrounding yourself with some of the same people. I would like to have the Attorney General call you or your people and I would like you to get to the bottom of it. As you saw yesterday, that whole nonsense ended with a very poor performance by a man named Robert Mueller, an incompetent performance, but they say a lot of it started with Ukraine. Whatever you can do, it's very important that you do it if that's possible.591 President Trump was referencing the widely debunked conspiracy theory that the Ukrainian government'--and not Russia'--was behind the hack of Democratic National Committee (DNC) servers in 2016, and that the American cybersecurity firm CrowdStrike moved the DNC's servers to Ukraine to prevent U.S. law enforcement from examining them. This theory is often referred to in shorthand as ''CrowdStrike'' and has been promoted by the Russian government.592 For example, during a press conference in February 2017, just weeks after the U.S. Intelligence Community unanimously assessed in a public report that Russia interfered in the 2016 U.S. election to benefit the candidacy of Donald J. Trump, President Putin falsely asserted that ''the Ukrainian government adopted a unilateral position in favour of one candidate. More than that, certain oligarchs, certainly with the approval of the political leadership, funded this candidate, or female candidate, to be more precise.''593 President Trump's reference in his July 25 telephone call to ''one of your wealthy people'' tracked closely with President Putin's accusations that ''certain oligarchs'' in Ukraine meddled in the 2016 U.S. election to support Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton. Dr. Hill, an expert on Russia and President Putin, testified that the claim that ''Russia and its security services did not conduct a campaign against our country and that perhaps, somehow for some reason, Ukraine did'' is ''a fictional narrative that is being perpetrated and propagated by the Russian security services themselves.'' Dr. Hill reaffirmed that the U.S. Intelligence Community's January 2017 conclusion that Russia interfered in the 2016 U.S. election is ''beyond dispute, even if some of the underlying details must remain classified.''594 Tom Bossert, President Trump's former Homeland Security Advisor, stated publicly that the CrowdStrike theory is ''not only a conspiracy theory, it is completely debunked.''595 Dr. Hill testified that White House officials'--including Mr. Bossert and former National Security Advisor H.R. McMaster'--''spent a lot of time'' refuting the CrowdStrike conspiracy theory to President Trump. Dr. Hill explained that Mr. Bossert and others ''who were working on cybersecurity laid out to the President the facts about the interference.'' She affirmed that
        102 President Trump was advised that ''the alternative theory that Ukraine had interfered in the election was false.''596 President Zelensky did not directly address President Trump's reference to CrowdStrike during the July 25 call, but he tried to assure President Trump that ''it is very important for me and everything that you just mentioned earlier.''597 President Zelensky committed to proceed with an investigation, telling President Trump that he had ''nobody but friends'' in the new Ukrainian presidential administration, possibly attempting to rebut Rudy Giuliani's earlier claims that President Zelensky was surrounded by ''enemies'' of President Trump. President Zelensky then specifically noted that one of his assistants ''spoke with Mr. Giuliani just recently and we are hoping very much that Mr. Giuliani will be able to travel to Ukraine and we will meet once he comes to Ukraine.''598 Significantly, President Zelensky referenced Mr. Giuliani even before President Trump had mentioned him, demonstrating the Ukrainian leader's understanding that Mr. Giuliani represented President Trump's interests in Ukraine. The Ukrainian leader then reassured President Trump, ''I also plan to surround myself with great people and in addition to that investigation'' into the CrowdStrike conspiracy theory. He said, ''I guarantee as the President of Ukraine that all the investigations will be done openly and candidly. That I can assure you.''599 President Trump replied, ''Rudy very much knows what's happening and he is a very capable guy. If you could speak to him that would be great.''600 Request to Investigate Bidens President Trump then returned to his requested ''favor,'' asking President Zelensky about the ''[t]he other thing'': that Ukraine investigate President Trump's U.S. political rival, former Vice President Biden, for allegedly ending an investigation into the Ukrainian energy company Burisma Holdings. Vice President Biden's son, Hunter Biden, served as a member of Burisma's board of directors. President Trump told President Zelensky: The other thing, There's a lot of talk about Biden's son, that Biden stopped the prosecution and a lot of people want to find out about that so whatever you can do with the Attorney General would be great. Biden went around bragging that he stopped the prosecution so if you can look into it... It sounds horrible to me.601 President Trump later continued, ''I will have Mr. Giuliani give you a call and I am also going to have Attorney General Barr call and we will get to the bottom of it. I'm sure you will figure it out.''602 In public remarks on October 3, 2019, a reporter asked President Trump, ''what exactly did you hope Zelensky would do about the Bidens after your phone call? Exactly.'' President Trump responded: ''Well, I would think that, if they were honest about it, they'd start a major investigation into the Bidens. It's a very simple answer.''603 When President Trump asserted to President Zelensky during the July 25 call that former Vice President ''Biden went around bragging that he stopped the prosecution,'' President Trump
        103 was apparently referring to Vice President Biden's involvement in the removal of the corrupt former Ukrainian prosecutor general, Viktor Shokin. Multiple witnesses'--including Dr. Hill, former U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine Marie Yovanovitch, Mr. Holmes, and Deputy Assistant Secretary of State George Kent'--testified that they were not aware of any credible evidence to support the claim that former Vice President Biden acted inappropriately when he advocated for the removal of Mr. Shokin.604 To the contrary, those witnesses confirmed that it was the official policy of the United States, the European Union, and major international financial institutions, to demand Mr. Shokin's dismissal. As Mr. Kent testified, there was ''a broad-based consensus'' that Mr. Shokin was ''a typical Ukraine prosecutor who lived a lifestyle far in excess of his government salary, who never prosecuted anybody known for having committed a crime'' and who ''covered up crimes that were known to have been committed.''605 Mr. Kent further explained: What former Vice President Biden requested of former President of Ukraine Poroshenko was the removal of a corrupt prosecutor general, Viktor Shokin, who had undermined a program of assistance that we had spent, again, U.S. taxpayer money to try to build an independent investigator unit to go after corrupt prosecutors.606 As Ambassador Yovanovitch testified, the removal of a corrupt Ukrainian prosecutor general, who was not prosecuting enough corruption, increased the chance that alleged corruption in companies in Ukraine could be investigated.607 Mr. Shokin was a known associate of Mr. Giuliani. As described in Chapter 1, Mr. Giuliani had been communicating with Mr. Shokin since at least 2018.608 Mr. Giuliani also lobbied the White House on behalf of Mr. Shokin to intervene earlier in 2019 when the State Department rejected a visa application for Mr. Shokin to visit the United States based upon Mr. Shokin's notorious corrupt conduct.609 Ambassador Kurt Volker, U.S. Special Representative for Ukraine Negotiations, testified that he explicitly warned Mr. Giuliani'--to no avail'--against pursuing ''the conspiracy theory that Vice President Biden would have been influenced in his duties as Vice President by money paid to his son.''610 Ambassador Volker affirmed that former Vice President Biden is ''an honorable man, and I hold him in the highest regard.''611 Attacks Against Ambassador Yovanovitch During the July 25 call, President Trump also attacked Ambassador Yovanovitch, whom he had ousted as the U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine three months earlier after a concerted smear campaign perpetuated by Mr. Giuliani. As described in Chapter 1, Mr. Giuliani viewed Ambassador Yovanovitch'--a decorated diplomat who had championed Ukrainian anti-corruption officials and activists'--as an impediment to his activities in Ukraine.612 President Trump told President Zelensky: ''The former ambassador from the United States, the woman, was bad news and the people she was dealing with in the Ukraine were bad news so I just want to let you know that.'' He later added: ''Well, she's going to go through some things.''613 Ambassador Yovanovitch described her visceral reaction when she first read the call record, after the White House released it publicly on September 25, 2019. She testified, ''I was
        104 shocked. I mean, I was very surprised that President Trump would'--first of all, that I would feature repeatedly in a Presidential phone call, but secondly, that the President would speak about me or any ambassador in that way to a foreign counterpart.''614 When asked whether she felt ''threatened'' by President Trump's statement that ''she's going to go through some things,'' Ambassador Yovanovitch answered that she did.615 Praise of Corrupt Former Ukrainian Prosecutor After disparaging Ambassador Yovanovitch, who had an extensive record of combatting corruption, President Trump praised an unnamed former Ukrainian prosecutor general'--referring to Yuriy Lutsenko'--who was widely considered to be corrupt and had promoted false allegations against Ambassador Yovanovitch.616 President Trump told President Zelensky: ''Good because I heard you had a prosecutor who was very good and he was shut down and that's really unfair. A lot of people are talking about that, the way they shut your very good prosecutor down and you had some very bad people involved.''617 He later added, ''I heard the prosecutor was treated very badly and he was a very fair prosecutor so good luck with everything.''618 At the time of the July 25 call, Mr. Lutsenko'--who was collaborating with Mr. Giuliani to smear Ambassador Yovanovitch and the Bidens'--was still the Ukrainian prosecutor general. Mr. Holmes testified that Mr. Lutsenko ''was not a good partner. He had failed to deliver on the promised reforms that he had committed to when he took office, and he was using his office to insulate and protect political allies while presumably enriching himself.''619 By July 2019, Mr. Holmes assessed that Mr. Lutsenko was ''trying to angle to keep his job'' under the new Zelensky Administration and that part of his strategy was ''appealing to Rudy Giuliani and Donald Trump by pushing out these false theories about the Bidens and the 2016 election.''620 Multiple witnesses testified that another former Ukrainian prosecutor, Mr. Shokin, was also considered to be corrupt. For example, Mr. Kent testified during his deposition that Mr. Lutsenko and Mr. Shokin were ''corrupt former prosecutors'' who were ''peddling false information in order to extract revenge against those who had exposed their misconduct, including U.S. diplomats, Ukrainian anticorruption officials, and reform-minded civil society groups in Ukraine.''621 Ambassador Volker testified at his public hearing that Mr. Lutsenko was ''not credible, and was acting in a self-serving capacity.''622 Mr. Holmes further noted that Mr. Lutsenko ''resisted fully empowering truly independent anticorruption institutions that would help ensure that no Ukrainians, however powerful, were above the law.''623 After the call, the White House press office issued a short and incomplete summary of the call, omitting major elements of the conversation. The press statement read: Today, President Donald J. Trump spoke by telephone with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy of Ukraine to congratulate him on his recent election. President Trump and President Zelenskyy discussed ways to strengthen the relationship between the United States and Ukraine, including energy and economic cooperation. Both leaders also expressed that they look forward to the opportunity to meet.624
        105 Concerns Raised by Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Vindman Prior to President Trump's July 25 call with President Zelensky, Lt. Col. Vindman had prepared'--with Mr. Morrison's review and approval'--a call briefing package, including talking points for President Trump's use. This was consistent with the NSC's regular process of preparing for the President's phone calls with foreign leaders.625 The NSC-drafted talking points did not include any reference to Biden, Burisma, CrowdStrike, or alleged Ukrainian interference in the 2016 U.S. election.626 Lt. Col. Vindman testified during his deposition that, prior to the July 25 call, he was aware of concerns from former National Security Advisor John Bolton and other U.S. officials that President Trump might raise these discredited issues with President Zelensky.627 Indeed, Ambassador Bolton had resisted scheduling the call because he believed it might be a ''disaster.''628 As he sat in the White House Situation Room listening to the leaders, Lt. Col. Vindman quickly recognized that the President's conversation was diverging from the talking points he helped prepare based on the interagency policy process, and ''straying'' into an ''unproductive narrative'' promoted by Mr. Giuliani and other ''external and nongovernmental influencers''629'--topics that Lt. Col. Vindman dubbed ''stray voltage.''630 Lt. Col. Vindman knew immediately that he had a duty to report the contents of the call to the White House lawyers. He explained, ''I had concerns, and it was my duty to report my concerns to the proper'--proper people in the chain of command.''631 Lt. Col. Vindman testified that President Trump's request that a foreign leader dependent on the United States open an investigation into his U.S. political opponent constituted a ''demand'' that President Zelensky had to meet in order to secure a White House meeting: So, Congressman, the power disparity between the President of the United States and the President of Ukraine is vast, and, you know, in the President asking for something, it became'--there was'--in return for a White House meeting, because that's what this was about. This was about getting a White House meeting. It was a demand for him to fulfill his'--fulfill this particular prerequisite in order to get the meeting.632 Lt. Col. Vindman further testified that President Trump's demand of the Ukrainian leader was ''inappropriate'' and ''improper,'' and that it would undermine U.S. national security: Chairman, as I said in my statement, it was inappropriate. It was improper for the President to request'--to demand an investigation into a political opponent, especially a foreign power where there's, at best, dubious belief that this would be a completely impartial investigation, and that this would have significant implications if it became public knowledge, and it would be perceived as a partisan play. It would undermine our Ukraine policy, and it would undermine our national security.633 Within an hour of the call ending, Lt. Col. Vindman reported his concerns to John A. Eisenberg, the Deputy Counsel to the President for National Security Affairs and the Legal
        106 Advisor to the NSC , and Michael Ellis, a Senior Associate Counsel to the President and the Deputy Legal Advisor to the NSC.634 Lt. Col. Vindman recounted the content of the call based on his handwritten notes and told the lawyers that he believed it was ''wrong'' for President Trump to ask President Zelensky to investigate Vice President Biden.635 Concerns Raised by Timothy Morrison After 17 years as a Republican Congressional staffer and approximately a year serving elsewhere on the NSC staff, Mr. Morrison assumed his position as the NSC's Senior Director for Europe and Russia on July 15, 2019, only 10 days before President Trump's call with President Zelensky.636 Before he transitioned into his new role, Mr. Morrison met with his predecessor, Dr. Hill. She advised him to stay away from efforts orchestrated by Mr. Giuliani and Ambassador Sondland to pressure Ukraine into investigating a ''bucket of issues'' that included ''Burisma the company,'' and ''Hunter Biden on the board.''637 Dr. Hill also warned Mr. Morrison before the July 25 call about the President's interest in alleged Ukrainian interference in the 2016 U.S. election related to the DNC server.638 Mr. Morrison testified that he had no knowledge of any investigations at the time, but after performing a Google search of ''what is Burisma?'' and seeing the name Hunter Biden, Mr. Morrison decided to ''stay away.''639 Even though he was new to the portfolio, Mr. Morrison promptly concluded that because ''Burisma'' involved Hunter Biden, and because former Vice President Biden was running for President, such investigations could be a ''problematic'' area.640 Mr. Morrison further explained that he tried to stay away from requests related to Burisma and the 2016 U.S. election because these investigations were not related to ''the proper policy process that I was involved in on Ukraine,'' and ''had nothing to do with the issues that the interagency was working on.''641 With that background in mind, Mr. Morrison admitted he was ''concerned'' when, while listening to the call on July 25, he heard President Trump raise ''issues related to the [DNC] server.'' Ultimately, Mr. Morrison said, ''the call was not the full-throated endorsement of the Ukraine reform agenda that I was hoping to hear.''642 In ''fairly short order,'' Mr. Morrison reported the contents of the call to Mr. Eisenberg and Mr. Ellis, the NSC lawyers. He asked them to review the call, which he feared would be ''damaging'' if leaked.643 Mr. Morrison stated that at the time of the call, he ''did not have a view'' on whether the call was ''appropriate and proper.''644 He also stated that he ''was not concerned that anything illegal was discussed.'' 645 During his deposition, however, Mr. Morrison clarified, ''I did not then and I do not now opine '... as to the legality'' of what happened on the call.646 In a second meeting with Mr. Eisenberg, Mr. Morrison requested that access to the electronic files of the call record be restricted. This was an unusual request. Mr. Morrison confirmed to the Committee that he had never before asked the NSC Legal Advisor to restrict access to a presidential call record.647 It was also unusual because Mr. Morrison raised
        107 restricting access with Mr. Eisenberg despite the fact that Mr. Morrison himself had the authority, as an NSC senior director, to recommend restrictions on the relevant files to the NSC's Executive Secretariat. Lt. Col. Vindman also discussed restricting access to the July 25 call summary with Mr. Eisenberg and Mr. Ellis. At some point after the call, Lt. Col. Vindman discussed with the NSC lawyers the ''sensitivity'' of the matters raised on the call and ''the fact that '... there are constant leaks.''648 Lt. Col. Vindman explained that ''[f]rom a foreign policy professional perspective, all of these types of calls would inherently be sensitive.''649 But the July 25 call was particularly sensitive because it could ''undermine our relationship with the Ukrainians'' given that it ''would implicate a partisan play.''650 The NSC lawyers, therefore, believed that it was ''appropriate to restrict access for the purpose of the leaks'' and ''to preserv[e] the integrity'' of the transcript.651 Lt. Col. Vindman recalled that Mr. Ellis raised the idea of placing the call summary on the NSC's server for highly classified information and Mr. Eisenberg ''gave the go-ahead.''652 Some weeks after his discussions with the NSC attorneys, Mr. Morrison could not locate the call record. He contacted the staff of the NSC's Executive Secretariat in search of an explanation and was informed that ''John Eisenberg had directed it to be moved to a different server'' utilized by the NSC staff for highly classified information.653 This transfer occurred despite Mr. Morrison's view that the call record did not meet the requirements to be placed on the highly classified system.654 Mr. Eisenberg later told Mr. Morrison that the call record had been placed on the highly classified system by ''mistake.''655 Even after Mr. Eisenberg stated that the call record was moved to the highly classified system by ''mistake,'' it nevertheless remained on that system until at least the third week of September 2019, shortly before its declassification and public release by the White House.656 Concerns Raised by Jennifer Williams Vice President Pence's advisor, Ms. Williams, had listened to nearly a dozen phone calls between President Trump and other heads of state prior to July 25, 2019, as well as Vice President Pence's April 23 call with President Zelensky.657 As she sat listening to President Trump's July 25 call, she was struck by his requests relating to Vice President Biden. She stated that she believed that President Trump's comments were ''unusual and inappropriate.''658 Ms. Williams testified that she thought that ''references to specific individuals and investigations, such as former Vice President Biden and his son'' were ''political in nature, given that the former Vice President is a political opponent of the President.''659 The comments struck her as ''more specific to the President in nature, to his personal political agenda,'' as opposed to ''a broader foreign policy objective of the United States.''660 She added, ''it was the first time I had heard internally the President reference particular investigations that previously I had only heard about through Mr. Giuliani's press interviews and press reporting.''661
        108 Significantly, Ms. Williams, who had learned about the hold on security assistance for Ukraine on July 3, also said that the Trump-Zelensky call ''shed some light on possible other motivations behind a security assistance hold.''662 ''Burisma'' Omitted from Call Record Mr. Morrison, Lt. Col. Vindman, and Ms. Williams all agreed that the publicly released record of the call was substantially accurate, but Lt. Col. Vindman and Ms. Williams both testified that President Zelensky made an explicit reference to ''Burisma'' that was not included in the call record. Specifically, Lt. Col. Vindman testified that his notes indicated President Zelensky used the word ''Burisma'''--instead of generically referring to ''the company'''--when discussing President Trump's request to investigate the Bidens.663 Ms. Williams' notes also reflected that President Zelensky had said ''Burisma'' later in the call when referring to a ''case.''664 Lt. Col. Vindman indicated that President Zelensky's mention of ''Burisma'' was notable because it suggested that the Ukrainian leader was ''prepped for this call.'' He explained that ''frankly, the President of Ukraine would not necessarily know anything about this company Burisma.'' Lt. Col. Vindman continued, ''he would certainly understand some of this'--some of these elements because the story had been developing for some time, but the fact that he mentioned specifically Burisma seemed to suggest to me that he was prepped for this call.''665 The Substance of the Call Remained Tightly Controlled Ms. Williams testified that staff in the Office of the Vice President placed the draft call record in the Vice President's nightly briefing book on July 25.666 Separately, and following established protocols for coordinating U.S. government activities toward Ukraine, Lt. Col. Vindman provided Mr. Kent at the State Department with a readout. Because Mr. Kent had worked on Ukraine policy for many years, Lt. Col. Vindman sought Mr. Kent's ''expert view'' on the investigations requested by the President. Mr. Kent informed him that ''there was no substance'' behind the CrowdStrike conspiracy theory and ''took note of the fact that there was a call to investigate the Bidens.''667 Recalling this conversation, Mr. Kent testified that Lt. Col. Vindman said ''he could not share the majority of what was discussed [on the July 25 call] because of the very sensitive nature of what was discussed,'' but that Lt. Col. Vindman noted that the call ''went into the direction of some of the most extreme narratives that have been discussed publicly.''668 Ambassador Sondland Followed Up on President Trump's Request for Investigations Soon after arriving in Kyiv from Brussels on July 25, Ambassador Sondland asked the U.S. Embassy to arrange a meeting the next day with Ukrainian presidential aide Andriy Yermak.669 On the morning of July 26, Ambassadors Sondland, Volker and Taylor'--accompanied by Mr. Holmes, who acted as their official notetaker'--went to the Presidential Administration
        109 Building in central Kyiv for meetings with Ukrainian officials.670 Contrary to standard procedure, Mr. Holmes and Ambassador Taylor did not receive readouts of the July 25 call, so they were unaware of what President Trump and President Zelensky had discussed.671 Ambassador Volker also did not receive an official readout of the July 25 call from the NSC staff. He testified that Andriy Yermak, a senior aide to President Zelensky, simply characterized it as a ''good call'' in which ''President Zelensky did reiterate his commitment to reform and fighting corruption in Ukraine.''672 The first meeting on July 26 was with Chief of Staff to President Zelensky Andriy Bohdan.673 Regarding the July 25 call, Mr. Holmes recalled Mr. Bohdan sharing that ''President Trump had expressed interest '... in President Zelensky's personnel decisions related to the Prosecutor General's office [PGO].''674 Mr. Holmes further testified that Mr. Bohdan then ''started asking '... about individuals I've since come to understand they were considering appointing to different roles in the PGO.''675 Mr. Holmes explained that he ''didn't understand it,'' and that ''[i]t wasn't until I read the July 25th phone call transcript that I realized that the President [Trump] had mentioned Mr. Lutsenko in the call.''676 Subsequently, Ambassadors Sondland, Taylor, and Volker met with President Zelensky and other senior officials. Mr. Holmes once again took notes.677 He testified ''During the meeting, President Zelensky stated that, during the July 25th call, President Trump had, quote, 'three times raised some very sensitive issues' and that he would have to follow up'--he, Zelensky'--would have to follow up on those issues when he and President Trump met in person.''678 After he read the transcript of the July 25 call, Mr. Holmes determined that President Zelensky's mention of ''sensitive issues'' was a reference to President Trump's demands for a ''Burisma Biden investigation.''679 Catherine Croft, Special Advisor to Ambassador Kurt Volker, was also in Kyiv on July 26. Although she did not attend the meeting with President Zelensky, she received a readout from Ambassadors Volker and Taylor later that day, as they were traveling in an embassy vehicle. Ms. Croft testified that her handwritten notes from that readout indicate ''the President [Trump] had raised investigations multiple times'' in his July 25 call with President Zelensky.680 Ambassadors Sondland and Taylor told the Committee that they did not recall President Zelensky's comments about investigations.681 Ambassador Volker similarly did not recall that the issue of investigations was discussed, but testified that he did not dispute the validity of ''notes taken contemporaneously at the meeting.''682 Ambassador Sondland Met One-on-One with Ukrainian Presidential Aide The meeting with President Zelensky ended around noon.683 After the meeting, Ambassadors Taylor and Volker departed the Presidential Administration building for a visit to the front lines of the war with Russia in eastern Ukraine.684 Ambassador Sondland separately headed for Mr. Yermak's office. Mr. Holmes testified that, at the last minute, he received instruction from his leadership at the U.S. Embassy to join Ambassador Sondland.685 By that point, Mr. Holmes recalled, he ''was a flight of stairs behind Ambassador Sondland as he headed to meet with Mr. Yermak.''686 Mr. Holmes continued, ''When I reached Mr. Yermak's office, Ambassador Sondland had already gone in to the meeting.''687 Mr. Holmes then ''explained to
        110 Mr. Yermak's assistant that I was supposed to join the meeting as the Embassy's representative and strongly urged her to let me in, but she told me that Ambassador Sondland and Mr. Yermak had insisted that the meeting be one on one with no note taker.''688 Mr. Holmes ''then waited in the anteroom until the meeting ended, along with a member of Ambassador Sondland's staff and a member of the U.S. Embassy Kyiv staff.''689 Ambassador Sondland's meeting with Mr. Yermak lasted approximately 30 minutes.690 When it ended, Ambassador Sondland did not provide Mr. Holmes an explanation of what they discussed.691 Ambassador Sondland later testified that he did not ''recall the specifics'' of his conversation with Mr. Yermak, but he believed ''the issue of investigations was probably a part of that agenda or meeting.''692 Call Between President Trump and Ambassador Sondland on July 26, 2019 After a busy morning of meetings with Ukrainian officials on July 26, Ambassador Sondland indicated that he wanted to get lunch. Mr. Holmes interjected that he would ''be happy to join'' Ambassador Sondland and two other State Department colleagues accompanying him ''if he wanted to brief me out on his meeting with Mr. Yermak or discuss other issues.''693 Ambassador Sondland accepted the offer. The diplomats proceeded ''to a nearby restaurant and sat on an outdoor terrace.''694 Mr. Holmes ''sat directly across from Ambassador Sondland,'' close enough that they could ''share an appetizer.''695 Mr. Holmes recounted that ''at first, the lunch was largely social. Ambassador Sondland selected a bottle of wine that he shared among the four of us, and we discussed topics such as marketing strategies for his hotel business.''696 Later during the meal, Ambassador Sondland ''said that he was going to call President Trump to give him an update.''697 Ambassador Sondland then placed a call on his unsecure mobile phone. Mr. Holmes was taken aback. He told the Committee, ''it was, like, a really extraordinary thing, it doesn't happen very often'''--a U.S. Ambassador picking up his mobile phone at an outdoor cafe and dialing the President of the United States.698 Mr. Holmes, who was sitting directly opposite from Ambassador Sondland, said he ''heard him announce himself several times, along the lines of, 'Gordon Sondland, holding for the President.' It appeared that he was being transferred through several layers of switchboards and assistants, and I then noticed Ambassador Sondland's demeanor changed and understood that he had been connected to President Trump.''699 Mr. Holmes stated he was able to hear the first part of Ambassador Sondland's conversation with President Trump because it was ''quite loud'' and ''quite distinctive'' when the President began speaking. When President Trump started speaking, Ambassador Sondland ''sort of winced and held the phone away from his ear,'' and ''did that for the first couple exchanges.''700 Recounting the conversation that followed, Mr. Holmes testified:
        111 I heard Ambassador Sondland greet the President and explain he was calling from Kyiv. I heard President Trump then clarify that Ambassador Sondland was in Ukraine. Ambassador Sondland replied, yes, he was in Ukraine, and went on to state that President Zelensky, quote, ''loves your ass.'' I then heard President Trump ask, ''So he's going to do the investigation?'' Ambassador Sondland replied that he is going to do it, adding that President Zelensky will do ''anything you ask him to do.''701 President Trump has denied that he spoke to Ambassador Sondland on July 26 and told reporters, ''I know nothing about that.''702 But in his public testimony before the Committee, Ambassador Sondland noted that White House call records made available to his legal counsel confirmed that the July 26 call in fact occurred.703 Ambassador Sondland further explained that Mr. Holmes's testimony'--specifically, a ''reference to A$AP Rocky'''--refreshed his recollection about the July 26 call, which Ambassador Sondland had not originally disclosed to the Committee.704 Although Ambassador Sondland did not believe he mentioned the Bidens by name, he testified that with regard to the substance of his July 26 conversation with President Trump: ''I have no reason to doubt that this conversation included the subject of investigations.''705 He added that he had ''no reason'' to doubt Mr. Holmes' testimony about the contents of the call, and that he would ''have been more surprised if President Trump had not mentioned investigations, particularly given what we were hearing from Mr. Giuliani about the President's concerns.''706 Asked about his statement to President Trump that President Zelensky ''loves your ass,'' Ambassador Sondland replied: ''That sounds like something I would say. That's how President Trump and I communicate, a lot of four-letter words, in this case three letter.''707 After the call between Ambassador Sondland and President Trump ended, Ambassador Sondland remarked to Mr. Holmes that ''the President was in a bad mood,'' as ''was often the case early in the morning.''708 Mr. Holmes, who had learned about the freeze on U.S. security assistance days earlier, was attempting to clarify the President's thinking, and said he ''took the opportunity to ask Ambassador Sondland for his candid impression of the President's views on Ukraine'': In particular, I asked Ambassador Sondland if it was true that the President did not give a shit about Ukraine. Ambassador Sondland agreed that the President did not give a shit about Ukraine. I asked, why not, and Ambassador Sondland stated, the President only cares about, quote, unquote, ''big stuff.'' I noted there was, quote, unquote, big stuff going on in Ukraine, like a war with Russia. And Ambassador Sondland replied that he meant, quote, unquote, ''big stuff'' that benefits the President, like the, quote, unquote, ''Biden investigation'' that Mr. Giuliani was pushing. The conversation then moved on to other topics.709 Ambassador Sondland did not dispute the substance of Mr. Holmes' recollection of this discussion. He stated, ''I don't recall my exact words, but clearly the President, beginning on May 23, when we met with him in the Oval Office, was not a big fan'' of Ukraine. Asked whether President Trump ''was a big fan of the investigations,'' Ambassador Sondland replied: ''Apparently so.''710 Asked to clarify if, during his July 26 conversation with Mr. Holmes, he
        112 recalled ''at least referring to an investigation that Rudy Giuliani was pushing,'' Ambassador Sondland replied, ''I would have, yes.''711 Mr. Holmes Informed U.S. Embassy Leadership about President Trump's Call with Ambassador Sondland After the lunch, Mr. Holmes dropped off Ambassador Sondland at his hotel, the Hyatt Regency Kyiv. Mr. Holmes then returned to the U.S. Embassy.712 Ambassador Taylor, the acting Ambassador in Kyiv, was still visiting the front line. So when he arrived at the Embassy, Mr. Holmes briefed his immediate supervisor, Kristina Kvien, Deputy Chief of Mission at U.S. Embassy Kyiv, about the President's call with Ambassador Sondland and Ambassador Sondland's subsequent description of President Trump's priorities for Ukraine.713 After taking a long-planned vacation from July 27 to August 5, Mr. Holmes told Ambassador Taylor about his lunch with Ambassador Sondland on the first day he returned to work, August 6.714 Mr. Holmes told the Committee that he did not brief the call in detail to Ambassador Taylor because ''it was obvious what the President was pressing for'': Of course that's what's going on. Of course the President is pressing for a Biden investigation before he'll do these things the Ukrainians want. There was nodding agreement. So did I go through every single word in the call? No, because everyone by that point agreed, it was obvious what the President was pressing for.715 In October 2019, following the public release of testimony by several witnesses pursuant to the Committee's impeachment inquiry, Mr. Holmes reminded Ambassador Taylor about Ambassador Sondland's July 26 conversation with President Trump. Ambassador Taylor was preparing to return to Washington and testify publicly before the Committee. Mr. Holmes had been following news coverage of the inquiry and realized he had unique, firsthand evidence that ''potentially bore on the question of whether the President did, in fact, have knowledge'' of efforts to press the Ukrainian President to publicly announce investigations: I came to realize that I had firsthand knowledge regarding certain events on July 26 that had not otherwise been reported and that those events potentially bore on the question of whether the President did, in fact, have knowledge that those senior officials were using the levers of diplomatic power to influence the new Ukrainian President to announce the opening of a criminal investigation against President Trump's political opponent. It is at that point that I made the observation to Ambassador Taylor that the incident I had witnessed on July 26th had acquired greater significance, which is what he reported in his testimony last week and is what led to the subpoena for me to appear here today.716 Mr. Holmes testified that the July 26 call became ''sort of a touchstone piece of information'' for diplomats at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv who ''were trying to understand why we weren't able to get the meeting'' between President Trump and President Zelensky and ''what was going on with the security hold.''717 He elaborated:
        113 I would refer back to it repeatedly in our, you know, morning staff meetings. We'd talk about what we're trying to do. We're trying to achieve this, that. Maybe it will convince the President to have the meeting. And I would say, 'Well, as we know, he doesn't really care about Ukraine. He cares about some other things. And we're trying to keep Ukraine out of our politics and so, you know, that's what we're up against.' And I would refer'--use that repeatedly as a refrain.718
        114 6. The President Wanted Ukraine to Announce the Investigations Publicly In the weeks following the July 25 call, President Trump's hand-picked representatives carried out his wishes to condition a coveted White House meeting for the Ukrainian President on the public announcement of investigations beneficial to President Trump. Top U.S. officials, including the Secretary of State and Secretary of Energy, were ''in the loop.'' Overview In the weeks following the July 25 call, during which President Trump had pressed Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky to ''do us a favor though,'' the President's representatives worked to secure from the Ukrainian President a public announcement about the requested investigations as a condition for the White House meeting. That meeting would have conferred vital support on a new president who relied on the United States to help defend his nation militarily, diplomatically, and politically against Russian aggression. U.S. Ambassador to the European Union Gordon Sondland provided testimony and quoted from documents demonstrating that he kept everyone ''in the loop'' about the plan, including the Secretaries of State and Energy. Ambassadors Sondland and Volker worked closely with Mr. Giuliani, the President's personal lawyer, to help draft Ukraine's public statement. They sought to ensure that President Zelensky explicitly used the words ''Burisma'''--a reference to allegations about former Vice President Biden and his son'--and ''2016 elections.'' Ukrainian officials were ''very uncomfortable'' with the provision of this statement, which they understood to be a requirement and a ''deliverable'' demanded by President Trump. The Ukrainian President was elected on a platform of rooting out public corruption, and so he resisted issuing the statement. Instead, President Zelensky's aides asked whether an official request for legal assistance with investigations had been made through appropriate channels at the U.S. Department of Justice. No such formal request was ever made. Consequently, Ukrainian officials made clear to Ambassador Volker that they did not support issuing a public statement because it could ''play into'' U.S. domestic politics. Nevertheless, U.S. efforts to secure a public statement continued. Giuliani Met with Ukrainian Presidential Aide Andriy Yermak in Madrid and Discussed a White House Meeting On July 26, the day after the call between President Trump and President Zelensky, Ambassador Volker wrote to Mr. Giuliani to confirm that he would soon be meeting with Andriy Yermak, a Ukrainian presidential aide, to ''help'' efforts.719 Ambassador Volker texted: ''Please send dates when you will be in Madrid. I am seeing Yermak tomorrow morning. He will come to you in Madrid. Thanks for your help! Kurt.''720
        115 Mr. Giuliani replied that he would travel to Spain from August 1 to 5, and Ambassador Volker affirmed that he would tell the Ukrainian presidential aide to ''visit with you there.''721 Ambassador Volker kept himself apprised of plans, texting Mr. Yermak on August 1 to ensure that everything was ''on track'' for the meeting in Spain's capital. He also asked whether Mr. Yermak planned to visit Washington.722 On August 2, Mr. Yermak and Mr. Giuliani met in Madrid.723 Ambassador Volker received a meeting summary from Mr. Yermak the same day: ''My meeting with Mr. Mayor was very good.'' Mr. Yermak added: ''We asked for White House meeting during week start [sic] 16 Sept. Waiting for confirmation. Maybe you know the date?''724 The Madrid meeting set off a ''series of discussions'' among Mr. Giuliani, Ambassador Volker, and Ambassador Sondland about the need for President Zelensky to issue a public statement about the investigations into Burisma and the 2016 election conspiracy theory in order to secure a White House meeting with President Trump.725 Ambassador Volker first spoke to Mr. Giuliani, who said that he thought Ukraine ''should issue a statement.''726 Ambassador Volker then spoke to Mr. Yermak, who affirmed that the Ukrainian leader was ''prepared to make a statement'' that ''would reference Burisma and 2016 in a wider context of bilateral relations and rooting out corruption anyway.''727 Mr. Giuliani, acting as President Trump's personal attorney, exerted significant influence in the process. On August 4, Mr. Yermak inquired again about the presidential meeting. Ambassador Volker replied that he would speak with Mr. Giuliani later that day and would call the Ukrainian aide afterward.728 Ambassador Volker texted the former mayor about the Madrid meeting and asked for a phone call. Mr. Giuliani replied: ''It was excellent I can call a little later.''729 Phone records obtained by the Committees show a 16 minute call on August 5 between Ambassador Volker and Mr. Giuliani.730 Ambassador Volker texted Mr. Yermak: ''Hi Andrey'--had a good long talk w Rudy'--call anytime'--Kurt.''731 During the same period, Ambassador Volker informed Ambassador Sondland that ''Giuliani was happy with that meeting,'' and ''it looks like things are turning around.''732 ''Potus Really Wants the Deliverable'' Before Scheduling a White House Visit for President Zelensky Things had not turned around by August 7. Ambassador Volker texted Mr. Giuliani to recommend that he report to ''the boss'''--President Trump'--about his meeting with Mr. Yermak in Madrid. He wrote: Hi Rudy'--hope you made it back safely. Let's meet if you are coming to DC. And would be good if you could convey results of your meeting in Madrid to the boss so we can get a firm date for a visit.733 The Committees did not find evidence that Mr. Giuliani responded to Ambassador Volker's text message.
        116 However, call records show that the next day, on August 8, Mr. Giuliani connected with the White House Situation Room switchboard in the early afternoon, Eastern Time, for 42 seconds, and then again for one minute, 25 seconds.734 The same day, Mr. Giuliani texted several times with a number associated with the White House. The Committees were unable to identify the official associated with the phone number. In the mid-afternoon, someone using a telephone number associated with the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) called Mr. Giuliani, and the call lasted for nearly 13 minutes. Mr. Giuliani called the OMB number and the White House Situation Room several more times that evening, but each time connected for only a few seconds or not at all. Rudy Giuliani Call History, August 8 Date Connect-ing Time (EDT) Duration of Call Caller Recipient 08/08/19 12:44:56 0:42 Giuliani, Rudy White House Switchboard (Situation Room)735 08/08/19 12:45:38 1:25 Giuliani, Rudy White House Switchboard (Situation Room)736 08/08/19 13:02:37 TEXT Giuliani, Rudy White House Number737 08/08/19 13:02:37 TEXT Giuliani, Rudy White House Number738 08/08/19 13:02:57 TEXT Giuliani, Rudy White House Number739 08/08/19 14:14:53 TEXT White House Number Giuliani, Rudy740 08/08/19 14:15:17 TEXT Giuliani, Rudy White House Number741 08/08/19 14:21:13 TEXT Giuliani, Rudy White House Number742 08/08/19 15:13:05 12:56 OMB Number Giuliani, Rudy743 08/08/19 15:56:44 0:00 Giuliani, Rudy OMB Number744 08/08/19 15:56:51 0:00 Giuliani, Rudy OMB Number745 08/08/19 15:57:05 0:00 Giuliani, Rudy OMB Number746 08/08/19 15:57:21 0:22 Giuliani, Rudy White House Switchboard (Situation Room)747 08/08/19 17:20:33 0:17 Giuliani, Rudy White House Switchboard (Situation Room)748 08/08/19 19:14:48 0:00 Giuliani, Rudy White House Switchboard (Situation Room)749 Approximately 30 minutes after his text to Mr. Giuliani on August 7, Ambassador Volker received a text message from Mr. Yermak: ''Do you have some news about White House
        117 meeting date?''750 Ambassador Volker responded that he had asked Mr. Giuliani to ''weigh in,'' presumably with the President, ''following your meeting,'' and that Ambassador Sondland would be speaking with President Trump on Friday, August 9. Ambassador Volker added: ''We are pressing this.''751 The next day, on August 8, Mr. Yermak texted Ambassador Volker to report that he had ''some news.''752 Ambassador Volker replied that he was available to speak at that time.753 Later on the evening of August 8, Eastern Time, Mr. Giuliani sent a text message to a phone number associated with the White House. Approximately one hour 15 minutes later, someone using an unidentified number (''-1'') dialed Mr. Giuliani three times in rapid succession. Less than three minutes later, Mr. Giuliani dialed the White House switchboard for the White House Situation Room. When the call did not connect, Mr. Giuliani immediately dialed another general number for the White House switchboard and connected for 47 seconds. Approximately 16 minutes later, someone using the ''-1'' number called Mr. Giuliani and connected for just over four minutes.754 Rudy Giuliani Call History, August 8, cont. Date Connect-ing Time (EDT) Duration of Call Caller Recipient 08/08/19 20:53:13 TEXT Giuliani, Rudy White House Number755 08/08/19 22:09:31 0:00 ''-1'' Giuliani, Rudy756 08/08/19 22:09:32 0:05 ''-1'' Giuliani, Rudy757 08/08/19 22:09:46 0:00 ''-1'' Giuliani, Rudy (Cell 2)758 08/08/19 22:09:47 0:02 ''-1'' Giuliani, Rudy (Cell 2)759 08/08/19 22:10:08 0:05 ''-1'' Giuliani, Rudy760 08/08/19 22:11:52 0:00 Giuliani, Rudy OMB Number761 08/08/19 22:12:16 0:00 Giuliani, Rudy White House Switchboard (Situation Room)762 08/08/19 22:12:25 0:47 Giuliani, Rudy White House Switchboard763 08/08/19 22:28:51 4:06 ''-1'' Giuliani, Rudy764 Late the next morning Washington time, on August 9, Ambassador Volker texted Mr. Giuliani and Ambassador Sondland: Hi Mr. Mayor! Had a good chat with Yermak last night. He was pleased with your phone call. Mentioned Z [President Zelensky] making a statement. Can we all get on the phone to make sure I advise Z [President
        118 Zelensky] correctly as to what he should be saying? Want to make sure we get this done right. Thanks!765 It is unclear which ''phone call'' Ambassador Volker was referencing. Text messages and call records obtained by the Committees show that Ambassador Volker and Mr. Giuliani connected by phone twice around noon Eastern Time on August 9 for several minutes each.766 Following the calls with Mr. Giuliani, Ambassador Volker created a three-way group chat using WhatsApp that included Ambassador Volker, Ambassador Sondland, and Mr. Yermak.767 At 2:24 p.m. Eastern Time on August 9, Ambassador Volker texted the group: ''Hi Andrey'--we have all consulted here, including with Rudy. Can you do a call later today or tomorrow your afternoon time?''768 Ambassador Sondland texted that he had a call scheduled for 3 p.m. Eastern Time ''for the three of us. [State Department] Ops will call.''769 Call records obtained by the Committees show that on August 9, Ambassador Sondland twice called numbers associated with the White House, once in early afternoon for approximately 18 minutes, and once in late afternoon for two minutes, 25 seconds with a number associated with OMB.770 By early evening, minutes after his second call with OMB number, Ambassador Volker and Ambassador Sondland discussed a breakthrough they had reached in obtaining a date for a White House visit, noting that President Trump really wanted ''the deliverable'': Sondland: [Tim] Morrison ready to get dates as soon as Yermak confirms. Volker: Excellent!! How did you sway him? :) Sondland: Not sure i did. I think potus really wants the deliverable Volker: But does he know that? Sondland: Yep Sondland: Clearly lots of convos going on Volker: Ok'--then that's good it's coming from two separate sources771 Ambassador Sondland told the Committees that the ''deliverable'' required by President Trump was a press statement from President Zelensky committing to ''do the investigations'' pushed by President Trump and Mr. Giuliani.772 To ensure progress, immediately after their text exchange, Ambassador Sondland recommended to Ambassador Volker that Mr. Yermak share a draft of the press statement to ''avoid misunderstandings'' and so they would know ''exactly what they propose to cover.'' Ambassador Sondland explained: ''Even though Ze [President Zelensky] does a live presser [press event] they can still summarize in a brief statement.'' Ambassador Volker agreed.773 As they were negotiating the language that would appear in a press statement, ''there was talk about having a live interview or a live broadcast'' during which President Zelensky would make the agreed-upon statement.774 Ambassador Sondland suggested reviewing a written
        119 summary of the statement because he was ''concerned'' that President Zelensky would ''say whatever he would say on live television and it still wouldn't be good enough for Rudy, slash, the President [Trump].''775 ''Everyone Was in the Loop'' About Plan for Ukrainians to Deliver a Public Statement about Investigations in Exchange for a White House Visit As negotiations continued, on August 10, Mr. Yermak texted Ambassador Volker in an attempt to schedule a White House meeting before the Ukrainian president made a public statement in support of investigations into Burisma and the 2016 election. He wrote: I think it's possible to make this declaration and mention all these things. Which we discussed yesterday. But it will be logic [sic] to do after we receive a confirmation of date. We inform about date of visit about our expectations and our guarantees for future visit. Let [sic] discuss it776 Ambassador Volker responded that he agreed, but that first they would have to ''iron out [a] statement and use that to get [a] date,'' after which point President Zelensky would go forward with making the statement.777 They agreed to have a call the next day, and to include Ambassador Sondland. Mr. Yermak texted: Excellent. Once we have a date, will call for a press briefing, announcing upcoming visit and outlining vision for the reboot of the US-UKRAINE relationship, including, among other things, Burisma and election meddling in investigations.778 Ambassador Volker forwarded the message to Ambassador Sondland, and they agreed to speak with Mr. Yermak the next day.779 Ambassador Sondland testified that ''everyone was in the loop'' regarding this plan.780 Also on August 10, Ambassador Sondland informed Ambassador Volker that he briefed T. Ulrich Brechbuhl, Counselor of the Department of State, noting: ''I briefed Ulrich. All good.''781 Ambassador Sondland testified that he ''may have walked [Mr. Brechbuhl] through where we were.''782 When asked if Mr. Brechbuhl briefed Secretary Pompeo, Ambassador Sondland noted that it was Mr. Brechbuhl's ''habit'' to ''consult with Secretary Pompeo frequently.''783 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry was also made aware of efforts to pressure Ukraine to issue a public statement about political investigations in exchange for a White House meeting. Ambassador Sondland testified: Mr. Giuliani conveyed to Secretary Perry, Ambassador Volker, and others that President Trump wanted a public statement from President Zelensky committing to investigations of Burisma and the 2016 election. Mr. Giuliani expressed those requests directly to the Ukrainians. Mr. Giuliani also expressed those requests directly to us. We all understood that these prerequisites for the White House call and the White House meeting reflected President Trump's desires and requirements.784
        120 On August 11, Ambassador Volker requested a phone call with Ambassador Sondland and Mr. Giuliani, noting that he had heard from Mr. Yermak that the Ukrainians were ''writing the statement now and will send to us.''785 According to call records obtained by the Committees, Ambassador Volker and Mr. Giuliani connected for 34 seconds.786 The same day, Ambassador Sondland updated Mr. Brechbuhl and Lisa Kenna, Executive Secretary of the State Department, about efforts to secure a public statement and a ''big presser'' from President Zelensky, which he hoped might ''make the boss happy enough to authorize an invitation.'' He addressed the email to Secretary Pompeo: Mike, Kurt [Volker] and I negotiated a statement from Zelensky to be delivered for our review in a day or two. The contents will hopefully make the boss happy enough to authorize an invitation. Zelensky plans to have a big presser on the openness subject (including specifics) next week.787 Ambassador Sondland made clear in his hearing testimony that by ''specifics,'' he meant the ''2016 and the Burisma'' investigations; ''the boss'' referred to ''President Trump;'' and ''the invitation'' referred to ''the White House meeting.''788 Ms. Kenna replied to Ambassador Sondland that she would ''pass to S [Secretary Pompeo]. Thank you.''789 Ambassador Sondland cited the email as evidence that ''everyone was in the loop'' on plans to condition a White House meeting on a public statement about political investigations.790 President Trump's Agents Negotiated a Draft Statement about the Investigations In the evening of the next day, August 12, Mr. Yermak texted Ambassador Volker an initial version of the draft statement, which read: Special attention should be paid to the problem of interference in the political processes of the United States, especially with the alleged involvement of some Ukrainian politicians. I want to declare that this is unacceptable. We intend to initiate and complete a transparent and unbiased investigation of all available facts and episodes, which in turn will prevent the recurrence of this problem in the future.791 The draft statement did not explicitly mention Burisma or 2016 election interference, as expected. On August 13, around 10 a.m. Eastern Time, Ambassador Volker texted Mr. Giuliani: ''Mr mayor'--trying to set up call in 5 min via state Dept. If now is not convenient, is there a time later today?''792 Phone records show that, shortly thereafter, someone using a State Department number called Mr. Giuliani and connected for more than nine minutes.793 Ambassador Volker told the Committees that, during the call, Mr. Giuliani stated: ''If [the statement] doesn't say Burisma and 2016, it's not credible, because what are they hiding?''794 Ambassador Volker asked whether inserting references to ''Burisma and 2016'' at the end of the statement would make it ''more credible.'' Mr. Giuliani confirmed that it would.795
        121 Two minutes after the call ended, Ambassador Volker sent a WhatsApp message to Ambassador Sondland and Mr. Yermak: ''Hi Andrey'--we spoke with Rudy. When is good to call you?''796 Ambassador Sondland replied that it was, ''Important. Do you have 5 mins.''797 They agreed to a call approximately 10 minutes later.798 When Ambassador Sondland suggested having his ''operator'' in Brussels dial in the group, Ambassador Volker asked if they could ''do this one on what's App?''799 Text messages and calls in the WhatsApp cell phone application are encrypted from end-to-end, ensuring that WhatsApp employees and third parties cannot listen in or retrieve deleted communications.800 Shortly before the call, Ambassador Volker sent a revised draft of the proposed statement to Ambassador Sondland. It had been edited to include reference to Burisma and the 2016 elections: Special attention should be paid to the problem of interference in the political processes of the United States, especially with the alleged involvement of some Ukrainian politicians. I want to declare that this is unacceptable. We intend to initiate and complete a transparent and unbiased investigation of all available facts and episodes including those involving Burisma and the 2016 US elections, which in turn will prevent the recurrence of this problem in the future.801 Ambassador Sondland replied: ''Perfect. Lets send to Andrey after our call.''802 Following the call, Ambassador Volker texted Ambassador Sondland and Mr. Yermak: ''Andrey'--good talking'--following is text with insert at the end for the 2 key items.''803 Ambassador Volker then sent to them the revised statement that included the explicit references to ''Burisma and 2016 elections.''804 Comparison of Draft Statements Yermak Draft August 12 Giuliani-Volker-Sondland Draft August 13 Special attention should be paid to the problem of interference in the political processes of the United States, especially with the alleged involvement of some Ukrainian politicians. I want to declare that this is unacceptable. We intend to initiate and complete a transparent and unbiased investigation of all available facts and episodes, which in turn will prevent the recurrence of this problem in the future. Special attention should be paid to the problem of interference in the political processes of the United States, especially with the alleged involvement of some Ukrainian politicians. I want to declare that this is unacceptable. We intend to initiate and complete a transparent and unbiased investigation of all available facts and episodes, including those involving Burisma and the 2016 US elections, which in turn will prevent the recurrence of this problem in the future.
        122 A ''Quid Pro Quo'' from ''the President of the United States'' Ambassador Volker testified that the language reflected what Mr. Giuliani deemed necessary for the statement to be ''credible.''805 Ambassador Sondland noted the language was ''proposed by Giuliani.''806 Ambassador Sondland explained that the language was a clear quid pro quo that expressed ''the desire of the President of the United States'': Mr. Giuliani's requests were a quid pro quo for arranging a White House visit for President Zelensky. Mr. Giuliani demanded that Ukraine make a public statement announcing investigations of the 2016 election/DNC server and Burisma. Mr. Giuliani was expressing the desires of the President of the United States, and we knew that these investigations were important to the President.807 Shortly after Ambassador Volker sent the revised statement to Mr. Yermak on August 13, Ambassador Sondland called Mr. Giuliani and connected for nearly four minutes. Ukrainian Officials and Career State Department Became Increasingly Concerned On August 13'--while Ambassador Volker, Ambassador Sondland, and Mr. Yermak were negotiating the draft statement about investigations'--Mr. Yermak asked Ambassador Volker ''whether any request had ever been made by the U.S. to investigate election interference in 2016.'' He appeared interested in knowing whether the U.S. Department of Justice had made an official request to Ukraine's law enforcement agency for legal assistance in such a matter.808 When Ambassador Volker sent Mr. Giuliani's approved draft statement to Mr. Yermak, he stated that he would ''work on official request.''809 Ambassador Volker testified: ''When I say official request, I mean law enforcement channels, Department of Justice to law enforcement in Ukraine, please investigate was there any effort to interfere in the U.S. elections.''810 Ambassador Volker explained: He [Yermak] said, and I think quite appropriately, that if they [Ukraine] are responding to an official request, that's one thing. If there's no official request, that's different. And I agree with that.811 According to Ambassador Volker, he was merely trying to ''find out'' if there was ever an official request made by the Department of Justice: ''As I found out the answer that we had not, I said, well, let's just not go there.''812 On September 25, within hours of the White House's public release of the record of the July 25 call between President Trump and President Zelensky, a Justice Department spokesperson issued a statement, apparently confirming that no such formal request had been made: The President has not spoken with the Attorney General about having Ukraine investigate anything relating to former Vice President Biden or his son. The President has not asked
        123 the Attorney General to contact Ukraine'--on this or any other matter. The Attorney General has not communicated with Ukraine'--on this or any other subject.813 Ukraine's current Prosecutor General Ruslan Ryaboshapka, who assumed his new position in late August 2019, confirmed the Justice Department's account. He told The Financial Times in late November 2019 that Attorney General Barr had made no formal request regarding a potential investigation into allegations of wrongdoing by former Vice President Biden.814 In an apparent reference to President Trump's demand that Ukraine interfere in U.S. elections, Mr. Ryaboshapka added: ''It's critically important for the west not to pull us into some conflicts between their ruling elites, but to continue to support so that we can cross the point of no return.''815 Neither Ambassador Taylor in Ukraine nor Deputy Assistant Secretary George Kent in Washington were aware of the efforts by Ambassadors Sondland and Volker, in coordination with Mr. Giuliani, to convince Ukrainian officials to issue a statement in real time. Ambassador Taylor told the Committees that, on August 16, in a text message exchange with Ambassador Volker, he ''learned that Mr. Yermak had asked that the United States submit an official request for an investigation into Burisma's alleged violations of Ukrainian law, if that is what the United States desired.''816 Ambassador Taylor noted that ''a formal U.S. request to the Ukrainians to conduct an investigation based on violations of their own law'' was ''improper'' and advised Ambassador Volker to ''stay clear.''817 Nevertheless, Ambassador Volker requested Ambassador Taylor's help with the matter.818 ''To find out the legal aspects of the question,'' Ambassador Taylor gave Ambassador Volker the name of an official at the Department of Justice ''whom I thought would be the proper point of contact for seeking a U.S. referral for a foreign investigation.''819 On August 15, Ambassador Volker texted Ambassador Sondland that Mr. Yermak wanted to ''know our status on asking them to investigate.''820 Two days later, Ambassador Volker wrote: ''Bill [Taylor] had no info on requesting an investigation'--calling a friend at DOJ.'' Ambassador Volker testified that he was not able to connect with his contact at the Department of Justice.821 Mr. Kent testified that on August 15, Catherine Croft, Ambassador Volker's special assistant, approached him to ask whether there was any precedent for the United States asking Ukraine to conduct investigations on its behalf. Mr. Kent advised Ms. Croft: [I]f you're asking me have we ever gone to the Ukrainians and asked them to investigate or prosecute individuals for political reasons, the answer is, I hope we haven't, and we shouldn't because that goes against everything that we are trying to promote in post-Soviet states for the last 28 years, which is the promotion of the rule of law.822 Mr. Kent testified that the day after his conversation with Ms. Croft, he spoke with Ambassador Taylor, who ''amplified the same theme'' and told Mr. Kent that ''Yermak was very uncomfortable'' with the idea of investigations and suggested that ''it should be done officially and put in writing.'' As a result, it became clear to Mr. Kent in mid-August that Ukraine was
        124 being pressured to conduct politically-motivated investigations. Mr. Kent told Ambassador Taylor ''that's wrong, and we shouldn't be doing that as a matter of U.S. policy.''823 After speaking to Ms. Croft and Ambassador Taylor, Mr. Kent wrote a memo to file on August 16 documenting his ''concerns that there was an effort to initiate politically motivated prosecutions that were injurious to the rule of law, both in Ukraine and U.S.''824 Mr. Kent testified: At the time, I had no knowledge of the specifics of the [July 25] call record, but based on Bill Taylor's account of the engagements with Andriy Yermak that were engagements of Yermak with Kurt Volker, at that point it was clear that the investigations that were being suggested were the ones that Rudy Giuliani had been tweeting about, meaning Biden, Burisma, and 2016.825 On August 17, Mr. Yermak reached out to both Ambassador Sondland and Ambassador Volker.826 Ambassador Sondland texted Ambassador Volker that ''Yermak just tapped on me about dates. Havent responded. Any updates?''827 Ambassador Volker responded that ''I've got nothing'' and stated that he was contacting the Department of Justice to find out about requesting an investigation.828 Ambassador Sondland then asked: ''Do we still want Ze [Zelensky] to give us an unequivocal draft with 2016 and Boresma [sic]?'' Ambassador Volker replied: ''That's the clear message so far ...'' Ambassador Sondland said that he would ask that Mr. Yermak ''send us a clean draft,'' to which Ambassador Volker replied that he had spoken to Mr. Yermak and suggested that he and Ambassador Sondland speak the following day, August 18, to discuss ''all the latest.''829 Ambassador Volker claimed that he ''stopped pursuing'' the statement from the Ukrainians around this time because of concerns raised by Mr. Yermak that Yuriy Lutsenko was still the Prosecutor General. Mr. Lutsenko was likely to be replaced by President Zelensky, and because Mr. Lutsenko was alleging the same false claims that President Trump and Mr. Giuliani were demanding of President Zelensky, Ukrainian officials ''did not want to mention Burisma or 2016.''830 Ambassador Volker testified that he ''agreed'' and advised Mr. Yermak that ''making those specific refences was not a good idea'' because making those statements might ''look like it would play into our domestic politics.''831 Mr. Yermak agreed and, according to Ambassador Volker, plans to put out a statement were ''shelved.''832 Ambassador Volker reasoned that the plan for a public statement did not materialize partly because of ''the sense that Rudy was not going to be convinced that it meant anything, and, therefore, convey a positive message to the President if it didn't say Burisma and 2016.''833 He added: I agreed with the Ukrainians they shouldn't do it, and in fact told them just drop it, wait till you have your own prosecutor general in place. Let's work on substantive issues like this, security assistance and all. Let's just do that. So we dropped it.834
        125 Ambassador Volker testified that, ''From that point on, I didn't have any further conversations about this statement.''835 Nevertheless, efforts to secure a presidential statement announcing the two investigations into the Bidens and the 2016 U.S. election interference continued well into September. On August 19, Ambassador Sondland told Ambassador Volker that he ''drove the 'larger issue' home'' with Mr. Yermak: that this was bigger than just a White House meeting and was about ''the relationship per se.''836 Ambassador Volker told the Committees that he understood this referred to ''the level of trust that the President has with President Zelensky. He has this general negative assumption about everything Ukraine, and that's the larger issue.''837 That negative assumption would prove difficult to overcome as Ukrainian and U.S. officials sought to finally obtain a White House meeting and shake free from the White House hundreds of millions of dollars in Congressionally-approved security assistance for Ukraine.
        126 7. The President's Conditioning of Military Assistance and a White House Meeting on Announcement of Investigations Raised Alarm Following the public disclosure in late August 2019 of a hold on U.S. security assistance to Ukraine, President Trump made clear that ''everything'''--an Oval Office meeting and the release of taxpayer-funded U.S. security assistance'--was contingent on the Ukrainian president announcing investigations into former Vice President Joe Biden and a debunked conspiracy theory about Ukrainian interference in the 2016 U.S. election. President Trump wanted the Ukrainian leader ''in a public box,'' even as Ambassador Bill Taylor warned that it was ''crazy to withhold security assistance for help with a political campaign.'' Overview On August 28, 2019, Politico first reported that President Trump was withholding hundreds of millions of dollars of Congressionally-appropriated U.S. security assistance from Ukraine, a fact that had been previously suspected by Ukrainian officials in July. Public revelations about the freeze raised questions about the U.S. commitment to Ukraine and harming efforts to deter Russian influence and aggression in Europe. Around this time, American officials made clear to Ukrainians that a public announcement about investigations into Ukrainian interference in the 2016 election and former Vice President Joe Biden was a pre-condition'--not only to obtain a White House meeting for President Zelensky, but also to end the freeze on military and other security assistance for Ukraine. In early September, Ambassador Gordon Sondland conveyed President Trump's demands to both U.S. and Ukrainian officials. On September 1, he informed a senior Ukrainian official that the military aid would be released if the ''prosecutor general would to go the mike [sic]'' and announce the investigations. Later, on September 7, President Trump informed Ambassador Sondland that he wanted President Zelensky'--not the Prosecutor General'--in a ''public box'' and demanded that the Ukrainian president personally announce the investigations to ''clear things up.'' Only then would Ukraine end the ''stalemate'' with the White House related to security assistance. President Zelensky proceeded to schedule an interview on CNN in order to announce the investigations and satisfy President Trump. The President's efforts to withhold vital military and security assistance in exchange for political investigations troubled U.S. officials. NSC Senior Director for Europe and Russia Timothy Morrison twice reported what he understood to be the President's requirement of a quid pro quo to National Security Advisor John Bolton, who advised him to ''make sure the lawyers are tracking.'' Ambassador Bill Taylor expressed his concerns to Ambassador Sondland, stating plainly that it was ''crazy to withhold security assistance for help with a political campaign.''
        127 Secretary Pompeo and Ambassador Sondland Worked to ''Break the Logjam'' President Trump's hold on security assistance persisted throughout August, without explanation to U.S. officials and contrary to the consensus recommendation of the President's national security team. At the same time, President Trump refused to schedule a coveted White House visit for President Zelensky until he announced two investigations that could benefit President Trump's reelection prospects. The confluence of those two circumstances led some American officials, including Ambassador Sondland and David Holmes, Counselor for Political Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, to conclude that the military assistance was conditioned on Ukraine's public announcement of the investigations.838 On August 20, Ambassador Kurt Volker met with Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Laura Cooper. Ms. Cooper and Ambassador Volker agreed that if the hold on security assistance was not lifted, ''it would be very damaging to the relationship'' between the U.S. and Ukraine.839 During this meeting, Ambassador Volker mentioned that he was talking to an advisor to President Zelensky about making a statement ''that would somehow disavow any interference in U.S. elections and would commit to the prosecution of any individuals involved in election interference.''840 Ambassador Volker indicated that if his efforts to get a statement were successful, the hold on security assistance might be lifted.841 Although he did not mention that conversation during his deposition, Ambassador Volker had a similar recollection, during his public testimony, of the meeting with Ms. Cooper. Ambassador Volker recalled discussing with Ms. Cooper the draft statement that had been coordinated with Ukrainian presidential aide Andriy Yermak'--which included reference to the two investigations that President Trump demanded in the July 25 call'--and that such a statement ''could be helpful in getting a reset of the thinking of the President, the negative view of Ukraine that he had'' which might, in turn, ''unblock[] whatever hold there was on security assistance.''842 Around this time, Ambassador Sondland sought to ''break the logjam'' on the security assistance and the White House meeting by coordinating a meeting between the two Presidents through Secretary of State Mike Pompeo. On August 22, Ambassador Sondland emailed Secretary Pompeo, copying the State Department's Executive Secretary, Lisa Kenna: Should we block time in Warsaw for a short pull-aside for POTUS to meet Zelensky? I would ask Zelensky to look him in the eye and tell him that once Ukraine's new justice folks are in place (mid-Sept) Ze should be able to move forward publicly and with confidence on those issues of importance to Potus and to the US. Hopefully, that will break the logjam.843 Secretary Pompeo replied, ''Yes.''844 Ambassador Sondland testified that when he referenced ''issues of importance to Potus,'' he meant the investigation into the false allegations about Ukrainian interference in the 2016 election and the investigation into the Bidens.845 He told the Committee that his goal was to ''do what was necessary to get the aid released, to break the logjam.''846 Ambassador Sondland
        128 believed that President Trump would not release the aid until Ukraine announced the two investigations the President wanted.847 Ambassador Sondland testified: ''Secretary Pompeo essentially gave me the green light to brief President Zelensky about making those announcements.''848 He explained: This was a proposed briefing that I was going to give President Zelensky, and I was going to call President Zelensky and ask him to say what is in this email. And I was asking essentially '... [Secretary] Pompeo's permission to do that, which he said yes.849 He then forwarded the email to Ms. Kenna, seeking confirmation of ''10-15 min on the Warsaw sched[ule]'' for the pull-aside meeting. The Ambassador stated that he was seeking confirmation in order to brief President Zelensky. Ms. Kenna replied, ''I will try for sure.''850 On August 24, Ukraine celebrated its Independence Day. According to Mr. Holmes, Ukrainian Independence Day presented ''another good opportunity to show support for Ukraine.''851 However, nobody senior to Ambassador Volker attended the festivities, even though Secretary of Defense James Mattis attended in 2017 and Ambassador Bolton attended in 2018.852 Two days later, on August 26, Ambassador Bolton's office requested Mr. Giuliani's contact information from Ambassador Sondland. Ambassador Sondland sent Ambassador Bolton the information directly.853 Ambassador Sondland testified that he had ''no idea'' why Ambassador Bolton requested the contact information.854 Ambassador Bolton Visited Kyiv On August 27, Ambassador Bolton arrived in Kyiv for an official visit. Ambassador Bolton emphasized to Andriy Bohdan, President Zelensky's chief of staff, that an upcoming meeting between Presidents Trump and Zelensky, scheduled for September 1 in Warsaw, Poland, would be ''crucial to cementing their relationship.''855 Mr. Holmes, who accompanied Ambassador Bolton in Kyiv, testified that he also heard ''Ambassador Bolton express to Ambassador Taylor and Mr. Morrison his frustration about Mr. Giuliani's influence with the President, making clear there was nothing he could do about it.''856 Prior to Ambassador Bolton's departure from Kyiv, Ambassador Taylor asked to meet with him privately. Ambassador Taylor expressed his ''serious concern about the withholding of military assistance to Ukraine while the Ukrainians were defending their country from Russian aggression.''857 During the conversation, Ambassador Bolton ''indicated that he was very sympathetic'' to Ambassador's Taylor's concerns.858 He advised that Ambassador Taylor ''send a first-person cable to Secretary Pompeo directly relaying my concerns'' about the withholding of military assistance.859 Mr. Holmes testified that Ambassador Bolton advised during his trip that ''the hold on security assistance would not be lifted prior to the upcoming meeting between President Trump and President Zelensky in Warsaw, where it would hang on whether Zelensky was able to favorably impress President Trump.''860
        129 Ukrainian Concern Over Military Aid Intensified After First Public Report of Hold On August 28, 2019, Politico first reported that President Trump had implemented a hold on nearly $400 million of U.S. military assistance to Ukraine that had been appropriated by Congress. Almost immediately after the news became public, Ukrainian officials expressed alarm to their American counterparts. Mr. Yermak sent Ambassador Volker a link to the Politico story and then texted: ''Need to talk with you.''861 Other Ukrainian officials also expressed concerns to Ambassador Volker that the Ukrainian government was being ''singled out and penalized for some reason.''862 On August 29, Mr. Yermak also contacted Ambassador Taylor to express that he was ''very concerned'' about the hold on military assistance.863 Mr. Yermak and other Ukrainian officials told Ambassador Taylor that they were ''just desperate'' and would be willing to travel to Washington to raise with U.S. officials the importance of the assistance. Ambassador Taylor described confusion among Ukrainian officials over the hold on military aid: I mean, the obvious question was, ''Why?'' So Mr. Yermak and others were trying to figure out why this was '... They thought that there must be some rational reason for this being held up, and they just didn't'--and maybe in Washington they didn't understand how important this assistance was to their fight and to their armed forces. And so maybe they could figure'--so they were just desperate.864 Without any official explanation for the hold, American officials could provide little reassurance to their Ukrainian counterparts. Ambassador Taylor continued, ''And I couldn't tell them. I didn't know and I didn't tell them, because we hadn't'--we hadn't'--there'd been no guidance that I could give them.''865 Ambassador Taylor's First-Person Cable Described the ''Folly'' in Withholding Military Aid The same day that Ambassador Taylor heard from Mr. Yermak about his concerns about the hold on military aid, Ambassador Taylor transmitted his classified, first-person cable to Washington. It was the first and only time in Ambassador Taylor's career that he sent such a cable to the Secretary of State.866 The cable described ''the folly I saw in withholding military aid to Ukraine at a time when hostilities were still active in the east and when Russia was watching closely to gauge the level of American support for the Ukrainian Government.''867 Ambassador Taylor worried about the public message that such a hold on vital military assistance would send in the midst of Ukraine's hot war with Russia: ''The Russians, as I said at my deposition, would love to see the humiliation of President Zelensky at the hands of the Americans. I told the Secretary that I could not and would not defend such a policy.''868 The cable also sought to explain clearly ''the importance of Ukraine and the security assistance to U.S. national security,'' according to Mr. Holmes.869 However, Mr. Holmes worried that the national security argument might not achieve its purpose given the reasons he
        130 suspected for the hold on military aid. His ''clear impression'' at the time was that ''the security assistance hold was likely intended by the President either as an expression of dissatisfaction with the Ukrainians, who had not yet agreed to the Burisma/Biden investigation, or as an effort to increase the pressure on them to do so.''870 Mr. Holmes viewed this as ''the only logical conclusion.''871 He had ''no other explanation for why there was disinterest in this [White House] meeting that the President had already offered'' and there was a ''hold of the security assistance with no explanation whatsoever.''872 Ambassador Taylor never received a response to his cable, but was told that Secretary Pompeo carried it with him to a White House meeting about security assistance to Ukraine.873 Ambassador Sondland Told Senator Johnson That Ukraine Aid Was Conditioned on Investigations The next day, on August 30, Republican Senator Ron Johnson spoke with Ambassador Sondland to express his concern about President Trump's decision to withhold military assistance to Ukraine. According to Senator Johnson, Ambassador Sondland told him that if Ukraine would commit to ''get to the bottom of what happened in 2016'--if President Trump has that confidence, then he'll release the military spending.''874 On August 31, Senator Johnson spoke by phone with President Trump regarding the decision to withhold aid to Ukraine.875 President Trump denied the quid pro quo that Senator Johnson had learned of from Ambassador Sondland.876 At the same time, however, President Trump refused to authorize Senator Johnson to tell Ukrainian officials that the aid would be forthcoming.877 The message that Ambassador Sondland communicated to Senator Johnson mirrored that used by President Trump during his July 25 call with President Zelensky, in which President Trump twice asked that the Ukrainian leader ''get to the bottom of it,'' including in connection to an investigation into the debunked conspiracy theory that Ukraine interfered in the 2016 election to help Hillary Clinton.878 To the contrary, the U.S. Intelligence Community unanimously assessed that Russia interfered in the 2016 election to help Donald Trump, as did Special Counsel Robert Mueller.879 In a November 18 letter to House Republicans, Senator Johnson confirmed the accuracy of the Wall Street Journal's account of his August 30 call with Ambassador Sondland.880 Ambassador Sondland testified that he had ''no reason to dispute'' Senator Johnson's recollection of the August 30 call and testified that by late August 2019, he had concluded that ''if Ukraine did something to demonstrate a serious intention to fight corruption, and specifically addressing Burisma and the 2016, then the hold on military aid would be lifted.''881
        131 Ambassador Sondland Raised the Link Between Investigations and Security Assistance to Vice President Pence Before Meeting with President Zelensky On September 1, President Trump was scheduled to meet President Zelensky in Warsaw, Poland during an event commemorating World War II. Citing the approach of Hurricane Dorian towards American soil, the President canceled his trip just days beforehand. Vice President Mike Pence traveled to Warsaw instead.882 Jennifer Williams, Special Advisor to the Vice President for Europe and Russia, learned of the change in the President's travel plans on August 29 and ''relied heavily on the NSC briefing papers'' originally prepared for President Trump. Ms. Williams recalled that ''prior to leaving, [National Security Advisor to the Vice President] General Kellogg had asked, at the request of the Vice President, for an update on the status of the security assistance that was at that time still on hold.'' Given the public reporting about the hold on August 29, White House officials expected that President Zelensky would seek further information on the status of the funds.883 The delegation arrived in Warsaw and gathered in a hotel room to brief the Vice President shortly before his engagement with President Zelensky. Ambassador Bolton, who had just arrived from Kyiv, led the Ukraine briefing. He updated Vice President Pence on President Zelensky's efforts to combat corruption and explained ''what the security assistance was for.'' Advisors in the room ''agreed on the need to get a final decision on that security assistance as soon as possible so that it could be implemented before the end of the fiscal year.''884 Before the bilateral meeting between Vice President Pence and President Zelensky, Ambassador Sondland attended a ''general briefing'' for the Vice President.885 Ambassador Sondland testified that he raised concerns that the delay in security assistance had ''become tied to the issue of investigations.''886 The Vice President ''nodded like, you know, he heard what I said.''887 During Ambassador Sondland's public testimony, Vice President Pence's office issued a carefully worded statement claiming that the Vice President ''never had a conversation with Gordon Sondland about investigating the Bidens, Burisma, or the conditional release of financial aid to Ukraine based upon potential investigations,'' and that ''Ambassador Gordon Sondland was never alone with the Vice President on the September 1 trip to Poland.''888 Ambassador Sondland did not testify that he specifically mentioned the Bidens, Burisma, or the conditional release of financial aid to Ukraine during his discussion with Vice President Pence, nor did he testify that he was alone with the Vice President. Before Vice President Pence's meeting with President Zelensky, Ukrainian National Security Advisor Oleksandr ''Sasha'' Danyliuk wrote Ambassador Taylor, incorrectly describing the failure to provide security assistance as a ''gradually increasing problem.''889 In the hours before Vice President Pence's meeting with President Zelensky, Ambassador Taylor replied, clarifying that ''the delay of U.S. security assistance was an all-or-nothing proposition, in the sense that if the White House did not lift the hold prior to the end of the fiscal year, September 30th, the funds would expire and Ukraine would receive nothing.''890 Ambassador Taylor
        132 wanted to make sure Mr. Danyliuk understood that if the assistance was not provided ''by the end of the fiscal year, then it goes away.''891 President Zelensky Immediately Asked Vice President Pence About Security Assistance As expected, at the outset of the bilateral meeting, President Zelensky immediately asked Vice President Pence about the status of U.S. security assistance. It was ''the very first question'' that he raised.892 President Zelensky emphasized the multifold importance of American assistance, stating that ''the symbolic value of U.S. support in terms of security assistance '... was just as valuable to the Ukrainians as the actual dollars.''893 President Zelensky also expressed concern that ''any hold or appearance of reconsideration of such assistance might embolden Russia to think that the United States was no longer committed to Ukraine.''894 According to Ms. Williams, the Vice President ''assured President Zelensky that there was no change in U.S. policy in terms of our '... full-throated support for Ukraine and its sovereignty and territorial integrity.''895 Vice President Pence also assured the Ukrainian delegation that he would convey to President Trump the details of President Zelensky's ''good progress on reforms, so that hopefully we could get a decision on the security assistance as soon as possible.''896 The reassurance proved to be ineffective. The Washington Post later reported that one of President Zelensky's aides told Vice President Pence: ''You're the only country providing us military assistance. You're punishing us.''897 Mr. Holmes testified that President Trump's decision to cancel his Warsaw trip effectively meant that ''the hold [on security assistance] remained in place, with no clear means to get it lifted.''898 Ambassador Sondland Informed President Zelensky's Advisor that Military Aid Was Contingent on Ukraine Publicly Announcing the Investigations After the bilateral meeting between Vice President Pence and President Zelensky, Ambassador Sondland briefly spoke to President Zelensky's aide, Mr. Yermak. Ambassador Sondland conveyed his belief that ''the resumption of U.S. aid would likely not occur until Ukraine took some kind of action on the public statement that we had been discussing for many weeks'' regarding the investigations that President Trump discussed during the July 25 call.899 Immediately following the conversation, Ambassador Sondland told Mr. Morrison what had transpired during his aside with Mr. Yermak. Mr. Morrison recounted to the Committees that Ambassador Sondland told Mr. Yermak ''what could help them move the aid was if the prosecutor general would go to the mike [sic] and announce that he was opening the Burisma investigation.''900
        133 Mr. Morrison Reported Ambassador Sondland's Proposal to Get Ukrainians ''Pulled Into Our Politics'' to White House Officials and Ambassador Taylor Mr. Morrison felt uncomfortable with ''any idea that President Zelensky should allow himself to be involved in our politics.''901 He promptly reported the conversation between Ambassador Sondland and Mr. Yermak to Ambassador Bolton. Mr. Morrison had concerns with ''what Gordon was proposing about getting the Ukrainians pulled into our politics.''902 Ambassador Bolton told Mr. Morrison'--consistent with his own ''instinct'''--to ''make sure the lawyers are tracking.''903 Upon his return to Washington, Mr. Morrison reported his concerns to NSC lawyers John Eisenberg and Michael Ellis.904 Mr. Morrison testified that, in speaking to the NSC legal advisors, he wanted to ensure ''that there was a record of what Ambassador Sondland was doing, to protect the President.''905 At this point, Mr. Morrison was not certain that the President had authorized Ambassador Sondland's activities, but Mr. Morrison agreed that if the President had been aware of Ambassador Sondland's activities, the effect could be to create a paper trail that incriminated President Trump.906 Mr. Morrison also reported the conversation to Ambassador Taylor ''because I wanted him to be in a position to advise the Ukrainians not to do it.''907 Ambassador Taylor said that he was ''alarmed'' to hear about the remarks to Mr. Yermak.908 He explained that ''this was the first time that I had heard that the security assistance, not just the White House meeting, was conditioned on the investigations.''909 To Ambassador Taylor, ''It's one thing to try to leverage a meeting in the White House. It's another thing, I thought, to leverage security assistance '... to a country at war, dependent on both the security assistance and the demonstration of support.''910 President Trump Wanted President Zelensky in a ''Public Box,'' and Said ''Everything'' Depended on Announcing the Investigations Upon hearing from Mr. Morrison about the conditionality of the military aid on Ukraine publicly announcing the two investigations, Ambassador Taylor sent a text message to Ambassador Sondland: ''Are we now saying that security assistance and WH meeting are conditioned on investigations?'' Ambassador Sondland responded, ''Call me.''911 Ambassador Sondland confirmed over the phone to Ambassador Taylor that ''everything'''--the Oval Office meeting and the security assistance'--was dependent on the Ukrainian government publicly announcing the political investigations President Trump requested on July 25. Informed by a review of contemporaneous notes that he took during his phone call, Ambassador Taylor testified: During that phone call, Ambassador Sondland told me that President Trump had told him that he wants President Zelensky to state publicly that Ukraine will investigate Burisma and alleged Ukrainian interference in the 2016 election. Ambassador Sondland also told me that he now recognized that he had made a mistake by earlier telling Ukrainian officials that only a White House meeting with President Zelensky was dependent on a public announcement of the investigations. In fact, Ambassador Sondland said,
        134 everything was dependent on such an announcement, including security assistance. He said that President Trump wanted President Zelensky in a public box, by making a public statement about ordering such investigations.912 By this point, Ambassador Taylor's ''clear understanding'' was that President Trump would withhold security assistance until President Zelensky ''committed to pursue the investigation.''913 He agreed that the U.S. position was ''if they don't do this,'' referring to the investigations, ''they are not going to get that,'' referring to the security assistance.914 Ambassador Taylor also concurred with the statement that ''if they don't do this, they are not going to get that'' was the literal definition of a quid pro quo.915 Ambassador Taylor testified that his contemporaneous notes of the phone call with Ambassador Sondland reflect that Ambassador Sondland used the phrase ''public box'' to describe President Trump's desire to ensure that the initiation of his desired investigations was announced publicly.916 Ambassador Sondland, who did not take contemporaneous notes of any of his conversations, did not dispute that he used those words.917 He also testified that, when he spoke to Mr. Yermak, he believed that it would be sufficient to satisfy the requirements of President Trump and Mr. Giuliani if the new Ukrainian prosecutor general issued a statement about investigations, but his understanding soon changed.918 President Trump Informed Ambassador Sondland that President Zelensky Personally ''Must Announce the Opening of the Investigations'' On September 7, Ambassador Sondland called Mr. Morrison to report that he had just concluded a call with President Trump. Mr. Morrison testified that Ambassador Sondland told him ''that there was no quid pro quo, but President Zelensky must announce the opening of the investigations and he should want to do it.''919 This led Mr. Morrison to believe that a public announcement of investigations by the Ukrainian president'--and not the prosecutor general'--was a prerequisite for the release of the security assistance.920 He reported the conversation to Ambassador Bolton, who once again instructed him to ''tell the lawyers,'' which Mr. Morrison did.921 Later on September 7, Mr. Morrison relayed the substance of Ambassador Sondland's conversation with President Trump to Ambassador Taylor. Ambassador Taylor explained: I had a conversation with Mr. Morrison in which he described a phone conversation earlier that day between Ambassador Sondland and President Trump. Mr. Morrison said that he had a sinking feeling after learning about this conversation from Ambassador Sondland. According to Mr. Morrison, President Trump told Ambassador Sondland he was not asking for a quid pro quo, but President Trump did insist that President Zelensky go to a microphone and say he is opening investigations of Biden and 2016 election interference and that President Zelensky should want to do this himself. Mr. Morrison said that he told Ambassador Bolton and the NSC lawyers of this phone call between President Trump and Ambassador Sondland.922
        135 The following day, on September 8, Ambassador Sondland texted Ambassadors Volker and Taylor: ''Guys multiple convos with Ze, Potus. Lets talk.'' Ambassador Taylor responded one minute later, ''Now is fine with me.''923 On the phone, Ambassador Sondland ''confirmed that he had talked to President Trump'' and that ''President Trump was adamant that President Zelensky himself had to clear things up and do it in public. President Trump said it was not a quid pro quo.''924 Ambassador Sondland also shared that he told President Zelensky and Mr. Yermak that, ''although this was not a quid pro quo, if President Zelensky did not clear things up in public, we would be at a stalemate.''925 Ambassador Taylor testified that he understood ''stalemate'' to mean that ''Ukraine would not receive the much-needed military assistance.''926 During his public testimony, Ambassador Sondland did not dispute Ambassador Taylor's recollection of events and agreed that the term ''stalemate'' referred to the hold on U.S. security assistance to Ukraine.927 Although Ambassador Sondland otherwise could not independently recall any details about his September 7 conversation with President Trump, he testified that he had no reason to dispute the testimony from Ambassador Taylor or Mr. Morrison'--which was based on their contemporaneous notes'--regarding this conversation.928 Ambassador Sondland, however, did recall that President Zelensky agreed to make a public announcement about the investigations into Burisma and the Bidens and the 2016 election in an interview on CNN.''929 According to Ambassador Taylor, Ambassador Sondland explained that President Trump was a ''businessman,'' and that when ''a businessman is about to sign a check to someone who owes him something, the businessman asks that person to pay up before signing the check.''930 Ambassador Taylor was concerned that President Trump believed Ukraine ''owed him something'' in exchange for the hundreds of millions of dollars in taxpayer-funded U.S. security assistance.931 He argued to Ambassador Sondland that ''the explanation made no sense. The Ukrainians did not owe President Trump anything. And holding up security assistance for domestic political gain was crazy.''932 Ambassador Sondland did not recall this exchange specifically, but did not dispute Ambassador Taylor's testimony.933 Ambassador Taylor Texted Ambassador Sondland that ''It's Crazy to Withhold Security Assistance for Help with a Political Campaign'' Ambassador Taylor remained concerned by the President's directive that ''everything'' was conditioned on President Zelensky publicly announcing the investigations. He also worried that, even if the Ukrainian leader did as President Trump required, the President might continue to withhold the vital U.S. security assistance in any event. Ambassador Taylor texted his concerns to Ambassadors Volker and Sondland stating: ''The nightmare is they give the interview and don't get the security assistance. The Russians love it. (And I quit.)''934 Ambassador Taylor testified: ''The nightmare'' is the scenario where President Zelensky goes out in public, makes an announcement that he's going to investigate the Burisma and the ... interference in 2016 election, maybe among other things. He might put that in some series of investigations.
        136 But ... the nightmare was he would mention those two, take all the heat from that, get himself in big trouble in this country and probably in his country as well, and the security assistance would not be released. That was the nightmare.935 Early in the morning in Europe on September 9, Ambassador Taylor reiterated his concerns about the President's ''quid pro quo'' in another series of text messages with Ambassadors Volker and Sondland: Taylor: The message to the Ukrainians (and Russians) we send with the decision on security assistance is key. With the hold, we have already shaken their faith in us. Thus my nightmare scenario. Taylor: Counting on you to be right about this interview, Gordon. Sondland: Bill, I never said I was ''right''. I said we are where we are and believe we have identified the best pathway forward. Lets hope it works. Taylor: As I said on the phone, I think it's crazy to withhold security assistance for help with a political campaign.936 By ''help with a political campaign,'' Ambassador Taylor was referring to President Trump's 2020 reelection effort.937 Ambassador Taylor testified: ''The investigation of Burisma and the Bidens was clearly identified by Mr. Giuliani in public for months as a way to get information on the two Bidens.''938 Ambassador Taylor framed the broader national security implications of President Trump's decision to withhold vital security assistance from Ukraine. He said: [T]he United States was trying to support Ukraine as a frontline state against Russian attack. And, again, the whole notion of a rules-based order was being threatened by the Russians in Ukraine. So our security assistance was designed to support Ukraine. And it was not just the United States; it was all of our allies.939 Ambassador Taylor explained: [S]ecurity assistance was so important for Ukraine as well as our own national interests, to withhold that assistance for no good reason other than help with a political campaign made no sense. It was counterproductive to all of what we had been trying to do. It was illogical. It could not be explained. It was crazy.940 Ambassador Sondland Repeated the President's Denial of a ''Quid Pro Quo'' to Ambassador Taylor, While He and President Trump Continued to Demand Public Investigations In response to Ambassador Taylor's text message that it was ''crazy to withhold security assistance for help with a political campaign,'' Ambassador Sondland denied that the President had demanded a ''quid pro quo.''
        137 At approximately 5:17 a.m. Eastern Time, Ambassador Sondland responded to Ambassador Taylor: Bill, I believe you are incorrect about President Trump's intentions. The President has been crystal clear: no quid pro quo's of any kind. The President is trying to evaluate whether Ukraine is truly going to adopt the transparency and reforms that President Zelensky promised during his campaign. I suggest we stop the back and forth by text. If you still have concerns, I recommend you give Lisa Kenna or S [Secretary Pompeo] a call to discuss them directly. Thanks.941 Notably, Ambassador Sondland recalled that President Trump raised the possible existence of a quid pro quo entirely on his own, without any prompting. Ambassador Sondland asked President Trump what he affirmatively wanted from Ukraine, yet President Trump reportedly responded by asserting what was not the case: Q: Okay. During that telephone conversation with President Trump, you didn't ask the President directly if there was a quid pro quo, correct? A: No. As I testified, I asked the question open ended, what do you want from Ukraine? Q: President Trump was the first person to use the word ''quid pro quo,'' correct? A: That is correct.942 In contrast, Ambassador Sondland testified unequivocally there was a quid pro quo in connection to a telephone call between President Trump and President Zelensky, as well as a White House meeting for President Zelensky.943 He acknowledged that the reference to ''transparency and reforms'' in his text message to Ambassador Taylor ''was my clumsy way of saying he wanted these announcement to be made.''944 Ambassador Sondland also testified that President Trump immediately followed his stated denial of a quid pro quo by demanding that President Zelensky still make a public announcement, while the military assistance remained on an unexplained hold. Ambassador Sondland agreed that President Trump said that he wanted President Zelensky to ''clear things up and do it in public,'' as Ambassador Taylor had testified.945 Ambassador Sondland testified that nothing on his call with President Trump changed his understanding of a quid pro quo and, at least as of September 8, he was ''absolutely convinced'' the White House meeting and President Trump's release of the military assistance were conditioned on the public announcement of the investigations President Trump sought.946 After hearing from President Trump, Ambassador Sondland promptly told the Ukrainian leader and Mr. Yermak that ''if President Zelensky did not clear things up in public, we would be at a stalemate.''947 President Zelensky responded to the demand relayed by Ambassador Sondland, by agreeing to make an announcement of investigations on CNN.948 Regardless of when the call between President Trump and Ambassador Sondland occurred, both that phone call and Ambassador's Sondland text message denying any quid pro quo occurred after the White House had been informed of the whistleblower complaint
        138 discussing the hold on security assistance. The White House first received notice of the whistleblower complaint alleging wrongdoing concerning the President's July 25 call with President Zelensky on August 26'--over a week before the ''no quid pro quo'' denial.949 In addition, Ambassador Sondland wrote his text message on September 9, the same day that the ICIG informed the Committee of the existence of a ''credible'' and ''urgent'' whistleblower complaint that was later revealed to be related to Ukraine.950 The Administration received prior notice of the ICIG's intent to inform the Committee.951 Ambassador Sondland's Testimony is the Only Evidence the Committees Received Indicating That President Trump Denied Any ''Quid Pro Quo'' on the Phone on September 9 Ambassador Sondland testified in his deposition that he sent a text message to Ambassador Taylor after speaking directly with President Trump on September 9. However, testimony from other witnesses and documents available to the Committees do not confirm that Ambassador Sondland and President Trump spoke on that day. Ambassador Sondland's own testimony indicated some ambiguity in his recollection of the timing of the call. At a public hearing on November 20, Ambassador Sondland testified that he ''still cannot find a record of that call [on September 9] because the State Department and the White House cannot locate it.''952 While Ambassador Sondland testified that ''I'm pretty sure I had the call on that day,''953 he acknowledged that he might have misremembered the date of the September 9 call'--''I may have even spoken to him on September 6th'''--and that without his call records, he could not be certain about when he spoke to President Trump.954 After the deposition transcripts of Ambassador Taylor and Mr. Morrison were made public, including their detailed accounts of the September 7 conversation that Ambassador Sondland had with President Trump, Ambassador Sondland submitted a written addendum to his deposition based on his ''refreshed'' recollection.955 In that addendum, Ambassador Sondland amended his testimony and stated, ''I cannot specifically recall if I had one or two phone calls with President Trump in the September 6-9 time frame.''956 Furthermore, the conversation recalled by Ambassador Sondland as having taken place on September 9 is consistent with a conversation that Ambassador Sondland relayed to Mr. Morrison and Ambassador Taylor during the previous two days. Both Mr. Morrison and Ambassador Taylor, after reviewing their contemporaneous written notes, provided detailed testimony about Ambassador Sondland's description of his call with President Trump. For example, Ambassador Sondland shared with Ambassador Taylor that even though President Trump asserted that ''there is no quid pro quo,'' President Trump ''did insist that President Zelensky go to a microphone and say he is opening investigations of Biden and 2016 election interference.''957 Mr. Morrison and Ambassador Taylor both testified that this conversation occurred on September 7.958 Ambassador Sondland acknowledged that he had no basis to dispute the recollections of Mr. Morrison and Ambassador Taylor.959 Ambassador Sondland,
        139 who testified that he does not take notes, stated: ''If they have notes and they recall that, I don't have any reason to dispute it.''960 Text messages produced to the Committees also indicate that Ambassador Sondland spoke to President Trump prior to September 8. On September 4, Ambassador Volker texted Mr. Yermak that Ambassador Sondland planned to speak to President Trump on September 6 or 7. Ambassador Volker wrote: ''Hi Andrey. Reports are that pence liked meeting and will press trump on scheduling Ze visit. Gordon will follow up with pence and, if nothing moving, will have a chance to talk with President on Saturday [September 7].''961 Ambassador Volker then corrected himself: ''Sorry'--on Friday [September 6].''962 On Sunday, September 8, at 11:20 a.m. Eastern Time, Ambassador Sondland texted Ambassadors Taylor and Volker: ''Guys multiple convos with Ze, Potus. Lets talk.''963 Shortly after this text, Ambassador Taylor testified that he spoke to Ambassador Sondland, who recounted his conversation with President Trump on September 7, as well as a separate conversation that Ambassador Sondland had with President Zelensky. The timing of the text messages also raises questions about Ambassador Sondland's recollection. If Ambassador Sondland spoke to President Trump after receiving Ambassador Taylor's text message on September 9, and before he responded, then the timing of the text messages would mean that President Trump took Ambassador Sondland's call in the middle of the night in Washington, D.C. Ambassador Taylor sent his message on September 9 at 12:47 a.m. Eastern Time, and Ambassador Sondland responded less than five hours later at 5:19 a.m. Eastern Time.964 In any event, President Trump's purported denial of the ''quid pro quo'' was also contradicted when Acting Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney publicly admitted that security assistance was withheld in order to pressure Ukraine to conduct an investigation into the 2016 election. On October 17, at a press briefing in the White House, Mr. Mulvaney confirmed that President Trump withheld the essential military aid for Ukraine as leverage to pressure Ukraine to investigate the conspiracy theory that Ukraine had interfered in the 2016 U.S. election, which was also promoted by Vladimir Putin.965 Mr. Mulvaney confirmed that President Trump ''absolutely'' mentioned ''corruption related to the DNC server. ... No question about that.''966 When the White House press corps attempted to clarify this acknowledgement of a quid pro quo related to security assistance, Mr. Mulvaney replied: ''We do that all the time with foreign policy.'' He continued. ''I have news for everybody: get over it.''967
        140 8. The President's Scheme Was Exposed President Trump lifted the hold on U.S. military assistance to Ukraine on September 11 after it became clear to the White House and President Trump that his scheme was exposed. Overview As news of the President's hold on military assistance to Ukraine became public on August 28, Congress, the press, and the public increased their scrutiny of President Trump's actions regarding Ukraine, which risked exposing President Trump's scheme. By this date, the White House had learned that the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community (ICIG), Michael Atkinson, had determined that a whistleblower complaint related to the same Ukraine matters was ''credible'' and an ''urgent concern,'' and, pursuant to the applicable statute, recommended to the Acting Director of National Intelligence (DNI), Joseph Maguire, that the complaint should be transmitted to Congress. In early September, bipartisan Members of both houses of Congress'--publicly, and privately'--expressed concerns to the White House about the hold on military assistance. On September 9, after months of internal discussion due to growing concern about the activity of President Trump's personal attorney, Rudy Giuliani, regarding Ukraine, the Chairs of the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Committee on Oversight and Reform announced a joint investigation into efforts by President Trump and Mr. Giuliani, ''to improperly pressure the Ukrainian government to assist the President's bid for reelection,'' including by withholding Congressionally-appropriated military assistance. Later that same day, the ICIG notified Chairman Schiff and Ranking Member Nunes that, despite uniform past practice and a statutory requirement that credible, ''urgent concern'' complaints be provided to the intelligence committees, the Acting DNI was nevertheless withholding the whistleblower complaint from Congress. The Acting DNI later testified that his office initially withheld the complaint on the advice of the White House, with guidance from the Department of Justice. Two days later, on September 11, the President lifted the hold on the military assistance to Ukraine. Numerous witnesses testified that they were never aware of any official reason for why the hold was either implemented or lifted. Notwithstanding this ongoing inquiry, President Trump has continued to urge Ukraine to investigate his political rival, former Vice President Biden. For example, when asked by a journalist on October 3 what he hoped Ukraine's President would do about the Bidens in response to the July 25 call, President Trump responded: ''Well, I would think that, if they were honest about it, they'd start a major investigation into the Bidens. It's a very simple answer.'' President Trump reiterated his affinity for the former Prosecutor General of Ukraine, Yuriy Lutsenko, whom numerous witnesses described as inept and corrupt: ''And they got rid of a
        141 prosecutor who was a very tough prosecutor. They got rid of him. Now they're trying to make it the opposite way.'' Public Scrutiny of President Trump's Hold on Military Assistance for Ukraine After news of the President's freeze on U.S. military assistance to Ukraine became public on August 28, both houses of Congress increased their ongoing scrutiny of President Trump's decision.968 On September 3, a bipartisan group of Senators, including Senator Rob Portman and Senator Ron Johnson, sent a letter to Acting White House Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney expressing ''deep concerns'' that the ''Administration is considering not obligating the Ukraine Security Initiative funds for 2019.''969 The Senators' letter urged that the ''vital'' funds be obligated ''immediately.''970 On September 5, the Chairman and Ranking Member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee sent a letter to Mr. Mulvaney and Acting Director of the OMB Russell Vought expressing ''deep concern'' about the continuing hold on security assistance funding for Ukraine.971 On September 5, the Washington Post editorial board reported concerns that President Trump was withholding military assistance for Ukraine and a White House meeting in order to force President Zelensky to announce investigations of Mr. Biden and purported Ukrainian interference in the 2016 U.S. election. The Post editorial board wrote: [W]e're reliably told that the president has a second and more venal agenda: He is attempting to force Mr. Zelensky to intervene in the 2020 U.S. presidential election by launching an investigation of the leading Democratic candidate, Joe Biden. Mr. Trump is not just soliciting Ukraine's help with his presidential campaign; he is using U.S. military aid the country desperately needs in an attempt to extort it. It added: The White House claims Mr. Trump suspended Ukraine's military aid in order for it [sic] be reviewed. But, as CNN reported, the Pentagon has already completed the study and recommended that the hold be lifted. Yet Mr. Trump has not yet acted. If his recalcitrance has a rationale, other than seeking to compel a foreign government to aid his reelection, the president has yet to reveal it.972 On the same day that the Washington Post published its editorial, Senators Christopher Murphy and Ron Johnson visited Kyiv, and met with President Zelensky. They were accompanied by Ambassador Bill Taylor and Counselor for Political Affairs David Holmes of U.S. Embassy Kyiv. President Zelensky's ''first question to the Senators was about the withheld security assistance.''973 Ambassador Taylor testified that both Senators ''stressed that bipartisan support for Ukraine in Washington was Ukraine's most important strategic asset and that President Zelensky should not jeopardize that bipartisan support by getting drawn into U.S. domestic politics.'' 974 As Senator Johnson and Senator Murphy later recounted, the Senators sought to reassure President Zelensky that there was bipartisan support in Congress for providing Ukraine with
        142 military assistance for Ukraine and that they would continue to urge President Trump to lift the hold'--as Senator Johnson had already tried, unsuccessfully, before traveling to Ukraine.975 Three Committees Announced Joint Investigation of President's Scheme On September 9, the Chairs of the House Intelligence Committee, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Committee on Oversight and Reform publicly announced a joint investigation of the scheme by President Trump and Mr. Giuliani ''to improperly pressure the Ukrainian government to assist the President's bid for reelection.''976 The Committees had been planning and coordinating this investigation since early summer, after growing public scrutiny of Mr. Giuliani's activities in Ukraine and questions about Ambassador Yovanovitch's abrupt removal following a public smear campaign targeting her. In a letter sent to White House Counsel Pat Cipollone the same day, the three Chairs stated that President Trump and Mr. Giuliani ''appear to have acted outside legitimate law enforcement and diplomatic channels to coerce the Ukrainian government into pursuing two politically-motivated investigations under the guise of anti-corruption activity'''--investigations into purported Ukrainian interference in the 2016 election and Vice President Biden and his son.977 With respect to the hold on Ukraine military assistance, the Chairs observed that ''[i]f the President is trying to pressure Ukraine into choosing between defending itself from Russian aggression without U.S. assistance or leveraging its judicial system to serve the ends of the Trump campaign, this would represent a staggering abuse of power, a boon to Moscow, and a betrayal of the public trust.''978 The Chairs requested that the White House preserve all relevant records and produce them by September 16, including the transcript of the July 25 call between President Trump and President Zelensky.979 On the same day, the Chairs of the three Committees sent a similar letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo seeking the preservation and production of all relevant records at the Department of State by September 16.980 To date, and as explained more fully in Section II, Secretary Pompeo has not produced a single document sought by the Committees pursuant to a lawful subpoena. NSC Senior Director for Russia and Europe Timothy Morrison recalled seeing a copy of the letter that was sent by the three Chairs to the White House.981 He also recalled that the three Committees' Ukraine investigation was discussed at meeting of senior-level NSC staff soon after it was publicly announced.982 The NSC's legislative affairs staff issued a notice of the investigation to NSC staff members, although it is unclear exactly when.983 NSC Director for Ukraine Alexander Vindman recalled discussions among NSC staff members, including Mr. Morrison's deputy, John Erath, that the investigation ''might have the effect of releasing the hold'' on Ukraine military assistance because it would be ''potentially politically challenging'' for the Administration to ''justify that hold'' to the Congress.984
        143 Inspector General Notified Intelligence Committee that the Administration Was Withholding Whistleblower Complaint Later that same day, September 9, Inspector General Atkinson sent a letter to Chairman Adam Schiff and Ranking Member Devin Nunes notifying them that an Intelligence Community whistleblower had filed a complaint with the ICIG on August 12.985 Pursuant to a statute governing whistleblower disclosures, the Inspector General'--after a condensed, preliminary review'--had determined that the complaint constituted an ''urgent concern'' and that its allegations appeared to be ''credible.''986 The Inspector General's September 9 letter did not disclose the substance or topic of the whistleblower complaint. Contrary to uniform past practice and the clear requirements of the whistleblower statute, Acting DNI Maguire withheld the whistleblower complaint based on advice from the White House.987 Acting DNI Maguire also relied upon an unprecedented intervention by the Department of Justice into Intelligence Community whistleblower matters to overturn the ICIG's determination based on a preliminary investigation.988 The White House had been aware of the whistleblower complaint weeks prior to the ICIG's letter of September 9. 989 Acting DNI Maguire testified that, after receiving the whistleblower complaint from the Inspector General on August 26, his office contacted the White House Counsel's Office for guidance.990 Consistent with Acting DNI Maguire's testimony, the New York Times reported that in late August, Mr. Cipollone and National Security Council Legal Advisor John Eisenberg personally briefed President Trump about the complaint's existence'--and explained to the President that they believed the complaint could be withheld on executive privilege grounds.991 The report alleged that Mr. Cipollone and Mr. Eisenberg ''told Mr. Trump they planned to ask the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel to determine whether they had to disclose the complaint to lawmakers.''992 On September 10, Chairman Schiff wrote to Acting DNI Maguire to express his concern about the Acting DNI's ''unprecedented departure from past practice'' in withholding the whistleblower complaint from the Congressional intelligence committees notwithstanding his ''express obligations under the law'' and the Inspector General's determination.993 Chairman Schiff observed that the ''failure to transmit to the Committee an urgent and credible whistleblower complaint, as required by law, raises the prospect that an urgent matter of a serious nature is being purposefully concealed from the Committee.''994 Also on September 10, Ambassador John Bolton resigned from his position as National Security Advisor. Ambassador Bolton's deputy, Dr. Charles Kupperman, became the Acting National Security Advisor. The Committee was unable to determine if Ambassador Bolton's departure related to the matters under investigation because neither he nor Dr. Kupperman agreed to appear for testimony as part of this inquiry. On September 13, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) General Counsel informed the Committee that DOJ had overruled the ICIG's determination, and that the
        144 ODNI could not transmit the complaint to the Committee at its discretion because it involved ''potentially privileged communications by persons outside the Intelligence Community'''--presumably presidential communications.995 In response, Chairman Schiff issued a subpoena to the Acting DNI on September 13 and announced to the public that ODNI was withholding a ''credible'' whistleblower complaint of ''urgent concern.''996 Following intense pressure from the public and Congress, on September 25, the White House released the complaint to the intelligence committees and the July 25 call record to the public.997 President Trump Lifted the Hold on Military Assistance for Ukraine On September 11'--two days after the three Committees launched their investigation into President Trump's scheme, and one day after Chairman Schiff requested that Acting DNI Maguire produce a copy of the whistleblower complaint'--President Trump lifted the hold on military assistance for Ukraine. On the evening of September 11, prior to lifting the hold, President Trump met with Vice President Mike Pence, Mr. Mulvaney, and Senator Portman to discuss the hold.998 Around 8:00 p.m. on September 11, the Chief of Staff's office informed Dr. Kupperman that the hold had been lifted.999 Just like there was no official explanation for why the hold on Ukraine security assistance was implemented, numerous witnesses testified that they were not provided with a reason for why the hold was lifted on September 11.1000 For example, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Laura Cooper testified that President Trump's lifting of the hold ''really came quite out of the blue'... It was quite abrupt.''1001 Jennifer Williams, Special Advisor to the Vice President for Europe and Russia, testified that from the time when she first learned about the hold on July 3 until it was lifted on September 11, she never came to understand why President Trump ordered the hold.1002 OMB Deputy Associate Director of National Security Programs Mark Sandy, who was the senior career official overseeing the administration of some of the Ukraine military assistance, only learned of a possible rationale for the hold in early September'--after the Acting DNI had informed the White House about the whistleblower complaint.1003 Mr. Sandy testified that he could not recall another instance ''where a significant amount of assistance was being held up'' and he ''didn't have a rationale for as long as I didn't have a rationale in this case.''1004 However, in ''early September,'' approximately two months after President Trump had implemented the hold, and several weeks after the White House learned of the whistleblower complaint, Mr. Sandy received an email from OMB Associate Director of National Security Programs Michael Duffey. For the first time, it ''attributed the hold to the President's concern about other countries not contributing more to Ukraine'' and requested ''information on what additional countries were contributing to Ukraine.''1005 Mr. Sandy testified that he was not aware of any other countries committing to provide more financial assistance to Ukraine prior to the lifting of the hold on September 11.1006 According to Lt. Col. Vindman, none of the ''facts on the ground'' changed before the President lifted the hold.1007
        145 After the Hold was Lifted, Congress was Forced to Pass a Law to Ensure All of the Military Aid Could Be Distributed to Ukraine The lengthy delay created by the hold on Ukraine military assistance prevented the Department of Defense from spending all of the Congressionally-appropriated funds by the end of the fiscal year, which meant that the funds would expire on September 30 because unused funds do not roll over to the next fiscal year.1008 This confirmed the fears expressed by Ms. Cooper, Mr. Sandy, and others related to the illegal impoundment of Congressionally-mandated funding'--concerns that were discussed in some depth within the relevant agencies in late July and throughout August.1009 Prior to the release of the funds, DOD's internal analysis raised concerns that up to $100 million of military assistance could go unspent as a result of the hold imposed by the President.1010 Ultimately, approximately $35 million of Ukraine military assistance'--14% of the total funds'--remained unspent by the end of fiscal year 2019.1011 Typically, DOD averages between 2 and 5 percent unspent funds for similar programs, substantially less than the 14 percent left unspent in this case.1012 In order to ensure that Ukraine did not permanently lose $35 million of the critical military assistance frozen by the White House,1013 Congress passed a provision on September 27'--three days before funds were set to expire'--to ensure that the remaining $35 million in 2019 military assistance to Ukraine could be spent.1014 Ms. Cooper testified that such an act of Congress was unusual'--indeed, she had never heard of funding being extended in this manner.1015 As of November 2019, Pentagon officials confirmed that the $35 million in security assistance originally held by the President and extended by Congress had still yet to be disbursed. When asked for an explanation, the Pentagon only confirmed that the funds had not yet been spent but declined to say why.1016 Pressure to Announce Investigations Continued After the Hold was Lifted Before President Trump lifted the hold on security assistance, Ukrainian officials had relented to the American pressure campaign to announce the investigations and had scheduled President Zelensky to appear on CNN.1017 Even after President Trump lifted the hold on September 11, President Zelensky did not immediately cancel his planned CNN interview.1018 On September 12, Ambassador Taylor personally informed President Zelensky and the Ukrainian foreign minister that President Trump's hold on military assistance had been lifted.1019 Ambassador Taylor remained concerned, however, that ''there was some indication that there might still be a plan for the CNN interview in New York'' during which President Zelensky would announce the investigations that President Trump wanted Ukraine to pursue.1020 Ambassador Taylor testified that he ''wanted to be sure that that didn't happen, so I addressed it with Zelensky's staff.''1021
        146 On September 13, a staff member at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv texted Mr. Holmes to relay a message that ''Sondland said the Zelensky interview is supposed to be today or Monday, and they plan to announce that a certain investigation that was 'on hold' will progress.''1022 The Embassy Kyiv staffer stated that he ''did not know if this was decided or if Sondland was advocating for it. Apparently he's been discussing this with Yermak.''1023 On September 13, during a meeting in President Zelensky's office, Ukrainian presidential aide Andriy Yermak ''looked uncomfortable'' when Ambassador Taylor sought to confirm that there were no plans for President Zelensky to announce the investigations during a CNN interview.1024 Although President Zelensky's National Security Advisor Oleksandr Danyliuk indicated that there were no plans for President Zelensky to do the CNN interview, Ambassador Taylor was still concerned after he and Mr. Holmes saw Mr. Yermak following the meeting.1025 According to Ambassador Taylor, Mr. Yermak's ''body language was such that it looked to me like he was still thinking they were going to make that statement.''1026 Mr. Holmes also recalled that when he and Ambassador Taylor ran into Mr. Yermak following the meeting, Ambassador Taylor ''stressed the importance of staying out of U.S. politics and said he hoped no interview was planned,'' but ''Mr. Yermak shrugged in resignation and did not answer, as if to indicate he had no choice.''1027 That same day, September 13, President Zelensky reportedly met with CNN's Fareed Zakaria, who was in Kyiv to moderate the Yalta European Strategy Conference.1028 During the meeting with Mr. Zakaria, President Zelensky did not cancel his planned CNN interview.1029 Conflicting advice prompted the Ukrainian foreign minister to observe in a meeting with Ambassador Volker, Ambassador Taylor, and Deputy Assistant Secretary of State George Kent, ''You guys are sending us different messages in different channels.''1030 For example, at a September 14 meeting in Kyiv attended by Ambassador Volker, Mr. Yermak, and the Ukrainian foreign minister, Ambassador Volker stated that when the two Presidents finally meet, ''it's important that President Zelensky give the messages that we discussed before,'' apparently referring to President Zelensky's ''willingness to open investigations in the two areas of interest to the President and that had been pushed previously by Rudy Giuliani.''1031 Ambassador Taylor, however, replied: ''Don't do that.''1032 On September 18 or 19, President Zelensky cancelled his scheduled interview with CNN.1033 Although President Zelensky did not publicly announce the investigations that President Trump wanted, he remains under pressure from President Trump, particularly because he requires diplomatic, financial, and military backing from the United States, the most powerful supporter of Ukraine. That pressure continues to this day. As Mr. Holmes testified: [A]lthough the hold on the security assistance may have been lifted, there were still things they wanted that [the Ukrainians] weren't getting, including a meeting with the President in the Oval Office. Whether the hold'--the security assistance hold continued or not, Ukrainians understood that that's something the President wanted, and they still wanted important things from the President.
        147 And I think that continues to this day. I think they're being very careful. They still need us now going forward. In fact, right now, President Zelensky is trying to arrange a summit meeting with President Putin in the coming weeks, his first face to face meeting with him to try to advance the peace process. He needs our support. He needs President Putin to understand that America supports Zelensky at the highest levels. So this doesn't end with the lifting of the security assistance hold. Ukraine still needs us, and as I said, still fighting this war this very day.1034 Vice President Pence Spoke to President Zelensky On September 18, approximately one week before President Trump was scheduled to meet with President Zelensky at the United Nations General Assembly in New York, Vice President Pence spoke with President Zelensky by telephone.1035 According to Ms. Williams, during the call, Vice President Pence ''reiterat[ed] the release of the funds'' and ''ask[ed] a bit more about '... how Zelensky's efforts were going.''1036 On November 26, Ms. Williams submitted a classified addendum to her hearing testimony on November 19 related to this telephone call. According to Ms. Williams' counsel, the Office of the Vice President informed Ms. Williams' counsel that certain portions of the September 18 call, including the additional information in Ms. Williams' addendum, are classified. The Committee has requested that the Office of the Vice President conduct a declassification review so that the Committee may share this additional information regarding the substance of the September 18 call publicly. On October 9, Vice President Pence told reporters, ''I'd have no objection'' to the White House releasing the transcript of his calls with President Zelensky and said that ''we're discussing that with White House counsel as we speak.''1037 In a November 7 interview with Fox Business, Vice President Pence reiterated, ''I have no objection at all'' to releasing records of his calls.1038 President Trump and Rudy Giuliani, Undeterred, Continued to Solicit Foreign Interference in Our Elections On September 19, Rudy Giuliani was interviewed by Chris Cuomo on CNN. During the interview, Mr. Giuliani confirmed that he had urged Ukraine to investigate ''the allegations that there was interference in the election of 2016, by the Ukrainians, for the benefit of Hillary Clinton[.]'' When asked specifically if he had asked Ukraine to look into Vice President Biden, Mr. Giuliani replied immediately, ''of course I did.'' Seconds later, Mr. Giuliani attempted to clarify his admission, insisting that he had not asked Ukraine to investigate Vice President Biden but instead ''to look into the allegations that related to my client [President Trump], which tangentially involved Joe Biden in a massive bribery scheme.'' Mr. Giuliani insisted that his conduct was appropriate, telling Mr. Cuomo later in the interview that ''it is perfectly appropriate for a President to say to a leader of a foreign country, investigate this massive bribe '... that was paid by a former Vice President.''1039
        148 President Trump also has continued to publicly urge President Zelensky to launch an investigation of Vice President Biden and alleged 2016 election interference by Ukraine. On September 23, in a public press availability, President Trump stated: I put no pressure on them whatsoever. I could have. I think it would probably, possibly, have been okay if I did. But I didn't. I didn't put any pressure on them whatsoever. You know why? Because they want to do the right thing.1040 On September 24, in public remarks upon arriving at the opening session of the U.N. General Assembly, President Trump stated: ''What Joe Biden did for his son, that's something they should be looking at.''1041 On September 25'--in a joint public press availability with President Zelensky'--President Trump stated that ''I want him to do whatever he can'' in reference to the investigation of the Biden family. He added, ''Now, when Biden's son walks away with millions of dollars from Ukraine, and he knows nothing, and they're paying him millions of dollars, that's corruption.'' President Trump added, ''He [President Zelensky] was elected'--I think, number one'--on the basis of stopping corruption, which unfortunately has plagued Ukraine. And if he could do that, he's doing, really, the whole world a big favor. I know'--and I think he's going to be successful.''1042 On September 30, during his remarks at the swearing-in ceremony of Labor Secretary Eugene Scalia, President Trump stated: Now, the new President of Ukraine ran on the basis of no corruption. That's how he got elected. And I believe that he really means it. But there was a lot of corruption having to do with the 2016 election against us. And we want to get to the bottom of it, and it's very important that we do.1043 On October 2, in a public press availability, President Trump discussed the July 25 call with President Zelensky and stated that ''the conversation was perfect; it couldn't have been nicer.'' He added: The only thing that matters is the transcript of the actual conversation that I had with the President of Ukraine. It was perfect. We're looking at congratulations. We're looking at doing things together. And what are we looking at? We're looking at corruption. And, in, I believe, 1999, there was a corruption act or a corruption bill passed between both'--and signed'--between both countries, where I have a duty to report corruption. And let me tell you something: Biden's son is corrupt, and Biden is corrupt.1044 On October 3, in remarks before he departed on Marine One, President Trump expressed his ''hope'' that Ukraine would investigate Mr. Biden and his son. Specifically, President Trump stated that he had hoped'--after his July 25 conversation'--that Ukraine would ''start a major investigation into the Bidens.'' The President also stated that ''by the way, likewise, China should start an investigation into the Bidens, because what happened in China is just about as bad as what happened with'--with Ukraine.'' He addressed the corrupt prosecutor general, Yuriy
        149 Lutsenko, who had recently been removed by Parliament: ''And they got rid of a prosecutor who was a very tough prosecutor. They got rid of him. Now they're trying to make it the opposite way.1045 The next day, on October 4, in remarks before he departed on Marine One, the President again said: When you look at what Biden and his son did, and when you look at other people '-- what they've done. And I believe there was tremendous corruption with Biden, but I think there was beyond'--I mean, beyond corruption'--having to do with the 2016 campaign, and what these lowlifes did to so many people, to hurt so many people in the Trump campaign'--which was successful, despite all of the fighting us. I mean, despite all of the unfairness.1046 President Trump reiterated his willingness to solicit foreign assistance related to his personal interests: ''Here's what's okay: If we feel there's corruption, like I feel there was in the 2016 campaign'--there was tremendous corruption against me'--if we feel there's corruption, we have a right to go to a foreign country.''1047 President Trump added that asking President Xi of China to investigate the Bidens ''is certainly something we can start thinking about.''1048 Consistent with the President's remarks after this inquiry began, Ambassador Volker understood that references to fighting ''corruption'' in Ukraine, when used by President Trump and Mr. Giuliani, in fact referred to the two investigations into ''Burisma'''--and former Vice President Biden'--and the 2016 election interference that President Trump sought to benefit his reelection efforts.1049 The President's Scheme Undermined U.S. Anti-Corruption Efforts in Ukraine Rather than combatting corruption in Ukraine, President Trump's ongoing efforts to urge Ukraine to pursue an investigation into former Vice President Biden undermine longstanding U.S. anti-corruption policy, which encourages countries to refrain from using the criminal justice system to investigate political opponents. When it became clear that President Trump was pressuring Ukraine to investigate his political rival, career public servants charged with implementing U.S. foreign policy in a non-partisan manner, such as Lt. Col. Vindman and Ambassador Taylor, communicated to President Zelensky and his advisors that Ukraine should avoid getting embroiled in U.S. domestic politics.1050 Mr. Kent, an anti-corruption and rule of law expert, explained that U.S. anti-corruption efforts prioritize ''building institutional capacity so that the Ukrainian Government has the ability to go after corruption and effectively investigate, prosecute, and judge alleged criminal activities using appropriate institutional mechanisms, that is, to create and follow the rule of law. 1051 Mr. Holmes concurred: [O]ur longstanding policy is to encourage them [Ukraine] to establish and build rule of law institutions, that are capable and that are independent and that can actually pursue
        150 credible allegations. That's our policy. We've been doing that for quite some time with some success. So focusing on [particular] cases, including [] cases where there is an interest of the President, it's just not part of what we've done. It's hard to explain why we would do that.1052 Mr. Kent emphasized that when foreign government officials ''hear diplomats on the ground saying one thing, and they hear other U.S. leaders saying something else,'' it raises concerns about the United States' credibility on anti-corruption efforts.1053 Ambassador Taylor agreed, stating that ''[o]ur credibility is based on a respect for the United States'' and ''if we damage that respect, then it hurts our credibility and makes it more difficult for us to do our jobs.''1054 Mr. Kent, like many other witnesses, explained that urging Ukraine to engage in ''selective politically associated investigations or prosecutions'' undermined the rule of law more generally: As a general principle, I do not believe the United States should ask other countries to engage in selective politically associated investigations or prosecutions against opponents of those in power because such selective actions undermine the rule of law, regardless of the country.1055 Mr. Kent agreed that pressuring Ukraine to conduct political investigations is not a part of U.S. foreign policy to promote the rule of law in Ukraine and around the world.1056 Mr. Kent concluded that the President's request for investigations ''went against U.S. policy'' and ''would've undermined the rule of law and our longstanding policy goals in Ukraine, as in other countries, in the post-Soviet space.''1057 These conflicting messages came to a head at a September 14 meeting between American and Ukrainian officials in Kyiv. During that meeting, Ambassador Volker advised Mr. Yermak about the ''potential problems'' with investigations that the Zelensky administration was contemplating into former Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko.1058 Mr. Yermak retorted, ''what, you mean like asking us to investigate Clinton and Biden?''1059 Ambassador Volker did not respond.1060
        151 SECTION I ENDNOTES 1 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 16-17. 2 Kateryna Handziuk, Ukrainian Activist, Dies From Acid Attack, New York Times (Nov. 5, 2018) (online at www.nytimes.com/2018/11/05/world/europe/kateryna-handziuk-dies-ukraine.html). 3 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 30-31. 4 U.S. Embassy in Ukraine, Department of State, Ambassador Yovanovitch's Remarks at a Women of Courage Reception in Honor of Kateryna Handziuk (Apr. 24, 2019) (online at https://ua.usembassy.gov/ambassador-yovanovitchs-remarks-at-a-women-of-courage-reception-in-honor-of-kateryna-handziuk/). 5 U.S. Embassy in Ukraine, Department of State, Ambassador Yovanovitch's Remarks at a Women of Courage Reception in Honor of Kateryna Handziuk (Apr. 24, 2019) (online at https://ua.usembassy.gov/ambassador-yovanovitchs-remarks-at-a-women-of-courage-reception-in-honor-of-kateryna-handziuk/). 6 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 31. 7 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 31-32. 8 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 32. 9 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 31. 10 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 31-32. 11 Giuliani to Join Trump's Legal Team, New York Times (April 19, 2018) (online at https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/19/us/politics/giuliani-trump.html). 12 Letter from John M. Dowd, Counsel to Igor Fruman and Lev Parnas, to Committee Staff (Oct. 3, 2019). 13 Department of Justice, Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman Charged with Conspiring to Violate Straw and Foreign Donor Bans (Oct. 10, 2019) (online at www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/lev-parnas-and-igor-fruman-charged-conspiring-violate-straw-and-foreign-donor-bans). 14 Hill Dep. Tr. at 59. 15 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 28-29. 16 Ukraine Ousts Victor Shokin, Top Prosecutor, and Political Stability Hangs in the Balance, New York Times (Mar. 29, 2016) (online at www.nytimes.com/2016/03/30/world/europe/political-stability-in-the-balance-as-ukraine-ousts-top-prosecutor.html). 17 Kent Dep. Tr. at 45. 18 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 27-28. 19 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 31-32. 20 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 21. 21 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 32-33, 38 (''I think that he felt that I and the embassy were effective at helping Ukrainians who wanted reform, Ukrainians who wanted to fight against corruption, and he did not '' you know, that was not in his interest.''). 22 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 30. 23 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 14. 24 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 25. 25 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 132. 26 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 27.
        152 27 Nickolay Kapitonenko, an advisor to the Ukrainian Parliament's Foreign Policy Committee, described Giuliani as a ''mythical link to the U.S.'' who is viewed as ''an extension of Trump.'' Giuliani Sits at the Center of the Ukraine Controversy, Wall Street Journal (Sep. 26, 2019) (online at www.wsj.com/articles/giuliani-sits-at-the-center-of-the-ukraine-controversy-11569546774); David Sakvarelidze, a former Ukrainian deputy prosecutor general, stated, ''Lutsenko was trying to save his political skin by pretending to be Trumpist at the end of his career.'' Meet the Ukrainian Ex-Prosecutor Behind the Impeachment Furor, New York Times (Oct. 5, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/10/05/world/europe/ukraine-prosecutor-trump.html). 28 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 30. 29 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Jan. 17, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1086096691613323265) (''Gregg Jarrett: 'Mueller's prosecutors knew the 'Dossier' was the product of bias and deception.' It was a Fake, just like so much news coverage in our Country. Nothing but a Witch Hunt, from beginning to end!''). 30 Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Background to ''Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections'': The Analytic Process and Cyber Incident Attribution (Jan. 6, 2017) (online at www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICA_2017_01.pdf); Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election (May 8, 2018) (online at www.intelligence.senate.gov/publications/report-select-committee-intelligence-united-states-senate-russian-active-measures); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Report on Russian Active Measures (Mar. 22, 2018) (online at https://docs.house.gov/meetings/IG/IG00/20180322/108023/HRPT-115-1_1-p1-U3.pdf); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Minority Views (Mar. 26, 2018) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/20180411_-_final_-_hpsci_minority_views_on_majority_report.pdf). 31 President Trump's Former National Security Advisor 'Deeply Disturbed' by Ukraine Scandal: 'Whole World Is Watching,' ABC News (Sept. 29, 2019) (online at https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/president-trumps-national-security-advisor-deeply-disturbed-ukraine/story?id=65925477). 32 Charges of Ukrainian Meddling? A Russian Operation, U.S. Intelligence Says, New York Times (Nov. 22, 2019) (online at https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/22/us/politics/ukraine-russia-interference.html). 33 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 56-57. 34 Kent Dep. Tr. at 45. 35 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 330. 36 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 330; Explainer: Biden, Allies, Pushed Out Ukrainian Prosecutor Because He Didn't Pursue Corruption Cases, USA Today (Oct. 3, 2019) (online at www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/10/03/what-really-happened-when-biden-forced-out-ukraines-top-prosecutor/3785620002/). 37 See, e.g., Ukraine Prosecutor Says No Evidence of Wrongdoing by Bidens, Bloomberg (May 16, 2019) (online at www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-16/ukraine-prosecutor-says-no-evidence-of-wrongdoing-by-bidens) (''Hunter Biden did not violate any Ukrainian laws -- at least as of now, we do not see any wrongdoing. A company can pay however much it wants to its board '... Biden was definitely not involved '... We do not have any grounds to think that there was any wrongdoing starting from 2014.''). 38 Notes of Call with Viktor Shokin (Jan. 23, 2019); Ukraine Prosecutor Says No Evidence of Wrongdoing by Bidens, Bloomberg (May 16, 2019) (online at www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-16/ukraine-prosecutor-says-no-evidence-of-wrongdoing-by-bidens). 39 Giuliani Pursued Business in Ukraine While Pushing for Inquiries for Trump, New York Times (Nov. 27, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/11/27/nyregion/giuliani-ukraine-business-trump.html); Ukraine Prosecutor Says No Evidence of Wrongdoing by Bidens, Bloomberg (May 16, 2019) (online at www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-16/ukraine-prosecutor-says-no-evidence-of-wrongdoing-by-bidens). 40 Notes of Meeting with Yuriy Lutsenko (Jan. 25, 2019); Ukraine Prosecutor Says No Evidence of Wrongdoing by Bidens, Bloomberg (May 16, 2019) (online at www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-16/ukraine-prosecutor-says-no-evidence-of-wrongdoing-by-bidens).
        153 41 Giuliani Pursued Business in Ukraine While Pushing for Inquiries for Trump, New York Times (Nov. 27, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/11/27/nyregion/giuliani-ukraine-business-trump.html). 42 Rudy Giuliani, Twitter (Oct. 23, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/RudyGiuliani/status/1187168034835894272). 43 Rudy Giuliani, Twitter (Oct. 30, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/RudyGiuliani/status/1189667101079932928). 44 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 19. 45 As Russia Collusion Fades, Ukrainian Plot to Help Clinton Emerges, The Hill (Mar. 20, 2019) (online at https://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/435029-as-russia-collusion-fades-ukrainian-plot-to-help-clinton-emerges). 46 Ukraine Prosecutor General Lutsenko Admits U.S. Ambassador Didn't Give Him a Do Not Prosecute List, The Ukrainian (Apr. 18, 2019) (online at www.unian.info/politics/10520715-ukraine-prosecutor-general-lutsenko-admits-u-s-ambassador-didn-t-give-him-a-do-not-prosecute-list.html). 47 As Russia Collusion Fades, Ukrainian Plot to Help Clinton Emerges, The Hill (Mar. 20, 2019) (online at https://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/435029-as-russia-collusion-fades-ukrainian-plot-to-help-clinton-emerges). 48 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 21, 37. 49 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI _20190930_00768, ATTHPSCI _20190930_00772, ATTHPSCI _20190930_00775. 50 As Russia Collusion Fades, Ukrainian Plot to Help Clinton Emerges, The Hill (Mar. 20, 2019) (online at https://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/435029-as-russia-collusion-fades-ukrainian-plot-to-help-clinton-emerges). 51 Department of Justice, Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman Charged with Conspiring to Violate Straw and Foreign Donor Bans (Oct. 10, 2019) (online at www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/lev-parnas-and-igor-fruman-charged-conspiring-violate-straw-and-foreign-donor-bans) (alleging that in May and June 2018, Mr. Parnas sought the assistance of an unnamed congressman in causing the removal or recall of the then-U.S. ambassador to Ukraine). 52 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI _20190930_00775. 53 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Mar. 20, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1108559080204001280). 54 Rudy Giuliani, Twitter (Mar. 22, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/RudyGiuliani/status/1109117167176466432); Giuliani Slams Mueller Leak, Fox News (April 7, 2019) (online at https://www.foxnews.com/transcript/giuliani-slams-mueller-leak). 55 Donald Trump, Jr., Twitter (Mar. 24, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/donaldjtrumpjr/status/1109850575926108161). 56 Kent Dep. Tr. at 57-58. 57 Kent Dep. Tr. at 178. 58 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 62. 59 Hale Dep. Tr. at 37-38. 60 Hale Dep. Tr. at 99-100. 61 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 63-64. 62 Hale Dep. Tr. at 27. 63 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 124. 64 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 267-268. 65 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 268. 66 Email from [Redacted] to S_All (Mar. 26, 2019) (online at www.americanoversight.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/AO_State_Ukraine_Docs_11-22.pdf); Email from Operations Center to [Redacted] (Mar.
        154 29, 2019) (online at www.americanoversight.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/AO_State_Ukraine_Docs_11-22.pdf). (The same State Department records show that Secretary Pompeo was scheduled to have a secure call with Rep. Nunes on April 1, 2019.); Email from Operations Center to [Redacted] (Mar. 29, 2019) (online at www.americanoversight.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/AO_State_Ukraine_Docs_11-22.pdf). 67 Joe Biden's 2020 Ukrainian Nightmare: A Closed Probe is Revived, The Hill (Apr. 1, 2019) (online at https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/436816-joe-bidens-2020-ukrainian-nightmare-a-closed-probe-is-revived). 68 Donald Trump, Jr., Twitter (Apr. 2, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/donaldjtrumpjr/status/1113046659456528385). 69 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI _20190930_00848-ATTHPSCI_20190930_00884. Mr. Parnas also had an aborted call that lasted 5 seconds on April 5, 2019 with an aide to Rep. Devin Nunes on the Intelligence Committee, Derek Harvey. AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_00876. Call records obtained by the Committees show that Mr. Parnas and Mr. Harvey had connected previously, including a four minute 42 second call on February 1, 2019, a one minute 7 second call on February 4, and a one minute 37 second call on February 7, 2019. AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_00617, ATTHPSCI_20190930_00630, ATTHPSCI_20190930_00641. As explained later in this Chapter, Rep. Nunes would connect separately by phone on April 10, 11, and 12 with Mr. Parnas and Mr. Giuliani. AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_00913- ATTHPSCI_20190930_00914; ATTHPSCI_20190930-02125. 70 Ukrainian to US Prosecutors: Why Don't You Want Our Evidence on Democrats?, The Hill (Apr. 7, 2019) (online at https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/437719-ukrainian-to-us-prosecutors-why-dont-you-want-our-evidence-on-democrats). 71 Ukrainian to US Prosecutors: Why Don't You Want Our Evidence on Democrats?, The Hill (Apr. 7, 2019) (online at https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/437719-ukrainian-to-us-prosecutors-why-dont-you-want-our-evidence-on-democrats). 72 Ukrainian to US Prosecutors: Why Don't You Want Our Evidence on Democrats?, The Hill (Apr. 7, 2019) (online at https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/437719-ukrainian-to-us-prosecutors-why-dont-you-want-our-evidence-on-democrats). 73 Ukrainian to US Prosecutors: Why Don't You Want Our Evidence on Democrats?, The Hill (Apr. 7, 2019) (online at https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/437719-ukrainian-to-us-prosecutors-why-dont-you-want-our-evidence-on-democrats). 74 Giuliani Slams Mueller Leak, Fox News (Apr. 7, 2019) (online at www.foxnews.com/transcript/giuliani-slams-mueller-leak). 75 Rudy Giuliani, Twitter (Apr. 8, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/RudyGiuliani/status/1115171828618731520). 76 Specifically, between April 8 and April 11, phone records show the following phone contacts: ' six calls between Mr. Giuliani and Mr. Parnas (longest duration approximately five minutes), AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-02115-ATTHPSCI_20190930-02131; ' four calls between Mr. Giuliani and Mr. Solomon (all on April 8, longest duration approximately one minute, 30 seconds) AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-02114-ATTHPSCI_20190930-02115; ' nine calls between Mr. Parnas and Mr. Solomon (longest duration four minutes, 39 seconds) AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00885- ATTHPSCI_20190930-00906; and ' three calls between Mr. Parnas and Ms. Toensing (longest duration approximately six minutes), AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00885- ATTHPSCI_20190930-00905. 77 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-02125, ATTHPSCI_20190930-03236.
        155 Date Connecting Time (ET) Duration of Call Caller Recipient 04/10/19 12:00:36 0:35 Giuliani, Rudy Nunes, Devin 04/10/19 12:10:35 0:00 Nunes, Devin Giuliani, Rudy 04/10/19 12:10:37 0:31 Nunes, Devin Giuliani, Rudy 04/10/19 12:11:10 SMS UNKNOWN Giuliani, Rudy 04/10/19 12:12:35 2:50 Giuliani, Rudy Nunes, Devin 04/10/19 12:15:38 0:00 Giuliani, Rudy Nunes, Devin 78 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00902. 79 Jay Sekulow, personal counsel to President Trump, stated that the President was disappointed that Mr. diGenova and Ms. Toensing had to withdraw due to a conflict of interest, but noted that ''those conflicts do not prevent them from assisting the President in other legal matters. The President looks forward to working with them.'' Trump's Legal Team Remains in Disarray as New Lawyer Will No Longer Represent Him in Russia Probe, Washington Post (Mar. 25, 2018) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/politics/in-another-blow-to-trumps-efforts-to-combat-russia-probe-digenova-will-no-longer-join-legal-team/2018/03/25/8ac8c8d2-3038-11e8-94fa-32d48460b955_story.html). 80 For example, between April 1 and April 7, Ms. Toensing exchanged approximately five calls with Mr. Parnas and two calls with Mr. Giuliani. In addition, on April 10, Ms. Toensing and Mr. Giuliani spoke for approximately six minutes, 19 seconds. AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-02126. Mr. diGenova and Ms. Toensing were also very active on social media in promoting these conspiracy theories as well as the false accusations against Ambassador Yovanovitch. See, e.g., Ryan Saavedra, Twitter (Mar. 23, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/RealSaavedra/status/1109546629672009728); Victoria Toensing, Twitter (Mar. 21, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/VicToensing/status/1108751525239762944); Victoria Toensing, Twitter (Mar. 24, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/VicToensing/status/1109882728101625856). 81 Retainer Letter, diGenova & Toensing, LLP, Yuriy Lutsenko, and Kostiantyn Kulyk (Apr. 12, 2019); Retainer Letter, diGenova & Toensing, LLP, Viktor Shokin (Apr. 15, 2019). 82 On April 12, less than a week after the latest piece in The Hill, Ms. Toensing signed a retainer agreement between diGenova & Toensing, LLP, Mr. Lutsenko, and his former deputy Kostiantyn Kulyk, two of the primary sources for Mr. Solomon's articles. The Committees' obtained a copy of this document which is not signed by the Ukrainians, but a spokesman for Ms. Toensing and Mr. diGenova confirmed that the firm represented Mr. Lutsenko. See Giuliani Weighed Doing Business with Ukrainian Government, Wall Street Journal (Nov. 27, 2019) (online at www.wsj.com/articles/giuliani-weighed-doing-business-with-ukrainian-government-11574890951). The first paragraph of the retainer agreement sets forth the services to be provided by diGenova & Toensing, LLP to their Ukrainian clients: Yurii Lutsenko and Kostiantyn Kulyk (''Clients'') hereby engage the firm of diGenova & Toensing, LLP (''Firm'' or ''Attorneys'') to represent them in connection with recovery and return to the Ukraine government of funds illegally embezzeled from that country and providing assistance to meet and discuss with United States government officials the evidence of illegal conduct in Ukraine regarding the United States, for example, interference in the 2016 U.S. elections. See Retainer Letter, diGenova & Toensing, LLP, Yuriy Lutsenko, and Kostiantyn Kulyk (Apr. 12, 2019). The scope of representation'--which includes representing Mr. Lutsenko and Mr. Kulyk in meetings with U.S. officials regarding Ukrainian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections'--mirrors the allegations reported in The
        156 Hill, pursued by Mr. Giuliani on behalf of President Trump, and pushed by the President on his July 25 call with President Zelensky. According to the retainer agreement, Mr. Lutsenko was to pay diGenova & Toensing, LLP $25,000 per month, plus costs, for four months for this work. See Retainer Letter, diGenova & Toensing, LLP, Yuriy Lutsenko, and Kostiantyn Kulyk (Apr. 12, 2019). On April 12, the same day Ms. Toensing signed the retainer agreement with Mr. Lutsenko, phone records show contacts between Ms. Toensing, Mr. Giuliani, and Mr. Parnas, as well as contacts between Mr. Parnas and Mr. Solomon, and Mr. Parnas and Rep. Nunes. In addition, among these calls are contacts between Mr. Giuliani and a phone number associated with the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), an unidentified number (''-1''), and a phone number associated with the White House: Date Connecting Time (ET) Duration of Call Caller Recipient Source 04/12/19 9:48:57 0:24 Toensing, Victoria Parnas, Lev AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00908 04/12/19 10:40:19 3:25 Parnas, Lev Toensing, Victoria AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00909 04/12/19 11:05:25 0:03 OMB Phone Number Giuliani, Rudy AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-02134 04/12/19 11:05:39 12:10 ''-1'' Giuliani, Rudy AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-02134 04/12/19 13:13:49 0:12 Giuliani, Rudy White House Phone Number AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-02135 04/12/19 13:18:46 0:07 Toensing, Victoria Giuliani, Rudy AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-02135 04/12/19 13:26:54 0:24 Giuliani Partners Parnas, Lev AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00911 04/12/19 14:11:22 0:03 ''-1'' Giuliani, Rudy AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-02136 04/12/19 14:11:27 0:03 OMB Phone Number Giuliani, Rudy AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-02136 04/12/19 14:17:46 0:07 Toensing, Victoria Parnas, Lev AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00912
        157 04/12/19 15:09:22 0:02 Parnas, Lev Giuliani, Rudy AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00912 04/12/19 15:09:32 0:01 Parnas, Lev Giuliani, Rudy AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00912 04/12/19 15:16:09 1:38 Parnas, Lev Solomon, John AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00912 04/12/19 15:48:09 0:03 OMB Phone Number Giuliani, Rudy AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-02137 04/12/19 16:10:49 0:00 Parnas, Lev Giuliani, Rudy AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00913 04/12/19 16:10:51 0:02 Parnas, Lev Giuliani, Rudy AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00913 04/12/19 16:10:51 0:02 Parnas, Lev Giuliani, Rudy AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00913 4/12/19 16:12:53 1:00 Parnas, Lev Nunes, Devin AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00913 04/12/19 16:54:11 0:00 Nunes, Devin Parnas, Lev AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00913 04/12/19 16:54:13 0:02 Nunes, Devin Parnas, Lev AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00913 04/12/19 17:07:20 1:27 Parnas, Lev Giuliani, Rudy AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00913 04/12/19 17:17:36 7:52 Sekulow, Jay Giuliani, Rudy AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-03565 04/12/19 17:24:05 1:49 Parnas, Lev Solomon, John AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00914
        158 04/12/19 17:26:48 0:28 Parnas, Lev Solomon, John AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00914 04/12/19 17:30:19 8:34 Parnas, Lev Nunes, Devin AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00914 04/12/19 17:39:25 0:53 Parnas, Lev Solomon, John AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00914 04/12/19 19:56:43 5:03 Giuliani, Rudy White House Phone Number AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-02139 Mr. Lutsenko and Mr. Kulyk were not the only Ukrainians who appear to have engaged with diGenova & Toensing, LLP. On April 15, Ms. Toensing signed another retainer agreement between diGenova & Toensing, LLP and former Prosecutor General Viktor Shokin. Again, the Committees' copy is not signed by Mr. Shokin. A spokesman for Ms. Toensing and Mr. diGenova acknowledged that the firm represented ''Ukrainian whistleblowers,'' but claimed that the identities of those clients (other that Mr. Lutsenko) are protected by attorney-client privilege. See Giuliani Weighed Doing Business with Ukrainian Government, Wall Street Journal (Nov. 27, 2019) (online at www.wsj.com/articles/giuliani-weighed-doing-business-with-ukrainian-government-11574890951). The first paragraph of the retainer agreement outlined the services to be rendered: Viktor Shokin (''Client'') hereby engaged the firm diGenova & Toensing, LLP (''Firm'' or ''Attorneys'') to represent him for the purpose of collecting evidence regarding his March 2016 firing as Prosecutor General of Ukraine and the role of then-Vice President Joe Biden in such firing, and presenting such evidence to U.S. and foreign authorities. See Retainer Letter, diGenova & Toensing, LLP, Viktor Shokin (Apr. 15, 2019). The subject matter of the agreement'--the activities of Vice President Biden'--again echo Mr. Solomon's pieces in The Hill, conspiracy theories spread by Mr. Giuliani on behalf of President Trump, and the President's statements about Vice President Biden on his July 25 call with President Zelensky. 83 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-00947-ATTHPSCI_20190930-00950. 84 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-02222-ATTHPSCI_20190930-02223. Date Connecting Time (ET) Duration of Call Caller Recipient 04/23/19 14:00:56 1:50 Giuliani, Rudy Parnas, Lev 04/23/19 14:15:18 0:18 Giuliani, Rudy White House Phone Number 04/23/19 14:15:43 0:11 Giuliani, Rudy White House Phone Number 04/23/19 15:20:17 0:11 Giuliani, Rudy White House Phone Number 04/23/19 15:50:23 8:28 ''-1'' Giuliani, Rudy 85 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-02224.
        159 86 Rudy Giuliani, Twitter (Apr. 23, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/RudyGiuliani/status/1120798794692612097). 87 Giuliani Fires Back at Hillary Clinton's Remarks on Mueller Probe, Fox News (Apr. 24, 2019) (online at www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDtg8z12Q7s&feature=youtu.be). 88 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930-02229- ATTHPSCI_20190930-02237. Date Connecting Time (ET) Duration of Call Caller Recipient 04/24/19 7:17:48 0:42 OMB Phone Number Giuliani, Rudy 04/24/19 7:47:57 0:37 Giuliani, Rudy White House Phone Number 04/24/19 7:48:39 0:21 Giuliani, Rudy White House Phone Number 04/24/19 7:49:00 0:31 OMB Phone Number Giuliani, Rudy 04/24/19 7:49:00 0:20 Giuliani, Rudy White House Phone Number 04/24/19 7:49:35 4:53 Giuliani, Rudy White House Phone Number 04/24/19 7:54:52 0:24 Giuliani, Rudy White House Phone Number 04/24/19 13:03:50 13:44 OMB Phone Number Giuliani, Rudy 04/24/19 16:42:52 8:00 Parnas, Lev Giuliani, Rudy 04/24/19 18:38:57 0:44 Giuliani, Rudy White House Phone Number 04/24/19 18:42:43 8:42 ''-1'' Giuliani, Rudy 04/24/19 20:09:14 0:06 Giuliani, Rudy White House Phone Number 04/24/19 20:12:08 3:15 White House # Giuliani, Rudy 89 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 31-32. 90 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 22. 91 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 21-22. 92 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 129. 93 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 139. 94 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 28. 95 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 21. 96 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 131-132. 97 Hale Dep. Tr. at 16-17; Hale Dep. Tr. at 112-113; Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 21. 98 ''I only met her when I took this job, but immediately I understood that we had an exceptional officer doing exceptional work at a very critical embassy in Kyiv. And during my visits to Kyiv, I was very impressed by
        160 what she was doing there, to the extent that I asked her if she'd be willing to stay, if that was a possibility, because we had a gap coming up.'' Cooper-Hale Hearing Tr. at 63. 99 Cooper-Hale Hearing Tr. at 64. 100 Biography of Marie L. Yovanovitch, Department of State (online at https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/261588.htm). 101 McKinley Transcribed Interview Tr. at 37. 102 Reeker Dep. Tr. at 26. 103 Kent Dep. Tr. at 188-189. 104 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 18-19. 105 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 18-19. 106 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 18-19, 45-46. 107 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 142. 108 What ''Corruption'' Means in the Impeachment Hearings, New Yorker (Nov. 16, 2019) (online at www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-corruption-of-the-word-corruption-and-so-much-else-amid-the-impeachment-hearings). 109 22 U.S.C. § 3941. 110 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 110-111. 111 Ambassador Yovanovitch said: ''Although then and now I have always understood that I served at the pleasure of the President, I still find it difficult to comprehend that foreign and private interests were able to undermine U.S. interests in this way. Individuals who apparently felt stymied by our efforts to promote stated U.S. policy against corruption, that is, to do our mission, were able to successfully conduct a campaign of disinformation against a sitting ambassador using unofficial back channels. As various witnesses have recounted, they shared baseless allegations with the President and convinced him to remove his ambassador despite the fact that the State Department fully understood that the allegations were false and the sources highly suspect.'' Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 22. 112 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 78-79. 113 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 313-314. 114 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 22. 115 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 25. 116 Kent. Dep. Tr. at 131-132. 117 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 31-32. 118 Comedian Volodymyr Zelensky Unseats Incumbent in Ukraine's Presidential Election, Exit Polls Show, Washington Post (Apr. 21, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/world/as-ukraine-votes-in-presidential-runoff-a-comedian-looks-to-unseat-the-incumbent/2019/04/21/b7d69a38-603f-11e9-bf24-db4b9fb62aa2_story.html). 119 Comedian Volodymyr Zelensky Unseats Incumbent in Ukraine's Presidential Election, Exit Polls Show, The Washington Post (Apr. 21, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/world/as-ukraine-votes-in-presidential-runoff-a-comedian-looks-to-unseat-the-incumbent/2019/04/21/b7d69a38-603f-11e9-bf24-db4b9fb62aa2_story.html). 120 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (Apr. 21, 2019) (online at https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/6550349/First-Trump-Ukraine-Call.pdf). 121 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (Apr. 21, 2019) (online at https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/6550349/First-Trump-Ukraine-Call.pdf).
        161 122 Conflicting White House accounts of 1st Trump-Zelenskiy call, The Associated Press (Nov. 15, 2019) (online at https://apnews.com/2f3c9910e0a14ec08d6d76ed93148059). 123 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (Apr. 21, 2019) (online at https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/6550349/First-Trump-Ukraine-Call.pdf). 124 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (Apr. 21, 2019) (online at https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/6550349/First-Trump-Ukraine-Call.pdf). 125 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (Apr. 21, 2019) (online at https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/6550349/First-Trump-Ukraine-Call.pdf). 126 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (Apr. 21, 2019) (online at https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/6550349/First-Trump-Ukraine-Call.pdf). 127 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (Apr. 21, 2019) (online at https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/6550349/First-Trump-Ukraine-Call.pdf). 128 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (Apr. 21, 2019) (online at https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/6550349/First-Trump-Ukraine-Call.pdf). 129 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (Apr. 21, 2019) (online at https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/6550349/First-Trump-Ukraine-Call.pdf). 130 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (Apr. 21, 2019) (online at https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/6550349/First-Trump-Ukraine-Call.pdf). 131 Williams Dep. Tr. at 36. 132 Williams Dep. Tr. at 37. 133 Williams Dep. Tr. at 36. 134 Fox & Friends, Fox News (Apr. 24, 2019) (online at www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDtg8z12Q7s#action=share). 135 Why Giuliani Singled Out 2 Ukrainian Oligarchs to Help Look for Dirt, New York Times (Nov. 25, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/11/25/us/giuliani-ukraine-oligarchs.html). 136 Ukraine's Unlikely President, Promising a New Style of Politics, Gets a Taste of Trump's Swamp, New Yorker (Oct. 25, 2019) (online at www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/11/04/how-trumps-emissaries-put-pressure-on-ukraines-new-president). 137 Why Giuliani Singled Out 2 Ukrainian Oligarchs to Help Look for Dirt, New York Times (Nov. 25, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/11/25/us/giuliani-ukraine-oligarchs.html). 138 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_00947; ATTHPSCI_20190930_00949; ATTHPSCI_20190930_02222; ATTHPSCI_20190930_02223. 139 Joe Biden Announces 2020 Run for President, After Months of Hesitation, New York Times (Apr. 25, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/us/politics/joe-biden-2020-announcement.html). 140 How the Obama White House Engaged Ukraine to Give Russia Collusion Narrative an Early Boost, The Hill (Apr. 25, 2019) (online at https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/440730-how-the-obama-white-house-engaged-ukraine-to-give-russia-collusion). 141 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 17. 142 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 116. 143 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 116. 144 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02245. 145 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02245.
        162 146 Sean Hannity Interviews Trump on Biden, Russia Probe, FISA Abuse, Comey, Fox News (Apr. 26, 2019) (online at www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2019/04/26/full_video_sean_hannity_interviews_trump_on_biden_russia_probe_fisa_abuse_comey.html). 147 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 55-56. 148 Sean Hannity Interviews Trump on Biden, Russia Probe, FISA Abuse, Comey, Fox News (Apr. 26, 2019) (online at www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2019/04/26/full_video_sean_hannity_interviews_trump_on_biden_russia_probe_fisa_abuse_comey.html). As discussed later in this report, on the morning of September 25, 2019, the Department of Justice would quickly issue a statement after President Trump released the record of his July 25 call with President Zelensky. The statement asserted that that Attorney General Barr had not engaged on Ukraine matters at the President's request: The President has not spoken with the Attorney General about having Ukraine investigate anything relating to former Vice President Biden or his son. The President has not asked the Attorney General to contact Ukraine'--on this or any other matter. The Attorney General has not communicated with Ukraine'--on this or any other subject. 149 Cleaning Up Ukraine in the Shadow of Trump, The Financial Times (Nov. 28, 2019) (online at www.ft.com/content/eb8e4004-1059-11ea-a7e6-62bf4f9e548a). 150 Cleaning Up Ukraine in the Shadow of Trump, The Financial Times (Nov. 28, 2019) (online at www.ft.com/content/eb8e4004-1059-11ea-a7e6-62bf4f9e548a). 151 Biden Faces Conflict of Interest Questions That Are Being Promoted by Trump and Allies, New York Times (May 1, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/05/01/us/politics/biden-son-ukraine.html). 152 Transcript: Fox News Interview with President Trump, Fox News (May 7, 2019) (online at www.foxnews.com/politics/transcript-fox-news-interview-with-president-trump). 153 Transcript: Fox News Interview with President Trump, Fox News (May 7, 2019) (online at www.foxnews.com/politics/transcript-fox-news-interview-with-president-trump). 154 Foreign Affairs Issue Launch with Former Vice President Joe Biden, Council on Foreign Relations (Jan. 23, 2018) (online at: www.cfr.org/event/foreign-affairs-issue-launch-former-vice-president-joe-biden). 155 Ukraine Ousts Viktor Shokin, Top Prosecutor, and Political Stability Hangs in the Balance, New York Times (Mar. 29, 2016) (online at www.nytimes.com/2016/03/30/world/europe/political-stability-in-the-balance-as-ukraine-ousts-top-prosecutor.html). 156 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 50; Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 115. 157 Trump Says He'd Consider Accepting Information from Foreign Governments on His Opponents, The Washington Post (June 12, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-says-hed-consider-accepting-dirt-from-foreign-governments-on-his-opponents/2019/06/12/b84ba860-8d5c-11e9-8f69-a2795fca3343_story.html). 158 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02313. 159 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02314; ATTHPSCI_20190930_02316; ATTHPSCI_20190930_02318; ATTHPSCI 20190930 01000. 160 Kent Dep. Tr. at 137. 161 Kent Dep. Tr. at 137. 162 Kent Dep. Tr. at 137. 163 Rudy Giuliani Plans Ukraine Trip to Push for Inquiries That Could Help Trump, New York Times (May 9, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/05/09/us/politics/giuliani-ukraine-trump.html). 164 Rudy Giuliani Plans Ukraine Trip to Push for Inquiries That Could Help Trump, New York Times (May 9, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/05/09/us/politics/giuliani-ukraine-trump.html).
        163 165 Rudy Giuliani Plans Ukraine Trip to Push for Inquiries That Could Help Trump, New York Times (May 9, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/05/09/us/politics/giuliani-ukraine-trump.html). 166 Rudy Giuliani Plans Ukraine Trip to Push for Inquiries That Could Help Trump, New York Times (May 9, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/05/09/us/politics/giuliani-ukraine-trump.html). 167 Rudy Giuliani Plans Ukraine Trip to Push for Inquiries That Could Help Trump, New York Times (May 9, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/05/09/us/politics/giuliani-ukraine-trump.html). 168 Rudy Giuliani Plans Ukraine Trip to Push for Inquiries That Could Help Trump, New York Times (May 9, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/05/09/us/politics/giuliani-ukraine-trump.html). 169 Rudy Giuliani Plans Ukraine Trip to Push for Inquiries That Could Help Trump, New York Times (May 9, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/05/09/us/politics/giuliani-ukraine-trump.html). 170 Trump's Interest in Stirring Ukraine Investigations Sows Confusion in Kiev, Washington Post (May 11, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/trumps-interest-stirring-ukraine-investigations-sows-confusion-in-kiev/2019/05/11/cb94f7f4-73ea-11e9-9331-30bc5836f48e_story.html). 171 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02321; ATTHPSCI_20190930_02322. 172 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02320, 02321, 02322, 02323, 03612. 173 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_03614; ATTHPSCI_20190930_02326; ATTHPSCI_20190930_02327; ATTHPSCI_20190930_03614. 174 Rudy Giuliani, Twitter (May 9, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/RudyGiuliani/status/1126701386224156673). 175 Giuliani: "Massive Collusion" Between DNC, Obama Admin, Clinton People & Ukraine To Create False Info About Trump, Real Clear Politics (May 10, 2019) (online at www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2019/05/10/giuliani_massive_collusion_between_dnc_obama_admin_clinton_people__ukraine_to_create_false_info_about_trump.html). 176 Rudy Giuliani, Twitter (May 10, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/rudygiuliani/status/1126858889209831424?lang=en). 177 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02334. 178 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 227; see also Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 32-33, 36 (describing the allegations). 179 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 227. 180 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02334. 181 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02335. 182 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02335. 183 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02335. 184 Trump: Discussing a Biden Probe with Barr Would Be 'Appropriate,' Politico (May 10, 2019) (online at www.politico.com/story/2019/05/10/trump-biden-ukraine-barr-1317601). 185 Trump Denies Sending Rudy Giuliani to Ukraine to Push Biden, Election Probes, CNBC (Nov. 27, 2019) (online at www.cnbc.com/2019/11/27/trump-denies-sending-rudy-giuliani-to-ukraine-to-push-biden-election-probes.html). 186 Remarks by President Trump and President Niinisto of the Republic of Finland in Joint Press Conference, The White House (Oct. 2, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-president-niinisto-republic-finland-joint-press-conference/). 187 Remarks by President Trump before Marine One Departure, The White House (Oct. 4, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-marine-one-departure-68/).
        164 188 Giuliani: I didn't go to Ukraine to start an investigation, there already was one, Fox News (May 11, 2019) (online at https://video.foxnews.com/v/6035385372001/#sp=show-clips). 189 Trump: Discussing a Biden probe with Barr would be 'appropriate', Politico (May 10, 2019) (online at www.politico.com/story/2019/05/10/trump-biden-ukraine-barr-1317601) (documenting Giuliani text message). 190 Trump: Discussing a Biden probe with Barr would be 'appropriate', Politico (May 10, 2019) (online at www.politico.com/story/2019/05/10/trump-biden-ukraine-barr-1317601) (documenting Giuliani text message). 191 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (May 3, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1124359594418032640) 192 Kent Dep. Tr. at 338-339. 193 Remarks by President Trump and Prime Minister Orban of Hungary Before Bilateral Meeting, The White House (May 13, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-prime-minister-orban-hungary-bilateral-meeting/). 194 In Hungary, a Freewheeling Trump Ambassador Undermines U.S. Diplomat's, New York Times (Oct. 22, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/world/europe/david-cornstein-hungary-trump-orban.html); Hungarian prime minister earns rare rebuke from European bloc that has long backed him, The Washington Post (Mar. 20, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/hungarys-orban-earns-rare-rebuke-from-european-bloc-that-has-long-backed-him/2019/03/20/83be110a-4b17-11e9-8cfc-2c5d0999c21e_story.html). 195 Kent Dep. Tr. at 339. 196 Remarks by President Trump and Prime Minister Orban of Hungary Before Bilateral Meeting, The White House (May 13, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-prime-minister-orban-hungary-bilateral-meeting/). 197 Kent Dep. Tr. at 253. 198 Kent Dep. Tr. at 254. 199 Williams Dep. Tr. at 37-38. 200 Vindman-Williams Hearing Tr. at 14. Other witnesses testified that Vice President Pence may not have been able to attend on account of scheduling issues. See Hill Dep. Tr. at 316 (''there was a lot of scheduling issues'' regarding the attempts to schedule the Vice President's participation in the delegation); Kent Dep. Tr. at 189-191 (Vice President Pence was not available); Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 288-290, 293 (Volker ''wasn't surprised'' Pence could not make it and assumed it was a matter of scheduling). However, Ms. Williams was the only staff member in the Office of the Vice President to testify before the Committees, and the only witness to testify to having heard an explanation from Vice President Pence's staff about why Vice President Pence did not attend the inauguration. 201 Williams Dep. Tr. at 39. 202 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 37. 203 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 37. 204 Rudy Giuliani, Twitter (May 18, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/RudyGiuliani/status/1129761193755910144) 205 Kolomoisky: We Called Varkuch and Asked: 'Do You Support Zelensky or No?', Pravda (May 27, 2019) (online at www.pravda.com.ua/rus/articles/2019/05/27/7216183/). 206 Kolomoisky: We Called Varkuch and Asked: 'Do You Support Zelensky or No?', Pravda (May 27, 2019) (online at www.pravda.com.ua/rus/articles/2019/05/27/7216183/). 207 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 16. 208 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 288-290; Vindman Dep. Tr. at 125. 209 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 101.
        165 210 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 18. 211 Holmes Dep. Tr. 17-18. 212 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 18. 213 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 18. 214 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 61. 215 Vindman-Williams Hearing Tr. at 26. 216 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 61. 217 Vindman-Williams Hearing Tr. at 26 218 Vindman-Williams Hearing Tr. at 26 219 Vindman-Williams Hearing Tr. at 26; David Holmes separately testified that Lt. Col. Vindman ''made a general point about the importance of Ukraine to our national security, and he said it's very important that the Zelensky administration stay out of U.S. domestic politics.'' Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 61. 220 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 30. 221 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 29-30. 222 Kent Dep. Tr. at 193. 223 Anderson Dep. Tr. at 15, 54. Ambassador Sondland testified that he did not specifically recall who arranged the May 23 meeting and conjectured that ''either Rick Perry or I reached out to someone at the NSC saying: Doesn't the President want a briefing about the inauguration. And I think'--I think it was Perry, if I recall correctly, that got it nailed down.'' Sondland Dep. Tr. at 87. 224 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 29, 303; Vindman Dep. Tr. at 168. 225 Hill Dep. Tr. at 311. 226 Hill Dep. Tr. at 308. 227 Hill Dep. Tr. at 308. 228 Hill Dep. Tr. at 309-310. 229 Hill Dep. Tr. at 309-310. 230 Hill Dep. Tr. at 309-310. 231 Nunes Ally Kash Patel Who Fought Russia Probe Gets Senior White House National Security Job, The Daily Beast (July 31, 2019) (online at www.thedailybeast.com/kash-patel-devin-nunes-ally-who-fought-russia-probe-gets-senior-white-house-national-security-job). 232 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 304. 233 Sondland Dep. Tr. at 25. 234 Sondland Dep. Tr. at 25. 235 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 304. 236 Sondland Dep. Tr. at 337; Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 304; Hill Dep. Tr. at 320-321 (describing Volker's readout); Croft Dep. Tr. at 90 (describing Volker's readout); Anderson Dep. Tr. at 57 (describing Volker's readout). 237 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 305. 238 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 305. 239 Sondland Dep. Tr. at 62; Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. 305; Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 40. 240 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 71.
        166 241 Sondland Dep. Tr. at 26. See also Sondland Dep. Tr. at 87-90. 242 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 131. 243 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 167. 244 In addition to the testimony cited in this paragraph, see also Hill Dep. Tr. at 113; Hale Dep. Tr. at 90; Taylor Dep. Tr. at 58, 285; and Reeker Dep. Tr. at 148. 245 Kent Dep. Tr. at 195. 246 Croft Dep. Tr. at 91. 247 Hale Dep. Tr. at 73. 248 Sondland Dep. Tr. at 151-152. 249 Hill Dep. Tr. at 59-60. 250 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 24, 27, 123-124, 125-126. 251 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 27-30. 252 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 22. 253 Sondland Dep. Tr. at 77-78. 254 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 94. 255 Hill Dep. Tr. at 127. According to call records obtained by the Committee, Mr. Giuliani connected with Ambassador Bolton's office three times for brief calls of under a minute between April 23 and May 10, 2019'--a time period that corresponds with the recall of Ambassador Yovanovitch and the acceleration of Mr. Giuliani's efforts, on behalf of President Trump, to pressure Ukraine into opening investigations that would benefit his reelection campaign. AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02224, 02322, 23330. 256 Hill Dep. Tr. at 127. 257 Anderson Dep. Tr. at 15. 258 Anderson Dep. Tr. at 15. 259 Anderson Dep. Tr. at 101. 260 Hill Dep. Tr. at 127-128. 261 Hill Dep. Tr. at 116-117. 262 Hill Dep. Tr. at 130. 263 Anderson Dep. Tr. at 16. 264 Anderson Dep. Tr. at 16; Taylor Dep. Tr. at 24-25, 167. 265 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 25. 266 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 25. 267 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 25. 268 Anderson Dep. Tr. at 16-17. 269 Sondland Dep. Tr. at 240. 270 ABC News' Oval Office Interview with President Trump, ABC News (June 13, 2019) (online at https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/abc-news-oval-office-interview-president-donald-trump/story?id=63688943). 271 ABC News' Oval Office Interview with President Trump, ABC News (June 13, 2019) (online at https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/abc-news-oval-office-interview-president-donald-trump/story?id=63688943) (emphasis added).
        167 272 Rudy Giuliani, Twitter (June 21, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/RudyGiuliani/status/1142085975230898176) 273 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 77. 274 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 91. 275 Hill Dep. Tr. at 222-223. 276 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 92. 277 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 93. 278 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine: 16 November 2018 to 15 February 2019 (online at https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/ReportUkraine16Nov2018-15Feb2019.pdf); Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine: 16 August to 15 November 2017 (Dec. 12, 2017) (online at https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/UAReport20th_EN.pdf); Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Conflict in Ukraine Enters its Fourth Year with No End in Sight (June 13, 2017) (online at www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21730&LangID=E). These figures do not include the 298 civilians of 13 different nationalities killed aboard Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, which a Dutch-led joint investigation found was shot down by a Russian missile system from a Russian military unit, a conclusion supported by U.S. intelligence. See Dutch Safety Board, Report on the Crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 (Oct. 13, 2015) (online at www.onderzoeksraad.nl/en/page/3546/crash-mh17-17-july-2014); U.S. Discloses Intelligence on Downing of Malaysian Jet, Washington Post (July 22, 2014) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-discloses-intelligence-on-downing-of-malaysian-jet/2014/07/22/b178fe58-11e1-11e4-98ee-daea85133bc9_story.html). 279 Ambassador Nikki Haley, United States Mission to the United Nations, Remarks at a U.N. Security Council Briefing on Ukraine (May 29, 2018) (online at https://usun.usmission.gov/remarks-at-a-un-security-council-briefing-on-ukraine-2/). 280 Department of Defense, Secretary of Defense James Mattis Remarks with President Petro Poroshenko (Aug. 24, 2017) (online at www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Speeches/Speech/Article/1291430/secretary-of-defense-james-mattis-remarks-with-president-petro-poroshenko/). 281 European Union External Action, EU-Ukraine Relations Factsheet (Sept. 30, 2019) (online at https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headQuarters-homepage/4081/eu-ukraine-relations-factsheet_en); NATO, Fact Sheet: NATO's Support to Ukraine (Nov. 2018) (www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2018_11/20181106_1811-factsheet-nato-ukraine-support-eng.pdf). 282 DOD Announces $250M to Ukraine, U.S. Department of Defense (June 18, 2019) (online at www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/1879340/dod-announces-250m-to-ukraine/). 283 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 21, 28-29, 50; Vindman Dep. Tr. at 40-41, 113; Cooper Dep. Tr. at 15-16. 284 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 153. 285 Croft Dep. Tr. at 16. 286 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 30. 287 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 20. 288 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 11. 289 Department of Defense and Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations Act, 2019 and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2019, Pub. L. No. 115-245, § 9013 (2018). 290 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016, Pub. L. 114-92, § 1250 (2015), amended by the National Defense Act Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-91, § 1234 (2017) and most recently amended by the John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019, Pub. L. No. 115-232, § 1246 (2018).
        168 291 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017, Pub. L. No. 114-328, § 1237 (2016); National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-91, § 1234 (2018); John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019, Pub. L. No. 115-232, § 1246 (2018). 292 Letter from John C. Rood, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, Department of Defense, to Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs (sent Feb. 28, 2019, received Mar. 5, 2019). 293 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 27-28. 294 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016, Pub. L. No. 114-92, § 1250 (2015), as amended by the National Defense Act Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-91, § 1234 (2017), and most recently amended by the John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019, Pub. L. No. 115-232, § 1246 (2018). 295 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 24. 296 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 24. 297 Letter from John C. Rood, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, Department of Defense, to Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs (sent May 23, 2019, received May 28, 2019). 298 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 31-32. 299 DOD Announces $250M to Ukraine, Department of Defense (June 18, 2019) (online at www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/1879340/dod-announces-250m-to-ukraine/). 300 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, Pub. L. No. 116-6, §7046(a)(2) (2019); Conference Report to Accompany Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, H.R. Rep. No. 116-9, p. 869 (2019). 301 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-141, Title VIII (2017). 302 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, Pub. L. No. 116-6, §7015(c) (2019); Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-141, § 7015(c) (2017). 303 OMB Circular No. A-11, § 22.3 (2019) (requiring that the State Department receive clearance from OMB before notifying Congress). 304 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 25; DOD Announces $250M to Ukraine, Department of Defense (June 18, 2019) (online at www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/1879340/dod-announces-250m-to-ukraine/). 305 Sean Hannity Interviews Donald Trump via Telephone, Fox News (June 19, 2019) (transcript at https://factba.se/transcript/donald-trump-interview-sean-hannity-fox-telephone-june-19-2019). 306 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 26-27. 307 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 27-28. 308 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 29-30. 309 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 33-34. 310 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 33. 311 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 34. 312 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 38. 313 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 37-38. 314 Cooper-Hale Hearing Tr. at 14; Vindman Dep. Tr. at 178-179. See also Stalled Ukraine Military Aid Concerned Members of Congress for Months, CNN (Sept. 30, 2019) (online at www.cnn.com/2019/09/30/politics/ukraine-military-aid-congress/index.html) (suggesting that the State Department sought OMB's approval for $141 million in FMF funds on June 21, 2019). 315 OMB Circular No. A-11, § 22.3 (2019) (requiring that the State Department receive clearance from OMB before notifying Congress). 316 Williams Dep. Tr. at 54-55.
        169 317 Williams Dep. Tr. at 55. 318 Blair previously served as Associate Director of National Security Programs at OMB (Blair was Duffey's predecessor), and left OMB for the White House Office of Chief of Staff with Mick Mulvaney. Sandy Dep. Tr. at 36-38. 319 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 38-39. 320 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 39. 321 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 161. 322 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 141-142. 323 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 142. 324 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 31-32. 325 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 41-42. 326 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 40; see also Croft Dep. Tr. at 83 (''very routine low-level business''). 327 Kent Dep. Tr. at 303-305. 328 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 27-28. 329 Croft Dep. Tr. at 83. 330 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 27. 331 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 154. 332 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 154. 333 Croft Dep. Tr. at 15. 334 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 45. 335 Kent Dep. Tr. at 304. 336 Kent Dep. Tr. at 305. 337 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 99; Vindman Dep. Tr. at 182. 338 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 40. Morrison, who did not attend the sub-PCC meeting but received a readout, testified that he thought OMB announced at the July 18th meeting that the hold ''covered all dollars, DOD and Department of State, and it was'--it was beyond funds not yet obligated to include funds that had, in fact, been obligated but not yet expended.'' Morrison Dep. Tr. at 161. 339 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 40. 340 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 44-45. 341 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 40. 342 Kent Dep. Tr. at 307-308. 343 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 162. 344 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 46. 345 Williams Dep. Tr. at 91-92; see also Morrison Dep. Tr. at 162 (testifying that representatives from OMB stated that the hold ''had been imposed by the chief of staff's office'' and that the hold ''was at the direction of the President''). 346 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 46. 347 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 162-163; Kent Dep. Tr. at 310; Sandy Dep. Tr. at 91. 348 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 91.
        170 349 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 163. 350 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 163. 351 2 U.S.C. § 601 et. seq. 352 Williams Dep. Tr. at 91-92; Vindman Dep. Tr. at 182; Morrison Dep. Tr. at 162; Sandy Dep. Tr. at 99. 353 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 195. 354 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 182. 355 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 54. 356 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 54, 96-98. 357 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 97. 358 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 97. 359 Hale Dep. Tr. at 81. 360 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 47. 361 Hale Dep. Tr. at 81; see also Vindman Dep. Tr. at 184 (''It was unanimous consensus on the approach that we had laid out in expanding engagement, the areas of cooperation that we wanted to focus on, and that this should be elevated to a PC as quickly as possible to release the hold on security assistance because we're talking about the end of July, and time these funds were set to expire September 30th, so there was some urgency to it.''); Cooper Dep. Tr. at 49 (''Although each member went around to talk about how important it [security assistance] was and how they assessed the future in Ukraine based on the recent election results.''). 362 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 165. 363 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 93. 364 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 49, 93. 365 Nixon's Presidency: Crisis for Congress, New York Times (Mar. 5, 1973) (online at www.nytimes.com/1973/03/05/archives/nixons-presidency-crisis-for-congress-this-is-the-second-of-a.html). 366 Congressional Research Service, The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-344) Legislative History and Analysis (Feb. 26, 1975) (online at https://budgetcounsel.files.wordpress.com/2018/05/added-crs-the-congressional-budget-act-of-1974-p-l-93-344-legislative-history-and-analysis-order-code-75-94-s-february-26-1975.pdf). 367 Calvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation, The History of the 1921 and 1974 Budget Acts (Nov. 26, 2014); So'... this is Nixon's Fault?, Politico (Oct. 21, 2015) (online at www.politico.com/agenda/story/2015/10/richard-nixon-congressional-budget-control-act-history-000282). 368 2 U.S.C. § 683. 369 U.S. Government Accountability Office, Impoundment Control Act'--Withholding of Funds through Their Date of Expiration (Dec. 10, 2018) (online at www.gao.gov/assets/700/695889.pdf). 370 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 47-48. With regard to interagency discussions about the legality of the hold, Vindman testified ''[s]o I'm not a legal expert, but there was a sufficient amount of'--a significant amount of work done to determine whether it was legal for OMB to be able to place the hold. '... I think at the'--so my recollection in the [July 18th] sub-PCC was that the matter was raised; at the [July 23rd] PCC, it was tasked for further development; and I think by the time it got to our [July 26th] DSG it was determined that, you know, there was a legal basis to hold.'' Vindman Dep. Tr. at 185. 371 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 184. 372 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 165. 373 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 264. 374 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 264.
        171 375 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 264. 376 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 51. 377 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 51; see also Cooper Dep. Tr. at 113 (explaining that she relied on a conversation with DOD legal to form her understanding of the two proper legal mechanisms). 378 2 U.S.C. § 683. 379 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 58-59. 380 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 114. 381 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 51, 57; Sandy Dep. Tr. at 147-148. 382 31 U.S.C. §§ 1511-1516. 383 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 87, 163. 384 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 34-35. 385 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 51. 386 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 23. 387 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 33-35, 51-52. 388 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 86. 389 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 86-87. 390 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 86. 391 Sandy, Dep. Tr. at 87-88. 392 SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019, OMB Footnote A4 (July 25, 2019). 393 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 94. 394 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 94. 395 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 94-95; SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019, OMB Footnote A4 (July 25, 2019). 396 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 87. 397 SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019, OMB Footnote A4 (July 25, 2019); Sandy Dep. Tr. at 92. 398 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 101. 399 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 102. 400 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 96-97, 102. 401 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 101-102. 402 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 63. 403 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 63. 404 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 102. 405 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 64-65. 406 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 65. 407 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 108-109. 408 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 104, 119-120. 409 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 58-59. 410 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 58-59.
        172 411 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 59. 412 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 74-75, 127-128. 413 SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019, OMB Footnote A4 (August 6, 2019); SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019, OMB Footnote A4 (August 15, 2019). Because of a drafting error in which OMB forgot to extend the date, the footnotes technically did not restrict DOD from spending funds between August 12 and August 20 (the date of the subsequent funding document reinstating the hold). However, Sandy testified that the hold was still in place and that the direction from the President remained unchanged. Sandy Dep. Tr. at 124-126. 414 SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019, OMB Footnote A4 (August 6, 2019); SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019, OMB Footnote A4 (August 15, 2019); SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019, OMB Footnote A4 (August 20, 2019); SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019, OMB Footnote A4 (August 27, 2019); SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019, OMB Footnote A4 (August 31, 2019); SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019, OMB Footnote A4 (Sept. 5, 2019); SF-13; SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019, OMB Footnote A4 (Sept. 6, 2019); Apportionment Schedule FY 2019, OMB Footnote A4 (Sept. 10, 2019) 415 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 91-92. 416 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 92. 417 Kent Dep. Tr. at 318-319. 418 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 56-61. 419 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 59-60. 420 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 60-61. 421 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 75, 127-128; Cooper Dep. Tr. at 57-58; see also Cooper Dep. Tr. at 59, (''And along the way, [the] Defense Security Cooperation Agency was expressing doubt that they could do it.''). 422 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 80-81. Ultimately, as described below, DOD was able to obligate all but approximately $35 million in USAI funds by September 30th. Sandy Dep. Tr. at 146-147. 423 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 127-128. 424 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 95. 425 SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019 (August 20, 2019); SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019 (August 27, 2019); SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019 (August 31, 2019); SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019 (September 5, 2019); SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019 (September 6, 2019); SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019 (September 10, 2019). 426 SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019 (August 20, 2019) (funds not available for obligation until August 26); SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019 (August 27, 2019) (funds not available for obligation until August 31); SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019 (August 31, 2019) (funds not available for obligation until September 5); SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019 (September 5, 2019) (funds not available for obligation until September 7); SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019 (September 6, 2019) (funds not available for obligation until September 11); SF-132 Apportionment Schedule FY 2019 (September 10, 2019) (funds not available for obligation until September 12). 427 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 131. 428 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 136-137. 429 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 136. 430 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 135-137, 150-155. 431 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 149-152. 432 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 152. 433 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 150-156. 434 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 266-267.
        173 435 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 268. 436 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 267. 437 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 186. 438 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 186. 439 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 187-188. 440 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 167-168. 441 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 170-171. 442 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 265-266. 443 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 172, 266. 444 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 266. 445 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 68. 446 Croft Dep. Tr. at 86. 447 Croft Dep. Tr. at 86-87. 448 Croft Dep. Tr. at 86-87, 101. 449 Croft Dep. Tr. at 97-98. 450 Cooper-Hale Hearing Tr. at 14. 451 Cooper-Hale Hearing Tr. at 13-14. 452 Cooper-Hale Hearing Tr. at 14. 453 Cooper-Hale Hearing Tr. at 15. 454 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 221-22. 455 Trump Holds Up Ukraine Military Aid Meant to Confront Russia, Politico (Aug. 28, 2019) (online at www.politico.com/story/2019/08/28/trump-ukraine-military-aid-russia-1689531). 456 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 18. (''It is important to understand that a White House visit was critical to President Zelensky. He needed to demonstrate U.S. support at the highest levels, both to advance his ambitious anti-corruption agenda at home and to encourage Russian President Putin to take seriously President Zelensky's peace efforts.'') 457 Kent Dep. Tr. at 202. (''The President of the United States is a longtime acknowledged leader of the free world, and the U.S. is Ukraine's strongest supporter. And so in the Ukraine context, it's very important to show that they can establish a strong relationship with the leader of the United States. That's the Ukrainian argument and desire to have a meeting. The foreign policy argument is it's a very important country in the front lines of Russian malign influence and aggression. And the U.S. spends a considerable amount of our resources supporting Ukraine and therefore it makes sense.'') 458 Hill Dep. Tr. at 158. (''He was just generally concerned about actually not having a meeting because he felt that this would deprive Ukraine, the new Ukrainian Government of the legitimacy that it needed, especially vis-a-vis the Russians. So this gets to, you know, the heart of our national security dilemma. You know, the Ukrainians at this point, you know, are looking at a White House meeting or looking at a meeting with the President of the United States as a recognition of their legitimacy as a sovereign state.'') 459 Vindman Hearing Tr. at 38-39. (''The show of support for President Zelensky, still a brand-new President, frankly, a new politician on the Ukrainian political scene, looking to establish his bona fides as a regional and maybe even a world leader, would want to have a meeting with the United States, the most powerful country in the world and Ukraine's most significant benefactor, in order to be able to implement his agenda.'') 460 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 59. 461 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 328.
        174 462 Taylor Dep. Opening Statement at 5. (''In late June, one of the goals of both channels was to facilitate a visit by President Zelensky to the White House for a meeting with President Trump, which President Trump had promised in his congratulatory letter of May 29. The Ukrainians were clearly eager for the meeting to happen. During a conference call with Ambassador Volker, Acting Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs Phil Reeker, Secretary Perry, Ambassador Sondland, and Counsel of the U.S. Department of State Ulrich Brechbuhl on June 18, it was clear that a meeting between the two presidents was an agreed-upon goal.'') 463 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 25. (''[D]uring my subsequent communications with Ambassadors Volker and Sondland, they relayed to me that the President 'wanted to hear from Zelensky' before scheduling the meeting in the Oval Office. It was not clear to me what this meant.'') 464 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 25. 465 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 20. 466 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 25-26. 467 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 25. Q: But Ambassador Sondland made it clear not only that he didn't wish to include most of the regular interagency participants but also that no one was transcribing or monitoring the call as they added President Zelensky. What struck you as odd about that? A: Same concern. That is, in the normal, regular channel, the State Department operations center that was putting the call together would stay on the line, in particular when you were having a conversation with the head of state, they would stay on the line, transcribe, take notes so that there could be a record of the discussion with this head of state. It is an official discussion. When he wanted to be sure that there was not, the State Department operations center agreed. 468 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 26. 469 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 127. 470 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000036 (Oct. 2, 2019). 471 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000036 (Oct. 2, 2019). 472 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 26. 473 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000027 (Oct. 2, 2019). 474 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 242-243. 475 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000055 (Oct. 2, 2019). 476 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000027 (Oct. 2, 2019). Taylor: Are you OK with me briefing Ulrich on these conversations? Maybe you have already? Volker: I have not'--please feel free Volker: The key thing is to tee up a phone call w potus and then get visit nailed down Taylor: I agree. Is Ze on board with a phone call? Volker: Yes '-- bogdan was a little skeptical, but Zelensky was ok with it. Now we need to get it on potus schedule'... Taylor: The three amigos are on a roll. Let me know when I can help. 477 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 65-66. (''Kurt told me that he had discussed how President Zelensky could prepare for the phone call with President Trump. And without going into'--without providing me any details about the specific words, did talk about investigations in that conversation ... Kurt suggested that President Trump would like to hear about the investigations.'') 478 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 94.
        175 Q: In the July 2nd or 3rd meeting in Toronto that you had with President Zelensky, you also mentioned investigations to him, right? A: Yes Q: And again, you were referring to the Burisma and the 2016 election. A: I was thinking of Burisma and 2016. Q: And you understood that that what the Ukrainians interpreted references to investigations to be, related to Burisma and the 2016 election? A: I don't know specifically at that time if we had talked that specifically, Burisma/2016. That was my assumption, though, that they would've been thinking that too. 479 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 27. 480 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 43. 481 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 21-22. 482 Kent Dep. Tr. at 246. 483 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 59. 484 Kent Dep. Tr. at 246-47. (''I do not recall whether the follow-on conversation I had with Kurt about this was in Toronto, or whether it was subsequently at the State Department. But he did tell me that he planned to start reaching out to former Mayor of New York, Rudy Giuliani. And when I asked him why, he said that it was clear that the former mayor had influence on the President in terms of the way the President though of Ukraine. And I think by that moment in time, that was self-evidence to anyone who was working on the issues, and therefore, it made sense to try to engage the mayor. When I raised with Kurt, I said, about what? Because former Mayor Giuliani has a track record of, you know, asking for a visa for a corrupt former prosecutor. He attacked Masha, and he's tweeting that the new President needs to investigate Biden and the 2016 campaign. And Kurt's reaction or response to me at that was, well, if there's nothing there, what does it matter? And if there is something there, it should be investigated. My response to him was asking another country to investigate a prosecution for political reasons undermines our advocacy of the rule of law.'') 485 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000036 (Oct. 2, 2019). 486 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000036 (Oct. 2, 2019). 487 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000006 (Oct. 2, 2019). 488 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 308; Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000018 (Oct. 2, 2019). 489 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 138. 490 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 23. 491 Hill Dep. Tr. at 63. 492 Hill Dep. Tr. at 63-67, 155. 493 Hill Dep. Tr. at 63-67, 155. Q: Did anything happen in that meeting that was out of the ordinary? A: Yes. At one point during that meeting, Ambassador Bolton was, you know, basically trying very hard not to commit to a meeting, because, you know '' and, again, these meetings have to be well-prepared. They're not just something that you say, yes, we're going to have a meeting without there being a clear understanding of what the content of that meeting is going to be. '... And Ambassador Bolton is always '' was always very cautious and always very much, you know, by the book and was not going to certainly commit to a meeting right there and then, certainly not one where it wasn't '' it was unclear what the content of the meeting would be about, what kind of issues that we would discuss that would be pertaining to Ukrainian-U.S. relations. '... Then
        176 Ambassador Sondland blurted out: Well, we have an agreement with the chief of staff for a meeting if these investigations in the energy sector start. And Ambassador Bolton immediately stiffened. He said words to the effect'--I can't say word for word what he said because I was behind them sitting on the sofa with our Senior Director of Energy, and we all kind of looked up and thought that was somewhat odd. And Ambassador Bolton immediately stiffened and ended the meeting. Q: Right then, he just ended the meeting? A: Yeah. He said: Well, it was very nice to see you. You know, I can't discuss a meeting at this time. We'll clearly work on this. And, you know, kind of it was really nice to see you. So it was very abrupt. I mean, he looked at the clock as if he had, you know, suddenly another meeting and his time was up, but it was obvious he ended the meeting. 494 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 17. (''The meeting proceeded well until the Ukrainians broached the subject of a meeting between the two Presidents. The Ukrainians saw this meeting as critically important in order to solidify the support for their most important international partner. Ambassador Sondland started -- when Ambassador Sondland started to speak about Ukraine delivering specific investigations in order to secure the meeting with the President, Ambassador Bolton cut the meeting short.'') 495 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 310. 496 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 23, 73, 103. 497 Hill Dep. Tr. at 68. (''And Ambassador Sondland said to Ambassador Volker and also Secretary Perry and the other people who were with him, including the Ukrainians, to come down to'--there's a room in the White House, the Ward Room, to basically talk about next steps. And that's also unusual. I mean, he meant to talk to the Ukrainians about next steps about the meeting.'') 498 Hill Dep. Tr. at 68. (''And Ambassador Bolton pulled me back as I was walking out afterwards and said: Go down to the Ward Room right now and find out what they're talking about and come back and talk to me. So I did go down.'') 499 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 64-65. Q: And what do you recall specifically of what Sondland said to the Ukrainians'-- A: Right. Q: '--in the Ward Room? A: So that is right, the conversation unfolded with Sondland proceeding to kind of, you know, review what the deliverable would be in order to get the meeting, and he talked about the investigation into the Bidens, and, frankly, I can't 100 percent recall because I didn't take notes of it, but Burisma, that it seemed'--I mean, there was no ambiguity, I guess, in my mind. He was calling for something, calling for an investigation that didn't exist into the Bidens and Burisma. Q: Okay. Ambiguity in your mind is different from what you'-- A: Sure. Q: '--actually heard? A: Right. Correct. Q: What did you hear Sondland say? A: That the Ukrainians would have to deliver an investigation into the Bidens. Q: Into the Bidens. So in the Ward Room he mentioned the word ''Bidens''? A: To the best of my recollection, yes. Q: Okay. Did he mention 2016? A: I don't recall.
        177 Q: Did he mention Burisma? A: My visceral reaction to what was being called for suggested that it was explicit. There was no ambiguity. '... A: Again, based on my visceral reaction, it was explicit what he was calling for. And to the best of my recollection, he did specifically say ''investigation of the Bidens.'' '... A So the meeting that occurred in the Ward Room referenced investigations into the Bidens, to the best of my recollection, Burisma and 2016 500 Hill Dep. Tr. at 69. 501 Hill Dep. Tr. at 151-52. 502 Hill Dep. Tr. at 69-70. 503 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 31. Q: Did Ambassador Sondland'--were the Ukrainian officials in the room when he was describing the need for these investigations in order to get the White House meeting? A: So they were in the room initially. I think, once it became clear that there was some sort of discord amongst the government officials in the room, Ambassador Sondland asked them to step out of the room. Q: What was the discord? A: The fact that it was clear that I, as the representative'--I, as the representative of the NSC, thought it was inappropriate and that we were not going to get involved in investigations. Q: Did you say that to Ambassador Sondland? A: Yes, I did. 504 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 18. While not specifically disagreeing with any of the content of the discussion in the Ward Room, Ambassador Sondland generally disputed Dr. Hill and Lt. Col. Vindman's accounts, saying that he did not recall ''any yelling or screaming '... as others have said.'' Sondland Hearing Tr. at 23. Neither Dr. Hill nor Lt. Col. Vindman described yelling or screaming in the meetings. Ambassador Sondland also testified that ''those recollections of protest do not square with the documentary record of our interactions with the NSC in the days and weeks that followed.'' Sondland Hearing Tr. at 23. As an example, Sondland provided text from a July 13 email that he sent'--not to Dr. Hill, but to her successor Tim Morrison'--which said that the ''sole purpose'' of the call between President Trump and President Zelensky was to give the former ''assurances of 'new sheriff' in town.'' Sondland Hearing Tr. at 23. The email that Ambassador Sondland provided does not undermine Dr. Hill's or Lt. Col. Vindman's testimony that they objected to Ambassador Sondland's conduct in the Ward Room meeting. The email provided by Ambassador Sondland, however, was sent to Mr. Morrison, not Dr. Hill. Mr. Morrison had not yet started working as NSC Senior Director for Europe and was not at the July 10 meeting. 505 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 29. A: So I heard him say that this had been coordinated with White House Chief of Staff Mr. Mick Mulvaney. Q: What did he say about that? A: He just said that he had had a conversation with Mr. Mulvaney, and this is what was required in order to get a meeting. 506 Hill Dep. Tr. at 69-70.
        178 507 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000036 (Oct. 2, 2019). [7/10/19, 2:26:06 PM] Bill Taylor: Eager to hear if your meeting with Danyliuk and Bolton resulted in a decision on a call. [7/10/19, 10:26:13 PM] Bill Taylor: How did the meeting go? [7/10/19, 10:29:44 PM] Kurt Volker: Not good'--lets talk'--kv 508 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000018 (Oct. 2, 2019). 509 Hill Dep. Tr. at 70-72. 510 Hill Dep. Tr. at 126-27. Q: Okay. But what did you understand him to mean by that? A: Well, based on what had happened in the July 10th meeting and Ambassador Sondland blurting out that he'd already gotten agreement to have a meeting at the White House for Zelensky if these investigations were started up again, clearly Ambassador Bolton was referring directly to those. 511 Hill Dep. Tr. at 129. 512 Hill Dep. Tr. at 139. (''I told him exactly, you know, what had transpired and that Ambassador Sondland had basically indicated that there was an agreement with the Chief of Staff that they would have a White House meeting or, you know, a Presidential meeting if the Ukrainians started up these investigations again.'') 513 Hill Dep. Tr. at 139. 514 Hill Dep. Tr. at 146-147. 515 Hill Dep. Tr. at 158-59, 161. Q: What was Mr. Eisenberg's reaction to what you explained to him had and Mr. Griffith had explained to him had occurred the day before? A: Yeah. He was also concerned. I mean, he wasn't aware that Sondland, Ambassador Sondland was, you know, kind of running around doing a lot of these, you know, meetings and independently. We talked about the fact that, you know, Ambassador Sondland said he'd been meeting with Giuliani and he was very concerned about that. And he said that he would follow up on this. 516 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 37. (''Sir, I think I'--I mean, the top line I just offered, I'll restate it, which is that Mr. Sondland asked for investigations, for these investigations into Bidens and Burisma. I actually recall having that particular conversation. Mr. Eisenberg doesn't really work on this issue, so I had to go a little bit into the back story of what these investigations were, and that I expressed concerns and thought it was inappropriate.'') 517 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 36. 518 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 38. Q: Did he say anything to you, that, all right, I'm going to do anything with it? A: I vaguely recall something about: I'll take a look into it. You know, there might not be anything here. We'll take a look into it, something of that nature. But'--and then he offered to, you know, if I have any concerns in the future, you know, that I should be open'--I should be'--feel free to come back and, you know, share those concerns. Q: Did either he or anyone from the legal staff circle back to you on this issue? A: No. 519 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 39-40. 520 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 29. (''In the same July 19th phone call, they gave me an account of the July 10th meeting with the Ukrainian officials at the White House. Specifically, they told me that Ambassador Sondland had connected investigations with an Oval Office meeting for President Zelensky, which so irritated Ambassador Bolton
        179 that he abruptly ended the meeting, telling Dr. Hill and Mr. Vindman that they should have nothing to do with domestic politics.'') 521 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 12. 522 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Written Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, Impeachment, 116th Cong. (Nov. 20, 2019) ( ''2. The call between Zelensky and Potus should happen before 7/21. (Parliamentary Elections) Sole purpose is for Zelensky to give Potus assurances of 'new sheriff' in town. Corruption ending, unbundling moving forward and any hampered investigations will be allowed to move forward transparently. Goal is for Potus to invite him to Oval. Volker, Perry, Bolton and I strongly recommend.''). 523 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Written Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, Impeachment, 116th Cong. (Nov. 20, 2019). 524 Sondland Dep. Tr. at 227. 525 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Opening Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, Department of State, Impeachment, 116th Cong., at 21 (Nov. 20, 2019). 526 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Opening Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, Department of State, Impeachment, 116th Cong., at 21 (Nov. 20, 2019). 527 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Opening Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, Department of State, Impeachment, 116th Cong., at 21 (Nov. 20, 2019). 528 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 27. 529 Verizon Document Production. It is unclear whether this call occurred before or after Ambassador Sondland spoke with President Zelensky, and it is also unclear whether the White House caller was an Administration official or the President himself. 530 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000037 (Oct. 2, 2019). 531 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000037 (Oct. 2, 2019). 532 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 229-230. 533 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000018 (Oct. 2, 2019). 534 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 202-203. 535 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 232. 536 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000002 (Oct. 2, 2019). 537 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000018 (Oct. 2, 2019). 538 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 138-139. 539 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02705. 540 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 139. 541 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000018 (Oct. 2, 2019). 542 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000002- KV00000003 (Oct. 2, 2019). 543 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000042 (Oct. 2, 2019). Volker: Orchestrated a great call w Rudy and Yermak. They are going to get together when Rudy goes to Madrid in a couple of weeks. Volker: In the meantime, Rudy is now advocating for phone call Volker: I have call into Fiona's replacement and will call Bolton if needed. Volker: But I can tell Bolton and you can tell Mick that Rudy agrees on a call, if that helps Sondland: I talked to Tim Morrison. (Fiona's replacement). He is pushing but feel free as well.
        180 544 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000042 (Oct. 2, 2019). Volker: Orchestrated a great call w Rudy and Yermak. They are going to get together when Rudy goes to Madrid in a couple of weeks. Volker: In the meantime, Rudy is now advocating for phone call Volker: I have call into Fiona's replacement and will call Bolton if needed. Volker: But I can tell Bolton and you can tell Mick that Rudy agrees on a call, if that helps Sondland: I talked to Tim Morrison. (Fiona's eplacement). He is pushing but feel free as well. 545 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 30. 546 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV000000 37 (Oct. 2, 2019). 547 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 74. 548 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 68. 549 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 177. 550 Sondland Dep. Tr. at 183. 551 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 17. 552 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 18. 553 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 19; 17. 554 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 27. 555 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 26. 556 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 27. 557 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 26. 558 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 25. 559 Hill Dep. Tr. at 420-421. Q: You've mentioned repeatedly concerns that you had about, in particular, Mr. Giuliani and his efforts. When you read the call transcript of July 25th, the call record, which you must have done just a couple weeks ago, did it crystalize in your head in any way a better understanding of what was transpiring while you were there? A: In terms of providing, you know, more information with hindsight, unfortunately, yes. Q: And in what way? A: The specific references, also juxtaposed with the release of the text messages by Ambassador Volker'--you know, what I said before'--really was kind of my worst fears and nightmares, in terms of, you know, there being some kind of effort not just to subvert the national security process but to try to subvert what really should be, you know, kind of, a diplomatic effort to, you know, kind of, set up a Presidential meeting. Q: This may'-- A: There seems to be an awful lot of people involved in, you know, basically turning a White House meeting into some kind of asset. Q: What do you mean by ''asset''? A: Well, something that was being, you know, dangled out to the Ukrainian Government. They wanted the White House meeting very much. And this was kind of laying out that it wasn't just a question of scheduling or having, you know, the national security issues worked out, that there were all of these alternative discussions going on behind.
        181 560 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 174. 561 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 174. 562 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000042 (Oct. 2, 2019). 563 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 53-55. 564 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 52-53. 565 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 30-31, 101, 247, 256. 566 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 31. 567 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 111. 568 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 102-103; Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000007 (Oct. 2, 2019). In his testimony, Ambassador Volker did not explain to the Committees what he had heard about the July 25 call put him in a position to tell Mr. Giuliani that the ''right messages'' were, in fact, discussed. Ambassador Volker testified twice about the readouts that he received of the July 25 call. In his deposition, he told the Committees that he received ''the same'' readout from both the State Department and Mr. Yermak: that there was a message of congratulations to President Zelensky, that President Zelensky promised to fight corruption and that President Trump repeated the invitation to visit the White House. Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 102-103. Volker described it as a ''superficial'' readout. Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 19. In his public testimony, Volker repeated that claim: the readouts from Mr. Yermak and Volker's U.S. sources ''were largely the same, that it was a good call, that it was a congratulatory phone call for the President winning the parliamentary election.'' Volker-Morrison Hearing Tr. at 74. Volker did testify that he ''expected'' the call to cover the material in his July 25 text message '' that the Ukrainians would ''investigate/'get to the bottom of what happened' in 2016'' '' but did not receive anything more than a ''barebones'' description of what was said. Volker-Morrison Hearing Tr. at 87-88, 75. If Volker is correctly describing the readouts he received, it is not clear what he heard that gave him the basis to tell Mr. Giuliani that ''exactly the right messages'' were discussed. 569 Williams Dep. Tr. at 37-38. 570 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 23. 571 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 25. 572 Trump and Putin Share Joke About Election Meddling, Sparking New Furor, New York Times (June 28, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/06/28/us/politics/trump-putin-election.html) (''As he sat down on Friday with Mr. Putin on the sidelines of an international summit in Japan, Mr. Trump was asked by a reporter if he would tell Russia not to meddle in American elections. 'Yes, of course I will,' Mr. Trump said. Turning to Mr. Putin, he said, with a half-grin on his face and mock seriousness in his voice, 'Don't meddle in the election, President.'''). 573 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 41. 574 Williams Dep. Tr. at 131. 575 See Vindman Dep. Tr. at 42, 109; Morrison Dep. Tr. at 41. 576 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 18; Morrison Dep. Tr. at 15. 577 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 42-43; Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 32. 578 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 39; Vindman Dep. Tr. at 45. 579 U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Italy, Secretary Michael R. Pompeo and Italian Foreign Minister Luigi Di Maio at a Press Availability (Oct. 2, 2019) (online at https://it.usembassy.gov/secretary-michael-r-pompeo-and-italian-foreign-minister-luigi-di-maio-at-a-press-availability/). Mr. Morrison testified that Dr. Kupperman was not in the Situation Room, but Mr. Morrison was informed after the fact that Dr. Kupperman was listening. Morrison
        182 Dep. Tr. at 39-40. Ms. Williams and Lt. Col. Vindman testified that they both believed Dr. Kupperman was present, but neither had a clear recollection. Williams Dep. Tr. at 64; Vindman Dep. Tr. at 45. 580 See Transcript, This Week with George Stephanopoulos, ABC News (Sept. 22, 2019) (online at https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/week-transcript-22-19-secretary-mike-pompeo-gen/story?id=65778332) (Q: And I want to turn to this whistleblower complaint, Mr. Secretary. The complaint involving the president and a phone call with a foreign leader to the director of national intelligence inspector general. That's where the complaint was launched by the whistle-blower. 'The Wall Street Journal' is reporting that President Trump pressed the president of Ukraine eight times to work with Rudy Giuliani to investigate Joe Biden's son. What do you know about those conversations? A: So, you just gave me a report about a I.C. whistle-blower complaint, none of which I've seen.'...''). 581 Pompeo Took Part in Ukraine Call, Official Says, Wall Street Journal (Sept. 30, 2019) (online at www.wsj.com/articles/pompeo-took-part-in-ukraine-call-official-says-11569865002). 582 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf). 583 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf). 584 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf). See European Union External Action Service, EU-Ukraine relations-factsheet (Sept. 30, 2019) (online at https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-Homepage/4081/eu-ukraine-relations-factsheet_en). 585 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf). 586 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf); Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 29. 587 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf). 588 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 114. 589 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf). 590 See Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent U.S. Elections (Jan. 6, 2017) (online at www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICA_2017_01.pdf). 591 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf). 592 Charges of Ukrainian Meddling? A Russian Operation, U.S. Intelligence Says, New York Times (Nov. 22, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/11/22/us/politics/ukraine-russia-interference.html). 593 The President of Russia, Joint News Conference with Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban (Feb. 2, 2017) (online at http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/53806). 594 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 39-40. 595 President Trump's Former National Security Advisor 'Deeply Disturbed' by Ukraine Scandal: 'Whole World Is Watching,' ABC News (Sept. 29, 2019) (online at https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/president-trumps-national-security-advisor-deeply-disturbed-ukraine/story?id=65925477). 596 Hill Dep. Tr. at 234-235. 597 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf). 598 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf).
        183 599 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf). 600 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf). 601 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf). 602 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf). 603 The White House, Remarks by President Trump before Marine One (Oct. 3, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-marine-one-departure-67/). 604Hill Dep. Tr. at 400; Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 73.; Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 63-64.; Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 49-50; Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 23. 605 Kent Dep. Tr. at 45. 606 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 116. 607 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 50. 608 See Section I, Chapter 1. 609 Kent Dep. Tr. at 44-50. 610 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 23. 611 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 23. 612 See Section I, Chapter 1. 613 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf). 614 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 192-193. 615 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 192-193. 616 Ambassador Volker was the only witness to testify that President Trump's reference to the ''prosecutor'' during the July 25 call was to Mr. Shokin, not Mr. Lutsenko. See Volker Dep. Tr. at 355. However, Mr. Holmes testified that, on July 26'--the day after the call'--he spoke with President Zelensky's Chief of Staff Andriy Bohdan who told Holmes that ''President Trump had expressed interest during the previous day's phone call in President Zelensky's personnel decisions related to the Prosecutor General's office,'' which Mr. Holmes understood to refer to Mr. Lutsenko once he saw the July 25 call transcript. Holmes Dep. Tr. at 22, 49. In addition, in a text message to Taylor and Sondland after his July 19 breakfast with Giuliani, Volker emphasized that ''Most impt [important] is for Zelensky to say'' on the July 25 call ''that he will help investigation'--and address any specific personnel issues'--if there are any.'' Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000037 (Oct. 2, 2019). 617 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf). 618 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf). 619 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 55. 620 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 49-50. 621 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 25. 622 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 19. 623 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 18.
        184 624 In-Town Pool Report #6'--Ukraine Call, White House Pool Report (July 25, 2019) (online at https://publicpool.kinja.com/subject-in-town-pool-report-6-ukraine-call-1836700221). 625 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 42-43. 626 Vindman-Williams Hearing Tr. at 31-33; Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 34. 627 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 46-47. 628 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 29. 629 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 94. 630 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 46-47. 631 Vindman-Williams Hearing Tr. at 28. 632 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 147. 633 Vindman-Williams Hearing Tr. at 28-29. 634 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 96-97. 635 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 97-98. 636 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 29. 637 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 23-24. 638 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 41-42, 191-192. 639 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 97. 640 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 97. 641 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 101. 642 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 41. 643 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 43. 644 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 44. 645 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 16. 646 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 101. 647 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 38. 648 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 121. 649 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 122. 650 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 122-123. 651 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 121. 652 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 123-124. 653 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 121. 654 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 55-56. 655 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 55-56, 121-123. 656 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 270. 657 Williams Dep. Tr. at 16, 63. 658 Williams Dep. Tr. at 149. 659 Vindman-Williams Hearing Tr. at 34.
        185 660 Williams Dep. Tr. at 148. 661 Vindman-Williams Hearing Tr. at 29. 662 Williams Dep. Tr. at 54, 149. 663 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 54-55. (''There's one other substantive item in the next paragraph from Zelensky, where it says 'He or she will look into the situation specifically to the company''--it shouldn't be 'the company.' It should be 'to Burisma that you mentioned.' Because I think, you know, frankly these are not necessarily folks that are familiar with the substance. So President Zelensky specifically mentioned the company Burisma.''). 664 Vindman-Williams Hearing Tr. at 61. 665 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 89. 666 Williams Dep. Tr. at 68-69. Q: Okay. When the transcript was made available to the VP's office, do you remember when that occurred? A: My colleagues'--I can't remember the precise time, but before the end of the day that day my colleagues who help prepare the Vice President's briefing book received a hard copy of the transcript from the White House Situation Room to include in that book. I didn't personally see it, but I understood that they had received it because we wanted to make sure the Vice President got it. Q: On the 25th or 26th? A: It was on the 25th. 667 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 139''141. 668 Kent Dep. Tr. at 163-165. 669 Holmes Dep. Tr.at 107. 670 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 21-22. 671 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 38; Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 26. 672 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 74. (''Yes. So I was not on the phone call. I had arrived in Ukraine, and I had had that lunch with Mr. Yermak that we saw on the day of the phone call. I had been pushing for the phone call because I thought it was important to renew the personal connection between the two leaders and to congratulate President Zelensky on the parliamentary election. The readout I received from Mr. Yermak and also from the U.S. side'--although I'm not exactly sure who it was on the U.S. side, but there was U.S. and a Ukrainian readout'--were largely the same, that it was a good call, that it was a congratulatory phone call for the President winning the parliamentary election. President Zelensky did reiterate his commitment to reform and fighting corruption in Ukraine, and President Trump did reiterate his invitation to President Zelensky to come visit him in the White House. That's exactly what I thought the phone call would be, so I was not surprised at getting that as the readout.''). 673 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 22. 674 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 22, 48-49. 675 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 49. 676 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 49. 677 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 22. 678 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 27. 679 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 48-49. 680 Croft Dep. Tr. at 118-119. 681 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 25; Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 38.
        186 682 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 89-90. 683 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 64. 684 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 38. 685 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 27. 686 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 27. 687 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 27-28. 688 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 27-28. 689 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 27-28. 690 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 108. 691 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 49. 692 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 25-26. 693 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 28. 694 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 28. 695 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 49. (''The restaurant has sort of glass doors that open onto a terrace, and we were at the first tables on the terrace, so immediately outside of the interior of the restaurant. The doors were all wide open. There were'--there was tables, a table for four, while I recall it being two tables for two pushed together. In any case, it was quite a wide table, and the table was set. There was sort of a table runner down the middle. I was directly across from Ambassador Sondland. We were close enough that we could, you know, share an appetizer between us, and then the two staffers were off to our right at this next table.''). 696 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 28. 697 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 28. 698 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 160. 699 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 28. 700 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 50. Q: Now, you said that you were able to hear President Trump's voice through the receiver. How were you able to hear if it was not on speaker phone? A: It was several things. It was quite loud when the President came on, quite distinctive. I believe Ambassador Sondland also said that he often speaks very loudly over the phone, and I certainly experienced that. When the President came on, he sort of winced and held the phone away from his ear like this, and he did that for the first couple exchanges. I don't know if he then turned the volume down, if he got used to it, if the President moderated his volume. I don't know. But that's how I was able to hear. 701 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 28-29. 702 Trump Denies Discussing Ukraine Investigations with Sondland in July Phone Call, Axios (Nov. 13, 2019) (online at: www.axios.com/trump-denies-ukraine-investigation-sondland-6063f555-2629-4f99-b2f9-fd38739c0548.html). 703 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 26. 704 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 46. 705 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 26. 706 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 26. 707 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 48.
        187 708 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 25. 709 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 25-26. 710 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 49-50. Ambassador Sondland opined that, while he may have referred to an investigation that Mr. Giuliani was pushing as an example of an investigation that President Trump cared about, he believed that he would have said ''Burisma, not Biden.'' He testified, however: Q: But do you recall saying at least referring to an investigation that Rudy Giuliani was pushing? Is that something that you likely would have said? A: I would have, yes. Id. at 50. 711 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 50. 712 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 67. 713 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 68-69. 714 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 30. 715 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 107. 716 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 34. 717 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 80. 718 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 80-81. 719 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000007 (Oct. 2, 2019). 720 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000007 (Oct. 2, 2019). 721 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000007 (Oct. 2, 2019). 722 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000019 (Oct. 2, 2019). 723 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 112. 724 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000019 (Oct. 2, 2019). 725 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 42. 726 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 42. 727 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 20-21. 728 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000019 (Oct. 2, 2019). 729 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000007 (Oct. 2, 2019). 730 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02786. 731 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000007 (Oct. 2, 2019). 732 Sondland Dep. Tr. at 192-193. 733 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000007 (Oct. 2, 2019). 734 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02797. 735 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02797. 736 Id. 737 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_03326. 738 Id. 739 Id. 740 Id.
        188 741 Id. 742 Id. 743 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02798. 744 Id. 745 Id. 746 Id. 747 Id. 748 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02799. 749 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02801. 750 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000019 (Oct. 2, 2019). 751 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000019 (Oct. 2, 2019). 752 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000019 (Oct. 2, 2019). 753 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000019 (Oct. 2, 2019). 754 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02802-03, 02813, 03326, 03719. 755 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_03326. 756 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02802. 757 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02803. 758 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_03719. 759 Id. 760 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02803. 761 Id. 762 Id. 763 Id. 764 Id. 765 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000004- KV00000005 (Oct. 2, 2019). 766 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000004- KV00000005 (Oct. 2, 2019); AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02805-06. 767 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000023 (Oct. 2, 2019). 768 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000023 (Oct. 2, 2019). 769 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000023 (Oct. 2, 2019). 770 Verizon Document Production. 771 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000042 (Oct. 2, 2019). 772 Sondland Dep. Tr. at 290; Sondland Hearing Tr. at 100-101. 773 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000042 (Oct. 2, 2019). 774 Sondland Dep. Tr. at 291. 775 Sondland Dep. Tr. at 291. 776 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000019 (Oct. 2, 2019).
        189 777 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000019 (Oct. 2, 2019). 778 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000019 (Oct. 2, 2019). 779 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000042 (Oct. 2, 2019). 780 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Opening Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, Department of State, Impeachment, 116th Cong., at 15 (Nov. 20, 2019). 781 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000042 (Oct. 2, 2019). 782 Sondland Dep. Tr. at 291-292. 783 Sondland Dep. Tr. at 291-292. 784 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Opening Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, Department of State, Impeachment, 116th Cong., at 14 (Nov. 20, 2019). 785 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000005 (Oct. 2, 2019). 786 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02816. 787 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Opening Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, Department of State, Impeachment, 116th Cong., at 22 (Nov. 20, 2019). 788 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 102. 789 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Opening Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, Department of State, Impeachment, 116th Cong., at 22 (Nov. 20, 2019). 790 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 28. 791 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000020 (Oct. 2, 2019). 792 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000007 (Oct. 2, 2019). 793 AT&T Document Production, Bates ATTHPSCI_20190930_02828. 794 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 113. 795 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 71-72. 796 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000023 (Oct. 2, 2019). 797 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000023 (Oct. 2, 2019). 798 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000023 (Oct. 2, 2019). 799 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000023 (Oct. 2, 2019). 800 WhatsApp Security (online at www.whatsapp.com/security/) (accessed Nov. 29, 2019). 801 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000043 (Oct. 2, 2019). 802 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000043 (Oct. 2, 2019). 803 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000023 (Oct. 2, 2019). 804 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000023 (Oct. 2, 2019). 805 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 43-44, 113-114. 806 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Opening Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, Department of State, Impeachment, 116th Cong., at 5 (Nov. 20, 2019). 807 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 18. 808 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 191, 197-198. 809 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 191-192. 810 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 201.
        190 811 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 198. 812 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 197. 813 Department of Justice, Ukraine Statement (Sept. 25, 2019). 814 Cleaning Up Ukraine in the Shadow of Trump, The Financial Times (Nov. 28, 2019) (online at www.ft.com/content/eb8e4004-1059-11ea-a7e6-62bf4f9e548a). 815 Cleaning Up Ukraine in the Shadow of Trump, The Financial Times (Nov. 28, 2019) (online at www.ft.com/content/eb8e4004-1059-11ea-a7e6-62bf4f9e548a). 816 Taylor Dep. Opening Statement at 9. 817 Taylor Dep. Opening Statement at 9. 818 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 196-197. 819 Taylor Dep. Opening Statement at 9. 820 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000043 (Oct. 2, 2019). 821 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 196-197. 822 Kent Dep. Tr. at 261 823 Kent Dep. Tr. at 262-263. 824 Kent Dep. Tr. at 264. 825 Kent Dep. Tr. at 264-265. 826 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000020 (Oct. 2, 2019). 827 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000043 (Oct. 2, 2019). 828 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000043 (Oct. 2, 2019). 829 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000043 (Oct. 2, 2019). 830 Volker Transcribed Interview Opening Statement at 8. 831 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 44. 832 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 21. 833 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 259-260. 834 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 260. 835 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 128. 836 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000043 (Oct. 2, 2019). 837 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 199-200. 838 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 31-32, 68; Sondland Hearing Tr. at 55-57. 839 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 71. 840 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 62, 66. 841 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 62. 842 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 90-91. 843 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Written Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, at 23, Impeachment, 116th Cong. (Nov. 20, 2019). 844 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Written Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, at 23, Impeachment, 116th Cong. (Nov. 20, 2019).
        191 845 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 104. 846 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Written Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, at 18, Impeachment, 116th Cong. (Nov. 20, 2019). 847 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 44. 848 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 75. 849 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 76. 850 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Written Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, at 23, Impeachment, 116th Cong. (Nov. 20, 2019). 851 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 30. 852 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 30. 853 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 28. 854 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 106. 855 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 31-32. 856 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 31. 857 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 40. 858 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 230. 859 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 40. 860 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 8. 861 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates 20 (Aug. 29, 2019). 862 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 80-81. A: By the time it hit Politico publicly, I believe it was the end of August. And I got a text message from, it was either the Foreign Minister or'--I think it was the future Foreign Minister. And, you know, basically, you're just'--you're'--I have to verbalize this. You're just trying to explain that we are trying this. We have a complicated system. We have a lot of players in this. We are working this. Give us time to fix it. Q: So anybody on the Ukrainian side of things ever express like grave concern that this would not get worked out? A: Not that it wouldn't get worked out, no, they did not. They expressed concern that, since this has now come out publicly in this Politico article, it looks like that they're being, you know, singled out and penalized for some reason. That's the image that that would create in Ukraine. 863 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 34. 864 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 137-138. 865 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 137-138. 866 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 174. 867 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 40. 868 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 40. 869 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 31-32. 870 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 31-32. 871 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 68. 872 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 58.
        192 873 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 40. 874 Trump, in August Call with GOP Senator, Denied Official's Claim on Ukraine Aid, Wall Street Journal (Oct. 4, 2019) (online at www.wsj.com/articles/trump-administration-used-potential-meeting-to-pressure-ukraine-on-biden-texts-indicate-11570205661). 875 Trump, in August Call With GOP Senator, Denied Official's Claim on Ukraine Aid, Wall Street Journal (Oct. 4, 2019) (online at www.wsj.com/articles/trump-administration-used-potential-meeting-to-pressure-ukraine-on-biden-texts-indicate-11570205661). 876 Letter from Senator Ron Johnson to Ranking Member Jim Jordan, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, and Ranking Member Devin Nunes, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Nov. 18, 2019) (online at www.ronjohnson.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/e0b73c19-9370-42e6-88b1-b2458eaeeecd/johnson-to-jordan-nunes.pdf). 877 Letter from Senator Ron Johnson to Ranking Member Jim Jordan, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, and Ranking Member Devin Nunes, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Nov. 18, 2019) (online at www.ronjohnson.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/e0b73c19-9370-42e6-88b1-b2458eaeeecd/johnson-to-jordan-nunes.pdf). 878 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf). 879 Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Background to ''Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections'': The Analytic Process and Cyber Incident Attribution (Jan. 6, 2017) (online at www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICA_2017_01.pdf). 880 Letter from Senator Ron Johnson to Ranking Member Jim Jordan, Committee on Oversight and Reform, and Ranking Member Devin Nunes, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Nov. 18, 2019) (online at www.ronjohnson.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/e0b73c19-9370-42e6-88b1-b2458eaeeecd/johnson-to-jordan-nunes.pdf). 881 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 30. 882 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. at 251-252; Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 41. 883 Williams Dep. Tr. at 74-77. 884 Williams Dep. Tr.at 76. 885 Williams Dep. Tr. at 78-79. 886 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 30. 887 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 38. See also Sondland Hearing Tr. at 57: A: I don't know exactly what I said to him. This was a briefing attended by many people, and I was invited at the very last minute. I wasn't scheduled to be there. But I think I spoke up at some point late in the meeting and said, it looks like everything is being held up until these statements get made, and that's my, you know, personal belief. Q: And Vice President Pence just nodded his head? A: Again, I don't recall any exchange or where he asked me any questions. I think he'--it was sort of a duly noted response. Q: Well, he didn't say, Gordon, what are you talking about? A: No, he did not. Q: He didn't say, what investigations? A: He did not.
        193 888 Pence Disputes that Sondland Raised Concerns to Him About Ukraine Aid-Investigations Link, Wall Street Journal (Nov. 20, 2019) (online at www.wsj.com/livecoverage/gordon-sondland-testifies-impeachment/card/1574268547). 889 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 190. 890 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 35. 891 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 190-191. 892 Williams Dep. Tr. at 81. 893 Williams Dep. Tr. at 82. 894 Williams Dep. Tr. at 82-83. 895 Williams Dep. Tr. at 83. 896 Williams Dep. Tr. at 83. 897 How a CIA Analyst, Alarmed by Trump's Shadow Foreign Policy, Triggered an Impeachment Inquiry, Washington Post (Nov. 16, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/how-a-cia-analyst-alarmed-by-trumps-shadow-foreign-policy-triggered-an-impeachment-inquiry/2019/11/15/042684a8-03c3-11ea-8292-c46ee8cb3dce_story.html). 898 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 31. 899 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 31. 900 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 134. 901 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 155. 902 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 155. 903 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 137. 904 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 182. 905 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 184. 906 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 228. 907 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 154. 908 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 42. 909 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 42. 910 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 57. 911 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates 39 (Oct. 4, 2019). 912 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 42. 913 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 190. 914 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 190. 915 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 190. 916 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 60. 917 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 59. 918 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 59-60. 919 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 190-191. 920 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 52. 921 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 53-54; Morrison Dep. Tr. at 238.
        194 922 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 43-44. 923 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates 53 (Oct. 4, 2019). 924 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 44. 925 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 44. 926 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 44. 927 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 109-110. 928 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 109-110. 929 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 110-111. 930 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 45. 931 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 45, 63. 932 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 45. 933 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 110. Ambassador Volker also testified that Ambassador Sondland used the same analogy to him when discussing the release of the hold on security assistance. Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 96-97. 934 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates 53 (Oct. 4, 2019). 935 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 209. 936 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates 53 (Oct. 4, 2019). 937 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 54. 938 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 54. 939 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 54. 940 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 54. 941 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates 53 (Oct. 4, 2019). 942 Sondland Dep. Tr. at 217. 943 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 26 (''Was there a quid pro quo? As I testified previously with regard to the requested White House call and the White House meeting, the answer is yes.''). 944 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 41. 945 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 112 946 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 61-62. 947 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 39. 948 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 39. 949 Maguire Hearing Tr. at 110; Whistleblower Compl. Appendix 2. Public reporting indicates that ''[l]awyers from the White House counsel's office told Mr. Trump in late August about the complaint, explaining that they were trying to determine whether they were legally required to give it to Congress.'' Trump Knew of Whistle-Blower Complaint When He Released Aid to Ukraine, New York Times (Nov. 26, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/11/26/us/politics/trump-whistle-blower-complaint-ukraine.html). 950 Letter from Michael Atkinson, Inspector General of the Intelligence Community, to Chairman Adam B. Schiff and Ranking Member Devin Nunes, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Sept. 9, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/20190909_-_ic_ig_letter_to_hpsci_on_whistleblower.pdf). 951 Letter from Michael Atkinson, Inspector General of the Intelligence Community, to Chairman Adam B. Schiff and Ranking Member Devin Nunes, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Sept. 9, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/20190909_-_ic_ig_letter_to_hpsci_on_whistleblower.pdf).
        195 952 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 118. See also Witness Testimony and Records Raise Questions About Account of Trump's 'No Quid Pro Quo' Call, Washington Post (Nov. 27, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/politics/witness-testimony-and-records-raise-questions-about-account-of-trumps-no-quid-pro-quo-call/2019/11/27/425545c2-0d49-11ea-8397-a955cd542d00_story.html). 953 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 118. 954 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 73. 955 Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland at 1 (Nov. 4, 2019). This addendum did not address the July 26 telephone conversation that Sondland had with President Trump, which he only recalled following the testimony of David Holmes on November 15, 2019. 956 Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland at 3 (Nov. 4, 2019). 957 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 43-44; Morrison Dep. Tr. at 190-191. 958 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 190-191; Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 43-44. 959 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 109. 960 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 45, 109. 961 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates 20 (Oct. 4, 2019). 962 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates 20 (Oct. 4, 2019). 963 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates 53 (Oct. 4, 2019). 964 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates 53 (Oct. 4, 2019). 965 The White House, Press Briefing by Acting Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney (Oct. 17, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/press-briefing-acting-chief-staff-mick-mulvaney/). 966 The White House, Press Briefing by Acting Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney (Oct. 17, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/press-briefing-acting-chief-staff-mick-mulvaney/). 967 The White House, Press Briefing by Acting Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney (Oct. 17, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/press-briefing-acting-chief-staff-mick-mulvaney/). Ambassador Taylor's testimony contradicted Mr. Mulvaney's statement about the ubiquity of such quid pro quos in American foreign policy. Ambassador Taylor testified that in his decades of military and diplomatic service, he had never seen another example of foreign aid conditioned on the personal or political interests of the President. Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 55. Rather, ''We condition assistance on issues that will improve our foreign policy, serve our foreign policy, ensure that taxpayers' money is well-spent.'' Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 150. 968 There were early concerns raised in the House and Senate about the frozen aid, even before the news became public. On August 9, the Democratic leadership of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees wrote to OMB and the White House warning that the August 3 letter apportionment might constitute an illegal impoundment of funds. They urged the Trump Administration to adhere to the law and obligate the withheld funding. Letter from Vice Chairman Patrick Leahy, Senate Committee on Appropriations, and Chairwoman Nita M. Lowey, House Committee on Appropriations, to Acting Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney, The White House, and Acting Director Russell Vought, Office of Management and Budget (Aug. 9, 2019) (online at https://appropriations.house.gov/sites/democrats.appropriations.house.gov/files/documents/SFOPS%20Apportionment%20Letter%20Lowey-Leahy%20Signed%202019.8.9.pdf). On August 19, the Democratic leadership of the House and Senate Budget Committees wrote to OMB and the White House urging the Administration to comply with appropriations law and the Impoundment Control Act. Letter from Chairman John Yarmuth, House Committee on the Budget, and Ranking Member Bernard Sanders, Senate Committee on the Budget, to Acting Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney, The White House (Aug. 19, 2019) (online at https://budget.house.gov/sites/democrats.budget.house.gov/files/documents/OMB%20Letter_081919.pdf). 969 Letter from Senators Jeanne Shaheen, Rob Portman, Richard Durbin, Ron Johnson, and Richard Blumenthal to Acting White House Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney (Sept. 3, 2019) (online at www.shaheen.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Ukraine%20Security%20Letter%209.3.2019.pdf).
        196 970 Letter from Senators Jeanne Shaheen, Rob Portman, Richard Durbin, Ron Johnson, and Richard Blumenthal to Acting White House Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney (Sept. 3, 2019) (online at www.shaheen.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Ukraine%20Security%20Letter%209.3.2019.pdf). 971 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel and Ranking Member Michael T. McCaul, House Foreign Affairs Committee to Mick Mulvaney, Director, and Russell Vought, Acting Director, Office of Management and Budget, The White House (Sept. 5, 2019) (online at https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/_cache/files/c/4/c49328c2-941b-4c41-8c00-8c1515f0972f/D1968A9C42455BB3AFC38F97D966857B.ele-mccaul-letter-to-mulvaney-vought-on-ukraine-assistance.pdf). 972 Trump Tries to Force Ukraine to Meddle in the 2020 Election, Washington Post (Sept. 5, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/is-trump-strong-arming-ukraines-new-president-for-political-gain/2019/09/05/4eb239b0-cffa-11e9-8c1c-7c8ee785b855_story.html). 973 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 37-38. 974 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 38. 975 See Letter from Senator Christopher Murphy, to Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform (Nov. 19, 2019) (online at www.murphy.senate.gov/download/111919-sen-murphy-letter-to-house-impeachment-investigators-on-ukraine) (''Senator Johnson and I assured Zelensky that Congress wanted to continue this funding, and would press Trump to release it immediately.''); Letter from Senator Ron Johnson, to Ranking Member Jim Jordan, Committee on Oversight and Reform, and Ranking Member Devin Nunes, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Nov. 18, 2019) (online at www.ronjohnson.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/e0b73c19-9370-42e6-88b1-b2458eaeeecd/johnson-to-jordan-nunes.pdf) (''I explained that I had tried to persuade the president to authorize me to announce the hold was released but that I was unsuccessful.''). 976 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Three House Committees Launch Probe Into Trump and Giuliani Pressure Campaign (Sept. 9, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=685). 977 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Pat Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House (Sept. 9, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/ele_schiff_cummings_letter_to_cipollone_on_ukraine.pdf). 978 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Pat Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House (Sept. 9, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/ele_schiff_cummings_letter_to_cipollone_on_ukraine.pdf). 979 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Pat Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House (Sept. 9, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/ele_schiff_cummings_letter_to_cipollone_on_ukraine.pdf). 980 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Michael R. Pompeo, Secretary of State (Sept. 9, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/ele_schiff_cummings_letter_to_sec_pompeo_on_ukraine.pdf). 981 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 245. 982 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 245. 983 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 303. 984 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 304. 985 Letter from Michael Atkinson, Inspector General of the Intelligence Community, to Chairman Adam B. Schiff and Ranking Member Devin Nunes, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Sept. 9, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/20190909_-_ic_ig_letter_to_hpsci_on_whistleblower.pdf).
        197 986 Letter from Michael Atkinson, Inspector General of the Intelligence Community, to Chairman Adam B. Schiff and Ranking Member Devin Nunes, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Sept. 9, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/20190909_-_ic_ig_letter_to_hpsci_on_whistleblower.pdf); see also 50 U.S.C. § 3033(k)(5) (setting forth procedures for reporting of complaints or information with respect to an ''urgent concern'' to Congressional intelligence committees). 987 Maguire Hearing Tr. at 14 (''As a result, we consulted with the White House Counsel's Office, and we were advised that much of the information in the complaint was, in fact, subject to executive privilege, a privilege that I do not have the authority to waive. Because of that, we were unable to immediately share the details of the complaint with this committee but continued to consult with the White House counsels in an effort to do so.''). 988 Maguire Hearing Tr. at 15-16 (''Because the allegation on its face did not appear to fall in the statutory framework, my office consulted with the United States Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel. '... After reviewing the complaint and the Inspector General's transmission letter, the Office of Legal Counsel determined that the complaint's allegations do not meet the statutory definition concerning legal urgent concern, and found that I was not legally required to transmit the material to our oversight committee under the Whistleblower Protection Act.''). 989 Maguire Hearing Tr. at 22-23. See also CIA's Top Lawyer Made 'Criminal Referral' on Complaint about Trump Ukraine Call, NBC News (Oct. 4, 2019) (online at www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/cia-s-top-lawyer-made-criminal-referral-whistleblower-s-complaint-n1062481) (reporting that the CIA's General Counsel, Courtney Simmons Elwood, informed NSC chief lawyer John Eisenberg about an anonymous whistleblower complaint on August 14, 2019). 990 Maguire Hearing Tr. at 14, 21-22. On September 26, Acting DNI Maguire testified that he and the ODNI General Counsel first consulted with the White House counsel's office before discussing the whistleblower complaint with the Department of Justice's Office of Legal Counsel: The Chairman. I'm just trying to understand the chronology. You first went to the Office of Legal Counsel, and then you went to the White House Counsel? Acting Director Maguire. No, no, no, sir. No, sir. No. We went to the White House first to determine'--to ask the question'-- The Chairman. That's all I want to know is the chronology. So you went to the White House first. So you went to the subject of the complaint for advice first about whether you should provide the complaint to Congress? Acting Director Maguire. There were issues within this, a couple of things: One, it did appear that it has executive privilege. If it does have executive privilege, it is the White House that determines that. I cannot determine that, as the Director of National Intelligence. Id. at 21-22. 991 Trump Knew of Whistle-Blower Complaint When He Released Aid to Ukraine, New York Times (Nov. 26, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/11/26/us/politics/trump-whistle-blower-complaint-ukraine.html). 992 Trump Knew of Whistle-Blower Complaint When He Released Aid to Ukraine, New York Times (Nov. 26, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/11/26/us/politics/trump-whistle-blower-complaint-ukraine.html). The Administration repeatedly referenced privilege concerns in connection with the whistleblower complaint. See, e.g., Letter from Jason Klitenic, General Counsel, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, to Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Sept. 13, 2019) (noting that ''the complaint involves confidential and potentially privileged communications by persons outside the Intelligence Community'') (emphasis added); Letter from Jason Klitenic, General Counsel, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, to Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Sept. 17, 2019) (characterizing subpoena to the Acting DNI for documents as demanding ''sensitive and potentially privileged'' materials and whistleblower complaint as involving ''potentially privileged matters relating to the interests of other stakeholders within the Executive Branch'') (emphasis added). However, the White House never formally invoked executive privilege as to the whistleblower complaint. See Maguire Hearing Tr. at 20 (''Chairman Schiff: So they never asserted executive privilege, is that the answer?
        198 Acting Director Maguire: Mr. Chairman, if they did, we would not have released the letters yesterday and all the information that has been forthcoming.''). 993 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, to Joseph Maguire, Acting Director of National Intelligence (Sept. 10, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/20190910_-_chm_schiff_letter_to_acting_dni_maguire.pdf). 994 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, to Joseph Maguire, Acting Director of National Intelligence (Sept. 10, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/20190910_-_chm_schiff_letter_to_acting_dni_maguire.pdf). 995 See Letter from Jason Klitenic, General Counsel, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, to Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Sept. 13, 2019). 996 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, to Joseph Maguire, Acting Director of National Intelligence (Sept. 13, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/20190913_-_chm_schiff_letter_to_acting_dni_re_whistleblower_-_subpoena.pdf). 997 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf). 998 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 305-06; Morrison Dep. Tr. at 242. 999 Morrison Dep. Tr. at 242. 1000 See, e.g., Morrison Dep. Tr. at 244; Vindman Dep. Tr. at 306; Williams Dep. Tr. at 147. 1001 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 68-69. 1002 Williams Dep. Tr. at 147. Ms. Williams did testify that President Trump's pressure on President Zelensky to open investigations into the Bidens on the July 25 call ''shed some light on possible other motivations behind a security assistance hold.'' Williams Dep. Tr. at 149. 1003 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 42, 139-140. According to a press report, after Congress began investigating President Trump's scheme, the White House Counsel's Office reportedly opened an internal investigation relating to the July 25 call. As part of that internal investigation, White House lawyers gathered and reviewed ''hundreds of documents'' that ''reveal extensive efforts to generate an after-the-fact justification'' for the hold on military assistance for Ukraine ordered by President Trump. These documents reportedly include ''early August email exchanges between acting chief of staff Mick Mulvaney and White House budget officials seeking to provide an explanation for withholding the funds after the president had already ordered a hold in mid-July on the nearly $400 million in security assistance.'' White House Review Turns Up Emails Showing Extensive Effort to Justify Trump's Decision to Block Ukraine Military Aid, Washington Post (Nov. 24, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/politics/white-house-review-turns-up-emails-showing-extensive-effort-to-justify-trumps-decision-to-block-ukraine-military-aid/2019/11/24/2121cf98-0d57-11ea-bd9d-c628fd48b3a0_story.html). The White House has withheld these documents from the Committee, so the Committee cannot verify the accuracy of the reporting as of the publication of this report. 1004 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 49. 1005 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 42, 44. 1006 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 180. 1007 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 306. 1008 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 83. 1009 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 47-48, 58, 112-114; Sandy Dep. Tr. at 34-35, 85-86, 95, 128, 139-131, 133; Morrison Dep. Tr. at 163; Kent Dep. Tr. at 308-309; Reeker Dep. Tr. at 133. News reports indicate that a confidential White House review of President Trump's hold on military assistance to Ukraine has identified hundreds of documents revealing ''extensive efforts to generate an after-the-fact justification for the decision and a debate over whether the delay was legal.'' White House Review Turns Up Emails Showing Extensive Effort to Justify Trump's Decision to Block Ukraine Military Aid, Washington Post (Nov. 24, 2019) (online at
        199 www.washingtonpost.com/politics/white-house-review-turns-up-emails-showing-extensive-effort-to-justify-trumps-decision-to-block-ukraine-military-aid/2019/11/24/2121cf98-0d57-11ea-bd9d-c628fd48b3a0_story.html). According to ''two people briefed on an internal White House review,'' in August, Acting Chief of Staff Mulvaney ''asked '... whether there was a legal justification for withholding hundreds of millions of dollars in military aid to Ukraine.'' Mulvaney Asked About Legal Justification for Withholding Ukraine Aid, New York Times (Nov. 24, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/11/24/us/politics/mulvaney-ukraine-aid.html). Reports indicate that, ''[e]mails show [OMB Director] Vought and OMB staffers arguing that withholding aid was legal, while officials at the National Security Council and State Department protested. OMB lawyers said that it was legal to withhold the aid, as long as they deemed it a 'temporary' hold.'' White House Review Turns Up Emails Showing Extensive Effort to Justify Trump's Decision to Block Ukraine Military Aid, Washington Post (Nov. 24, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/politics/white-house-review-turns-up-emails-showing-extensive-effort-to-justify-trumps-decision-to-block-ukraine-military-aid/2019/11/24/2121cf98-0d57-11ea-bd9d-c628fd48b3a0_story.html). The White House and State Department's obstruction of Congress has prevented the Committee from obtaining any documents on this matter and, therefore, the Committee cannot verify the accuracy of this reporting as of the publication of this report. 1010 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 80. 1011 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 146-147. 1012 See Department of Defense, DOD Budget Materials (FY2011-FY2018) (online at https://comptroller.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/). In 1974, President Nixon impounded 15-20 percent of a number of specific programs, which prompted the passage of the Impoundment Control Act of 1974. Congressional Research Service, The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-344) Legislative History and Analysis (Feb. 26, 1975). 1013 Department of Defense and Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations Act, 2019 and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2019, Pub. L. No. 115-245, § 9013 (2018); Sandy Dep. Tr. at 147. 1014 Continuing Appropriations Act 2020, and Health Extenders Act of 2019, Pub. L. No. 116-59, § 124 (2019). 1015 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 98. 1016 $35 Million in Pentagon Aid Hasn't Reached Ukraine Despite White House Assurances, L.A. Times (Nov. 19, 2019) (online at www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-11-19/documents-show-nearly-40-million-in-ukraine-aid-delayed-despite-white-house-assurances). 1017 Zelensky Planned to Announce Trump's 'Quo' on My Show. Here's What Happened, Washington Post (Nov. 14, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/zelensky-was-planning-to-announce-trumps-quid-pro-quo-on-my-show-heres-what-happened/2019/11/14/47938f32-072a-11ea-8292-c46ee8cb3dce_story.html). 1018 Zelensky Planned to Announce Trump's 'Quo' on My Show. Here's What Happened, Washington Post (Nov. 4, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/zelensky-was-planning-to-announce-trumps-quid-pro-quo-on-my-show-heres-what-happened/2019/11/14/47938f32-072a-11ea-8292-c46ee8cb3dce_story.html). 1019 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 40. 1020 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 106. 1021 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 106. 1022 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 33. 1023 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 33. 1024 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 41. 1025 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 217-18. 1026 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 217-18. 1027 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 30.
        200 1028 Zelensky Planned to Announce Trump's 'Quo' on My Show. Here's What Happened, Washington Post (Nov. 4, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/zelensky-was-planning-to-announce-trumps-quid-pro-quo-on-my-show-heres-what-happened/2019/11/14/47938f32-072a-11ea-8292-c46ee8cb3dce_story.html). 1029 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 33; see also Zelensky Planned to Announce Trump's 'Quo' on My Show. Here's What Happened, Washington Post (Nov. 4, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/zelensky-was-planning-to-announce-trumps-quid-pro-quo-on-my-show-heres-what-happened/2019/11/14/47938f32-072a-11ea-8292-c46ee8cb3dce_story.html). 1030 Kent. Dep. Tr. at 333. 1031 Kent Dep. Tr. at 329-31. 1032 Kent Dep. Tr. at 330. 1033 Zelensky Planned to Announce Trump's 'Quo' on My Show. Here's What Happened, Washington Post (Nov. 4, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/zelensky-was-planning-to-announce-trumps-quid-pro-quo-on-my-show-heres-what-happened/2019/11/14/47938f32-072a-11ea-8292-c46ee8cb3dce_story.html). 1034 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 46-47. 1035 Williams Dep. Tr. at 156. 1036 Williams Dep. Tr. at 156. 1037 Pence Says He's Working to Release Transcripts of His Calls with Ukraine Leader, Politico (Oct. 9, 2019) (online at www.politico.com/news/2019/10/09/pence-ukraine-zelensky-biden-043684). 1038 Pence: I Don't Object To Releasing My Call Transcripts With Zelensky, Fox Business (Nov. 7, 2019) (online at www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2019/11/07/pence_i_dont_object_to_releasing_my_call_transcripts_with_zelensky.html). 1039 Rudy Giuliani's Remarkable Ukraine Interview, Annotated, Washington Post (Sept. 20, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/20/rudy-giulianis-remarkable-ukraine-interview-annotated/). 1040 The White House, Remarks by President Trump and President Duda of Poland Before Bilateral Meeting (Sept. 23, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-president-duda-poland-bilateral-meeting/). 1041 The White House, Remarks by President Trump Upon Arriving at the U.N. General Assembly (Sept. 24, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-upon-arriving-u-n-general-assembly-new-york-ny/). 1042 The White House, Remarks by President Trump and President Zelensky of Ukraine Before Bilateral Meeting (Sept 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-president-zelensky-ukraine-bilateral-meeting-new-york-ny/). 1043 The White House, Remarks by President Trump at the Swearing-in Ceremony of Secretary of Labor Eugene Scalia (Sept 30, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-swearing-ceremony-secretary-labor-eugene-scalia/). 1044 The White House, Remarks by President Trump and President Niinist¶ of the Republic of Finland Before Bilateral Meeting (Oct. 2, 2019) (www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-president-niinisto-republic-finland-bilateral-meeting/). 1045 The White House, Remarks by President Trump Before Marine One Departure (Oct. 3, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-marine-one-departure-67/). 1046 The White House, Remarks by President Trump Before Marine One Departure (Oct. 4, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-marine-one-departure-68).
        201 1047 The White House, Remarks by President Trump Before Marine One Departure (Oct. 4, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-marine-one-departure-68). 1048 The White House, Remarks by President Trump Before Marine One Departure (Oct. 3, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-marine-one-departure-67/). These recent statements by President inviting foreign assistance for his personal political interests are consistent with his statements to George Stephanopoulos of ABC News on June 12, when President Trump indicated a desire to receive dirt on a political opponent provided by a foreign country. ABC News' Oval Office interview with President Trump, ABC News (Jun. 13, 2019) (online at https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/abc-news-oval-office-interview-president-donald-trump/story?id=63688943). 1049 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 46-47, 91-92. 1050 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 158-19; Holmes Dep. Tr. at 100; Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 43. 1051 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 24. 1052 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 46. 1053 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 165. 1054 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 165. 1055 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 24. 1056 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 55-56. 1057 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 164. 1058 Kent Dep. Tr. at 329; Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 138-139. 1059 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 139. 1060 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. at 139.
        202 SECTION II. THE PRESIDENT'S OBSTRUCTION OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES' IMPEACHMENT INQUIRY
        203 1. Constitutional Authority for Congressional Oversight and Impeachment Article I of the Constitution vests in the House of Representatives the ''sole Power of Impeachment.'' Congress is authorized to conduct oversight and investigations in support of its Article I powers. The Supreme Court'--and previous Presidents'--have acknowledged these authorities. Overview The House's Constitutional and legal authority to conduct an impeachment inquiry is clear, as is the duty of the President to cooperate with the House's exercise of this authority. The Constitution vests in the House of Representatives the ''sole Power of Impeachment'' as well as robust oversight powers. As the Founders intended, the courts have agreed, and prior Presidents have acknowledged, the House's sweeping powers to investigate are at their peak during an impeachment inquiry of a President. Congress has also enacted statutes to support its power to investigate and oversee the Executive Branch. Unlike President Donald J. Trump, past Presidents who were the subject of impeachment inquiries acknowledged Congress' authority to investigate and'--to varying degrees'--complied with information requests and subpoenas. Even so, the House has previously determined that partial noncooperation can serve as a ground for an article of impeachment against a President as it would upend the separation of powers to allow the President to dictate the scope of an impeachment inquiry. When President Richard Nixon withheld tape recordings and produced heavily edited and inaccurate records, the House Judiciary Committee approved an article of impeachment for obstruction. Constitutional Power of Congress to Investigate'--and to Impeach Article I of the U.S. Constitution gives the House of Representatives the ''sole Power of Impeachment.''1 The Framers intended the impeachment power to be an essential check on a President who might engage in corruption or abuse power. For example, during the Constitutional Convention, George Mason stated: No point is of more importance than that the right of impeachment should be continued. Shall any man be above Justice? Above all shall that man be above it, who can commit the most extensive injustice? '... Shall the man who has practised corruption & by that means procured his appointment in the first instance, be suffered to escape punishment, by repeating his guilt?2 Congress is empowered to conduct oversight and investigations to carry out its authorities under Article I.3 In light of the core nature of the impeachment power to the nation's Constitutional system of checks and balances, Congress' investigative authority is at its zenith during an impeachment inquiry.4
        204 As the House Judiciary Committee explained during the impeachment of President Nixon: Whatever the limits of legislative power in other contexts'--and whatever need may otherwise exist for preserving the confidentiality of Presidential conversations'--in the context of an impeachment proceeding the balance was struck in favor of the power of inquiry when the impeachment provision was written into the Constitution.5 This conclusion echoed an early observation on the floor of the House of Representatives that the ''House possessed the power of impeachment solely, and that this authority certainly implied the right to inspect every paper and transaction in any department, otherwise the power of impeachment could never be exercised with any effect.''6 The House's ''sole Power of Impeachment'' is the mechanism provided by the Constitution to hold sitting Presidents accountable for serious misconduct. The Department of Justice has highlighted the importance of the impeachment power in justifying the Department's view that a sitting President cannot be indicted or face criminal prosecution while in office.7 The Department's position that the President is immune from prosecution has not been endorsed by Congress or the courts, but as long as the Department continues to refuse to prosecute a sitting President, Congress has a heightened responsibility to exercise its impeachment power, if necessary, to ensure that no President is ''above the law.''8 The Supreme Court has recognized that Congress has broad oversight authority under the Constitution to inquire about a wide array of topics, even outside the context of impeachment: The power of inquiry has been employed by Congress throughout our history, over the whole range of the national interests concerning which Congress might legislate or decide upon due investigation not to legislate; it has similarly been utilized in determining what to appropriate from the national purse, or whether to appropriate. The scope of the power of inquiry, in short, is as penetrating and farreaching as the potential power to enact and appropriate under the Constitution.9 The Supreme Court has made clear that Congress' authority to investigate includes the authority to compel the production of information by issuing subpoenas,10 a power the House has delegated to its committees pursuant to its Constitutional authority to ''determine the Rules of its Proceedings.''11 The Supreme Court has affirmed that compliance with Congressional subpoenas is mandatory: It is unquestionably the duty of all citizens to cooperate with the Congress in its efforts to obtain the facts needed for intelligent legislative action. It is their unremitting obligation to respond to subpoenas, to respect the dignity of the Congress and its committees and to testify fully with respect to matters within the province of proper investigation.12
        205 Federal courts have held that the ''legal duty'' to respond to Congressional subpoenas extends to the President's ''senior-level aides'' and that the failure to comply violates the separation of powers principles in the Constitution.13 As one court recently explained: [W]hen a committee of Congress seeks testimony and records by issuing a valid subpoena in the context of a duly authorized investigation, it has the Constitution's blessing, and ultimately, it is acting not in its own interest, but for the benefit of the People of the United States. If there is fraud or abuse or waste or corruption in the federal government, it is the constitutional duty of Congress to find the facts and, as necessary, take corrective action. Conducting investigations is the means that Congress uses to carry out that constitutional obligation. Thus, blatant defiance of Congress' centuries-old power to compel the performance of witnesses is not an abstract injury, nor is it a mere banal insult to our democracy. It is an affront to the mechanism for curbing abuses of power that the Framers carefully crafted for our protection, and, thereby, recalcitrant witnesses actually undermine the broader interests of the People of the United States.14 Laws Passed by Congress Congress has enacted statutes to support its power to investigate and oversee the Executive Branch. These laws impose criminal and other penalties on those who fail to comply with inquiries from Congress or block others from doing so, and they reflect the broader Constitutional requirement to cooperate with Congressional investigations. For example: ' Obstructing Congress: Obstructing a Congressional investigation is a crime punishable by up to five years in prison. An individual is guilty of obstruction if he or she ''corruptly, or by threats or force, or by any threatening letter or communication influences, obstructs, or impedes or endeavors to influence, obstruct, or impede'' the ''due and proper exercise of the power of inquiry under which any inquiry or investigation is being had by either House, or any committee of either House.''15 ' Concealing Material Facts: Concealing information from Congress is also punishable by up to five years in prison. This prohibition applies to anyone who ''falsifies, conceals, or covers up'' a ''material fact'' in connection with ''any investigation or review, conducted pursuant to the authority of any committee, subcommittee, commission or office of the Congress, consistent with applicable rules of the House or Senate.''16 ' Intimidating and Harassing Witnesses: Intimidating witnesses in a Congressional investigation is a crime punishable by up to twenty years in prison. This statute applies to anyone who ''knowingly uses intimidation, threatens, or corruptly persuades another person, or attempts to do so, or engages in misleading conduct toward another person,'' with the intent to ''influence, delay, or prevent the testimony of any person in an official proceeding.''17 An individual who ''intentionally harasses another person and thereby hinders, delays, prevents, or dissuades'' a person from ''attending or testifying in an official proceeding'' is also guilty of a crime punishable by fines and up to three years in prison.18
        206 ' Retaliating Against Employees Who Provide Information to Congress: Employees who speak to Congress have the right not to have adverse personnel actions taken against them. Retaliatory actions taken against Executive Branch employees who cooperate with Congress may constitute violations of this law.19 Any Executive Branch official who ''prohibits or prevents'' or ''attempts or threatens to prohibit or prevent'' any officer or employee of the federal government from speaking with Congress could have his or her salary withheld.20 Precedent of Previous Impeachments and Other Investigations Unlike President Trump, past Presidents who were the subject of impeachment inquiries'--including Presidents Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon, and Bill Clinton'--acknowledged Congress' authority to investigate and, to varying degrees, complied with information requests and subpoenas. For example, President Johnson complied with the House's requests for information. According to a report subsequently adopted by the House Judiciary Committee, ''There is no evidence that Johnson ever asserted any privilege to prevent disclosure of presidential conversations to the Committee, or failed to comply with any of the Committee's requests.''21 Similarly, President Clinton provided written responses to 81 interrogatories from the House Judiciary Committee during the House's impeachment inquiry.22 Even President Nixon agreed to let his staff testify voluntarily in the Senate Watergate investigation, stating: ''All members of the White House Staff will appear voluntarily when requested by the committee. They will testify under oath, and they will answer fully all proper questions.''23 As a result, numerous senior White House officials testified, including White House Counsel John Dean III, White House Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman, Deputy Assistant to the President Alexander Butterfield, and Chief Advisor to the President for Domestic Affairs John D. Ehrlichman.24 President Nixon also produced numerous documents and records in response to the House's subpoenas as part of its impeachment inquiry, including more than 30 transcripts of White House recordings and notes from meetings with the President.25 However, President Nixon's production of documents was incomplete. For example, he did not produce tape recordings, and transcripts he produced were heavily edited or inaccurate. President Nixon claimed that his noncompliance with House subpoenas was necessary to protect the confidentiality of Presidential conversations, but the House Judiciary Committee rejected these arguments and approved an article of impeachment for obstruction of the House's impeachment inquiry.26 In a letter to President Nixon, Judiciary Committee Chairman Peter Rodino explained that it would upend the separation of powers to allow the President to dictate the scope of an impeachment inquiry:
        207 Under the Constitution it is not within the power of the President to conduct an inquiry into his own impeachment, to determine which evidence, and what version or portion of that evidence, is relevant and necessary to such an inquiry. These are matters which, under the Constitution, the House has the sole power to determine.27 Consistent with that long-settled understanding, other Presidents have recognized that they must comply with information requests issued in a House impeachment inquiry. In 1846, for example, President James Polk stated in a message to the House: It may be alleged that the power of impeachment belongs to the House of Representatives, and that with a view to the exercise of this power, that House has the right to investigate the conduct of all public officers under the government. This is cheerfully admitted. In such a case, the safety of the Republic would be the supreme law; and the power of the House in the pursuit of this object would penetrate into the most secret recesses of the executive departments. It could command the attendance of any and every agent of the government, and compel them to produce all papers, public or private, official or unofficial, and to testify on oath to all facts within their knowledge.28 Past Presidents have also produced documents and permitted senior officials to testify in connection with other Congressional investigations, including inquiries into Presidential actions. For example, in the Iran-Contra inquiry, President Ronald Reagan's former National Security Advisor, Oliver North, and the former Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, John Poindexter, testified before Congress.29 President Reagan also produced ''relevant excerpts of his personal diaries to Congress.''30 During the Clinton Administration, Congress obtained testimony from top advisors to President Bill Clinton, including Chief of Staff Mack McLarty, Chief of Staff Erskine Bowles, White House Counsel Bernard Nussbaum, and White House Counsel Jack Quinn.31 Similarly, in the Benghazi investigation, led by Chairman Trey Gowdy, President Barack Obama made many of his top aides available for transcribed interviews, including National Security Advisor Susan Rice and Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategic Communications Benjamin Rhodes.32 The Obama Administration also produced more than 75,000 pages of documents in that investigation, including 1,450 pages of White House emails containing communications of senior officials on the National Security Council.33
        208 2. The President's Categorical Refusal to Comply President Trump categorically directed the White House, federal departments and agencies, and federal officials not to cooperate with the House's inquiry and not to comply with duly authorized subpoenas for documents or testimony. Overview Donald Trump is the first and only President in American history to openly and indiscriminately defy all aspects of the Constitutional impeachment process, ordering all federal agencies and officials categorically not to comply with voluntary requests or compulsory demands for documents or testimony. On September 26, President Trump argued that Congress should not be ''allowed'' to impeach him under the Constitution and that there ''should be a way of stopping it'--maybe legally, through the courts.'' A common theme of his defiance has been his claims that Congress is acting in an unprecedented way and using unprecedented rules. However, the House has been following the same investigative rules that Republicans championed when they were in control. On October 8, White House Counsel Pat Cipollone'--acting on behalf of President Trump'--sent a letter to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and the three investigating Committees confirming that President Trump directed his entire Administration not to cooperate with the House's impeachment inquiry. Mr. Cipollone wrote: ''President Trump cannot permit his Administration to participate in this partisan inquiry under these circumstances.'' Mr. Cipollone's letter elicited immediate criticism from legal experts across the political spectrum. He advanced remarkably politicized arguments and legal theories unsupported by the Constitution, judicial precedent, and more than 200 years of history. If allowed to stand, the President's defiance, as justified by Mr. Cipollone, would represent an existential threat to the nation's Constitutional system of checks and balances, separation of powers, and rule of law. The House's Impeachment Inquiry of President Trump In January, the House of Representatives voted to adopt its rules for the 116th Congress. These rules authorized House committees to conduct investigations, hold hearings, issue subpoenas for documents and testimony, and depose witnesses.34 Significantly, these authorities are similar to those adopted when Republicans controlled the House during previous Congresses.35 In April, Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller III, who was appointed by then-Deputy Attorney General Rod J. Rosenstein to investigate Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. Presidential election and potential obstruction of justice by President Trump, issued a two-volume report.36 In connection with that report, the Committee on the Judiciary began an inquiry into ''whether to approve articles of impeachment with respect to the President.''37 The Judiciary
        209 Committee detailed its authority and intent to conduct this investigation in a series of reports, memoranda, and legal filings.38 On August 22, Rep. Jerrold Nadler, the Chairman of the Judiciary Committee, sent a letter requesting that the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the Committee on Oversight and Reform, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Committee on Financial Services provide ''information, including documents and testimony, depositions, and/or interview transcripts'' relevant to the ''ongoing impeachment investigation relating to President Trump.''39 In September, the Intelligence Committee, the Oversight Committee, and the Foreign Affairs Committee sent letters requesting documents and interviews from the White House and the Department of State regarding the actions of President Trump, the President's personal agent, Rudy Giuliani, and others to pressure Ukraine to launch investigations into former Vice President Joe Biden and a debunked conspiracy theory alleging Ukrainian interference in the 2016 election.40 On September 22, President Trump admitted to discussing former Vice President Biden and his son with the President of Ukraine during a telephone call on July 25.41 On September 24, Speaker Nancy Pelosi stated publicly that the House Committees were ''moving forward'' to ''proceed with their investigations under that umbrella of impeachment inquiry.'' She explained that, for the past several months, the House had been ''investigating in our Committees and litigating in the courts, so the House can gather 'all the relevant facts and consider whether to exercise its full Article I powers, including a constitutional power of the utmost gravity'--approval of articles of impeachment.'''42 On September 25, the White House made public a Memorandum of Telephone Conversation of President Trump's call with President Zelensky on July 25. As discussed in detail in Section I, this call record documented how President Trump directly and explicitly asked President Zelensky to launch investigations of former Vice President Biden and the 2016 election.43 Following the Speaker's announcement and the release of the call record, the Intelligence Committee, the Oversight Committee, and the Foreign Affairs Committee continued their investigation, requesting documents and information, issuing subpoenas, and conducting interviews and depositions. The Committees made clear that this information would be ''collected as part of the House's impeachment inquiry and shared among the Committees, as well as with the Committee on the Judiciary as appropriate.''44 On October 31, the House voted to approve House Resolution 660, directing the Committees ''to continue their ongoing investigations as part of the existing House of Representatives inquiry into whether sufficient grounds exist for the House of Representatives to exercise its Constitutional power to impeach Donald John Trump, President of the United States of America.'' The resolution set forth the process for holding public hearings, releasing deposition transcripts, presenting a report to the Judiciary Committee, holding proceedings
        210 within the Judiciary Committee, and submitting to the House of Representatives ''such resolutions, articles of impeachment, or other recommendations as it deems proper.''45 President Trump's Unprecedented Order Not to Comply President Trump's categorical and indiscriminate order and efforts to block witness testimony and conceal documentary evidence from the Committees investigating his conduct as part of the House's impeachment inquiry stand in contrast to his predecessors and challenge the basic tenets of the Constitutional system of checks and balances. Even before the House of Representatives launched its investigation regarding Ukraine, President Trump made numerous statements rejecting the fundamental authority of Congress to investigate his actions as well as those of his Administration. For example, on April 24, he stated, in response to Congressional investigations: ''We're fighting all the subpoenas.''46 Similarly, during a speech on July 23, he stated: ''I have an Article II, where I have to the right to do whatever I want as president.''47 When the three investigating Committees began reviewing the President's actions as part of the House's impeachment inquiry, President Trump repeatedly challenged the investigation's legitimacy in word and deed. President Trump's rhetorical attacks appeared intended not just to dispute public reports of his misconduct, but to persuade the public that the House lacks authority to investigate the President and the inquiry is therefore invalid and fraudulent. For example, the President described the impeachment inquiry as: ' ''a COUP''48 ' ''illegal, invalid, and unconstitutional''49 ' ''an unconstitutional power grab''50 ' ''Ukraine Witch Hunt''51 ' ''a continuation of the Greatest and most Destructive Witch Hunt of all time''52 ' ''a total Witch Hunt Scam by the Democrats''53 ' ''bad for the country''54 ' ''all a hoax''55 ' ''the single greatest witch hunt in American history''56 ' ''Democrat Scam''57 ' ''just another Democrat Hoax''58 ' ''a fraud against the American people''59 ' ''A Witch Hunt Scam''60 ' ''a con being perpetrated on the United States public and even the world''61 ' ''ridiculous''62 ' ''a continuation of the greatest Scam and Witch Hunt in the history of our Country''63 ' ''Ukraine Hoax''64 ' ''No Due Process Scam''65 ' ''the phony Impeachment Scam''66 ' ''the phony Impeachment Hoax''67
        211 On September 26, President Trump argued that Congress should not be ''allowed'' to impeach him under the Constitution: ''What these guys are doing'--Democrats'--are doing to this country is a disgrace and it shouldn't be allowed. There should be a way of stopping it'--maybe legally, through the courts.''68 A common theme of President Trump's defiance has been his claims that Congress is acting in an unprecedented way and using unprecedented rules. However, the House has been following the same investigative rules that Republicans championed when they were in control and conducted aggressive oversight of previous Administrations.69 White House Counsel's Letters Implementing the President's Order On October 8, White House Counsel Pat Cipollone sent a letter to Speaker Pelosi and the three Committees explaining that President Trump had directed his entire Administration not to cooperate with the House's impeachment inquiry. He wrote: Consistent with the duties of the President of the United States, and in particular his obligation to preserve the rights of future occupants of his office, President Trump cannot permit his Administration to participate in this partisan inquiry under these circumstances.70 On October 10, President Trump confirmed that Mr. Cipollone was indeed conveying his orders, stating: As our brilliant White House Counsel wrote to the Democrats yesterday, he said their highly partisan and unconstitutional effort threatens grave and lasting damage to our democratic institutions, to our system of free elections, and to the American people. That's what it is. To the American people. It's so terrible. Democrats are on a crusade to destroy our democracy. That's what's happening. We will never let it happen. We will defeat them.71 Mr. Cipollone's letter elicited immediate criticism from legal experts from across the political spectrum.72 Mr. Cipollone wrote a second letter to the Committees on October 18, declaring that the White House would refuse to comply with the subpoena issued to it for documents.73 On November 1'--after the House had already issued several subpoenas to White House and other Executive Branch officials for testimony'--the Trump Administration issued a new ''Letter Opinion'' from Assistant Attorney General Steven A. Engel to Mr. Cipollone. The Office of Legal Counsel opinion sought to extend the reach of the President's earlier direction to defy Congressional subpoenas and to justify noncompliance by officials who could not plausibly be considered among the President's closest advisors. Mr. Engel's opinion asserted that the House's impeachment inquiry seeks information that is ''potentially protected by executive privilege'' and claimed the Committees' deposition
        212 subpoenas are ''invalid'' and ''not subject to civil or criminal enforcement'' because the House's long-standing deposition rules do not allow the participation of attorneys from the White House or other government agencies.74 These claims are without basis and unsupported by precedent. The Letter Opinion cited statements from previous Presidents and Attorneys General that directly undercut the Administration's position. For example, President James K. Polk, stated that in an impeachment inquiry the House had power to ''penetrate into the most secret recesses of the Executive Departments.''75 In addition, Attorney General Robert H. Jackson, who later served on the Supreme Court, stated that ''pertinent information would be supplied in impeachment proceedings, usually instituted at the suggestion of the Department and for the good of the administration of justice.''76 In his letters conveying the President's direction, Mr. Cipollone advanced remarkably politicized arguments and legal theories unsupported by the Constitution, judicial precedent, and more than 200 years of history. These letters effectuated the President's order and campaign to obstruct and thwart the House's exercise of its sole power of impeachment under the Constitution. They are rebutted as follows: ' The Impeachment Inquiry is Constitutional: According to Mr. Cipollone, ''the President did nothing wrong,'' and ''there is no basis for an impeachment inquiry.''77 President Trump has repeatedly described his call with President Zelensky as ''perfect.''78 Speaking for President Trump, Mr. Cipollone also asserted that the impeachment inquiry is ''partisan and unconstitutional,'' ''a naked political strategy that began the day he was inaugurated, and perhaps even before,'' and that it ''plainly seeks to reverse the election of 2016 and to influence the election of 2020.''79 However, as this report details in Section I, Congress found abundant evidence of a scheme directed by the President to solicit foreign election interference by pressing the newly-elected President of Ukraine to announce publicly politically-motivated investigations to benefit President Trump's own reelection campaign. Fundamentally, the Constitutional validity of an impeachment inquiry cannot depend on a President's view that he did nothing wrong or on the political composition of the House. Such an extreme reimagining of the Constitution would render the Article I impeachment power meaningless and provide the President with power the Constitution does not grant him to thwart, manipulate, and stonewall an impeachment inquiry conducted by the House, including by concealing information of his own misconduct.80 Taken to its logical conclusion, the President's position would eliminate the impeachment power in every year during which a political party other than the President's is in power. Under this approach, the impeachments of President Clinton, President Nixon, and President Andrew Johnson would not have been permitted.81 The purpose of an impeachment inquiry is for the House to collect evidence to determine for itself whether the President may have committed an impeachable offense warranting articles of impeachment. Because the Constitution vests the House alone with ''the sole Power of Impeachment,'' it is not for the President to decide whether the House is exercising that power properly or prudently. The President is not free to arrogate the
        213 House's power to himself'--or to order across-the-board defiance of House subpoenas'--based solely on his unilateral characterization of legislative motives or because he opposes the House's decision to investigate his actions. ' The Impeachment Inquiry is Properly Authorized: According to Mr. Cipollone, the ''House has not expressly adopted any resolution authorizing an impeachment investigation'' nor has it ''delegated such authority to any of your Committees by rule.''82 However, nothing in either the Constitution or the House Rules requires the full House to vote to authorize an impeachment inquiry.83 The impeachment inquiries into Presidents Andrew Johnson, Nixon, and Clinton all began prior to the House's consideration and approval of a resolution authorizing the investigations.84 The same is true of many judicial impeachments;85 indeed, numerous judges have been impeached without any prior vote of the full House authorizing a formal inquiry.86 Even though Mr. Cipollone's argument is inherently invalid, the House has taken two floor votes that render it obsolete'--the first on January 9 to adopt rules authorizing committees to conduct investigations, and the second on October 31 to set forth procedures for open hearings in the Intelligence Committee and for additional proceedings in the Judiciary Committee.87 Even following passage of House Resolution 660, whereby the House confirmed the preexisting and ongoing impeachment inquiry, the President and the White House Counsel, acting on the President's behalf, have persisted in their obstructive conduct. ' President Has No Valid Due Process Claims: According to Mr. Cipollone, ''the Committees have not established any procedures affording the President even the most basic protections demanded by due process under the Constitution and by fundamental fairness,'' and the Committees ''have denied the President the right to cross-examine witnesses, to call witnesses, to receive transcripts of testimony, to have access to evidence,'' and ''to have counsel present.''88 Yet, there is no requirement that the House provide these procedures during an impeachment inquiry. The Constitution vests the House with ''the sole Power of Impeachment,'' and provides no constraints on how the House chooses to conduct its impeachment process.89 Nevertheless, Mr. Cipollone's complaints are unfounded as the House has implemented procedural protections for the President in its exercise of its Constitutional power. House Resolution 660 authorizes procedures to ''allow for the participation of the President and his counsel.''90 The Committee Report accompanying House Resolution 660 explains that these protections for the President are part of the Judiciary Committee hearing process and are ''based on those provided during the Nixon and Clinton inquiries.'' These procedures include ''that the president and his counsel are invited to attend all hearings; the ability for the president's counsel to cross-examine witnesses and object to the admissibility of testimony; and the ability of the president's counsel to make presentations of evidence before the Judiciary Committee, including the ability to call witnesses.''91 ' Fact-Finding Was Appropriately Transparent: According to Mr. Cipollone, the Committees conducted their proceedings ''in secret.''92 This argument fundamentally misconstrues and misapprehends the fact-gathering process required at this initial stage of the House's impeachment inquiry. Unlike in the cases of Presidents Nixon and Clinton, the House conducted a significant portion of the factual investigation itself because no
        214 independent prosecutor was appointed to investigate President Trump's conduct regarding Ukraine. Attorney General William P. Barr refused to authorize a criminal investigation into the serious allegations of misconduct, and even this decision was limited to possible violations of federal campaign finance laws.93 The investigative Committees proceeded consistent with the House's rules of procedure and in keeping with investigative best practices, including the need to reduce the risk that witnesses may try to coordinate or align testimony. As the House explained in its report accompanying House Resolution 660: The initial stages of an impeachment inquiry in the House are akin to those preceding a prosecutorial charging decision. Under this process, the House is responsible for collecting the evidence and, rather than weighing the question of returning an indictment, the Members of the House have the obligation to decide whether to approve articles of impeachment.94 The Committees have released transcripts of all interviews and depositions conducted during the investigation. As these transcripts make clear, all Members of all three Committees'--including 47 Republican Members of Congress'--had the opportunity to ask questions, and these transcripts are now available to the President and his counsel. These same procedures were supported by Acting White House Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney when he served as a Member of the Oversight Committee and by Secretary of State Mike Pompeo when he served as a Member of the Benghazi Select Committee. In fact, some of the same Members and staff currently conducting depositions as part of the present impeachment inquiry participated directly in depositions during the Clinton, Bush, and Obama Administrations.95 The Intelligence Committee also held public hearings with 12 of these witnesses. ' Agency Attorneys Can Be (And Should Be) Excluded from Depositions: According to Mr. Cipollone, ''it is unconstitutional to exclude agency counsel from participating in congressional depositions.''96 Mr. Cipollone cites no case law to support his position'--because there is none. Instead, he relies on a single opinion from the Trump Administration's Office of Legal Counsel and ignores the ample legal authority and historical precedent that clearly support the Committees' actions. For example, the Constitution expressly delegates to Congress the authority to ''determine the Rules of its Proceedings,''97 which includes the power to determine the procedures used for gathering information from witnesses whether via interview, staff deposition, or in a public hearing.98 The basis for the rule excluding agency counsel is straightforward: it prevents agency officials who are directly implicated in the abuses Congress is investigating from trying to prevent their own employees from coming forward to tell the truth to Congress. The rule protects the rights of witnesses by allowing them to be accompanied in depositions by personal counsel. Agency attorneys have been excluded from Congressional depositions of Executive Branch officials for decades, under both Republicans and Democrats, including Chairmen Dan Burton, Henry Waxman, Darrell Issa, Jason Chaffetz, Trey Gowdy, Kevin Brady, and Jeb Hensarling, among others.99
        215 ' Congress Can Exercise Its Broad Oversight Authority: According to Mr. Cipollone, ''you simply cannot expect to rely on oversight authority to gather information for an unauthorized impeachment inquiry that conflicts with all historical precedent and rides roughshod over due process and the separation of powers.''100 But, of course, the present impeachment inquiry does neither. Moreover, the Supreme Court has made clear that Congress' ''power of inquiry'' is ''as penetrating and farreaching as the potential power to enact and appropriate under the Constitution.''101 The subject matter of the impeachment inquiry implicates the House's impeachment-specific as well as legislative and oversight authorities and interests. The activity under investigation, for instance, relates to a broad array of issues in which Congress has legislated and may legislate in the future, including government ethics and transparency, election integrity, appropriations, foreign affairs, abuse of power, bribery, extortion, and obstruction of justice. In fact, Members of Congress have already introduced legislation on issues related to the impeachment inquiry.102 The House does not forfeit its Constitutional authority to investigate and legislate when it initiates an impeachment inquiry.103 Congress passed sweeping legislative reforms following the scandal over the Watergate break-in and President Nixon's resignation.104 ' ''Confidentiality Interests'' Do Not Eliminate Congress' Authority: According to Mr. Cipollone, the Administration would also not comply with the Committees' demands for documents and testimony because of unspecified Executive Branch ''confidentiality interests.''105 There is no basis in the law of executive privilege for declaring a categorical refusal to respond to any House subpoena. In an impeachment inquiry, the House's need for information and its Constitutional authority are at their greatest, and the Executive's interest in confidentiality must yield. Only the President can assert executive privilege, yet he has not done so in the House's impeachment inquiry. Prior to asserting executive privilege, the Executive Branch is obligated to seek to accommodate the legitimate informational needs of Congress, which, as discussed below, it has not done.106 In any event, much of the information sought by the Committees would not be covered by executive privilege under any theory,107 and the privilege'--where validly asserted on a particularized basis and not outweighed by the legitimate needs of the impeachment inquiry'--would protect any legitimate Executive Branch interest in confidentiality.108 ' President's Top Aides Are Not ''Absolutely Immune'': According to Mr. Cipollone, the President's top aides are ''absolutely immune'' from being compelled to testify before Congress.109 This extreme position has been explicitly and repeatedly rejected by Congress'--which has received testimony from senior aides to many previous Presidents'--and by federal courts. In 2008, a federal court rejected an assertion by President George W. Bush that White House Counsel Harriet Miers was immune from being compelled to testify, noting that the President had failed to identify even a single judicial opinion to justify his claim.110 On November 25, 2019, another federal judge rejected President Trump's claim of absolute immunity for former White House Counsel Don McGahn, concluding: ''Stated simply, the primary takeaway from the past 250 years of recorded American history is that Presidents are not kings,'' and that ''Executive branch officials are not absolutely immune from compulsory congressional process'--no matter how many times the Executive branch has asserted as much over the years'--even
        216 if the President expressly directs such officials' non-compliance.''111 Mr. Cipollone's position, adopted by President Trump, has thus been repudiated by Congress and the courts, and is not salvaged by Executive Branch legal opinions insisting upon a wholly fictional ground for non-compliance. In ordering categorical defiance of House subpoenas, President Trump has confirmed the unlimited breadth of his position and his unprecedented view that no branch of government'--even the House'--is empowered to investigate whether he may have committed constitutional offenses. In addition to advancing specious legal arguments, President Trump has made no effort to accommodate the House's interests in conducting the impeachment inquiry. For example, the Committees first requested documents from the White House on September 9, but the White House disregarded the request.112 The Committees made a second request on September 24, but the White House again ignored the request.113 Finally, on October 4, the Committees transmitted a subpoena for the documents.114 However, on October 18, the White House Counsel sent a letter stating that ''the White House cannot comply with the October 4 subpoena.''115 Since then, there has been no evidence of a willingness by the President to produce any of the documents covered by the subpoena to the White House. The State Department made passing references to potentially engaging in an ''accommodations'' process in response to its September 27 subpoena.116 However, there has been no effort to do so, and departments and agencies have not produced any documents in response to subpoenas issued as part of the House impeachment inquiry. The President also made no apparent effort to accommodate the House's need for witness testimony and instead continued to flatly refuse to allow Executive Branch officials to testify.
        217 3. The President's Refusal to Produce Any and All Subpoenaed Documents Pursuant to the President's orders, the White House, federal departments and agencies, and key witnesses refused to produce any documents in response to duly authorized subpoenas issued pursuant to the House's impeachment inquiry. Overview Following President Trump's categorical order, not a single document has been produced by the White House, the Office of the Vice President, the Office of Management and Budget, the Department of State, the Department of Defense, or the Department of Energy in response to 71 specific, individualized requests or demands for records in their possession, custody, or control. The subpoenas to federal departments and agencies remain in full force and effect. These agencies and offices also blocked many current and former officials from producing records directly to the Committees. Certain witnesses defied the President's sweeping, categorical, and baseless order and identified the substance of key documents. Other witnesses identified numerous additional documents that the President and various agencies are withholding that are directly relevant to the impeachment inquiry. The President's personal attorney, Mr. Giuliani, although a private citizen, also sought to rely on the President's order, as communicated in Mr. Cipollone's letter on October 8, to justify his decision to disobey a lawful subpoena for documents. The White House On September 9, the Committees sent a letter to White House Counsel Pat Cipollone seeking six categories of documents in response to reports indicating that, ''for nearly two years, the President and his personal attorney, Rudy Giuliani, appear to have acted outside legitimate law enforcement and diplomatic channels to coerce the Ukrainian government into pursuing two politically-motivated investigations under the guise of anti-corruption activity.''117 The Committees asked the White House to voluntarily produce responsive documents by September 16.118 The White House did not provide any response by that date. On September 24, the Committees sent a follow-up letter requesting that the White House produce the documents by September 26.119 Again, the White House did not provide any documents or respond by that date. Having received no response from the White House, then-Chairman Elijah E. Cummings sent a memorandum to Members of the Committee on Oversight and Reform, which has jurisdiction over the Executive Office of the President, explaining that he was preparing to issue a subpoena in light of the White House's non-compliance and non-responsiveness. He wrote:
        218 Over the past several weeks, the Committees tried several times to obtain voluntary compliance with our requests for documents, but the White House has refused to engage with'--or even respond to'--the Committees.120 On October 4, the Committees sent a letter to Acting White House Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney transmitting a subpoena issued by Chairman Cummings compelling the White House to produce documents by October 18.121 As discussed above, on October 8, the White House Counsel sent a letter to Speaker Pelosi and the Committees stating that ''President Trump cannot permit his Administration to participate in this partisan inquiry under these circumstances.''122 The White House Counsel also sent a letter on October 18, confirming that ''the White House cannot comply with the October 4 subpoena to Acting Chief of Staff Mulvaney.''123 To date, the White House has not produced a single document in response to the subpoena.124 Instead, the White House has released to the public only two documents'--call records from the President's phone calls with President Zelensky on April 21 and July 25.125 Witnesses who testified before the Committees have identified multiple additional documents that the President is withholding that are directly relevant to the impeachment inquiry, including but not limited to: ' briefing materials for President Trump's call with President Zelensky on July 25 prepared by Lt. Col. Alexander S. Vindman, Director for Ukraine at the National Security Council;126 ' notes relating to the July 25 call taken by Lt. Col. Vindman and Tim Morrison, the former Senior Director for Europe and Russia on the National Security Council;127 ' an August 15 ''Presidential decision memo'' prepared by Lt. Col. Vindman and approved by Mr. Morrison conveying ''the consensus views from the entire deputies small group'' that ''the security assistance be released'';128 ' National Security Council staff summaries of conclusions from meetings at the principal, deputy, or sub-deputy level relating to Ukraine, including military assistance;129 ' call records between President Trump and Ambassador Gordon Sondland, United States Ambassador to the European Union;130 ' National Security Council Legal Advisor John Eisenberg's notes and correspondence relating to discussions with Lt. Col. Vindman regarding the July 10 meetings in which Ambassador Sondland requested investigations in exchange for a White House meeting;131 ' the memorandum of conversation from President Trump's meeting in New York with President Zelensky on September 25;132 and
        219 ' as explained below, emails and other messages between Ambassador Sondland and senior White House officials, including Acting Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney, Senior Advisor to the Chief of Staff Rob Blair, and then-National Security Advisor John Bolton, among other high-level Trump Administration officials.133 The Committees also have good-faith reason to believe that the White House is in possession of and continues to withhold significantly more documents and records responsive to the subpoena and of direct relevance to the impeachment inquiry. The Committees have closely tracked public reports that the White House is in possession of other correspondence and records of direct relevance to the impeachment inquiry. On November 24, for instance, a news report revealed that the White House had conducted a confidential, internal records review of the hold on military assistance in response to the Committees' inquiry. The review reportedly ''turned up hundreds of documents that reveal extensive efforts to generate an after-the-fact justification for the decision and a debate over whether the delay was legal.''134 Office of the Vice President On October 4, the Committees sent a letter to Vice President Mike Pence seeking 13 categories of documents in response to reports that he and his staff were directly involved in the matters under investigation. The Committees wrote: Recently, public reports have raised questions about any role you may have played in conveying or reinforcing the President's stark message to the Ukrainian President. The reports include specific references to a member of your staff who may have participated directly in the July 25, 2019, call, documents you may have obtained or reviewed, including the record of the call, and your September 1, 2019, meeting with the Ukrainian President in Warsaw, during which you reportedly discussed the Administration's hold on U.S. security assistance to Ukraine.135 The Committees asked the Vice President to produce responsive documents by October 15.136 On that date, Matthew E. Morgan, Counsel to the Vice President, responded to the Committees by refusing to cooperate and reciting many of the same baseless arguments as the White House Counsel. He wrote: [T]he purported ''impeachment inquiry'' has been designed and implemented in a manner that calls into question your commitment to fundamental fairness and due process rights. '... Never before in history has the Speaker of the House attempted to launch an ''impeachment inquiry'' against a President without a majority of the House of Representatives voting to authorize a constitutionally acceptable process.137 To date, the Vice President has not produced a single document sought by the Committees and has not indicated any intent to do so going forward.
        220 Witnesses who testified before the Committees have identified multiple additional documents that the Vice President is withholding that are directly relevant to the impeachment inquiry, including but not limited to: ' notes taken by Jennifer Williams, Special Advisor to the Vice President for Europe and Russia, during the call between President Trump and President Zelensky on July 25;138 ' notes taken by Lt. Gen. Keith Kellogg, National Security Advisor to the Vice President, during the call between President Trump and President Zelensky on July 25;139 ' materials regarding the July 25 call that were placed in the Vice President's briefing book that same day; 140 ' the memorandum of conversation from Vice President Pence's call with President Zelensky on September 18;141 and ' briefing materials prepared for Vice President Pence's meeting with President Zelensky September 1 in Warsaw, Poland.142 The Committees also have good-faith reason to believe that the Office of the Vice President is in possession of and continues to withhold significantly more documents and records responsive to their request and of direct relevance to the impeachment inquiry. Office of Management and Budget On October 7, the Committees sent a letter to Russell Vought, Acting Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), conveying a subpoena issued by the Intelligence Committee for nine categories of documents in response to public reports that the President directed OMB to freeze hundreds of millions of dollars in military assistance appropriated by Congress to help Ukraine counter Russian aggression. The Committees wrote: According to multiple press reports, at some point in July 2019, President Trump ordered Acting Chief of Staff and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Director Mick Mulvaney to freeze the military aid to Ukraine, and Mr. Mulvaney reportedly conveyed the President's order ''through the budget office to the Pentagon and the State Department, which were told only that the administration was looking at whether the spending was necessary.''143 The subpoena compelled Acting Director Vought to produce responsive documents by October 15.144 On that day, OMB Associate Director for Legislative Affairs Jason Yaworske responded by refusing to produce any documents and reciting many of the same baseless arguments as the White House Counsel: [T]he President has advised that ''[g]iven that your inquiry lacks any legitimate constitutional foundation, any pretense of fairness, or even the most elementary due process protections, the Executive Branch cannot be expected to participate in
        221 it.'' '... President Trump cannot permit his Administration to participate in this partisan inquiry under these circumstances.145 To date, Acting Director Vought has not produced a single document sought by the Committees and has not indicated any intent to do so going forward. Witnesses who testified before the Committees have identified multiple additional documents that Acting Director Vought is withholding that are directly relevant to the impeachment inquiry, including but not limited to: ' a June 19 email from OMB Associate Director of National Security Programs Michael Duffey to DOD Deputy Comptroller Elaine McCusker regarding the fact that ''the President had seen a media report and he had questions about the assistance'' and expressing ''interest in getting more information from the Department of Defense,'' specifically a ''description of the program'';146 ' a July 12 email from White House Assistant to the President and Senior Advisor to the Chief of Staff Robert Blair to Associate Director Duffey explaining that the ''President is directing a hold on military support for Ukraine'' and not mentioning any other country or security assistance package;147 and ' an August 7 memorandum drafted in preparation for Acting Director Vought's attendance at a Principals Committee meeting on Ukrainian security assistance, which included a recommendation to lift the military assistance hold.148 The Committees also have good-faith reason to believe that the Office of Management and Budget is in possession of and continues to withhold significantly more documents and records responsive to the subpoena and of direct relevance to the impeachment inquiry. Department of State On September 9, the Committees sent a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo requesting six categories of documents in response to reports that ''President Trump and his personal attorney appear to have increased pressure on the Ukrainian government and its justice system in service of President Trump's reelection campaign'' and ''the State Department may be abetting this scheme.''149 The Committees requested that Secretary Pompeo produce responsive documents by September 16. The Secretary did not provide any documents or response by that date. On September 23, the Committees sent a follow-up letter asking Secretary Pompeo to ''inform the Committees by close of business on Thursday, September 26, 2019, whether you intend to fully comply with these requests or whether subpoenas will be necessary.''150 The Secretary did not provide any documents or respond by that date.
        222 On September 27, the Committees sent a letter to Secretary Pompeo conveying a subpoena for documents issued by Rep. Eliot Engel, the Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, compelling the production of documents by October 4.151 Since Secretary Pompeo had failed to respond, the Committees also sent separate letters to six individual State Department employees seeking documents in their possession and requesting that they participate in depositions with the Committees.152 On October 1, Secretary Pompeo responded to the Committees for the first time. He objected to the Committees seeking documents directly from State Department employees after he failed to produce them, claiming inaccurately that such a request was ''an act of intimidation and an invitation to violate federal records laws.''153 He also claimed that the Committees' inquiry was ''an attempt to intimidate, bully, and treat improperly the distinguished professionals of the Department of State.''154 To the contrary, Deputy Assistant Secretary George Kent, one of the State Department professionals from whom the Committees sought documents and testimony, testified that he ''had not felt bullied, threatened, and intimidated.''155 Rather, Mr. Kent said that the language in Secretary Pompeo's letter, which had been drafted by a State Department attorney without consulting Mr. Kent, ''was inaccurate.''156 Mr. Kent explained that, when he raised this concern, the State Department attorney ''spent the next 5 minutes glaring at me'' and then ''got very angry.'' According to Mr. Kent, the official ''started pointing at me with a clenched jaw and saying, What you did in there, if Congress knew what you were doing, they could say that you were trying to sort of control, or change the process of collecting documents.''157 With respect to his own compliance with the subpoena for documents, Secretary Pompeo wrote that he ''intends to respond to that subpoena by the noticed return date of October 4, 2019.''158 Later on October 1, the Committees sent a letter to Deputy Secretary of State John J. Sullivan in light of new evidence that Secretary Pompeo participated on President Trump's call with President Zelensky on July 25. The Committees wrote: We are writing to you because Secretary Pompeo now appears to have an obvious conflict of interest. He reportedly participated personally in the July 25, 2019 call, in which President Donald Trump pressed President Volodymyr Zelensky of Ukraine to investigate the son of former Vice President Joseph Biden immediately after the Ukrainian President raised his desire for United States military assistance to counter Russian aggression. If true, Secretary Pompeo is now a fact witness in the impeachment inquiry. He should not be making any decisions regarding witness testimony or document production in order to protect himself or the President. Any effort by the Secretary or the Department to intimidate or prevent witnesses from testifying or withhold documents from the Committees shall constitute evidence of obstruction of the impeachment inquiry.159
        223 The following day, at a press conference in Italy, Secretary Pompeo publicly acknowledged that he had been on the July 25 call between Presidents Trump and Zelensky.160 On October 7, Committee staff met with State Department officials who acknowledged that they had taken no steps to collect documents in response to the September 9 letter, but instead had waited for the September 27 subpoena before beginning to search for responsive records. During that conversation, the Committees made a good-faith attempt to engage the Department in the constitutionally-mandated accommodations process. The Committees requested, on a priority basis, ''any and all documents that it received directly from Ambassador Sondland,'' as well as ''documents'--especially those documents identified by the witnesses as responsive'--related to Ambassador Yovanovitch and DAS [Deputy Assistant Secretary] Kent.'' The depositions of these witnesses'--Ambassador Sondland, Ambassador Yovanovitch, and Mr. Kent'--were scheduled for the days shortly after that October 7 meeting. The Department's representatives stated that they would take the request back to senior State Department officials, but never provided any further response.161 To date, Secretary Pompeo has not produced a single document sought by the Committees and has not indicated any intent to do so going forward. In addition, the Department has ordered its employees not to produce documents in their personal possession. For example, on October 14, the Department sent a letter to Mr. Kent's personal attorney warning that ''your client is not authorized to disclose to Congress any records relating to official duties.''162 Moreover, the Department appears to have actively discouraged its employees from identifying documents responsive to the Committees' subpoena. Mr. Kent testified in his deposition that he informed a Department attorney about additional responsive records that the Department had not collected, including an email from Assistant Secretary of State for Consular Affairs David Risch, who ''had spoken to Rudy Giuliani several times in January about trying to get a visa for the corrupt former prosecutor general of Ukraine, Viktor Shokin.''163 The Department attorney ''objected to [Mr. Kent] raising of the additional information'' and ''made clear that he did not think it was appropriate for [Mr. Kent] to make the suggestion.''164 Mr. Kent responded that what he was ''trying to do was make sure that the Department was being fully responsive.''165 Certain witnesses defied the President's directive and produced the substance of key documents. For example, Ambassador Sondland attached ten exhibits to his written hearing statement.166 These exhibits contained replicas of emails and WhatsApp messages between Ambassador Sondland and high-level Trump Administration officials, including Secretary Pompeo, Secretary Perry, Acting Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney, and former National Security Advisor John Bolton.167 The exhibits also contained a replica of a WhatsApp message between Ambassador Sondland and Mr. Yermak.168 Earlier in the investigation, Ambassador Kurt Volker had produced key text messages with Ambassador Taylor, Ambassador Sondland, President Zelensky's senior aide, Andriy Yermak, Mr. Giuliani, and others very soon after the Committees requested them and prior to Mr. Cipollone's letter on October 8 conveying the President's directive not to comply.169
        224 The Department also prevented Ambassador Sondland'--a current State Department employee'--from accessing records to prepare for his testimony. As described above, federal law imposes fines and up to five years in prison for anyone who corruptly or by threats ''impedes or endeavors to influence, obstruct, or impede'' the ''due and proper exercise of the power of inquiry under which any inquiry or investigation is being had by either House, or any committee of either House.''170 Ambassador Sondland explained that the Department's actions directly impeded his testimony: I have not had access to all of my phone records, State Department emails, and other State Department documents. And I was told I could not work with my EU Staff to pull together the relevant files. Having access to the State Department materials would have been very helpful to me in trying to reconstruct with whom I spoke and met, when, and what was said. '... My lawyers and I have made multiple requests to the State Department and the White House for these materials. Yet, these materials were not provided to me. They have also refused to share these materials with this Committee. These documents are not classified and, in fairness, should have been made available.171 He testified, ''I have been hampered to provide completely accurate testimony without the benefit of those documents.''172 Ambassador Sondland also stated: Despite repeated requests to the White House and the State Department, I have not been granted access to all of the phone records, and I would like to review those phone records, along with any notes and other documents that may exist, to determine if I can provide more complete testimony to assist Congress.173 On November 22, the Department produced 99 pages of emails, letters, notes, timelines, and news articles to a non-partisan, nonprofit ethics watchdog organization pursuant to a court order in a lawsuit filed under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).174 This handful of documents was limited to a narrow window of time and specific people, but it clearly indicates that the Department is withholding documents that are responsive to the Committees' requests. For example, the Department's FOIA production contains an email from the Office Manager to the Secretary of State to ''S_All'' sent on March 26 which states that ''S is speaking with Rudy Giuliani.''175 It also contains a March 27 email in which Madeleine Westerhout, the Personal Secretary to President Trump, facilitates another phone call between Rudy Giuliani and Secretary Pompeo.176 These documents are directly responsive to the September 27 subpoena for ''all documents and communications, from January 20, 2017 to the present, relating or referring to: Communications between any current or former State Department officials or employees and Rudolph W. Giuliani, including any text messages using personal or work-related devices.''177 Witnesses who testified before the Committees have identified multiple additional documents that Secretary Pompeo is withholding that are directly relevant to the impeachment inquiry, including but not limited to:
        225 ' a cable on August 29 from Bill Taylor, the Charg(C) d'Affaires for U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine, at the recommendation of National Security Advisor John Bolton, sent directly to Secretary Pompeo ''describing the folly I saw in withholding military aid to Ukraine at a time when hostilities were still active in the east and when Russia was watching closely to gauge the level of American support for the Ukrainian Government'' and telling Secretary Pompeo ''that I could not and would not defend such a policy'';178 ' WhatsApp messages and emails that Ambassador Sondland replicated and provided as exhibits to the Intelligence Committee showing key communications between Ambassador Sondland and high-level Trump Administration officials, including Secretary Pompeo, Secretary Perry, Acting Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney, and National Security Advisor John Bolton, as well as President Zelensky's senior aide, Andriy Yermak;179 ' notes and memoranda to file from Mr. Kent, Ambassador Taylor, and others, including Ambassador Taylor's ''little notebook'' in which he would ''take notes on conversations, in particular when I'm not in the office,'' such as meetings with Ukrainians or when out and receiving a phone call,'' as well as his ''small, little spiral notebook'' of calls that took place in the office;180 ' emails among Philip Reeker, Acting Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs; David Hale, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs; Mr. Kent; and others regarding the unsuccessful effort to issue a public statement in support of Ambassador Yovanovitch, including the ''large number of emails related to the press guidance and the allegations about the Ambassador'' from the ''late March timeframe.''181 The Committees also have good-faith reason to believe that the Department of State is in possession of and continues to withhold significantly more documents and records responsive to the subpoena and of direct relevance to the impeachment inquiry. Department of Defense On October 7, the Committees sent a letter to Secretary of Defense Mark Esper conveying a subpoena issued by the Intelligence Committee for 14 categories of documents in response to reports that the President directed a freeze of hundreds of millions of dollars in military aid appropriated by Congress to help Ukraine counter Russian aggression. The Committees wrote: Officials at the Departments of State and Defense reportedly were ''puzzled and alarmed'' after learning about the White House's directive. Defense Department officials reportedly ''tried to make a case to the White House that the Ukraine aid was effective and should not be looked at in the same manner as other aid,'' but ''those arguments were ignored.''182
        226 The subpoena required Secretary Esper to produce responsive documents by October 15. On October 13, Secretary Esper stated in a public interview that the Department would comply with the Intelligence Committee's subpoena: Q: Very quickly, are you going to comply with the subpoena that the House provided you and provide documents to them regarding to the halt to military aid to Ukraine? A: Yeah we will do everything we can to cooperate with the Congress. Just in the last week or two, my general counsel sent out a note as we typically do in these situations to ensure documents are retained. Q: Is that a yes? A: That's a yes. Q: You will comply with the subpoena? A: We will do everything we can to comply.183 On October 15, however, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Legislative Affairs Robert R. Hood responded by refusing to produce any documents and reciting many of the same legally unsupportable arguments as the White House Counsel: In light of these concerns, and in view of the President's position as expressed in the White House Counsel's October 8 letter, and without waiving any other objections to the subpoena that the Department may have, the Department is unable to comply with your request for documents at this time.184 To date, Secretary Esper has not produced a single document sought by the Committees and has not indicated any intent to do so going forward, notwithstanding his public promise to ''do everything we can to comply.''185 Witnesses who testified before the Committees have identified multiple additional documents that Secretary Esper is withholding that are directly relevant to the impeachment inquiry, including but not limited to: ' DOD staff readouts from National Security Council meetings at the principal, deputy, or sub-deputy level relating to Ukraine, including military assistance;186 ' an email from Secretary Esper's Chief of Staff, to Laura K. Cooper, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Russia, Ukraine, and Eurasia, in late July ''asking for follow-up on a meeting with the President,'' including information on whether ''U.S. industry [is] providing any of this equipment,'' ''international contributions'' to Ukraine, and ''who gave this funding'';187 ' fact sheets and other information provided by Ms. Cooper in response to the email request;188 ' an email sent to Ms. Cooper's staff on July 25 at 2:31 p.m.'--the same day as President's Trump's call with Ukrainian President Zelensky'--stating that the Ukrainian Embassy
        227 was inquiring about the status of military aid, suggesting that Ukrainian officials were concerned about the status of the military aid much earlier than ever previously acknowledged by the Executive Branch;189 ' an email sent to Ms. Cooper's staff on July 25 at 4:25 p.m. stating that the Ukrainian Embassy and The Hill newspaper had become aware of the situation with the military assistance funding;190 and ' an email received by Ms. Cooper's staff on July 3 at 4:23 p.m. from the Department of State explaining that the Department of State ''had heard the CN [Congressional Notification] is currently being blocked by OMB.''191 The Committees also have good-faith reason to believe that the Department of Defense is in possession of and continues to withhold significantly more documents and records responsive to the subpoena and of direct relevance to the impeachment inquiry. Department of Energy On October 10, the Committees sent a letter to Secretary of Energy Rick Perry conveying a subpoena issued by the Intelligence Committee for ten categories of documents in response to reports about his involvement with matters under investigation. The Committees wrote: Recently, public reports have raised questions about any role you may have played in conveying or reinforcing the President's stark message to the Ukrainian President. These reports have also raised significant questions about your efforts to press Ukrainian officials to change the management structure at a Ukrainian state-owned energy company to benefit individuals involved with Rudy Giuliani's push to get Ukrainian officials to interfere in our 2020 election.192 The subpoena required Secretary Perry to produce responsive documents by October 18. On that day, Melissa F. Burnison, the Assistant Secretary of Energy for Congressional and Intergovernmental Affairs, responded by refusing to produce any documents and reciting many of the same flawed arguments as the White House Counsel: Pursuant to these concerns, the Department restates the President's position: ''Given that your inquiry lacks any legitimate constitutional foundation, any pretense of fairness, or even the most elementary due process protections, the Executive Branch cannot be expected to participate in it.''193 To date, Secretary Perry has not produced a single document sought by the Committees and has not indicated any intent to do so going forward. Witnesses who testified before the Committees have identified multiple documents that Secretary Perry is withholding that are directly relevant to the impeachment inquiry, including but not limited to:
        228 ' a document passed directly from Secretary Perry to President Zelensky in a May 2019 meeting with a list of ''people he trusts'' that President Zelensky could seek advice from on issues of relating to ''key Ukrainian energy-sector contacts,'' according to David Holmes, the Political Counselor at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv;194 ' a June 5 email from Philip Reeker, Acting Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, to Secretary Perry and others, regarding ''Zelenskyy's visit to Brussels, and the critical'--perhaps historic'--role of the dinner and engagement Gordon [Ambassador Sondland] coordinated'';195 and ' a July 19 email from Secretary Perry in which he states ''Mick [Acting Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney] just confirmed the call being set up for tomorrow by NSC'' in reference to a call between President Trump and President Zelensky.196 The Committees also have good-faith reason to believe that the Department of Energy is in possession of and continues to withhold significantly more documents and records responsive to the subpoena and of direct relevance to the impeachment inquiry. Rudy Giuliani and His Associates On September 30, the Committees sent a letter conveying a subpoena issued by the Intelligence Committee to the President's personal attorney, Rudy Giuliani, compelling the production of 23 categories of documents relating to his actions in Ukraine.197 On October 15, Mr. Giuliani's counsel responded to the Committees by stating that Mr. Giuliani ''will not participate because this appears to be an unconstitutional, baseless, and illegitimate 'impeachment inquiry.'''198 He also stated: ''Mr. Giuliani adopts all the positions set forth in Mr. Cipollone's October 8, 2019 letter on behalf of President Donald J. Trump.''199 To date, Mr. Giuliani has not produced a single document sought by the Committees and has not indicated any intent to do so going forward. On September 30, the Committees sent letters to two of Mr. Giuliani's business associates'--Igor Fruman and Lev Parnas'--requesting testimony and eleven categories of documents from each.200 The Committees sought documents from Mr. Fruman and Mr. Parnas related to their efforts to influence U.S. elections. According to press reports, Mr. Parnas and Mr. Fruman reportedly were ''assisting with Giuliani's push to get Ukrainian officials to investigate former vice president Joe Biden and his son as well as Giuliani's claim that Democrats conspired with Ukrainians in the 2016 campaign.'' Press reports also indicate that Mr. Parnas and Mr. Fruman were involved with efforts to press Ukrainian officials to change the management structure at a Ukrainian state-owned energy company, Naftogaz, to benefit individuals involved with Mr. Giuliani's push to get Ukrainian officials to interfere in the 2020 election.201
        229 On October 3, counsel to Mr. Fruman and Mr. Parnas responded to Committee staff, explaining his clients' relationship with Mr. Giuliani and President Trump: Be advised that Messrs. Parnas and Fruman assisted Mr. Giuliani in connection with his representation of President Trump. Mr. Parnas and Mr. Fruman have also been represented by Mr. Giuliani in connection with their personal and business affairs. They also assisted Joseph DiGenova and Victoria Toensing in their law practice.202 With respect to preparing Mr. Fruman and Mr. Parnas' response, their counsel wrote: ''The amount of time requires is difficult to determine. [sic] but we are happy to keep you advised of our progress and engage in a rolling production of non-privileged documents.'' On October 8, their counsel wrote again to Committee staff, stating: This is an update. We continue to meet with Mr. Parnas and Mr. Fruman to gather the facts and documents related to the many subjects and persons detailed in your September 30 letter and to evaluate all of that information in light of the privileges we raised in our last letter.203 On October 9, their counsel wrote to Committee staff, stating, ''Please be advised that Messrs. Parnas and Fruman agree with and adopt the position of White House Counsel pertaining to Democrat inquiry.''204 On October 10, the Committees transmitted subpoenas compelling Mr. Fruman and Mr. Parnas to produce eleven categories of documents.205 That same day, their counsel responded: As I did in my recent letter of October 8, 2019, please be advised we were in the formative stages of recovering and reviewing records on October 9 when Messrs. Parnas and Fruman were arrested by the FBI and locked up in Virginia pursuant to Four Count Indictment by a Federal Grand Jury in the Southern District of New York unsealed on October 10, 2019. Further their records and other belongings, including materials sought by your subpoenas, were seized pursuant warrants [sic] by the FBI in several locations on the 9th or 10th of October.206 To date, Mr. Fruman has not produced a single document in response to his subpoena and has not indicated any intent to do so going forward. With respect to Mr. Parnas, he obtained new counsel during the course of the impeachment inquiry. His new attorney has asserted that Mr. Parnas will cooperate with the House's inquiry, stating: ''We will honor and not avoid the committee's requests to the extent they are legally proper, while scrupulously protecting Mr. Parnas' privileges including that of the Fifth Amendment.''207
        230 In contrast to Mr. Giuliani and Mr. Fruman, Mr. Parnas has begun rolling production of certain records in his possession, custody, or control in response to the subpoena, which the Committees are evaluating. The Committees expect Mr. Parnas' full compliance with the subpoena.
        231 4. The President's Refusal to Allow Top Aides to Testify At President Trump's direction, twelve current or former Administration officials refused to testify as part of the House's impeachment inquiry, ten of whom did so in defiance of duly authorized subpoenas. The President's orders were coordinated and executed by the White House Counsel and others, and they prevented testimony from officials from the White House, National Security Council, Office of Management and Budget, Department of State, and Department of Energy. Overview No other President in history has issued an order categorically directing the entire Executive Branch not to testify before Congress, including in the context of an impeachment inquiry. President Trump issued just such an order. As reflected in White House Counsel Pat Cipollone's October 8 letter, President Trump directed all government witnesses to violate their legal obligations by defying House subpoenas'--regardless of their office or position.208 President Trump even extended his order to former officials no longer employed by the federal government. This Administration-wide effort to prevent all witnesses from providing testimony was coordinated and comprehensive. These witnesses were warned that their refusal to testify ''shall constitute evidence that may be used against you in a contempt proceeding'' and ''may be used as an adverse inference against you and the President.'' Despite the President's unprecedented commands, the House gathered a wealth of evidence of his conduct from courageous individuals who were willing to follow the law, comply with duly authorized subpoenas, and tell the truth. Nevertheless, the President's efforts to obstruct witness testimony deprived Congress and the public of additional evidence. In following President Trump's orders to defy duly authorized Congressional subpoenas, several Administration officials who, to date, remain under subpoena may have placed themselves at risk of being held in criminal contempt of Congress.209 These witnesses were warned explicitly that their refusal to obey lawful orders to testify ''shall constitute evidence that may be used against you in a contempt proceeding'' and could also result in adverse inferences being drawn against both them and the President.210 Mick Mulvaney, Acting White House Chief of Staff On November 5, the Committees sent a letter to Mick Mulvaney, the Acting White House Chief of Staff, seeking his appearance at a deposition on November 8.211 The Committees received no response to this letter.
        232 On November 7, the Intelligence Committee issued a subpoena compelling Mr. Mulvaney's appearance at a deposition on November 8.212 On November 8, Mr. Mulvaney's personal attorney sent an email to Committee staff stating that ''Mr. Mulvaney will not be attending the deposition today, and he is considering the full range of his legal options.''213 Mr. Mulvaney's personal attorney provided a letter that was sent on November 8 from Mr. Cipollone, stating that ''the President directs Mr. Mulvaney not to appear at the Committee's scheduled deposition on November 8, 2019.''214 Mr. Mulvaney's personal attorney also provided a letter sent on November 7 from Steven A. Engel, Assistant Attorney General at the Office of Legal Counsel of the Department of Justice, to Mr. Cipollone, stating, ''Mr. Mulvaney is absolutely immune from compelled congressional testimony in his capacity as a senior advisor to the President.''215 Mr. Mulvaney did not appear at the deposition on November 8, in defiance of the Committees' subpoena. The Committees met, and Chairman Schiff acknowledged Mr. Mulvaney's absence, stating: Neither Congress nor the courts recognize a blanket absolute immunity as a basis to defy a congressional subpoena. Mr. Mulvaney and the White House, therefore, have no legitimate legal basis to evade a duly authorized subpoena. The President's direction to Mr. Mulvaney to defy our subpoena can, therefore, only be construed as an effort to delay testimony and obstruct the inquiry, consistent with the White House Counsel's letter dated October 8, 2019.216 Chairman Schiff also explained Mr. Mulvaney's knowledge of and role in facilitating the President's conduct: Mr. Mulvaney's role in facilitating the White House's obstruction of the impeachment inquiry does not occur in a vacuum. Over the past several weeks, we have gathered extensive evidence of the President's abuse of power related to pressuring Ukraine to pursue investigations that would benefit the President personally and politically and jeopardize national security in doing so. Some of that evidence has revealed that Mr. Mulvaney was a percipient witness to misconduct by the President and may have had a role in certain actions under investigation. The evidence shows that Mr. Mulvaney may have coordinated with U.S. Ambassador to the European Union Gordon Sondland, Rudy Giuliani, and others to carry out President Trump's scheme to condition a White House meeting with President Zelensky on the Ukrainians' pursuit of investigations of the Bidens, Burisma holdings, and purported Ukrainian interference in the 2016 U.S. Presidential election. In addition, evidence suggests that Mr. Mulvaney may have played a central role in President Trump's attempt to coerce Ukraine into launching his desired political investigations by withholding nearly $400 million in vital security assistance from Ukraine that had been appropriated by Congress. At a White House press briefing on October 17, 2019, Mr. Mulvaney admitted publicly that President Trump ordered the hold on Ukraine security assistance to further the President's own personal political interests rather than the national interest. '...
        233 Based on the record evidence gathered to date, we can only infer that Mr. Mulvaney's refusal to testify is intended to prevent the Committees from learning additional evidence of President Trump's misconduct and that Mr. Mulvaney's testimony would corroborate and confirm other witnesses' accounts of such misconduct. If the White House had evidence to contest those facts, they would allow Mr. Mulvaney to be deposed. Instead, the President and the White House are hiding and trying to conceal the truth from the American people. Given the extensive evidence the Committees have already uncovered, the only result of this stonewalling is to buttress the case for obstruction of this inquiry.217 To date, Mr. Mulvaney has not changed his position about compliance with the subpoena.218 Robert B. Blair, Assistant to the President and Senior Advisor to the Chief of Staff On October 24, the Committees sent a letter to Robert B. Blair, an Assistant to the President and the Senior Advisor to Acting Chief of Staff Mulvaney, seeking Mr. Blair's appearance at a deposition on November 1.219 On November 2, Mr. Blair's personal attorney sent a letter to the Committees stating: Mr. Blair has been directed by the White House not to appear and testify at the Committees' proposed deposition, based on the Department of Justice's advice that the Committees may not validly require an executive branch witness to appear at such a deposition without the assistance of agency counsel. In light of the clear direction he has been given by the Executive Branch, Mr. Blair must respectfully decline to testify, as you propose, on Monday, November 4, 2019.220 On November 3, the Committees sent a letter to Mr. Blair's personal attorney transmitting a subpoena compelling Mr. Blair to appear at a deposition on November 4.221 On November 4, Mr. Blair did not appear for the scheduled deposition, in defiance of the Committees' subpoena. The Committees met and Chairman Schiff acknowledged Mr. Blair's absence, stating: Although the committees requested a copy of the correspondence from the White House and Department of Justice, Mr. Blair's Counsel did not provide it to the Committees. This new and shifting rationale from the White House, like the others it has used to attempt to block witnesses from appearing to provide testimony about the President's misconduct, has no basis in law or the Constitution and is a serious affront to decades of precedent in which Republicans and Democrats have used exactly the same procedures to depose executive branch officials without agency counsel present, including some of the most senior aides to multiple previous Presidents.222 Unlike President Trump's directive to Acting Chief of Staff Mulvaney, neither Mr. Blair nor the White House have asserted that Mr. Blair is ''absolutely immune'' from providing testimony to Congress. To date, Mr. Blair has not changed his position or contacted the Committees about compliance with the subpoena.
        234 Ambassador John Bolton, Former National Security Advisor On October 30, the Committees sent a letter to the personal attorney of Ambassador John Bolton, the former National Security Advisor to President Trump, seeking his appearance at a deposition on November 7.223 Later that day, Ambassador Bolton's personal attorney sent an email to Committee staff stating, ''As you no doubt have anticipated, Ambassador Bolton is not willing to appear voluntarily.''224 On November 7, Ambassador Bolton did not appear for the scheduled deposition. On November 8, Ambassador Bolton's personal attorney sent a letter to Douglas Letter, the General Counsel of the House of Representatives, suggesting that, if Ambassador Bolton were subpoenaed, he would file a lawsuit and would comply with the subpoena only if ordered to do so by the court. He referenced a lawsuit filed by another former official, Dr. Charles Kupperman, represented by the same attorney and stated: As I emphasized in my previous responses to letters from the House Chairs, Dr. Kupperman stands ready, as does Ambassador Bolton, to testify if the Judiciary resolves the conflict in favor of the Legislative Branch's position respecting such testimony.225 To date, Ambassador Bolton has not changed his position or come forward to testify.226 John A. Eisenberg, Deputy Counsel to the President for National Security Affairs and Legal Advisor, National Security Council On October 30, the Committees sent a letter to John A. Eisenberg, the Deputy Counsel to the President for National Security Affairs and the Legal Advisor at the National Security Council, seeking his appearance at a deposition on November 4.227 The Committees received no response to this letter.228 On November 1, the Committees sent a letter to Mr. Eisenberg transmitting a subpoena compelling his appearance at a deposition on November 4.229 On November 4, Mr. Eisenberg's personal attorney sent a letter to the Committees, stating: Even if Mr. Eisenberg had been afforded a reasonable amount of time to prepare, the President has instructed Mr. Eisenberg not to appear at the deposition. Enclosed with this letter is the President's instruction as relayed by Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, in a letter dated November 3, 2019. We also enclose a letter, also dated November 3, 2019, from Steven A. Engel, Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel at the Department of Justice, to Mr. Cipollone advising that Mr. Eisenberg is ''absolutely immune from compelled congressional testimony in his capacity as a senior advisor to the President.'' Under these circumstances, Mr. Eisenberg has no other option that is consistent with his legal and ethical obligations except to follow the direction of his client and employer, the President of the United States. Accordingly, Mr. Eisenberg will not be appearing for a deposition at this time.230
        235 Enclosed was a letter sent on November 3 from Mr. Cipollone to Mr. Eisenberg's personal attorney stating that ''the President directs Mr. Eisenberg not to appear at the Committee's deposition on Monday, November 4, 2019.''231 Also enclosed was a letter sent on November 3 by Assistant Attorney General Steven A. Engel to the Office of Legal Counsel of the Department of Justice to Mr. Cipollone stating: You have asked whether the Committee may compel Mr. Eisenberg to testify. We conclude that he is absolutely immune from compelled congressional testimony in his capacity as a senior advisor to the President.232 Mr. Eisenberg did not appear for the scheduled deposition, in defiance of the Committees' subpoena. The Committees met and Chairman Schiff acknowledged Mr. Eisenberg's absence, stating: Despite his legal obligations to comply, Mr. Eisenberg is not present here today and has therefore defied a duly authorized congressional subpoena. This morning, in an email received at 9:00 a.m., when the deposition was supposed to commence, Mr. Eisenberg's personal attorney sent a letter to the committee stating that President Trump had, quote, ''instructed Mr. Eisenberg not to appear at the deposition,'' unquote. The attorney attached correspondence from White House counsel Pat Cipollone and a letter from the Office of Legal Counsel at Department of Justice. The OLC letter informs the White House that Mr. Eisenberg is purportedly, quote, ''absolutely immune from compelled congressional testimony in his capacity as a senior advisor to the President,'' unquote. '... Moreover, neither Congress nor the courts recognize a blanket, quote, ''absolute immunity,'' unquote, as a basis to defy a congressional subpoena. Mr. Eisenberg and the White House, therefore, have no basis for evading a lawful subpoena. As such, the President's direction to Mr. Eisenberg to defy a lawful compulsory process can only be construed as an effort to delay testimony and obstruct the inquiry, consistent with the White House counsel's letter dated October 8, 2019. As Mr. Eisenberg was informed, the Committees may consider his noncompliance with the subpoena as evidence in a future contempt proceeding. His failure or refusal to appear, moreover, shall constitute evidence of obstruction of the House's impeachment inquiry and may be used as an adverse inference against the President. The subpoena remains in full force. The committees reserve all of their rights, including the right to raise this matter at a future Intelligence Committee proceeding, at the discretion of the chair of the committee. Mr. Eisenberg's nonappearance today adds to a growing body of evidence of the White House seeking to obstruct the White House's impeachment inquiry. To the extent the White House believes that an issue could be raised at the deposition that may implicate a valid claim of privilege, the White House may seek to assert that privilege with the Committee in advance of the deposition. To date, as has been the case in every other deposition as part of the inquiry, the White House has not done so. Mr. Eisenberg's failure to appear today also flies in the face of historical precedent. Even absent impeachment proceedings, congressional committees have deposed senior White House officials, including White House counsels and senior White House lawyers.233
        236 Michael Ellis, Senior Associate Counsel to the President and Deputy Legal Advisor, National Security Council On October 30, the Committees sent a letter to Michael Ellis, a Senior Associate Counsel to the President and the Deputy Legal Advisor at the National Security Council, seeking his appearance at a deposition on November 4.234 On November 2, Mr. Ellis' personal attorney sent an email to Committee staff stating: [W]e are in receipt of an opinion from the Office of Legal Counsel providing guidance on the validity of a subpoena under the current terms and conditions and based on that guidance we are not in a position to appear for a deposition at this time.235 This email followed the November 1 Office of Legal Counsel opinion, discussed above, which sought to extend the reach of the President's earlier direction to defy Congressional subpoenas and provided justification for noncompliance by officials who could not plausibly be considered among the President's closest advisors. On November 3, Mr. Ellis' personal attorney sent another email to Committee staff stating: [O]ur guidance is that the failure to permit agency counsel to attend a deposition of Mr. Ellis would not allow sufficient protection of relevant privileges and therefore render any subpoena constitutionally invalid. As an Executive branch employee Mr. Ellis is required to follow this guidance.236 On November 3, the Committees sent a letter to Mr. Ellis' personal attorney transmitting a subpoena compelling his appearance at a deposition on November 4, stating: Mr. Ellis' failure or refusal to comply with the subpoena, including at the direction or behest of the President or the White House, shall constitute further evidence of obstruction of the House's impeachment inquiry and may be used as an adverse inference against Mr. Ellis and the President.237 On November 4, Mr. Ellis did not appear for the scheduled deposition, in defiance of the Committees' subpoena. The Committees met and Chairman Schiff acknowledged Mr. Ellis' absence, stating: Other than the White House's objections to longstanding congressional practice, the committees are aware of no other valid constitutional privilege asserted by the White House to direct Mr. Ellis to defy this subpoena.238 To date, Mr. Ellis has not changed his position or contacted the Committees about compliance with the subpoena.
        237 Preston Wells Griffith, Senior Director for International Energy and Environment, National Security Council On October 24, the Committees sent a letter to Preston Wells Griffith, the Senior Director for International Energy and Environment at the National Security Council, seeking his appearance at a deposition on November 5.239 On November 4, Mr. Griffith's personal attorney sent a letter to the Committees stating: As discussed with Committee counsel, Mr. Griffith respectfully declines to appear for a deposition before the joint Committees conducting the impeachment inquiry, based upon the direction of White House Counsel that he not appear due to agency counsel not being permitted.240 Later that day, the Committees sent a letter to Mr. Griffith's personal attorney transmitting a subpoena compelling his appearance at a deposition on November 5, stating: Mr. Griffith's failure or refusal to comply with the subpoena, including at the direction or behest of the President or the White House, shall constitute further evidence of obstruction of the House's impeachment inquiry and may be used as an adverse inference against Mr. Griffith and the President.241 On November 5, Mr. Griffith did not appear for the scheduled deposition, in defiance of the Committees' subpoena. The Committees met and Chairman Schiff acknowledged Mr. Griffith's absence, stating: Although the committees requested a copy of any written direction from the White House, Mr. Griffith's counsel has not provided any such documentation to the committees. The White House's newly invented rationale for obstructing the impeachment inquiry appears based on a legal opinion that was issued by the Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel just last Friday, November 1. It is noteworthy and telling that OLC issued this opinion after multiple current and former White House, State Department, and Department of Defense officials testified before the committees, both voluntarily and pursuant to subpoena, all without agency counsel present. The White House's invocation of this self-serving OLC opinion should therefore be seen for what it is: a desperate attempt to staunch the flow of incriminating testimony from the executive branch officials about the President's abuse of power.242 To date, Mr. Griffith has not changed his position or contacted the Committees about compliance with the subpoena. Dr. Charles M. Kupperman, Former Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, National Security Council On October 16, the Committees sent a letter to Dr. Charles M. Kupperman, a former Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, seeking his appearance at a deposition on October 23.243
        238 On October 25, the Intelligence Committee issued a subpoena compelling Dr. Kupperman to appear at a deposition on October 28.244 Later that day, Dr. Kupperman's personal attorney sent an email to Committee staff attaching a 17-page complaint in federal court seeking a declaratory judgment as to whether he should comply with the subpoena.245 His counsel wrote: Pending the courts' determination as to which Branch should prevail, Dr. Kupperman will not effectively adjudicate the conflict by appearing and testifying before the Committees.246 Enclosed as part of the complaint was a letter sent on October 25 from Mr. Cipollone to Dr. Kupperman's personal attorney stating that ''the President directs Mr. Kupperman not to appear at the Committee's scheduled hearing on Monday, October 28, 2019.''247 Also enclosed was a letter sent on October 25 from Steven A. Engel, Assistant Attorney General at the Office of Legal Counsel of the Department of Justice, to Mr. Cipollone stating that Dr. Kupperman ''is absolutely immune from compelled congressional testimony in his capacity as a former senior advisor to the President.''248 On October 26, the Committees sent a letter to Dr. Kupperman's personal attorneys, stating: In light of the direction from the White House, which lacks any valid legal basis, the Committees shall consider your client's defiance of a congressional subpoena as additional evidence of the President's obstruction of the House's impeachment inquiry.249 Later that day, Dr. Kupperman's personal attorney sent a letter to Committee staff, stating: ''The proper course for Dr. Kupperman, we respectfully submit, is to lay the conflicting positions before the Court and abide by the Court's judgment as to which is correct.''250 On October 27, Dr. Kupperman's personal attorney sent a letter to Committee staff, writing: ''If your clients' position on the merits of this issue is correct, it will prevail in court, and Dr. Kupperman, I assure you again, will comply with the Court's judgment.''251 On November 5, the Committees sent a letter to Dr. Kupperman's personal attorneys withdrawing the subpoena, stating: The question whether the Executive Branch's ''absolute immunity'' theory has any basis in law is currently before the court in Committee on the Judiciary v. McGahn, No. 19-cv-2379 (D.D.C. filed Aug. 7, 2019). In addition to not suffering from the jurisdictional flaws in Dr. Kupperman's suit, McGahn is procedurally much further along.252 On November 8, Dr. Kupperman's personal attorney sent a letter to Douglas Letter, the General Counsel of the House of Representatives, stating that Dr. Kupperman stands ready to testify ''if the Judiciary resolves the conflict in favor of the Legislative Branch's position respecting such testimony.''253
        239 On November 25, the district court in McGahn held that ''with respect to senior-level presidential aides, absolute immunity from compelled congressional process simply does not exist.'' The court explained there is ''no basis in the law'' for a claim of absolute immunity regardless of the position of the aides in question or whether they ''are privy to national security matters, or work solely on domestic issues.''254 To date and notwithstanding the ruling in McGahn as it relates to Presidential aides who ''are privy to national security matters,'' Dr. Kupperman continues to refuse to testify, and his case remains pending in federal court.255 Russell T. Vought, Acting Director, Office of Management and Budget On October 11, the Committees sent a letter to Russell T. Vought, the Acting Director of OMB, seeking his appearance at a deposition on October 25.256 On October 21, an attorney at OMB sent an email to Committee staff stating: Per the White House Counsel's October 8, 2019 letter, the President has directed that ''[c]onsistent with the duties of the President of the United States, and in particular his obligation to preserve the rights of future occupants of his office, [he] cannot permit his Administration to participate in this partisan inquiry under these circumstances.'' Therefore, Acting Director Vought will not be participating in Friday's deposition.257 That same day, Mr. Vought publicly stated: I saw some Fake News over the weekend to correct. As the WH letter made clear two weeks ago, OMB officials'--myself and Mike Duffey'--will not be complying with deposition requests this week. #shamprocess.258 On October 25, the Committees sent a letter transmitting a subpoena compelling Mr. Vought's appearance at a deposition on November 6.259 On November 4, Jason A. Yaworske, the Associate Director for Legislative Affairs at OMB, sent a letter to Chairman Schiff stating: The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) reasserts its position that, as directed by the White House Counsel's October 8, 2019, letter, OMB will not participate in this partisan and unfair impeachment inquiry. '... Therefore, Mr. Vought, Mr. Duffey, and Mr. McCormack will not appear at their respective depositions without being permitted to bring agency counsel.260 On November 5, Mr. Vought did not appear for the scheduled deposition, in defiance of the Committees' subpoena. The Committees met and Chairman Schiff acknowledged Mr. Vought's absence, stating: On Monday of this week, OMB reasserted its position that, quote, ''as directed by the White House Counsel's October 8, 2019, letter, OMB will not participate in this partisan and unfair impeachment inquiry,'' unquote. OMB argues that the impeachment inquiry lacks basic due process protections and relies on OLC opinion that the committee cannot
        240 lawfully bar agency counsel from depositions. This new and shifting rationale from the White House, like the others it has used to attempt to block witnesses from appearing to provide testimony about the President's misconduct, has no basis in law or the Constitution and is a serious affront to decades of precedent in which Republicans and Democrats have used exactly the same procedures to depose executive branch officials without agency counsel present, including some of the most senior aides to multiple previous Presidents.261 To date, Mr. Vought has not changed his position or contacted the Committees about compliance with the subpoena. Michael Duffey, Associate Director for National Security Programs, Office of Management and Budget On October 11, the Committees sent a letter to Michael Duffey, the Associate Director for National Security Programs at OMB, seeking his appearance at a deposition on October 23.262 On October 21, an attorney at OMB sent an email to Committee staff stating: Per the White House Counsel's October 8, 2019 letter, the President has directed that ''[c]onsistent with the duties of the President of the United States, and in particular his obligation to preserve the rights of future occupants of his office, [he] cannot permit his Administration to participate in this partisan inquiry under these circumstances.'' Therefore, Mike Duffey will not be participating in Wednesday's deposition.263 On October 25, the Committees sent a letter transmitting a subpoena compelling Mr. Duffey to appear at a deposition on November 5, 2019, stating: Your failure or refusal to appear at the deposition, including at the direction or behest of the President or the White House, shall constitute evidence of obstruction of the House's impeachment inquiry and may be used as an adverse inference against the President.264 On November 4, Jason A. Yaworske, the Associate Director for Legislative Affairs at OMB, sent a letter to Chairman Schiff stating that, ''as directed by the White House Counsel's October 8, 2019, letter,'' Mr. Duffey will not appear at his deposition.265 On November 5, Mr. Duffey did not appear for the scheduled deposition, in defiance of the Committees' subpoena. The Committees met and Chairman Schiff acknowledged Mr. Duffey's absence, stating: This effort by the President to attempt to block Mr. Duffey from appearing can only be interpreted as a further effort by the President and the White House to obstruct the impeachment inquiry and Congress's lawful and constitutional functions.266
        241 To date, Mr. Duffey has not changed his position or contacted the Committees about compliance with the subpoena. Brian McCormack, Associate Director for Natural Resources, Energy, and Science, Office of Management and Budget On October 24, the Committees sent a letter to Brian McCormack, the Associate Director for Natural Resources, Energy, and Science at OMB, seeking his appearance at a deposition on November 4.267 On November 1, the Committees sent a letter transmitting a subpoena compelling Mr. McCormack's appearance at a deposition on November 4.268 On November 4, Jason A. Yaworske, the Associate Director for Legislative Affairs at OMB, sent a letter to Chairman Schiff stating that, ''as directed by the White House Counsel's October 8, 2019, letter,'' Mr. McCormack will not appear at his deposition.269 On November 4, Mr. McCormack did not appear for the scheduled deposition, in defiance of the Committees' subpoena. The Committees met and Chairman Schiff acknowledged Mr. McCormack's absence, stating: At approximately 11:30 a.m. today, committee staff received via email a letter from the Associate Director for Legislative Affairs at OMB. The letter states that, quote, ''As directed by the White House counsel's October 8, 2019, letter,'' unquote, OMB will not participate in the House's impeachment inquiry. The letter further states that, based on the advice of the Office of Legal Counsel that, quote, ''the committee cannot lawfully bar agency counsel from these depositions,'' unquote, Mr. McCormack will not appear at his deposition today without agency counsel present. As Mr. McCormack was informed, the committees may consider his noncompliance with a subpoena as evidence in a future contempt proceeding. His failure or refusal to appear, moreover, shall constitute evidence of obstruction of the House's impeachment inquiry and may be used as an adverse inference against the President.270 To date, Mr. McCormack has not changed his position or contacted the Committees about compliance with the subpoena. T. Ulrich Brechbuhl, Counselor, Department of State On September 13, the Committees sent a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo seeking transcribed interviews with Counselor T. Ulrich Brechbuhl and other officials.271 The Committees received no direct, substantive response to this letter. On September 27, the Committees sent a letter informing Secretary Pompeo that Mr. Brechbuhl's deposition was being scheduled on October 8, stating:
        242 On September 13, the Committees wrote to request that you make State Department employees available for transcribed interviews. We asked you to provide, by September 20, dates by which the employees would be made available for transcribed interviews. You failed to comply with the Committees' request.272 That same day, the Committees sent a letter directly to Mr. Brechbuhl seeking his appearance at a deposition on October 8.273 On October 1, Secretary Pompeo sent a letter to the Committees stating, ''Based on the profound procedural and legal deficiencies noted above, the Committee's requested dates for depositions are not feasible.''274 Later that day, the Committees sent a letter to Deputy Secretary of State John J. Sullivan stating that the State Department ''must immediately halt all efforts to interfere with the testimony of State Department witnesses before Congress.''275 On October 2, Mr. Brechbuhl's personal attorney sent an email to Committee staff stating: My law firm is in the process of being formally retained to assist Mr. Brechbuhl in connection with this matter. It will take us some time to complete those logistics, review the request and associated request for documents, and to meet with our client to insure he is appropriately prepared for any deposition. It will not be possible to accomplish those tasks before October 8, 2019. Thus, as I am sure that you can understand, Mr. Brechbuhl will not be able to appear on that date as he requires a sufficient opportunity to consult with counsel. Moreover, given the concerns expressed in Secretary Pompeo's letter of October 1, 2019, to Chairman Engel, any participation in a deposition would need to be coordinated with our stakeholders.276 On October 8, Committee staff sent an email to Mr. Brechbuhl's personal attorney stating: ''The Committees have agreed to reschedule Mr. Brechbuhl's deposition to Thursday, October 17. Please confirm that Mr. Brechbuhl intends to appear voluntarily.''277 On October 9, Committee staff sent an email to Mr. Brechbuhl's personal attorney asking him to ''confirm by COB today whether Mr. Brechbuhl intends to appear voluntarily.''278 Later that day, Mr. Brechbuhl's personal attorney sent an email to Committee staff stating, ''I am still seeking clarification from the State Department regarding this deposition.''279 On October 25, the Committees sent a letter to Mr. Brechbuhl's personal attorney transmitting a subpoena compelling Mr. Brechbuhl's appearance at a deposition on November 6.280 On November 5, Mr. Brechbuhl's personal attorney sent a letter to the Committees stating: Mr. Brechbuhl respects the important Constitutional powers vested in the United States Congress. And, indeed, he would welcome the opportunity to address through testimony
        243 an existing inaccuracy in the public record'--the false claim that Mr. Brechbuhl in any way personally participated in the telephone call between President Trump and President Zelensky that occurred on July 25, 2019. However, Mr. Brechbuhl has received a letter of instruction from the State Department, directing that he not appear. The State Department letter of instruction asserts significant Executive Branch interests as the basis for direction not to appear and also asserts that the subpoena Mr. Brechbuhl received is invalid. The letter is supported by analysis from the United States Department of Justice. We are also aware that litigation has recently been initiated in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia that may bear on resolving the significant issues now arising between the Committees and the President. Given these circumstances, Mr. Brechbuhl is not able to appear on November 6, 2019.281 On November 6, Mr. Brechbuhl did not appear for the scheduled deposition, in defiance of the Committees' subpoena. The Committees met and Chairman Schiff acknowledged Mr. Brechbuhl's absence, stating: The committees requested a copy of the State Department's letter and the Department of Justice analysis, but Mr. Brechbuhl's attorney has not responded. While the letter from Mr. Brechbuhl's attorney provides only vague references to unidentified executive branch interests and a DOJ analysis as the basis for the State Department's blocking of Mr. Brechbuhl's testimony, the Department's latest obstruction of this inquiry appears to be predicated on the opinion issued by the Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel just last Friday, November 1, well after the subpoena was issued to Mr. Brechbuhl. It is noteworthy and telling that the OLC issued this opinion only after multiple State Department officials testified in this inquiry, both voluntarily and pursuant to subpoena, all without agency counsel present. Indeed, this morning, the third-highest-ranking official at the State Department, Under Secretary David Hale, appeared and has begun testifying in accordance with his legal obligations pursuant to a subpoena.282 The Committees sent Mr. Brechbuhl's personal attorney two separate inquiries asking him to provide a copy of the ''letter of instruction'' that Mr. Brechbuhl claimed to have received from the State Department directing him to defy a congressional subpoena.283 Mr. Brechbuhl's personal attorney furnished the Committees with a copy of the letter on December 2. The State Department's letter to Mr. Brechbuhl is dated November 4, 2019.284 To date, Mr. Brechbuhl has not changed his position or contacted the Committees about compliance with the subpoena. Secretary Rick Perry, Department of Energy On November 1, the Committees sent a letter to Secretary of Energy Rick Perry seeking his appearance at a deposition on November 6, stating: Your failure or refusal to appear at the deposition, including at the direction or behest of the President or the White House, shall constitute evidence of obstruction of the House's impeachment inquiry and may be used as an adverse inference against the President.285
        244 On November 5, an attorney at the Department of Energy sent a letter to the Committees stating: Please be advised that the Secretary will not appear on Wednesday, November 6, 2019, at 2:00 pm for a deposition to be conducted jointly by the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Committee on Oversight and Reform.286 To date, Secretary Perry has not changed his position or come forward to testify.
        245 5. The President's Unsuccessful Attempts to Block Key Witnesses Despite President Trump's explicit orders that no Executive Branch employees should cooperate with the House's impeachment inquiry and efforts by federal agencies to limit the testimony of those who did, multiple key officials complied with duly authorized subpoenas and provided critical testimony at depositions and public hearings. These officials adhered to the rule of law and obeyed lawful subpoenas. Overview Despite President Trump's orders that no Executive Branch employees should cooperate with the House's impeachment inquiry, multiple key officials complied with duly authorized subpoenas and provided critical testimony at depositions and public hearings. These officials not only served their nation honorably, but they fulfilled their oath to support and defend the Constitution of the United States. In addition to the President's broad orders seeking to prohibit all Executive Branch employees from testifying, many of these witnesses were personally directed by senior political appointees not to cooperate with the House's impeachment inquiry. These directives frequently cited or enclosed copies of Mr. Cipollone's October 8 letter conveying the President's order not to comply. For example, the State Department, relying on President Trump's order, attempted to block Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch from testifying, but she fulfilled her legal obligations by appearing at a deposition on October 11 and a hearing on November 15. More than a dozen current and former officials followed her courageous example by testifying at depositions and public hearings over the course of the last two months. The testimony from these witnesses produced overwhelming and clear evidence of President Trump's misconduct, which is described in detail in Section I of this report. Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch, Former U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine, Department of State On September 13, the Committees sent a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo seeking a transcribed interview with Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch and other State Department officials.287 The Committees received no direct, substantive response to this letter. On September 27, the Committees sent a letter informing Secretary Pompeo that Ambassador Yovanovitch's deposition was being scheduled on October 2, stating: On September 13, the Committees wrote to request that you make State Department employees available for transcribed interviews. We asked you to provide, by September 20, dates by which the employees would be made available for transcribed interviews. You failed to comply with the Committees' request.288
        246 Also on September 27, the Committees sent a letter directly to Ambassador Yovanovitch seeking her appearance at a deposition on October 2.289 On October 1, Secretary Pompeo sent a letter to the Committees stating: Therefore, the five officials subject to your letter may not attend any interview or deposition without counsel from the Executive Branch present to ensure that the Executive Branch's constitutional authority to control the disclosure of confidential information, including deliberative matters and diplomatic communications, is not impaired.290 After further discussions with Ambassador Yovanovitch's counsel, her deposition was rescheduled for October 11. On October 10, Brian Bulatao, the Under Secretary of State for Management, sent a letter to Ambassador Yovanovitch's personal attorney directing Ambassador Yovanovitch not to appear for her deposition and enclosing Mr. Cipollone's October 8 letter stating that President Trump and his Administration would not participate in the House's impeachment inquiry. Mr. Bulatao's letter stated: Accordingly, in accordance with applicable law, I write on behalf of the Department of State, pursuant to the President's instruction reflected in Mr. Cipollone's letter, to instruct your client (as a current employee of the Department of State), consistent with Mr. Cipollone's letter, not to appear before the Committees under the present circumstances.291 That same day, October 10, when asked whether he intended to block Ambassador Yovanovitch from testifying the next day, President Trump stated: ''You know, I don't think people should be allowed. You have to run a country, I don't think you should be allowed to do that.''292 On the morning of Ambassador Yovanovitch's deposition on October 11, the Committees sent a letter to her personal attorney transmitting a subpoena compelling her appearance, stating: In light of recent attempts by the Administration to direct your client not to appear voluntarily for the deposition, the enclosed subpoena now compels your client's mandatory appearance at today's deposition on October 11, 2019.293 Later on October 11, Ambassador Yovanovitch's personal attorney sent a letter to Mr. Bulatao, stating: In my capacity as counsel for Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch, I have received your letter of October 10, 2019, directing the Ambassador not to appear voluntarily for her scheduled deposition testimony on October 11, 2019 before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and the Committee on Oversight and Reform in connection with the House of Representatives's impeachment inquiry. Just this morning, the Ambassador received a subpoena issued by the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, requiring her to appear for the deposition as
        247 scheduled. Although the Ambassador has faithfully and consistently honored her professional duties as a State Department employee'--including at all times following her abrupt termination as U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine'--she is unable to obey your most recent directive. As the recipient of a duly issued congressional subpoena, Ambassador Yovanovitch is, in my judgment, legally obligated to attend the depositions as scheduled.294 Ambassador Yovanovitch participated in the deposition on October 11, in compliance with the Committees' subpoena.295 During her deposition, Ambassador Yovanovitch's personal attorney confirmed that ''she received a direction by the Under Secretary to decline to appear voluntarily.''296 On November 15, the Committees transmitted a subpoena to Ambassador Yovanovitch compelling her to testify at a public hearing of the Intelligence Committee that same day.297 Ambassador Yovanovitch complied with the Committees' subpoena and testified at the public hearing. During the hearing, Chairman Schiff acknowledged Ambassador Yovanovitch's compliance, stating: Ambassador, I want to thank you for your decades of service. I want to thank you, as Mr. Maloney said, for being the first one through the gap. What you did in coming forward and answering a lawful subpoena was to give courage to others that also witnessed wrongdoing, that they, too, could show the same courage that you have, that they could stand up, speak out, answer questions, they could endure whatever threats, insults may come their way. And so in your long and distinguished career you have done another great public service in answering the call of our subpoena and testifying before us today.298 Ambassador Gordon Sondland, U.S. Ambassador to the European Union, Department of State On September 27, 2019, the Committees sent a letter informing Secretary Pompeo that Ambassador Gordon Sondland's deposition was being scheduled on October 10.299 That same day, the Committees sent a letter directly to Ambassador Sondland seeking his appearance at the deposition.300 On October 1, Secretary Pompeo sent a letter to the Committees stating that Ambassador Sondland ''may not attend'' the deposition.301 After further discussions with Ambassador Sondland's personal attorney, his deposition was rescheduled for October 8. On October 7, Mr. Bulatao sent a letter to Ambassador Sondland's personal attorney, stating: Based on consultations with the White House, the State Department hereby instructs your client, Ambassador Gordon Sondland, not to appear tomorrow for his voluntary deposition based on the Executive Branch confidentiality interests remaining to be addressed, including, in particular, the Committee's refusal to permit agency counsel to appear.302
        248 On October 8, Ambassador Sondland's personal attorney sent an email to the Committees stating: I am incredibly disappointed to report that, overnight, the State Department advised that it will direct Ambassador Sondland not to appear before the Committee this morning. While we have not yet gotten written confirmation of that direction, we wanted to advise you of this development at the earliest opportunity. As the sitting US Ambassador to the EU and employee of the State Department, Ambassador Sondland is required to follow this direction. I hope that whatever concerns the Department has can be resolved promptly and that Ambassador Sondland's testimony can be scheduled at the earliest opportunity. I am very sorry for the inexcusably late notice, but we are sharing this with you as soon as it was confirmed to us. Ambassador Sondland is personally disappointed that he will not be able to answer the Committee's questions this morning.303 On October 8, the Committees sent a letter to Ambassador Sondland transmitting a subpoena compelling his appearance at a deposition on October 16, stating: The Committees have not received any communication directly from the White House or the State Department about this matter. In light of Secretary Pompeo's direct intervention to block your appearance before our Committees, we are left with no choice but to compel your appearance at a deposition pursuant to the enclosed subpoena.304 On October 14, the Committees sent a letter to Ambassador Sondland stating: We hereby write to memorialize our agreement with your counsel, Mr. Robert Luskin, Esq., to adjourn the date and time of your document production and deposition to October 17, 2019, at 9:30 a.m. at the Capitol, HVC-304.305 Ambassador Sondland participated in the deposition on October 17, in compliance with the Committees' subpoena.306 During the deposition, Ambassador Sondland's personal attorney stated: But we also wish to emphasize that it's his belief, and ours, that the Committee should have access to all relevant documents, and he regrets that they have not been provided in advance of his testimony. Having those documents would lead to a more fulsome and accurate inquiry into the matters at hand. Indeed, Ambassador Sondland has not had access to all of the State Department records that would help him refresh his recollection in anticipation of this testimony.307 During the deposition, Ambassador Sondland stated: I was truly disappointed that the State Department prevented me at the last minute from testifying earlier on October 8, 2019. But your issuance of a subpoena has supported my appearance here today, and I'm pleased to provide the following testimony.308
        249 On November 4, Ambassador Sondland's personal attorney transmitted to the Committees a sworn declaration from Ambassador Sondland, which supplemented his deposition testimony and noted that despite ''repeated requests to the White House and the State Department,'' he still had not been granted access to records he sought to review to determine if he could ''provide more complete testimony to assist Congress.''309 On November 20, the Committees transmitted a subpoena to Ambassador Sondland compelling him to testify at a public hearing of the Intelligence Committee that same day.310 Ambassador Sondland complied with the Committees' subpoena and testified at the public hearing. During the hearing, Ambassador Sondland described the direction he received from the White House: Q: Ambassador Sondland, in your deposition, you lamented, quote: I was truly disappointed that the State Department prevented me at the last minute from testifying earlier on October 8, 2019, but your issuance of a subpoena has supported my appearance here today, and I am pleased to provide the following testimony. So it is clear that the White House, the State Department did not want you to testify at that deposition. Is that correct? A: That is correct. Q: And since then, you have on numerous occasions during your opening statement today indicated that you have not been able to access documents in the State Department. Is that correct? A: Correct. Q: So you have been hampered in your ability to provide testimony to this committee. Is that correct? A: I have been hampered to provide completely accurate testimony without the benefit of those documents.311 George P. Kent, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Department of State On September 13, 2019, the Committees sent a letter to Secretary of State Pompeo seeking a transcribed interview with Deputy Assistant Secretary of State George Kent and other State Department officials.312 The Committees received no direct, substantive response to this letter. On September 27, the Committees sent a letter informing Secretary Pompeo that Mr. Kent's deposition was being scheduled on October 7.313 That same day, the Committees sent a letter directly to Mr. Kent seeking his appearance at the deposition on that date.314 Later that day, Mr. Kent sent an email to Committee staff acknowledging receipt of the Committees' request and copying an official from the Office of Legislative Affairs at the Department of State.315 On October 1, Secretary Pompeo sent a letter to the Committees stating that Mr. Kent ''may not attend'' the deposition.316
        250 After consulting with Mr. Kent's personal attorney, the Committees rescheduled his deposition for October 15.317 On October 10, Under Secretary Bulatao sent a letter to Mr. Kent's personal attorney enclosing the White House Counsel's letter of October 8, and stating: I write on behalf of the Department of State, pursuant to the President's instruction reflected in Mr. Cipollone's letter, to instruct your client (as a current employee of the Department of State), consistent with Mr. Cipollone's letter, not to appear before the Committees under the present circumstances.318 On October 15, the Committees sent a letter to Mr. Kent's personal attorney transmitting a subpoena compelling him to appear at a deposition on that date.319 Mr. Kent participated in the deposition on October 15, in compliance with the Committees' subpoena.320 During the deposition, he stated: As you all know, I am appearing here in response to your congressional subpoena. If I did not appear I would have been exposed to being held in contempt. At the same time, I have been instructed by my employer, the U.S. Department of State, not to appear. I do not know the Department of State's views on disregarding that order.321 On November 13, the Committees transmitted a subpoena to Mr. Kent compelling him to testify at a public hearing before the Intelligence Committee on that day.322 Mr. Kent complied with the Committees' subpoena and testified at the public hearing. During the hearing, Mr. Kent described the direction he received from the White House, stating that he ''received, initially, a letter directing me not to appear. And once the committees issued a subpoena, I was under legal obligation to appear, and I am here today under subpoena.''323 Ambassador William B. Taylor, Jr., Charg(C) d'Affaires for U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, Department of State On October 4, 2019, the Committees sent a letter to Deputy Secretary of State John Sullivan seeking a deposition with Ambassador William B. Taylor, Jr. on October 15.324 That same day, the Committees sent a letter directly to Ambassador Taylor seeking his appearance at the deposition.325 On October 14, after consulting with Ambassador Taylor's counsel, the Committees sent a letter to Ambassador Taylor stating: ''We hereby write to adjourn the date and time of your deposition to Tuesday, October 22, 2019, at 9:30 a.m. at the Capitol, HVC-304.''326 On October 22, the Committees transmitted a subpoena to Ambassador Taylor's personal attorneys compelling Ambassador Taylor to appear at a deposition on that date, stating: In light of recent attempts by the Administration to direct witnesses not to appear voluntarily for depositions, the enclosed subpoena compels your client's mandatory appearance at today's deposition.327
        251 Ambassador Taylor participated in the deposition on October 22, in compliance with the Committees' subpoena. During the deposition, Ambassador Taylor's personal attorney stated, in regard to communications with the Department of State: They sent us the directive that said he should not appear under I think the quote is under the present circumstances. We told the majority that we could not appear; he'd been instructed not to. We saw the pattern.328 On November 13, the Committees transmitted a subpoena to Ambassador Taylor compelling him to testify at a public hearing of the Intelligence Committee that same day.329 Ambassador Taylor complied with the Committees' subpoena and testified at the public hearing. During the hearing, Ambassador Taylor described the direction he received from the State Department: Q: Ambassador, were you also asked not to be part of the deposition? A: Mr. Quigley, I was told by the State Department: Don't appear under these circumstances. That was in the letter to me. And when I got the subpoena, exactly as Mr. Kent said, that was different circumstances and obeyed a legal subpoena. So, yes, sir, I'm here for that reason.330 Catherine Croft and Christopher Anderson, Department of State On October 24, 2019, the Committees sent letters to the personal attorney representing two State Department officials, Catherine Croft and Christopher Anderson, seeking their attendance at depositions on October 30 and November 1, respectively.331 On October 25, their attorney sent a letter to the Committees acknowledging receipt of the Committees' requests and stating that ''we are in the process of contacting the Office of the Legal Advisor of the Department of State in an effort to learn the disposition of that Office with regard to the Committee's request.''332 On October 28, Under Secretary Bulatao sent letters to the personal attorney for Ms. Croft and Mr. Anderson. Both letters enclosed the White House Counsel's October 8 letter and stated: Pursuant to Mr. Cipollone's letter and in light of these defects, we are writing to inform you and Ms. Croft of the Administration-wide direction that Executive Branch personnel ''cannot participate in [the impeachment] inquiry under these circumstances.''333 On October 30, the Committees transmitted subpoenas to the personal attorney for Ms. Croft and Mr. Anderson compelling their appearance at depositions on October 30, stating: In light of recent attempts by the Administration to direct witnesses not to appear voluntarily for depositions, the enclosed subpoenas compel your clients' mandatory appearance.334
        252 Ms. Croft and Mr. Anderson participated in their depositions on October 30, in compliance with the Committees' subpoenas.335 During Ms. Croft's deposition, her personal attorney stated: On October 28th, 2019, Ms. Croft received a letter through her lawyers from Under Secretary of State Brian Bulatao, in which we were instructed that Ms. Croft cannot participate in the impeachment inquiry being conducted by the House of Representatives and these committees. Under Secretary Bulatao's letter stated that these instructions were issued pursuant to a directive from the Office of White House Counsel. Nonetheless, Ms. Croft has been served with a valid subpoena, and so she is obliged to be here today.336 During Mr. Anderson's deposition, his personal attorney stated: On October 28th, 2019, Mr. Anderson received a letter, through his lawyers, from Under Secretary of State Brian Bulatao in which we were instructed that Mr. Anderson cannot participate in the impeachment inquiry being conducted by the House of Representatives and these committees. Under Secretary Bulatao's letter stated that these instructions were issued pursuant to a directive from the Office of White House Counsel. Nonetheless, Mr. Anderson has been served with a valid subpoena, and so he is obliged to be here today.337 Laura K. Cooper, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Russia, Ukraine, and Eurasia, Department of Defense On October 11, the Committees sent a letter to Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Laura K. Cooper seeking her attendance at a deposition on October 18.338 After consulting with Ms. Cooper's personal attorney, the Committees rescheduled her deposition for October 23. On October 22, Deputy Secretary of Defense David L. Norquist sent a letter to Ms. Cooper's personal attorney, stating: This letter informs you and Ms. Cooper of the Administration-wide direction that Executive Branch personnel ''cannot participate in [the impeachment] inquiry under these circumstances'' [Tab C]. In the event that the Committees issue a subpoena to compel Ms. Cooper's appearance, you should be aware that the Supreme Court has held, in United States v. Rumely, 345 U.S. 41 (1953), that a person cannot be sanctioned for refusing to comply with a congressional subpoena unauthorized by House Rule or Resolution.339 On October 23, the Committees sent an email transmitting a subpoena compelling Ms. Cooper to appear at a deposition on that date, stating:
        253 In light of recent attempts by the Administration to direct witnesses not to appear voluntarily for depositions, the enclosed subpoena compels your client's mandatory appearance at today's deposition.340 Ms. Cooper participated in the deposition on October 23, in compliance with the Committees' subpoena.341 During her deposition, Ms. Cooper stated with regard to the Department of Defense, ''They instructed me yesterday not to participate.''342 On November 20, the Committees transmitted a subpoena to Ms. Cooper compelling her to testify at a public hearing before the Intelligence Committee on that day.343 Ms. Cooper complied with the Committees' subpoena and testified at the public hearing.344 Mark Sandy, Deputy Associate Director of National Security Programs, Office of Management and Budget On November 5, the Committees sent a letter to Mark Sandy, the Deputy Associate Director of National Security Programs at OMB, seeking his appearance at a deposition on November 8.345 On November 6, Mr. Sandy responded to confirm receipt of the Committees' letter.346 On November 7, an attorney at OMB sent an email to Committee staff stating: In light of the Committee's rules that prohibit agency counsel from being present in a deposition of an executive branch witness and consistent with the November 1, 2019 OLC letter opinion addressing this issue, OMB has directed Mr. Sandy not to appear at tomorrow's deposition.347 After consulting with Mr. Sandy's personal attorney, the Committees rescheduled his deposition for November 16. On November 16, the Committees sent an email transmitting a subpoena compelling Mr. Sandy to appear at a deposition on that date, stating: In light of recent attempts by the Administration to direct witnesses not to appear voluntarily for depositions, the enclosed subpoena compels your client's mandatory appearance.348 Mr. Sandy participated in the deposition on November 16, in compliance with the Committees' subpoena.349 During his deposition, Mr. Sandy also testified that the Administration sent his personal attorney an official communication with further direction, stating: ''It did direct me to have my personal counsel ask for a postponement until agency counsel could accompany me.''350
        254 Dr. Fiona Hill, Former Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Europe and Russian Affairs, National Security Council On October 9, 2019, the Committees sent a letter seeking Dr. Hill's testimony at a deposition on October 14.351 On October 13, Dr. Hill's personal attorney informed the White House that she intended to appear at the scheduled deposition.352 On October 14, the White House sent a letter to Dr. Hill's personal attorney stating that ''Dr. Hill is not authorized to reveal or release any classified information or any information subject to executive privilege.''353 Also on October 14, the Committees sent Dr. Hill a subpoena seeking her testimony the same day.354 Dr. Hill complied and participated in the deposition.355 On November 18, Dr. Hill's personal attorney sent a letter to the White House stating that Dr. Hill had been invited to provide testimony at a public hearing on November 21, and stating: ''We continue to disagree with regard to the parameters of executive privilege as you articulated it on October 14 and our prior telephone calls.''356 On November 20, the White House sent a letter to Dr. Hill's personal attorney stating that Dr. Hill ''continues to be bound by important obligations to refrain from disclosing classified information or information subject to executive privilege in her upcoming testimony before the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.''357 On November 21, the Committees sent Dr. Hill a subpoena seeking her testimony the same day.358 Dr. Hill also complied with this subpoena and testified at the public hearing.359 Lieutenant Colonel Alexander S. Vindman, Director for Ukraine, National Security Council On October 16, 2019, the Committees sent a letter seeking Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman's testimony at a deposition on October 24.360 After discussions with Lt. Col. Vindman's personal attorneys, the deposition was rescheduled to October 29. On October 29, the Committees sent Lt. Col. Vindman a subpoena seeking his testimony the same day.361 Lt. Col. Vindman complied.362 In addition, on November 19, the Committees conveyed a subpoena seeking Lt. Col. Vindman's testimony at a public hearing that same day.363 Lt. Col. Vindman also complied with this subpoena and testified at the public hearing.364 Timothy Morrison, Former Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Europe and Russia, National Security Council On October 16, 2019, the Committees sent a letter to Timothy Morrison seeking his testimony at a deposition on October 25.365 After discussions with Mr. Morrison's personal attorney, the deposition was rescheduled to October 31. On October 31, the Committees sent Mr. Morrison a subpoena seeking his testimony the same day.366 Mr. Morrison complied.367 In addition, on November 19, the Committees conveyed a subpoena seeking Mr. Morrison's testimony at a public hearing that same day.368 Mr. Morrison also complied with this subpoena and testified at the public hearing.369
        255 David Hale, Under Secretary for Political Affairs, Department of State On November 1, 2019, the Committees sent a letter seeking Under Secretary David Hale's testimony at a deposition on November 6.370 On November 5, Mr. Hale's counsel wrote to the Committees, stating that Mr. Hale would be willing to testify pursuant to a subpoena.371 On November 6, the Committees sent Mr. Hale a subpoena seeking his testimony the same day.372 Mr. Hale complied.373 In addition, on November 20, the Committees conveyed a subpoena seeking Mr. Hale's testimony at a public hearing that same day.374 Mr. Hale also complied with this subpoena and testified at the public hearing.375 David Holmes, Counselor for Political Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine, Department of State On November 12, 2019, the Committees sent a letter to Political Counselor David Holmes' personal attorney seeking his testimony at a deposition on November 15.376 On November 15, the Committees conveyed a subpoena to Mr. Holmes' personal attorney seeking his testimony the same day.377 Mr. Holmes complied.378 In addition, on November 21, the Committees conveyed a subpoena seeking Mr. Holmes' testimony at a public hearing that same day.379 Mr. Holmes also complied with this subpoena and testified at the public hearing.380 Ambassador P. Michael McKinley, Former Senior Advisor to the Secretary of State, Department of State On October 12, 2019, Committee staff emailed Ambassador P. Michael McKinley requesting his voluntary participation in a transcribed interview on October 16.381 On October 14, the Committees sent a letter formalizing this request.382 On October 16, Ambassador McKinley participated in the scheduled transcribed interview.383 Ambassador Philip T. Reeker, Acting Assistant Secretary, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Department of State On October 16, 2019, the Committees sent a letter seeking Ambassador Philip T. Reeker's testimony at a deposition on October 23.384 On October 25, the Committees sent Ambassador Reeker a subpoena seeking his testimony on October 26.385 Ambassador Reeker complied and testified at the scheduled deposition.386 Ambassador Kurt Volker, Former U.S. Special Representative for Ukraine Negotiations, Department of State On September 13, 2019, the Committees wrote a letter to Secretary Pompeo requesting the testimony of four witnesses, including Ambassador Kurt Volker.387 On September 27, the Committees sent a follow up letter to Secretary Pompeo, noting that Ambassador Volker's deposition had been scheduled for October 3.388 On that same day, the Committees sent a letter directly to Ambassador Volker, seeking his testimony at the deposition scheduled for October 3.389
        256 On October 1, Secretary Pompeo responded to the Committees, refusing to make Ambassador Volker available on the requested date.390 On October 2, the Department of State wrote a letter to Ambassador Volker's counsel instructing Ambassador Volker not to reveal classified or privileged information and prohibiting Ambassador Volker from producing any government documents.391 On October 2, Ambassador Volker produced copies of text messages in response to the Committees' request.392 On October 3, Ambassador Volker voluntarily participated in a transcribed interview.393 In addition, on November 19, Ambassador Volker testified voluntarily at a public hearing.394 Jennifer Williams, Special Advisor for Europe and Russia, Office of the Vice President On November 4, 2019, the Committees sent a letter to Jennifer Williams seeking her testimony at a deposition on November 7.395 On November 7, the Committees sent Ms. Williams a subpoena seeking her testimony the same day.396 Ms. Williams complied.397 On November 11, Ms. Williams sent a letter to Chairman Schiff to make one amendment to her deposition testimony.398 In addition, on November 19, the Committees conveyed a subpoena seeking Ms. William's testimony at a public hearing on November 19.399 Ms. Williams also complied with this subpoena and testified at the public hearing.400
        257 6. The President's Intimidation of Witnesses President Trump publicly attacked and intimidated witnesses who came forward to comply with duly authorized subpoenas and testify about his conduct. The President also threatened and attacked an Intelligence Community whistleblower. Overview President Trump engaged in a brazen effort to publicly attack and intimidate witnesses who came forward to comply with duly authorized subpoenas and testify about his conduct, raising grave concerns about potential violations of the federal obstruction statute and other criminal laws intended to protect witnesses appearing before Congressional proceedings. President Trump issued threats, openly discussed possible retaliation, made insinuations about witnesses' character and patriotism, and subjected them to mockery and derision. The President's attacks were broadcast to millions of Americans'--including witnesses' families, friends, and coworkers'--and his actions drew criticism from across the political spectrum, including from his own Republican supporters. It is a federal crime to intimidate or seek to intimidate any witness appearing before Congress. This statute applies to all citizens, including federal officials. Violations of this law can carry a criminal sentence of up to 20 years in prison. This campaign of intimidation risks discouraging witnesses from coming forward voluntarily, complying with mandatory subpoenas for documents and testimony, and disclosing evidence that may support consideration of articles of impeachment. Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch, Former U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine, Department of State As discussed above, President Trump removed Marie Yovanovitch as the U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine in May 2019 following a concerted effort by Rudy Giuliani, his associates Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman, and others to spread false conspiracy theories about her. The smearing of the Ambassador was part of the larger campaign undertaken by Mr. Giuliani at President Trump's direction and in his capacity as President Trump's representative. During her deposition on October 11, Ambassador Yovanovitch explained that she felt threatened and ''very concerned'' after she read President Trump's statements about her during his July 25 call with President Zelensky, including President Trump's claim that ''she's going to go through some things.''401 On November 15, Ambassador Yovanovitch testified at a public hearing that she was ''shocked'' and ''devastated'' by the President's statements about her: I was shocked and devastated that I would feature in a phone call between two heads of state in such a manner, where President Trump said that I was bad news to another world
        258 leader and that I would be ''going through some things.'' So I was'--it was'--it was a terrible moment. A person who saw me actually reading the transcript said that the color drained from my face. I think I even had a physical reaction. I think, you know, even now, words kind of fail me.402 Ambassador Yovanovitch was also asked about her reaction to the President's comment that she would ''go through some things.'' She acknowledged feeling threatened, stating: ''It didn't sound good. It sounded like a threat.''403 As Ambassador Yovanovitch was in the process of testifying before the Committee, President Trump tweeted an attack against her. He wrote: Everywhere Marie Yovanovitch went turned bad. She started off in Somalia, how did that go? Then fast forward to Ukraine, where the new Ukrainian President spoke unfavorably about her in my second phone call with him. It is a U.S. President's absolute right to appoint ambassadors.404 During the hearing, Chairman Schiff asked Ambassador Yovanovitch for her reaction to the President's attacks: Q: Ambassador, you've shown the courage to come forward today and testify, notwithstanding the fact you were urged by the White House or State Department not to; notwithstanding the fact that, as you testified earlier, the President implicitly threatened you in that call record. And now, the President in real-time is attacking you. What effect do you think that has on other witnesses' willingness to come forward and expose wrongdoing? A: Well, it's very intimidating. Q: It's designed to intimidate, is it not? A: I'--I'--I mean, I can't speak to what the President is trying to do, but I think the effect is to be intimidating. Q: Well, I want to let you know, Ambassador, that some of us here take witness intimidation very, very seriously.405 In response to the President's attacks, Rep. Liz Cheney, Chair of the House Republican Caucus, stated that the President ''was wrong'' and that Ambassador Yovanovitch ''clearly is somebody who's been a public servant to the United States for decades and I don't think the President should have done that.''406 Rep. Francis Rooney, also a Republican, stated: ''I don't necessarily think it's right to be harassing or beating up on our professional diplomatic service.''407 Even after these rebukes, the President continued to attack and threaten Ambassador Yovanovitch. For example, in an interview on November 22, President Trump stated: ''This was not an angel, this woman, okay? And there are a lot of things that she did that I didn't like. And we will talk about that at some time.''408
        259 Lieutenant Colonel Alexander S. Vindman, Director for Ukraine, National Security Council On October 29, President Trump tweeted that Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman is a ''Never Trumper.''409 When asked by a reporter what evidence he had for his claim, the President responded: ''We'll be showing that to you real soon. Okay?''410 President Trump continued attacking Lt. Col. Vindman during his testimony on November 19, seeking to question his loyalty to the United States. The President retweeted: ''Lt. Col. Vindman was offered the position of Defense Minister for the Ukrainian Government THREE times!''411 Allies of the President also questioned Lt. Col. Vindman's loyalty to the country and amplified the smear.412 For his part, Lt. Col. Vindman stated during his testimony: I want to take a moment to recognize the courage of my colleagues who have appeared and are scheduled to appear before this Committee. I want to state that the vile character attacks on these distinguished and honorable public servants is reprehensible.413 Ambassador William B. Taylor, Jr., Charg(C) d'Affaires for U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, Department of State On October 23, one day after Ambassador William Taylor's deposition, the President sent a tweet comparing ''Never Trumper Republicans'' to ''human scum.''414 An hour later, he described Ambassador Taylor in a tweet as a ''Never Trumper.''415 On October 25, the President discussed Ambassador Taylor's testimony with reporters, and again dismissed the Ambassador as a ''Never Trumper.'' After a reporter noted that Secretary of State Mike Pompeo had hired Ambassador Taylor, the President responded: ''Hey, everybody makes mistakes.'' He then had the following exchange about Ambassador Taylor: Q: Do you want him out now as the top diplomat? A: He's a Never Trumper. His lawyer is the head of the Never Trumpers. They're a dying breed, but they're still there.416 On the morning of November 13, just before Ambassador Taylor and George Kent testified at a public hearing, the President tweeted: ''NEVER TRUMPERS!''417 Jennifer Williams, Special Advisor for Europe and Russia, Office of the Vice President On November 17, two days before Jennifer Williams testified at a public hearing, President Trump sent a tweet attacking her and stating that ''she should meet with the other Never Trumpers, who I don't know & mostly never even heard of, & work out a better presidential attack!''418 During the hearing, Rep. Jim Himes asked Ms. Williams what impression the President's tweet had made on her. She responded: ''It certainly surprised me. I was not expecting to be called out by name.'' Rep. Himes noted that the tweet ''surprised me,
        260 too, and it looks an awful lot like witness intimidation and tampering, and an effort to try to get you to perhaps shape your testimony today.''419 Threats of Retaliation The President suggested that witnesses who testified as part of the impeachment inquiry could face retaliation. For example, on November 16, the President sent a pair of tweets indicating that three witnesses appearing before the impeachment inquiry could face dismissals as a result of their testimony. The President tweeted language he attributed to radio host Rush Limbaugh: ''My support for Donald Trump has never been greater than it is right now. It is paramountly obvious watching this, these people have to go. You elected Donald Trump to drain the Swamp, well, dismissing people like Yovanovitch is what that looks like. Dismissing people like Kent '... and Taylor, dismissing everybody involved from the Obama holdover days trying to undermine Trump, getting rid of those people, dismissing them, this is what it looks like. It was never going to be clean, they were never going to sit by idly and just let Trump do this!'' Rush L420 Intelligence Community Whistleblower In addition to his relentless attacks on witnesses who testified in connection with the House's impeachment inquiry, the President also repeatedly threatened and attacked a member of the Intelligence Community who filed an anonymous whistleblower complaint raising an ''urgent concern'' regarding the President's conduct. The whistleblower filed the complaint confidentially with the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community, as authorized by the relevant whistleblower law. Federal law prohibits the Inspector General from revealing the whistleblower's identity.421 Federal law also protects the whistleblower from retaliation.422 On September 9, the Inspector General notified Congress that this individual had filed a credible complaint regarding an ''urgent concern,'' but that the Acting Director of National Intelligence was withholding the complaint from Congress'--contrary to his statutory obligation to have submitted the complaint to the congressional intelligence committees by no later than September 2.423 On September 13, 2019, the Intelligence Committee issued a subpoena to the Acting Director of National Intelligence for the whistleblower's complaint and other records.424 On September 26, the Intelligence Committee received the declassified whistleblower complaint and made it available to the public.425 That day, the President issued a chilling threat against the whistleblower and those who provided information to the whistleblower regarding the President's misconduct, suggesting that they could face the death penalty for treason. President Trump stated: I want to know who's the person who gave the whistle-blower the information because that's close to a spy. You know what we used to do in the old days when we were smart with spies and treason, right? We used to handle it a little differently than we do now.426
        261 In response, the Committees warned President Trump to stop attacking the whistleblower, stating: The President's comments today constitute reprehensible witness intimidation and an attempt to obstruct Congress' impeachment inquiry. We condemn the President's attacks, and we invite our Republican counterparts to do the same because Congress must do all it can to protect this whistleblower, and all whistleblowers. Threats of violence from the leader of our country have a chilling effect on the entire whistleblower process, with grave consequences for our democracy and national security.427 Yet the President's attacks did not stop. Instead, he continued to threaten the whistleblower, publicly questioned the whistleblower's motives, disputed the accuracy of the whistleblower's account, and encouraged others to reveal the whistleblower's identity. The President's focus on the whistleblower has been obsessive, with the President making more than 100 public statements about the whistleblower over a period of just two months. For example, the President stated: ' ''I want to meet not only my accuser, who presented SECOND & THIRD HAND INFORMATION, but also the person who illegally gave this information, which was largely incorrect, to the 'Whistleblower.' Was this person SPYING on the U.S. President? Big Consequences!''428 ' ''I think it's outrageous that a Whistleblower is a CIA agent.''429 ' ''But what they said is he's an Obama person. It was involved with Brennan; Susan Rice, which means Obama. But he was like a big'--a big anti-Trump person. Hated Trump.''430 ' ''The Whistleblower got it sooo wrong that HE must come forward. The Fake News Media knows who he is but, being an arm of the Democrat Party, don't want to reveal him because there would be hell to pay. Reveal the Whistleblower and end the Impeachment Hoax!''431 ' ''But the whistleblower should be revealed because the whistleblower gave false stories. Some people would call it a fraud; I won't go that far. But when I read it closely, I probably would. But the whistleblower should be revealed.''432 ' ''I think that the whistleblower gave a lot of false information.''433 ' ''The whistleblower is not a whistleblower. He's a fake. '... Everybody knows who the whistleblower is. And the whistleblower is a political operative.''434 In response to a request from Intelligence Committee Ranking Member Devin Nunes to call the whistleblower to testify at an open hearing, Chairman Schiff underscored the danger posed by the President's threats against the whistleblower and why the whistleblower's testimony was now unnecessary: The Committee also will not facilitate efforts by President Trump and his allies in Congress to threaten, intimidate, and retaliate against the whistleblower who courageously raised the initial alarm. It remains the duty of the Intelligence Committee to protect whistleblowers, and until recently, this was a bipartisan priority. The
        262 whistleblower has a right under laws championed by this Committee to remain anonymous and to be protected from harm. The impeachment inquiry, moreover, has gathered an ever-growing body of evidence'--from witnesses and documents, including the President's own words in his July 25 call record'--that not only confirms, but far exceeds, the initial information in the whistleblower's complaint. The whistleblower's testimony is therefore redundant and unnecessary. In light of the President's threats, the individual's appearance before us would only place their personal safety at grave risk.435 Until President Trump's attacks on the whistleblower, Republicans and Democrats were united in protecting whistleblowers' right to report abuses of power and be free from retaliation.436 For example, Rep. Nunes, serving in 2017 as Chairman of the Intelligence Committee, spoke in defense of whistleblowers, stating: ''We want people to come forward and we will protect the identity of those people at all cost.''437 He also stated: As you know, and I've said this several times, we don't talk about sources at this committee. '... The good thing is, is that we have continued to have people come forward, voluntarily, to this committee and we want to continue that and I will tell you that that will not happen if we tell you who our sources are and people that come'--come to the committee. 438 Other Republican Members of Congress have opposed efforts to expose the whistleblower. For example, Senator Charles Grassley stated: This person appears to have followed the whistleblower protection laws and ought to be heard out and protected. We should always work to respect whistleblowers' requests for confidentiality. Any further media reports on the whistleblower's identity don't serve the public interest'--even if the conflict sells more papers or attracts clicks.439 Senator Richard Burr, the Chair of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, affirmed that he would ''never'' want the identity of the whistleblower revealed and stated, ''We protect whistleblowers. We protect witnesses in our committee.''440 Senator Mitt Romney also called for support of the whistleblower's rights, stating: ''[W]histleblowers should be entitled to confidentiality and privacy, because they play a vital function in our democracy.''441
        263 SECTION II ENDNOTES1 U.S. Const. Art. I, § 2, cl. 5. 2 Statement of George Mason, Madison Debates (July 20, 1787). 3 McGrain v. Daugherty, 273 U.S. 135 (1927) (''We are of [the] opinion that the power of inquiry'--with process to enforce it'--is an essential and appropriate auxiliary to the legislative function.''); Eastland v. United States Servicemen's Fund, 421 U.S. 491 (1975) (''the power to investigate is inherent in the power to make laws''); Committee on the Judiciary v. McGahn, Case No. 1:19-cv-02379, Memorandum Opinion, Doc. No. 46 (D.D.C. Nov. 25, 2019) (''[T]he House of Representatives has the constitutionally vested responsibility to conduct investigations of suspected abuses of power within the government, and to act to curb those improprieties, if required.''). As of this report, an appeal is pending in the D.C. Circuit. No. 19-5331 (D.C. Cir.). 4 Cf. Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 731 (1982) (''Vigilant oversight by Congress also may serve to deter Presidential abuses of office, as well as to make credible the threat of impeachment.''); Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities v. Nixon, 498 F.2d 725 (D.C. Cir. 1974) (discussing in dicta the ''inquiry into presidential impeachment'' opened by the House Judiciary Committee regarding President Nixon and explaining, ''The investigative authority of the Judiciary Committee with respect to presidential conduct has an express constitutional source.''); In re Report & Recommendation of June 5, 1972 Grand Jury Concerning Transmission of Evidence to House of Representatives, 370 F. Supp. 1219 (D.D.C. 1974) (''[I]t should not be forgotten that we deal in a matter of the most critical moment to the Nation, an impeachment investigation involving the President of the United States. It would be difficult to conceive of a more compelling need than that of this country for an unswervingly fair inquiry based on all the pertinent information.''). In 1833, Justice Joseph Story reasoned'--while explaining why pardons cannot confer immunity from impeachment'--that, ''The power of impeachment will generally be applied to persons holding high office under the government; and it is of great consequence that the President should not have the power of preventing a thorough investigation of their conduct, or of securing them against the disgrace of a public conviction by impeachment, should they deserve it. The constitution has, therefore, wisely interposed this check upon his power.'' Joseph L. Story, 3 Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States § 1501 (1873 ed., T.M. Cooley (ed.)). 5 House Committee on the Judiciary, Impeachment of Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States, 93rd Cong. (1974) (H. Rep. 93-1305). 6 Statement of Rep. William Lyman, Annals of Congress, 4th Cong. 601 (1796). 7 Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, A Sitting President's Amenability to Indictment and Criminal Prosecution (Oct. 16, 2000) (explaining that a President ''who engages in criminal behavior falling into the category of 'high Crimes and Misdemeanors''' is ''always subject to removal from office upon impeachment by the House and conviction by the Senate'') (online at www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/olc/opinions/2000/10/31/op-olc-v024-p0222_0.pdf). 88 Id. (''Moreover, the constitutionally specified impeachment process ensures that the immunity [of a sitting President from prosecution] would not place the President 'above the law.'''). President Trump's personal lawyers have staked out the more extreme position that the President may not be investigated by law enforcement agencies while in office. For example, President Trump's personal attorney asserted in court that the President could not be investigated by local authorities if he committed murder while in office. If Trump Shoots Someone on 5th Ave., Does He Have Immunity? His Lawyer Says Yes, New York Times (Oct. 23, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/10/23/nyregion/trump-taxes-vance.html). A federal district court and appeals court rejected this argument. Trump v. Vance, 941 F.3d 631 (2nd Cir. 2019) (''presidential immunity does not bar the enforcement of a state grand jury subpoena directing a third party to produce non-privileged material, even when the subject matter under investigation pertains to the President''); Trump v. Vance, 395 F. Supp. 3d 283 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) (calling the President's claims of ''unqualified and boundless'' immunity from judicial process ''repugnant to the nation's governmental structure and constitutional values''). The case is currently being appealed. 9 Barenblatt v. U.S, 360 U.S. 109 (1959). 10 McGrain v. Daugherty, 273 U.S. 135 (1927) (''A legislative body cannot legislate wisely or effectively in the absence of information respecting the conditions which the legislation is intended to affect or change; and where the legislative body does not itself possess the requisite information'--which not infrequently is true'--recourse must
        264 be had to others who do possess it. Experience has taught that mere requests for such information often are unavailing, and also that information which is volunteered is not always accurate or complete; so some means of compulsion are essential to obtain what is needed.''); Eastland v. United States Servicemen's Fund, 421 U.S. 491 (1975) (''the subpoena power may be exercised by a committee acting, as here, on behalf of one of the Houses''); Committee on the Judiciary v. Miers, 558 F. Supp. 2d 84 (D.D.C. 2008) (''In short, there can be no question that Congress has a right'--derived from its Article I legislative function'--to issue and enforce subpoenas, and a corresponding right to the information that is the subject of such subpoenas. '... Congress's power of inquiry is as broad as its power to legislate and lies at the very heart of Congress's constitutional role. Indeed, the former is necessary to the proper exercise of the latter: according to the Supreme Court, the ability to compel testimony is 'necessary to the effective functioning of courts and legislatures.''') (citation omitted). 11 U.S. Const. Art. I, § 5, cl. 2. 12 Watkins v. United States, 354 U.S. 178 (1957). 13 See Committee on the Judiciary v. Miers, 558 F. Supp. 2d 84 (D.D.C. 2008) (''Thus, federal precedent dating back as far as 1807 contemplates that even the Executive is bound to comply with duly issued subpoenas.''). 14 Committee on the Judiciary v. McGahn, Case No. 1:19-cv-02379, Memorandum Opinion, Doc. No. 46 (D.D.C. Nov. 25, 2019). As of this report, an appeal is pending in the D.C. Circuit. No. 19-5331 (D.C. Cir.). 15 18 U.S.C. § 1505. 16 18 U.S.C. § 1001 (also prohibiting making ''any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation'' or making or using ''any false writing or document knowing the same to contain any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry'' in connection with a Congressional investigation). 17 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b); See also 18 U.S.C. § 1515(a) (defining ''official proceeding'' to include ''a proceeding before the Congress''). 18 18 U.S.C. § 1512(d). 19 See, e.g., 5 U.S.C. § 2302; 10 U.S.C. § 1034; P.L. 113-126. 20 P.L. 116-6, § 713 (''No part of any appropriation contained in this or any other Act shall be available for the payment of the salary of any officer or employee of the Federal Government, who ... prohibits or prevents, or attempts or threatens to prohibit or prevent, any other officer or employee of the Federal Government from having any direct oral or written communication or contact with any Member, committee, or subcommittee of the Congress in connection with any matter pertaining to the employment of such other officer or employee or pertaining to the department or agency of such other officer or employee in any way, irrespective of whether such communication or contact is at the initiative of such other officer or employee or in response to the request or inquiry of such Member, committee, or subcommittee.''). 21 House Committee on the Judiciary, Impeachment of Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States, 93rd Cong. (1974) (H. Rep. 93-1305). 22 House Committee on the Judiciary, Impeachment of William Jefferson Clinton, President of the United States, 105th Cong. (1998) (H. Rep. 105-830). 23 The White House, The President's Remarks Announcing Developments and Procedures to be Followed in Connection with the Investigation (Apr. 17, 1973). President Nixon initially stated that members of his ''personal staff'' would ''decline a request for a formal appearance before a committee of the Congress,'' but reversed course approximately one month later. The White House, Statement by the President, Executive Privilege (Mar. 12, 1973). 24 See, e.g., Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, Testimony of John Dean, Watergate and Related Activities, Phase I: Watergate Investigation, 93rd Cong. (June 25, 1973); Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, Testimony of H.R. Haldeman, Watergate and Related Activities, Phase I: Watergate Investigation, 93rd Cong. (July 30, 1973); Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, Testimony of Alexander Butterfield, Watergate and Related Activities, Phase I: Watergate Investigation, 93rd Cong. (July 16, 1973); Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, Testimony of John Ehrlichman, Watergate and Related Activities, Phase I: Watergate Investigation, 93rd Cong. (July 24, 1973).
        265 25 See House Committee on the Judiciary, Impeachment of Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States, 93rd Cong. (1974) (H. Rep. 93-1305). 26 Id. 27 Id. (quoting letter from Chairman Peter W. Rodino, Jr., House Committee on the Judiciary, to President Richard M. Nixon (May 30, 1974)). 28 H.R. Jour., 29th Cong., 1st Sess., 693 (Apr. 20, 1846). 29 Senate Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition and House Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran, Testimony of Oliver North, Iran-Contra Investigation: Joint Hearings Before the House Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran and the Senate Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Oppositions, 100th Cong. (July 7, 1987); Senate Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition and House Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran, Testimony of John Poindexter, Iran-Contra Investigation: Joint Hearings Before the House Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran and the Senate Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Oppositions, 100th Cong. (July 15, 1987). 30 Committee on the Judiciary v. McGahn, Civ. No. 1:19-cv-02379, Memorandum Opinion, Doc. No. 46 (D.D.C. Nov. 25, 2019). As of this report, an appeal is pending in the D.C. Circuit. No. 19-5331 (D.C. Cir.). 31 Committee on Government Reform, Democratic Staff, Congressional Oversight of the Clinton Administration (Jan. 17, 2006) (online at https://wayback.archive-it.org/4949/20141031200116/http://oversight-archive.waxman.house.gov/documents/20060117103516-91336.pdf) (noting that Republican Dan Burton, Chairman of the Committee on Government Reform, deposed 141 Clinton Administration officials during his tenure). 32 Select Committee on the Events Surrounding the 2012 Terrorist Attack in Benghazi, Final Report of the Select Committee on the Events Surrounding the 2012 Terrorist Attack in Benghazi, 114th Cong. (2016) (H. Rep. 114-848) (noting that the Select Committee interviewed or received testimony from 107 people'--none of whom was instructed not to appear'--including 57 current and former State Department officials such as Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Chief of Staff and Counselor to the Secretary of State Cheryl Mills, Deputy Chief of Staff and Director of Policy Planning, Jacob Sullivan, and Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations Huma Abedin; 24 Defense Department officials such as Secretary Leon Panetta and General Carter Ham; and 19 Central Intelligence Agency officials such as Director David Petraeus and former Deputy Director Michael Morell). 33 Id. (including productions of 71,640 pages of State Department documents, 300 pages of CIA intelligence analyses, 200 pages of FBI documents, 900 pages of Defense Department documents, and 750 pages of National Security Agency documents). 34 See, e.g., House rule X, clause 2(a) (assigning ''general oversight responsibilities'' to committees); House Rule XI, clause 2(m) (authorizing Committees to ''hold such hearings as it considers necessary'' and to ''require, by subpoena or otherwise, the attendance and testimony of such witnesses and the production of such books, records, correspondence, memoranda, papers, and documents as it considers necessary''); H.Res. 6 (2019) (granting deposition authority to committees); 116th Congress Regulations for Use of Deposition Authority, Congressional Record (Jan. 25, 2019) (establishing procedures for committee depositions). 35 See, e.g., House Rules (2017); H.Res. 5 (2017); 115th Congress Staff Deposition Authority Procedures, Congressional Record (Jan. 13, 2017). 36 Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller III, Department of Justice, Report on The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election, Vol. I (March 2019) (online at www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf); Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III, Department of Justice, Report on The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election, Vol. II (March 2019) (online at www.justice.gov/storage/report_volume2.pdf). 37 See H. Res. 430; see also H. Rep. 116-105 (2019) (the purposes of the Judiciary Committee's investigation include ''considering whether any of the conduct described in the Special Counsel's Report warrants the Committee in taking any further steps under Congress' Article I powers,'' including ''whether to approve articles of impeachment with respect to the President or any other Administration official'').
        266 38 See Letter from Chairman Jerrold Nadler, House Committee on the Judiciary, to Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Maxine Waters, House Committee on Financial Services, Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, and Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs (Aug. 22, 2019) (online at https://judiciary.house.gov/sites/democrats.judiciary.house.gov/files/documents/FiveChairsLetter8.22.pdf). 39 Id. 40 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House (Sept. 9, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/ele_schiff_cummings_letter_to_cipollone_on_ukraine.pdf); Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State (Sept. 9, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/ele_schiff_cummings_letter_to_sec_pompeo_on_ukraine.pdf); Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State (Sept. 13, 2019) (online at https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/2019-09-13.EEC%20ELE%20Schiff%20re%20Ukraine.pdf). 41 The White House, Remarks by President Trump Before Marine One Departure (Sept. 22, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-marine-one-departure-66/) (''We had a great conversation. The conversation I had was largely congratulatory. It was largely corruption'--all of the corruption taking place. It was largely the fact that we don't want our people, like Vice President Biden and his son, creating to the corruption already in the Ukraine.''). 42 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, Pelosi Remarks Announcing Impeachment Inquiry (Sept. 24, 2019) (online at www.speaker.gov/newsroom/92419-0). 43 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf). 44 See, e.g., Letter from Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, to Mick Mulvaney, Acting Chief of Staff, The White House (Oct. 4, 2019) (online at https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/2019-10-04.EEC%20Engel%20Schiff%20to%20Mulvaney-WH%20re%20Subpoena.pdf). 45 H. Res. 660 (2019). 46 Trump Vows Stonewall of 'All' House Subpoenas, Setting Up Fight Over Powers, New York Times (Apr. 24, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/04/24/us/politics/donald-trump-subpoenas.html). 47 While Bemoaning Mueller Probe, Trump Falsely Says the Constitution Gives Him 'The Right to do Whatever I Want', Washington Post (July 23, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/07/23/trump-falsely-tells-auditorium-full-teens-constitution-gives-him-right-do-whatever-i-want/). 48 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Oct. 1, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1179179573541511176). 49 At Louisiana Rally, Trump Lashes Out at Impeachment Inquiry and Pelosi, New York Times (Oct. 11, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/10/11/us/trump-rally-louisiana-lake-charles.html). 50 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Oct. 18, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1185374394350215169) (purporting to quote former Rep. Jason Chaffetz). 51 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Sept. 21, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1175409914384125952).
        267 52 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Sept. 24, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1176559970390806530). 53 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Sept. 24, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1176623010230525953). 54 The White House, Remarks by President Trump and President Salih of Iraq Before Bilateral Meeting (Sept. 24, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-president-salih-iraq-bilateral-meeting-new-york-ny-2/). 55 The White House, Remarks by President Trump and President Bukele of El Salvador Before Bilateral Meeting (Sept. 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-president-bukele-el-salvador-bilateral-meeting-new-york-ny/). 56 The White House, Remarks by President Trump in a Multilateral Meeting on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Sept. 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-multilateral-meeting-bolivarian-republic-venezuela-new-york-ny/). 57 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Sept. 26, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1177285017636093953). 58 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Oct. 1, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1179023004241727489). 59 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Oct. 5, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1180482408522629120). 60 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Oct. 8, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1181761045486080002). 61 The White House, Remarks by President Trump at Signing of Executive Orders on Transparency in Federal Guidance and Enforcement (Oct. 9, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-signing-executive-orders-transparency-federal-guidance-enforcement/). 62 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Oct. 9, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1181913137483829250). 63 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Oct. 9, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1181969511697788928). 64 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Oct. 20, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1186035686396321793). 65 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Nov. 12, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1194214569591394304). 66 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Nov. 24, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1198733640722718725). 67 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Nov. 26, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1199352977934487553). 68 The White House, Remarks by President Trump Upon Air Force One Arrival (Sept. 26, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-upon-air-force-one-arrival-prince-georges-county-md/). 69 See, e.g., Co-Equal, Investigative Rules and Practices Followed by House Republicans (online at www.co-equal.org/guide-to-congressional-oversight/investigative-rules-and-practices-followed-by-house-republicans). See also Committee on Government Reform, Democratic Staff, Congressional Oversight of the Clinton Administration (Jan. 17, 2006) (online at https://wayback.archive-it.org/4949/20141031200116/http://oversight-archive.waxman.house.gov/documents/20060117103516-91336.pdf) (noting that House Republicans conducted hundreds of confidential depositions of both political appointees and career officials without agency counsel present, with one Committee alone conducting over 140 depositions of Clinton Administration officials).
        268 70 Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House, to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs Committee, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform (Oct. 8, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAC-Letter-10.08.2019.pdf). 71 Speech: Donald Trump Holds a Political Rally in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Factbase Videos (Oct. 10, 2019) (online at www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=742&v=_y8Al_mGwmc&feature=emb_logo). 72 Gregg Nunziata, a former legal counsel and senior policy advisor to Senator Marco Rubio, stated: ''This letter is bananas. A barely-lawyered temper tantrum.'' Gregg Nunziata, Twitter (Oct. 8, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/greggnunziata/status/1181685021926662144). Jonathan Turley, a law professor who has represented House Republicans, stated: ''A President cannot simply pick up his marbles and leave the game because he does not like the other players. A refusal to cooperate with a constitutionally mandated process can itself be an abuse of power.'' White House Issues Defiant Letter Refusing to Cooperate in Impeachment Proceedings, Res Ipsa Loquitur (Oct. 9, 2019) (online at https://jonathanturley.org/2019/10/09/white-house-issues-defiant-letter-refusing-to-cooperate-in-impeachment-proceedings/). Preet Bharara, the former U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York, stated, ''It's one of the worst letters I've seen from the White House counsel's office.'' George Conway, a prominent conservative attorney, called Mr. Cipollone's letter ''a disgrace to the country, a disgrace to the presidency, and a disgrace to the legal profession.'' He accused the White House of ''clearly engaging in obstructionist tactics.'' Diagnosing Trump (with George Conway), Stay Tuned with Preet Bharara (Oct. 9, 2019) (online at https://cafe.com/stay-tuned-transcript-diagnosing-trump-with-george-conway/). Mr. Conway also stated: ''I cannot fathom how any self-respecting member of the bar could affix his name to this letter. It's pure hackery, and it disgraces the profession.'' George T. Conway, III, Twitter (Oct. 8, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/gtconway3d/status/1181685229687394307). 73 Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House, to Acting Chairwoman Carolyn Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Chairman Eliot L. Engel, Chairman, House Committee on Foreign Affairs (Oct. 18, 2019). 74 Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, Exclusion of Agency Counsel from Congressional Depositions in the Impeachment Context (Nov. 1, 2019) (online at www.justice.gov/olc/file/1214996/download). 75 Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, Legal Aspects of Impeachment: An Overview (1974) (quoting President James K. Polk) (online at www.justice.gov/olc/page/file/980036/download). 76 Position of the Executive Department Regarding Investigative Reports, 40 Op. Atty Gen. 45 (1941). 77 Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House, to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs Committee, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform (Oct. 8, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAC-Letter-10.08.2019.pdf). 78 See, e.g., The White House, Remarks by President Trump and President Salih of Iraq Before Bilateral Meeting (Sept. 24, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-president-salih-iraq-bilateral-meeting-new-york-ny/) (''The phone call was perfect.''); The White House, Remarks by President Trump Upon Arriving at the U.N. General Assembly (Sept. 24, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-upon-arriving-u-n-general-assembly-new-york-ny/) (''That call was perfect.''); Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Nov. 11, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1193615188311912449) (''The call to the Ukrainian President was PERFECT.''). 79 Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House, to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs Committee, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform (Oct. 8, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAC-Letter-10.08.2019.pdf).
        269 80 See House Committee on the Judiciary, Impeachment of Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States, 93rd Cong. (1974) (H. Rep. 93-1305) (Impeachment Article III: ''In refusing to produce these papers and things, Richard M. Nixon, substituting his judgment as to what materials were necessary for the inquiry, interposed the powers of the presidency against the lawful subpoenas of the House of Representatives, thereby assuming to himself functions and judgments necessary to the exercise of the sole power of impeachment vested by the Constitution in the House of Representatives.''). 81 In this case, one Republican Member of the House of Representatives supported impeaching President Trump'--Rep. Justin Amash from Michigan. In explaining his support, Rep. Amash noted the importance of upholding Congress' ''duties under our Constitution'' rather than ''loyalty to a political party.'' After Rep. Amash announced his support for impeachment, President Trump denounced him as a ''total lightweight'' and a ''loser.'' Rep. Amash subsequently declared that he was leaving the Republican party. See Justin Amash, Twitter (May 18, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/justinamash/status/1129831626844921862); Trump Calls Representative Justin Amash a 'Loser' Over Impeachment Talk, New York Times (May 19, 2019) (online at www.nytimes.com/2019/05/19/us/politics/trump-justin-amash-impeachment.html); Justin Amash: Our politics is in a partisan death spiral. That's why I'm leaving the GOP, Washington Post (July 4, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/justin-amash-our-politics-is-in-a-partisan-death-spiral-thats-why-im-leaving-the-gop/2019/07/04/afbe0480-9e3d-11e9-b27f-ed2942f73d70_story.html). 82 Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House, to Acting Chairwoman Carolyn Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, Chairman, House Committee on Foreign Affairs (Oct. 18, 2019). 83 Jefferson's Manual of Parliamentary Practice § 603 (stating that ''various events have been credited with setting an impeachment in motion,'' including ''facts developed and reported by an investigating committee of the House''). On October 25, 2019, a federal district court affirmed that ''no governing law requires'' the House to hold a such a vote. In re Application of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States House of Representatives, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 184857 (D.D.C. 2019). More than 300 legal scholars agreed, concluding that ''the Constitution does not mandate the process for impeachment and there is no constitutional requirement that the House of Representatives authorize an impeachment inquiry before one begins.'' An Open Letter from Legal Scholars on Trump Impeachment Inquiry (Oct. 17, 2019) (online at www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Open-Letter-from-Legal-Scholars-re-Impeachment.pdf). 84 In re Application of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States House of Representatives, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 184857 (D.D.C. 2019). 85 See, e.g., 3 Deschler Ch. 14 § 5 (discussing impeachment of Justice William O. Douglas). 86 See, e.g., H. Res. 87, 101st Cong. (1989) (impeachment of Judge Walter L. Nixon, Jr.); H. Res. 461, 99th Cong. (1986) (impeachment of Judge Harry E. Claiborne). 87 H. Res. 6 (2019); H. Res. 660 (2019). In addition, on June 11, 2019, the House approved House Resolution 430, which, in part, authorized the House Committee on the Judiciary to seek judicial enforcement of subpoenas in the ongoing investigation related to Special Counsel Mueller's report. The resolution granted the Committee ''any and all necessary authority under Article I of the Constitution'' to seek judicial enforcement. The accompanying report by the House Committee on Rules explained that this authority is intended to further the Judiciary Committee's ongoing investigation, the purpose of which includes assessing whether to recommend ''articles of impeachment with respect to the President.'' H. Rep. 116-108, quoting H. Rep. 116-105. 88 Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House, to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs Committee, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform (Oct. 8, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAC-Letter-10.08.2019.pdf). President Trump has also made these claims directly, stating: ''we had a great two weeks watching these crooked politicians, not giving us due process, not giving us lawyers, not giving us the right to speak, and destroying their witnesses,'' and ''we weren't allowed any rights.'' Speech: Donald Trump Holds a Political Rally in Sunrise, Florida, Factbase Videos (Nov. 26, 2019) (online atwww.youtube.com/watch?v=zoRcCRULQl8&feature=youtu.be).
        270 89 Indeed, Mr. Cipollone articulated no basis under the Constitution for his various ''due process'' demands'--and there is no such basis, especially when the House is engaged in a fact-finding investigation as part of its efforts to ascertain whether to consider articles of impeachment. See H. Rept. 116-266 (2019). 90 H. Res. 660 (2019). 91 H. Rept. 116-266 (2019) (''The purpose of providing these protections is to ensure that the president has a fair opportunity to present evidence to the Judiciary Committee if it must weigh whether to recommend articles of impeachment against him to the full House.''). 92 Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, Committee on Oversight and Reform (Oct. 8, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAC-Letter-10.08.2019.pdf). 93 In a September 25, 2019, statement, a Department of Justice spokesperson stated: ''The Attorney General was first notified of the President's conversation with Ukrainian President Zelensky several weeks after the call took place, when the Department of Justice learned of a potential referral. The President has not spoken with the Attorney General about having Ukraine investigate anything relating to former Vice President Biden or his son. The President has not asked the Attorney General to contact Ukraine'--on this or any other matter. The Attorney General has not communicated with Ukraine'--on this or any other subject. Nor has the Attorney General discussed this matter, or anything relating to Ukraine, with Rudy Giuliani.'' As to the President's conduct with regard to Ukraine, the Department stated: ''In August, the Department of Justice was referred a matter relating to a letter the Director of National Intelligence had received from the Inspector General for the Intelligence Community regarding a purported whistleblower complaint. The Inspector General's letter cited a conversation between the President and Ukrainian President Zelensky as a potential violation of federal campaign finance law, while acknowledging that neither the Inspector General nor the complainant had firsthand knowledge of the conversation. Relying on established procedures set forth in the Justice Manual, the Department's Criminal Division reviewed the official record of the call and determined, based on the facts and applicable law, that there was no campaign finance violation and that no further action was warranted. All relevant components of the Department agreed with this legal conclusion, and the Department has concluded the matter.'' Statement of Kerri Kupec, Spokesperson, Department of Justice (Sept. 25, 2019) (as emailed by the Department of Justice to the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence). 94 H. Rept. 116-266 (2019) (The report continued: ''As previously described, an impeachment inquiry is not a criminal trial and should not be confused with one. The president's liberty is not at stake and the constitutional protections afforded a criminal defendant do not as a matter of course apply. The constitutionally permitted consequences of impeachment are limited to immediate removal from office and potentially being barred from holding future federal office. Moreover, it is the Senate that conducts the trial to determine whether the conduct outlined in the articles warrant the president's removal from office, which requires a 2/3 majority vote. Indeed, given the nature of the ongoing investigation into the Ukraine matter, President Trump has received additional procedural protections. During closed door depositions held by HPSCI and others related to the Ukraine matter, minority members have been present and granted equal time to question witnesses brought before the committees. This is unlike the process in the preceding two presidential impeachment inquiries, which relied significantly upon information gathered by third-party investigators.''). 95 See Committee on Government Reform, Democratic Staff, Congressional Oversight of the Clinton Administration (Jan. 17, 2006) (online at https://wayback.archive-it.org/4949/20141031200116/http://oversight-archive.waxman.house.gov/documents/20060117103516-91336.pdf) (explaining that when Rep. Dan Burton served as Chairman of the Committee on Government Reform, the Committee deposed 141 Clinton Administration officials without agency counsel present'--including White House Chief of Staff Mack McLarty; White House Chief of Staff Erskine Bowles; White House Counsel Bernard Nussbaum; White House Counsel Jack Quinn; Deputy White House Counsel Bruce Lindsey; Deputy White House Counsel Cheryl Mills; Deputy White House Chief of Staff Harold Ickes; Chief of Staff to the Vice President Roy Neel; and Chief of Staff to the First Lady Margaret Williams). 96 Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House, to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, Committee on Oversight and Reform
        271 (Oct. 8, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAC-Letter-10.08.2019.pdf). On November 1, 2019, after the House approved H. Res. 660, the Administration continued to press this spurious claim, with the Office of Legal Counsel issuing an opinion asserting that ''Congressional committees participating in an impeachment inquiry may not validly compel executive branch witnesses to testify about matters that potentially involve information protected by executive privilege without the assistance of agency counsel.'' Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, Exclusion of Agency Counsel from Congressional Depositions in the Impeachment Context (Nov. 1, 2019) (online at www.justice.gov/olc/file/1214996/download). As discussed in this section, this position is entirely unsupported by judicial precedent and erroneous. 97 U.S. Const., Art. I, sec. 5, cl. 2. 98 The regulations that govern House depositions state: ''Only members, Committee staff designated by the chair or ranking minority member, an official reporter, the witness, and the witness's counsel are permitted to attend. Observers or counsel for other persons, including counsel for government agencies, may not attend.'' 116th Congress Regulations for Use of Deposition Authority, Congressional Record, H1216 (Jan. 25, 2019) (online at www.congress.gov/116/crec/2019/01/25/CREC-2019-01-25-pt1-PgH1216-2.pdf). 99 Committee on Oversight and Reform, Committee Depositions in the House of Representatives: Longstanding Republican and Democratic Practice of Excluding Agency Counsel (Nov. 5, 2019) (online at https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/Committee%20Depositions%20in%20the%20House%20of%20Representatives_Longstanding%20Republican%20and%20Democratic%20Practice%20of%20Excluding%20Agency%20Counsel.pdf). 100 Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House, to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs Committee, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform (Oct. 8, 2019). 101 Barenblatt v. United States, 360 U.S. 109 (1959). 102 See, e.g., S. 2537 (requiring an investigation by the State Department Inspector General into the withholding of aid to Ukraine, directing the President to immediately obligate previously appropriated funds, and authorizing funds to counter Russian influence); H.R. 3047 (providing support to Ukraine to defend its independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity). 103 In re Application of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States House of Representatives, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 184857 (D.D.C. 2019), quoting Trump v. Mazars United States, 2019 U.S. App. LEXIS 30475 (D.D.C. 2019) (''Nothing 'in the Constitution or case law ... compels Congress to abandon its legislative role at the first scent of potential illegality and confine itself exclusively to the impeachment process.'''). 104 See, e.g., the 1974 Amendments to the Freedom of Information Act, P.L. 93-502; Ethics in Government Act of 1978, P.L. 95-52; Presidential Records Act of 1978, P.L. 95-591; Federal Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974, P.L. 93-443. 105 Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House, to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs Committee, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform (Oct. 8, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAC-Letter-10.08.2019.pdf); Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House, to Acting Chairwoman Carolyn Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Chairman Eliot L. Engel, Chairman, House Committee on Foreign Affairs (Oct. 18, 2019). 106 United States v. American Tel. & Tel. Co., 567 F.2d 121 (D.C. Cir. 1977) (''Rather, each branch should take cognizance of an implicit constitutional mandate to seek optimal accommodation through a realistic evaluation of the needs of the conflicting branches in the particular fact situation.''). 107 For example, on November 22, 2019, the Department of State produced to a private party 99 pages of emails, letters, notes, timelines, and news articles under a court order pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act. State Department Releases Ukraine Documents to American Oversight, American Oversight (Nov. 22, 2019) (online at www.americanoversight.org/state-department-releases-ukraine-documents-to-american-oversight).
        272 108 Even if the President were to make a colorable assertion of executive privilege, which he has not, the Supreme Court has held that the privilege is not absolute. In the context of a grand jury subpoena, the Supreme Court found that the President's ''generalized assertion of privilege must yield to the demonstrated, specific need for evidence in a pending criminal trial.'' United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974). Similarly, the D.C. Circuit has held that executive privilege is a ''qualified'' privilege and that ''courts must balance the public interests at stake in determining whether the privilege should yield in a particular case, and must specifically consider the need of the party seeking privileged evidence.'' In re Sealed Case, 121 F.3d 729 (D.C. Cir. 1997). As described above, Congress' need for information during an impeachment inquiry is particularly ''compelling.'' In re Report & Recommendation of June 5, 1972 Grand Jury Concerning Transmission of Evidence to House of Representatives, 370 F. Supp. 1219 (D.D.C. 1974) (''[I]t should not be forgotten that we deal in a matter of the most critical moment to the Nation, an impeachment investigation involving the President of the United States. It would be difficult to conceive of a more compelling need than that of this country for an unswervingly fair inquiry based on all the pertinent information.''). 109 See, e.g., Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House, to William Pittard, Counsel to Mick Mulvaney, Acting Chief of Staff, The White House (Nov. 8, 2019) (asserting that Acting Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney ''is absolutely immune from compelled congressional testimony with respect to matters related to his service as a senior advisor to the President'' and that ''[s]ubjecting a senior presidential advisor to the congressional subpoena power would be akin to requiring the President himself to appear before Congress on matters relating to the performance of his constitutionally assigned executive functions''). 110 Committee on the Judiciary v. Miers, 558 F. Supp. 2d 53 (D.D.C. 2008) (''The Executive cannot identify a single judicial opinion that recognizes absolute immunity for senior presidential advisors in this or any other context. That simple yet critical fact bears repeating: the asserted absolute immunity claim here is entirely unsupported by existing case law. In fact, there is Supreme Court authority that is all but conclusive on this question and that powerfully suggests that such advisors do not enjoy absolute immunity. The Court therefore rejects the Executive's claim of absolute immunity for senior presidential aides.''). 111 Committee on the Judiciary v. McGahn, Case No. 1:19-cv-02379, Memorandum Opinion, Doc. No. 46 (D.D.C. Nov. 25, 2019). As of this report, an appeal is pending in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. No. 19-5331 (D.C. Cir.). 112 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House (Sept. 9, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/ele_schiff_cummings_letter_to_cipollone_on_ukraine.pdf). 113 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House (Sept. 24, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/2019-09-24.eec_engel_schiff_to_cipollone-wh_re_potus_ukraine.pdf). 114 Letter from Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, to Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House (Oct. 4, 2019) (online at https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/2019-10-04.EEC%20Engel%20Schiff%20to%20Mulvaney-WH%20re%20Subpoena.pdf). 115 Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House, to Acting Chairwoman Carolyn Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, (Oct. 18, 2019). 116 Email from Bureau of Legislative Affairs, Department of State, to Committee Staff (Oct. 2, 2019). 117 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House (Sept. 9, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/ele_schiff_cummings_letter_to_cipollone_on_ukraine.pdf). 118 Id.
        273 119 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House (Sept. 24, 2019). 120 Memorandum from Chairman Elijah E. Cummings to Members of the House Committee on Oversight and Reform, Notice of Intent to Issue Subpoenas (Oct. 2, 2019) (online at https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/2019-10-02.COR%20WH%20Subpoena%20Memo%20and%20Schedule.pdf). 121 Letter from Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, to Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House (Oct. 4, 2019) (online at https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/2019-10-04.EEC%20Engel%20Schiff%20to%20Mulvaney-WH%20re%20Subpoena.pdf). 122 Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House, to Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform (Oct. 8, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAC-Letter-10.08.2019.pdf). 123 Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House, to Acting Chairwoman Carolyn Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, (Oct. 18, 2019). 124 On September 13, the Intelligence Committee issued a subpoena pursuant to its oversight authority to the Acting Director of National Intelligence to compel the production of a complaint submitted by an Intelligence Community whistleblower, as well as other records. The Intelligence Committee issued this subpoena before Speaker Pelosi announced on September 24 that the Intelligence Committee and other committees would be continuing their work under the umbrella of the impeachment inquiry being conducted by the Judiciary Committee. As a result, this subpoena should not be conflated with subpoenas issued as part of the impeachment inquiry. See Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, to Joseph Maguire, Acting Director of National Intelligence, Office of the Director of National Intelligence (Sept. 13, 2019). 125 The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (Apr. 21, 2019) (online at http://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2019/images/11/15/4-21-19.trump-zelensky.call.pdf); The White House, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation (July 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf). 126 Vindman-Williams Hearing Tr. at 31-32. 127 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 53; Morrison Dep. Tr. at 19-20. 128 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 186-187; Morrison Dep. Tr. at 166-167. 129 See, e.g., Cooper Dep. Tr. at 42-43. 130 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 78-79. 131 Vindman Dep. Tr. at 36-37. 132 Holmes Dep. Tr. at 31. 133 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Opening Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, Department of State, Impeachment, 116th Cong. (Nov. 20, 2019). 134 The review reportedly uncovered ''early August email exchanges between acting chief of staff Mick Mulvaney and White House budget officials seeking to provide an explanation for withholding the funds after the president had already ordered a hold in mid-July on the nearly $400 million in security assistance.'' The review also reportedly included interviews with ''some key White House officials involved in handling Ukraine aid and dealing with complaints and concerns in the aftermath of the call between Trump and Zelensky.'' White House Review Turns Up Emails Showing Extensive Effort to Justify Trump's Decision to Block Ukraine Military Aid, Washington Post (Nov. 24, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/politics/white-house-review-turns-up-emails-showing-
        274 extensive-effort-to-justify-trumps-decision-to-block-ukraine-military-aid/2019/11/24/2121cf98-0d57-11ea-bd9d-c628fd48b3a0_story.html). 135 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Vice President Michael Pence, Office of the Vice President (Oct. 4, 2019) (online at https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/2019-10-04.EEC%20Engel%20Schiff%20%20re%20Request%20to%20VP%2010-04-19%20Letter%20and%20Schedule.pdf). 136 Id. 137 Letter from Matthew E. Morgan, Counsel to the Vice President, Office of the Vice President, to Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Oct. 15, 2019). 138 Vindman-Williams Hearing Tr. at 61. 139 Williams Dep. Tr. at 129. 140 Vindman-Williams Hearing Tr. at 15. 141 Vindman-Williams Hearing Tr. at 23-24. 142 Williams Dep. Tr. at 74-75. 143 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Acting Director Russell T. Vought, Office of Management and Budget (Oct. 7, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/2019-10-07.eec_engel_schiff_to_vought-_omb_re_subpoena.pdf). 144 Id. 145 Letter from Jason Yaworske, Associate Director for Legislative Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, to Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Oct. 15, 2019). 146 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 23-26. 147 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 36-41. 148 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 57-60, 62-63. 149 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State (Sept. 9, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/ele_schiff_cummings_letter_to_sec_pompeo_on_ukraine.pdf). 150 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State (Sept. 23, 2019). 151 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State (Sept. 27, 2019) (online at https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/2019-09-27.EEC%20Engel%20Schiff%20%20to%20Pompeo-%20State%20re%20Document%20Subpoena.pdf). 152 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, and Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, to Ambassador Gordon Sondland, Department of State (Oct. 8, 2019) (online at https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/2019-10-08.EEC%20Engel%20Schiff%20to%20Sondland%20re%20Subpoena.pdf); Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel,
        275 House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Ambassador William Taylor, Department of State (Oct. 4, 2019); Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Counselor T. Ulrich Brechbuhl, Department of State (Sept. 27, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/20190927_-_eec_engel_schiff_to_brechbuhl_re_individual_deposition_request.pdf); Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Deputy Assistant Secretary George P. Kent, Department of State (Sept. 27, 2019); Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Ambassador Kurt Volker, Department of State (Sept. 27, 2019); Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch, Department of State (Sept. 27, 2019). 153 Letter from Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State, to Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs (Oct. 1, 2019) (Secretary Pompeo sent identical letters to Chairman Elijah. E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, and Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the same day). 154 Id. 155 Kent Dep. Tr. at 27. 156 Kent Dep. Tr. at 33-34. 157 Kent Dep. Tr. at 34-35. 158 Letter from Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State, to Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs (Oct. 1, 2019) (Secretary Pompeo sent identical letters to Chairman Elijah. E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, and Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the same day). 159 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Deputy Secretary John J. Sullivan, Department of State (Oct. 1, 2019) (online at https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/_cache/files/4/6/4683bc86-be2a-49fc-9e76-7cdbf669592f/98BEBD8006DE62BA36BEBD175775F744.2019-10-1-ele-abs-eec-to-depsec-sullivan.pdf). 160 Pompeo: 'I Was on the Phone Call' with Trump and Ukrainian President, CNN (Oct. 2, 2019) (online at www.cnn.com/2019/10/02/politics/mike-pompeo-ukraine-call/index.html). 161 Email from Committee Staff to Bureau of Legislative Affairs, Department of State (Oct. 7, 2019). 162 Letter from Brian Bulatao, Under Secretary of State for Management, Department of State, to Andrew Wright, Counsel to Deputy Assistant Secretary George P. Kent, Department of State (Oct. 14, 2019). 163 Kent Dep. Tr. at 30-31, 46. 164 Kent Dep. Tr. at 32. 165 Kent Dep. Tr. at 35. 166 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Opening Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, Department of State, Impeachment, 116th Cong. (Nov. 20, 2019). 167 Id. 168 Id. In addition, Dr. Fiona Hill, the former Senior Director for European and Russian Affairs at the National Security Council, produced calendar entries relating to relevant meetings. Fiona Hill Document Production, Bates Hill0001 through Hill0049 (Oct. 13, 2019).
        276 169 Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000001-KV00000065 (Oct. 3, 2019). 170 18 U.S.C. § 1505. 171 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Opening Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, Department of State, Impeachment, 116th Cong., at 3-4 (Nov. 20, 2019). 172 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 160. 173 Declaration of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, Department of State, at 3 (Nov. 4, 2019). 174 State Department Releases Ukraine Documents to American Oversight, American Oversight (Nov. 22, 2019) (online at www.americanoversight.org/state-department-releases-ukraine-documents-to-american-oversight); American Oversight v. Dep't of State, Case No. 19-cv-2934, Doc. No. 15 (D.D.C. November 25, 2019). 175 Email from Office Manager to the Secretary of State to S_All (Mar. 26, 2019) (online at www.americanoversight.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/AO_State_Ukraine_Docs_11-22.pdf). 176 Email from Madeleine Westerhout to State Department Official, (Mar. 27, 2019) (online at www.americanoversight.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/AO_State_Ukraine_Docs_11-22.pdf). 177 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State (Sept. 27, 2019) (online at https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/2019-09-27.EEC%20Engel%20Schiff%20%20to%20Pompeo-%20State%20re%20Document%20Subpoena.pdf). 178 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 33-34. 179 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Opening Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, Department of State, Impeachment, 116th Cong., at 20-23 (Nov. 20, 2019). 180 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 45-46. 181 Hale Dep. Tr. at 147-148. 182 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Secretary Mark Esper, Department of Defense (Oct. 7, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/2019-10-07.eec_engel_schiff_to_esper-dod_re_subpoena.pdf). 183 Transcript: Secretary of Defense Mark Esper on ''Face the Nation,'' October 13, 2019, CBS News (Oct. 13, 2019) (online at www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-secretary-of-defense-mark-esper-on-face-the-nation-october-13-2019/). 184 Letter from Robert R. Hood, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Legislative Affairs, Department of Defense, to Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform (Oct. 15, 2019). 185 Transcript: Secretary of Defense Mark Esper on ''Face the Nation,'' October 13, 2019, CBS News (Oct. 13, 2019) (online at www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-secretary-of-defense-mark-esper-on-face-the-nation-october-13-2019/). 186 See, e.g., Cooper Dep. Tr. at 42-43. 187 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 33. 188 Cooper Dep. Tr. at 33-38. 189 Cooper Hearing Tr. at 13-14. 190 Cooper Hearing Tr. at 14. 191 Cooper Hearing Tr. at 14.
        277 192 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Secretary Rick Perry, Department of Energy (Oct. 10, 2019) (online at https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/2019-10-10.EEC%20Engel%20Schiff%20to%20Perry-DOE%20Joint%20Cover%20Letter%20re%20Subpoena.pdf). 193 Letter from Melissa F. Burnison, Assistant Secretary for Congressional and Intergovernmental Affairs, Department of Energy, to Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform (Oct. 18, 2019). 194 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. at 160. 195 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Opening Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, Department of State, Impeachment, 116th Cong. (Nov. 20, 2019). 196 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Opening Statement of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, Department of State, Impeachment, 116th Cong. (Nov. 20, 2019). 197 Letter from Chairman Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Rudy Giuliani (Sept. 30, 2019) (online at https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/20190930%20-%20Giuliani%20HPSCI%20Subpoena%20Letter.pdf). 198 Letter from Jon A. Sale, Counsel to Rudy Giuliani, to Committee Staff (Oct. 15, 2019). 199 Id. 200 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Igor Fruman (Sept. 30, 2019) (online at https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/20190930%20-%20Fruman%20Letter%20and%20Doc%20Request%20Schedule.pdf); Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Lev Parnas (Sept. 30, 2019) (online at https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/20190930%20-%20Parnas%20Letter%20and%20Doc%20Request%20Schedule.pdf). 201 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to John M. Dowd, Counsel to Igor Fruman and Lev Parnas (Oct. 10, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/2019-10-09.eec_engel_schiff_to_parnas_fruman_re_subpoena.pdf). 202 Letter from John M. Dowd, Counsel to Igor Fruman and Lev Parnas, to Committee Staff (Oct. 3, 2019). 203 Letter from John M. Dowd, Counsel to Igor Fruman and Lev Parnas, to Committee Staff (Oct. 8, 2019). 204 Email from John M. Dowd, Counsel to Igor Fruman and Lev Parnas, to Committee Staff (Oct. 9, 2019). 205 Email from Committee Staff to John M. Dowd, Counsel to Igor Fruman and Lev Parnas (Oct. 10, 2019). 206 Email from John M. Dowd, Counsel to Igor Fruman and Lev Parnas, to Committee Staff (Oct. 10, 2019). 207 Exclusive: Giuliani Associate Parnas Will Comply with Trump Impeachment Inquiry'--Lawyer, Reuters (Nov. 4, 2019) (online at www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-impeachment-parnas-exclusiv/exclusive-giuliani-associate-now-willing-to-comply-with-trump-impeachment-inquiry-lawyer-idUSKBN1XE297). On November 23, 2019, Mr. Parnas' attorney informed the press that ''Mr. Parnas learned from former Ukrainian Prosecutor General Victor Shokin that [Ranking Member Devin] Nunes had met with Shokin in Vienna last December.'' According to the report, ''Parnas says he worked to put Nunes in touch with Ukrainians who could help Nunes dig up dirt on Biden and Democrats in Ukraine, according to Bondy.'' Exclusive: Giuliani Associate Willing to Tell Congress Nunes Met with Ex-Ukrainian Official to Get Dirt on Biden, CNN (Nov. 23, 2019) (online at
        278 www.cnn.com/2019/11/22/politics/nunes-vienna-trip-ukrainian-prosecutor-biden/index.html). On November 24, 2019, Mr. Parnas' attorney told press that his client had arranged skype and phone calls earlier this year between Ranking Member Nunes' staff and Ukraine's chief anti-corruption prosecutor, Nazar Kholodnytsky, as well as a deputy in Ukraine's Prosecutor General's office, Konstantin Kulik. According to Mr. Parnas' attorney, Ranking Member Nunes had actually planned a trip to Ukraine instead of the calls, but cancelled the trip when his staff realized it would require alerting Chairman Schiff about the travel. Giuliani Associate Parnas Wants to Testify that Nunes Aides Hid Ukraine Meetings on Biden Dirt from Schiff, CNBC (Nov. 24, 2019) (online at www.cnbc.com/2019/11/24/giuliani-ally-would-testify-that-nunes-staffers-hid-ukraine-meetings-from-schiff.html). 208 Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House, to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs Committee, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform (Oct. 8, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAC-Letter-10.08.2019.pdf). 209 See 2 U.S.C. §§'¯192, 194. Witnesses who received subpoenas that were subsequently withdrawn would not face a similar risk of being held in contempt of Congress. 210 See, e.g., Email from Committee Staff to Mick Mulvaney, Acting Chief of Staff, The White House (Nov. 7, 2019) (''Your failure or refusal to comply with the subpoena, including at the direction or behest of the President, shall constitute further evidence of obstruction of the House's impeachment inquiry and may be used as an adverse inference against you and the President. Moreover, your failure to appear shall constitute evidence that may be used against you in a contempt proceeding.''). 211 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, Mick Mulvaney, Acting Chief of Staff, The White House (Nov. 5, 2019) (online at https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/2019-11-05.CBM%20Engel%20Schiff%20to%20Mulvaney-WH%20re%20Depo%20Notice.pdf). 212 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Mick Mulvaney, Acting Chief of Staff, The White House (Nov. 7, 2019). 213 Email from William Pittard, Counsel to Mick Mulvaney, Acting Chief of Staff, The White House, to Committee Staff (Nov. 8, 2019). 214 Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House, to William Pittard, Counsel to Mick Mulvaney, Acting Chief of Staff, The White House (Nov. 8, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PAC-Letter-10.08.2019.pdf). 215 Letter from Steven A. Engel, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice, to Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House (Nov. 7, 2019). 216 Mulvaney Dep. Tr. at 5. 217 Mulvaney Dep. Tr. at 7-9. 218 On November 8, 2019, Mr. Mulvaney filed a motion in federal court seeking to join a lawsuit, discussed below, filed by Dr. Charles Kupperman seeking a declaratory judgment as to whether he should comply with the Committees' subpoena. On November 11, 2019, Mr. Mulvaney withdrew his request to join the case. White House Chief of Staff Mulvaney Drops Bid to Join Kupperman Impeachment Lawsuit, Washington Post (Nov. 11, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/bolton-and-kupperman-reject-white-house-chief-of-staff-mulvaneys-bid-to-join-impeachment-lawsuit/2019/11/11/cdf40226-04ac-11ea-8292-c46ee8cb3dce_story.html). 219 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Robert B. Blair, Assistant to the President and Senior Advisor to the Chief of Staff, The White House (Oct. 24, 2019). 220 Letter from Whitney C. Ellerman, Counsel to Robert B. Blair, Assistant to the President and Senior Advisor to the Chief of Staff, The White House, to Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs,
        279 Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform (Nov. 2, 2019). 221 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, and Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, to Whitney C. Ellerman, Counsel to Robert B. Blair, Assistant to the President and Senior Advisor to the Chief of Staff, The White House (Nov. 3, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Robert B. Blair, Assistant to the President and Senior Advisor to the Chief of Staff, The White House (Nov. 3, 2019). 222 Blair Dep. Tr. at 6-7. 223 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Charles J. Cooper and Michael W. Kirk, Counsel to Ambassador John Bolton, Former National Security Advisor, The White House (Oct. 30, 2019). 224 Email from Charles J. Cooper, Counsel to Ambassador John Bolton, Former National Security Advisor, The White House, to Committee Staff (Oct. 30, 2019). 225 Letter from Charles J. Cooper, Counsel to Ambassador John Bolton, Former National Security Advisor, The White House, to Douglas N. Letter, General Counsel, House of Representatives (Nov. 8, 2019). 226 In early November 2019, Ambassador Bolton's personal attorney also informed Committee staff that if the Committees were to issue a subpoena to compel his testimony, he would seek to join the lawsuit filed by Dr. Kupperman. On November 24, 2019, Chairman Schiff stated, ''We've certainly been in touch with his lawyer and what we've been informed by his lawyer'--because we invited him and he did not choose to come in and testify, notwithstanding the fact that his deputy Fiona Hill and his other deputy Colonel Vindman and Tim Morrison and others on the National Security Council have shown the courage to come in'--is if we subpoena him, they will sue us in court.'' Schiff Pushes Bolton to Testify But Will Not Go to Court to Force Him, CNN (Nov. 24, 2019) (online at www.cnn.com/2019/11/24/politics/adam-schiff-house-democrats-impeachment-state-of-the-union-cnntv/index.html). 227 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to John A. Eisenberg, Deputy Counsel to the President for National Security Affairs and Legal Advisor to the National Security Council, National Security Council, The White House (Oct. 30, 2019). 228 Eisenberg Dep. Tr. at 6 (''Mr. Eisenberg never acknowledged receipt or otherwise responded to the committees' deposition request, nor did any official at the White House.''). 229 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to John A. Eisenberg, Deputy Counsel to the President for National Security Affairs and Legal Advisor to the National Security Council, National Security Council, The White House (Nov. 1, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to John A. Eisenberg, Deputy Counsel to the President for National Security Affairs and Legal Advisor to the National Security Council, The White House (Nov. 1, 2019). 230 Letter from William A. Burck, Counsel to John A. Eisenberg, Deputy Counsel to the President for National Security Affairs and Legal Advisor to the National Security Council, National Security Council, The White House, to Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform (Nov. 4, 2019). 231 Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House, to William A. Burck, Counsel to John A. Eisenberg, Deputy Counsel to the President for National Security Affairs and Legal Advisor to the National Security Council, National Security Council, The White House (Nov. 3, 2019). 232 Letter from Steven A. Engel, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice, to Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, the White House (Nov. 3, 2019).
        280 233 Eisenberg Dep. Tr. at 6-8. 234 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Michael Ellis, Senior Associate Counsel to the President and Deputy Legal Advisor to the National Security Council, National Security Council, The White House (Oct. 30, 2019). 235 Email from Paul Butler, Counsel to Michael Ellis, Senior Associate Counsel to the President and Deputy Legal Advisor to the National Security Council, National Security Council, The White House, to Committee Staff (Nov. 2, 2019). 236 Email from Paul Butler, Counsel to Michael Ellis, Senior Associate Counsel to the President and Deputy Legal Advisor to the National Security Council, National Security Council, The White House, to Committee Staff (Nov. 3, 2019). 237 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, to Paul W. Butler, Counsel to Michael Ellis, Senior Associate Counsel to the President and Deputy Legal Advisor to the National Security Council, National Security Council, The White House (Nov. 3, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Michael Ellis, Senior Associate Counsel to the President and Deputy Legal Advisor to the National Security Council, National Security Council, The White House (Nov. 3, 2019). 238 Ellis Dep. Tr. at 7. 239 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Preston Wells Griffith, Senior Director for International Energy and Environment, National Security Council (Oct. 24, 2019). 240 Letter from Karen D. Williams, Counsel to Preston Wells Griffith, Senior Director for International Energy and Environment, National Security Council, to Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform (Nov. 4, 2019). 241 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, and Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, to Karen D. Williams, Counsel to Preston Wells Griffith, Senior Director for International Energy and Environment, National Security Council (Nov. 4, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Preston Wells Griffith, Senior Director for International Energy and Environment, National Security Council (Nov. 4, 2019). 242 Griffith Dep. Tr. at 5-6. 243 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Dr. Charles M. Kupperman, Former Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, National Security Council (Oct. 16, 2019). 244 Email from Committee Staff to Charles J. Cooper and Michael W. Kirk, Counsel to Dr. Charles M. Kupperman, Former Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, National Security Council (Oct. 25, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Dr. Charles M. Kupperman, Former Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, National Security Council (Oct. 25, 2019). 245 Compl., Kupperman v. U.S. House of Representatives et al., No. 19 Civ. 3224 (D.D.C. filed Oct. 25, 2019). 246 Email from Michael W. Kirk, Counsel to Dr. Charles M. Kupperman, Former Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, National Security Council, to Committee Staff (Oct. 25, 2019). 247 Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House, to Charles J. Cooper, Counsel to Dr. Charles M. Kupperman, Former Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, National Security Council (Oct. 25, 2019).
        281 248 Letter from Steven A. Engel, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice, to Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House (Oct. 25, 2019). 249 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Charles J. Cooper and Michael W. Kirk, Counsel to Dr. Charles M. Kupperman, Former Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, National Security Council (Oct. 26, 2019). 250 Letter from Charles J. Cooper, Counsel to Dr. Charles M. Kupperman, Former Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, National Security Council, to Committee Staff (Oct. 26, 2019). 251 Letter from Charles J. Cooper, Counsel to Dr. Charles M. Kupperman, Former Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, National Security Council, to Committee Staff (Oct. 27, 2019). 252 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform to Charles J. Cooper and Michael W. Kirk, Counsel to Dr. Charles M. Kupperman, Former Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, National Security Council, (Nov. 5, 2019). 253 Letter from Charles J. Cooper, Counsel to Dr. Charles M. Kupperman, Former Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, National Security Council, to Douglas N. Letter, General Counsel, House of Representatives (Nov. 8, 2019). 254 Committee on the Judiciary v. McGahn, Memorandum Opinion (D.D.C. Nov. 25, 2019) (''To make the point as plain as possible, it is clear to this Court for the reasons explained above that, with respect to senior-level presidential aides, absolute immunity from compelled congressional process simply does not exist. Indeed, absolute testimonial immunity for senior-level White House aides appears to be a fiction that has been fastidiously maintained over time through the force of sheer repetition in OLC opinions, and through accommodations that have permitted its proponents to avoid having the proposition tested in the crucible of litigation. And because the contention that a President's top advisors cannot be subjected to compulsory congressional process simply has no basis in the law, it does not matter whether such immunity would theoretically be available to only a handful of presidential aides due to the sensitivity of their positions, or to the entire Executive branch. Nor does it make any difference whether the aides in question are privy to national security matters, or work solely on domestic issues.''). As of this report, an appeal is pending in the D.C. Circuit. No. 19-5331 (D.C. Cir.). 255 See, Kupperman v. U.S. House of Representatives, et al., No. 19 Civ. 3224 (D.D.C.). As of this report, the House Defendants' Motion to Dismiss (Nov. 14, 2019), ECF No. 41, remains pending. Although the Committee will not reissue the subpoena to Dr. Kupperman and the court case is moot, he could choose to appear on a voluntary basis to assist Congress in the discharge of its Constitutional responsibilities. 256 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Acting Director Russell T. Vought, Office of Management and Budget (Oct. 11, 2019). 257 Email from Jessica L. Donlon, Deputy General Counsel for Oversight, Office of Management and Budget, to Committee Staff (Oct. 21, 2019). 258 Russell T. Vought, Twitter (Oct. 21, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/RussVought45/status/1186276793172578306?s=20). 259 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Acting Director Russell T. Vought, Office of Management and Budget (Oct. 25, 2019). 260 Letter from Jason A. Yaworske, Associate Director for Legislative Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, to Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Nov. 4, 2019). 261 Vought Dep. Tr. at 10-11.
        282 262 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Associate Director Michael Duffey, Office of Management and Budget (Oct. 11, 2019). 263 Email from Jessica L. Donlon, Deputy General Counsel for Oversight, Office of Management and Budget, to Committee Staff (Oct. 21, 2019). 264 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Michael Duffey, Associate Director of National Security Programs, Office of Management and Budget (Oct. 25, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/20191025_-_letter_duffey_re_subpoena.pdf); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Michael Duffey, Associate Director of National Security Programs, Office of Management and Budget (Oct. 25, 2019). 265 Letter from Jason A. Yaworske, Associate Director for Legislative Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, to Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Nov. 4, 2019). 266 Duffey Dep. Tr. at 7. 267 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Brian McCormack, Associate Director for Natural Resources, Energy, and Science, Office of Management and Budget (Oct. 24, 2019). 268 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Brian McCormack, Associate Director for Natural Resources, Energy, and Science, Office of Management and Budget (Nov. 1, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Brian McCormack, Associate Director for Natural Resources, Energy, and Science, Office of Management and Budget (Nov. 1, 2019). 269 Letter from Jason A. Yaworske, Associate Director for Legislative Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, to Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Nov. 4, 2019). 270 McCormack Dep. Tr. at 6. 271 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State (Sept. 13, 2019). 272 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State (Sept. 27, 2019) (internal citations omitted) (online at https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/2019-09-27.EEC%20Engel%20Schiff%20%20to%20Pompeo-%20State%20re%20Depositions.pdf). 273 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to T. Ulrich Brechbuhl, Counselor, Department of State (Sept. 27, 2019). 274 Letter from Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State, to Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs (Oct. 1, 2019) (Secretary Pompeo sent identical letters to Chairman Elijah. E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, and Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the same day). 275 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Deputy Secretary of State John J. Sullivan, Department of State (Oct. 1, 2019) (online at https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/2019-10-01%20ELE%20ABS%20EEC%20TO%20DEPSEC%20SULLIVAN.pdf). 276 Email from Ronald J. Tenpas, Counsel to T. Ulrich Brechbuhl, Counselor, Department of State, to Committee Staff (Oct. 2, 2019).
        283 277 Email from Committee Staff, to Ronald J. Tenpas, Counsel to T. Ulrich Brechbuhl, Counselor, Department of State (Oct. 8, 2019). 278 Email from Committee Staff, to Ronald J. Tenpas, Counsel to T. Ulrich Brechbuhl, Counselor, Department of State (Oct. 9, 2019). 279 Email from Ronald J. Tenpas, Counsel to T. Ulrich Brechbuhl, Counselor, Department of State, to Committee Staff (Oct. 9, 2019). 280 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to T. Ulrich Brechbuhl, Counselor, Department of State (Oct. 25, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to T. Ulrich Brechbuhl, Counselor, Department of State (Oct. 25, 2019). 281 Letter from Ronald J. Tenpas, Counsel to T. Ulrich Brechbuhl, Counselor, Department of State to Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform (Nov. 5, 2019). 282 Brechbuhl Dep. Tr. at 4-5. 283 Email from Committee staff to Ronald J. Tenpas, Counsel to T. Ulrich Brechbuhl, Counselor, Department of State (Nov. 5, 2019); Email from Committee Staff to Ronald J. Tenpas, Counsel to T. Ulrich Brechbuhl, Counselor (Nov. 22, 2019). 284 Letter from Brian Bulatao, Under Secretary of State for Management, to Ronald J. Tenpas, Counsel to T. Ulrich Brechbuhl, Counselor, Department of State (Nov. 4, 2019.) 285 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Secretary Rick Perry, Department of Energy (Nov. 1, 2019). 286 Letter from General Counsel Bill Cooper, Department of Energy, to Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform (Nov. 5, 2019). 287 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State (Sept. 13, 2019). 288 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State (Sept. 27, 2019) (internal citations omitted). 289 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch, Former U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine, Department of State (Sept. 27, 2019). 290 Letter from Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State, to Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs (Oct. 1, 2019) (Secretary Pompeo sent identical letters to Chairman Elijah. E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, and Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the same day). 291 Letter from Brian Bulatao, Under Secretary of State for Management, Department of State, to Lawrence S. Robbins, Counsel to Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch, Former U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine, Department of State (Oct. 10, 2019). 292 The White House, Remarks by President Trump Before Marine One Departure (Oct. 10, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-marine-one-departure-69/).
        284 293 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Lawrence S. Robbins, Counsel to Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch, Former U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine, Department of State (Oct. 11, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch, Former U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine, Department of State (Oct. 11, 2019). 294 Letter from Lawrence S. Robbins, Counsel to Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch, Former U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine, Department of State, to Brian Bulatao, Under Secretary of State for Management, Department of State (Oct. 11, 2019) (citations omitted). 295 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. 296 Id. at 70. 297 Email from Committee Staff to Lawrence S. Robbins, Counsel to Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch, Former U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine, Department of State (Nov. 15, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch, Former U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine, Department of State (Nov. 15, 2019). 298 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 157-158. 299 Letter from Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, to Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State (Sept. 27, 2019) (internal citations omitted) (online at https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/2019-09-27.EEC%20Engel%20Schiff%20%20to%20Pompeo-%20State%20re%20Depositions.pdf). 300 Letter from Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, to Ambassador Gordon Sondland, U.S. Ambassador to the European Union, Department of State (Sept. 27, 2019). 301 Letter from Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State, to Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs (Oct. 1, 2019) (Secretary Pompeo sent identical letters to Chairman Elijah. E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, and Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the same day). 302 Letter from Brian Bulatao, Under Secretary of State for Management, Department of State, to Robert Luskin, Counsel to Ambassador Gordon Sondland, U.S. Ambassador to the European Union, Department of State (Oct.7, 2019). 303 Email from Robert Luskin, Counsel to Ambassador Gordon Sondland, U.S. Ambassador to the European Union, Department of State, to Committee Staff (Oct. 8, 2019). 304 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, and Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, to Ambassador Gordon Sondland, U.S. Ambassador to the European Union, Department of State (Oct. 8, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Ambassador Gordon Sondland, U.S. Ambassador to the European Union, Department of State (Oct. 11, 2019). 305 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, and Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, to Ambassador Gordon Sondland, U.S. Ambassador to the European Union, Department of State (Oct. 14, 2019). 306 Sondland Dep. Tr. 307 Id. at 16. 308 Id. at 17. 309 Letter from Robert Luskin, Counsel to Ambassador Gordon Sondland, U.S. Ambassador to the European Union, Department of State, to Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on
        285 Intelligence (Nov. 4, 2019); Declaration of Ambassador Gordon Sondland, U.S. Ambassador to the European Union, Department of State (Nov. 4, 2019). 310 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Ambassador Gordon Sondland, U.S. Ambassador to the European Union, Department of State (Nov. 20, 2019). 311 Sondland Hearing Tr. at 160. 312 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State (Sept. 13, 2019). 313 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State (Sept. 27, 2019) (online at https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/2019-09-27.EEC%20Engel%20Schiff%20%20to%20Pompeo-%20State%20re%20Depositions.pdf) (internal citations omitted). 314 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to George P. Kent, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Department of State (Sept. 27, 2019). 315 Email from George P. Kent, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Department of State, to Committee Staff (Sept. 27, 2019). 316 Letter from Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State, to Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs (Oct. 1, 2019) (Secretary Pompeo sent identical letters to Chairman Elijah. E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, and Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the same day). 317 Email from Committee Staff to Andrew M. Wright, Counsel to George P. Kent, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Department of State (Oct. 8, 2019). 318 Letter from Brian Bulatao, Under Secretary of State for Management, Department of State, to Andrew M. Wright, Counsel to George P. Kent, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Department of State (Oct. 10, 2019). 319 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Andrew M. Wright, Counsel to George P. Kent, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Department of State (Oct. 15, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to George P. Kent, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Department of State (Oct. 15, 2019). 320 Kent Dep. Tr. 321 Id. at 17. 322 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to George P. Kent, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Department of State (Nov. 20, 2019). 323 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 142-143. 324 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to John J. Sullivan, Deputy Secretary of State, Department of State (Oct. 4, 2019). 325 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Ambassador William B. Taylor, Jr., Charg(C) d'Affaires, U.S. Embassy, Kyiv, Department of State (Oct. 4, 2019).
        286 326 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, and Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, to Ambassador William B. Taylor, Jr., Ambassador William B. Taylor, Jr., Charg(C) d'Affaires, U.S. Embassy, Kyiv, Department of State (Oct. 14, 2019). 327 Email from Committee Staff to John B. Bellinger, III, and Jeffrey H. Smith, Counsel to Ambassador William B. Taylor, Jr., Charg(C) d'Affaires, U.S. Embassy, Kyiv, Department of State (Oct. 22, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Ambassador William B. Taylor, Jr., Charg(C) d'Affaires, U.S. Embassy, Kyiv, Department of State (Oct. 22, 2019). 328 Taylor Dep. Tr. at 83. 329 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Ambassador William B. Taylor, Jr., Charg(C) d'Affaires, U.S. Embassy, Kyiv, Department of State (Nov. 13, 2019). 330 Kent-Taylor Hearing Tr. at 143. 331 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Mark J. MacDougall, Counsel to Catherine Croft, Foreign Service Officer, Department of State (Oct. 24, 2019); Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Mark J. MacDougall, Counsel to Christopher Anderson, Foreign Service Officer, Department of State (Oct. 24, 2019). 332 Letter from Mark J. MacDougall, Counsel to Catherine Croft, Foreign Service Officer, Department of State, and Christopher Anderson, Foreign Service Officer, Department of State, to Committee Staff (Oct. 25, 2019). 333 Letter from Brian Bulatao, Under Secretary of State for Management, Department of State, to Mark J. MacDougall, Counsel to Catherine Croft, Foreign Service Officer, Department of State (Oct. 28, 2019) (bracketed text in original); Letter from Brian Bulatao, Under Secretary of State for Management, Department of State, to Mark J. MacDougall, Counsel to Christopher Anderson, Foreign Service Officer, Department of State (Oct. 28, 2019) (bracketed text in original); see Letter from Pat A. Cipollone, Counsel to the President, The White House, to Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Oct. 8, 2019). 334 Email from Committee Staff to Mark J. MacDougall and Abbey McNaughton, Counsel to Catherine Croft, Foreign Service Officer, Department of State and Christopher Anderson, Foreign Service Officer, Department of State (Oct. 30, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Catherine Croft, Foreign Service Officer, Department of State (Oct. 30, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Christopher Anderson, Foreign Service Officer, Department of State (Oct. 30, 2019). 335 Croft Dep. Tr.; Anderson Dep. Tr. 336 Croft Dep. Tr. at 12. 337 Anderson Dep. Tr. at 11-12. 338 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Laura K. Cooper, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Russia, Ukraine, Eurasia, Department of Defense (Oct. 11, 2019). 339 Letter from Deputy Secretary of Defense David L. Norquist to Daniel Levin, Counsel to Laura K. Cooper, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Russia, Ukraine, Eurasia, Department of Defense (Oct. 22, 2019). 340 Email from Committee Staff to Dan Levin, Counsel to Laura K. Cooper, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Russia, Ukraine, Eurasia, Department of Defense (Oct. 23, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Laura K. Cooper, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Russia, Ukraine, Eurasia, Department of Defense (Oct. 23, 2019).
        287 341 Cooper Dep. Tr. 342 Id. at 108. 343 Email from Committee Staff to Dan Levin, Counsel to Laura K. Cooper, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Russia, Ukraine, Eurasia, Department of Defense (Nov. 20, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Laura K. Cooper, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Russia, Ukraine, Eurasia, Department of Defense (Nov. 20, 2019). 344 Cooper-Hale Hearing Tr. 345 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, and Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, to Mark Sandy, Deputy Associate Director of National Security Programs, Office of Management and Budget (Nov. 5, 2019). 346 Email from Mark Sandy, Deputy Associate Director of National Security Programs, Office of Management and Budget, to Committee Staff (Nov. 6, 2019). 347 Email from Jessica L. Donlon, Deputy General Counsel for Oversight, Office of Management and Budget, to Committee Staff (Nov. 7, 2019). 348 Email from Committee Staff to Barbara Van Gelder, Counsel to Mark Sandy, Deputy Associate Director of National Security Programs, Office of Management and Budget (Nov. 16, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Mark Sandy, Deputy Associate Director of National Security Programs, Office of Management and Budget (Nov. 16, 2019). 349 Sandy Dep. Tr. 350 Sandy Dep. Tr. at 161. 351 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Dr. Fiona Hill, Former Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Europe and Russian Affairs, National Security Council (Oct. 9, 2019). 352 Letter from Lee S. Wolosky, Counsel to Dr. Fiona Hill, Former Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Europe and Russian Affairs, National Security Council, to Michael M. Purpura, Deputy Counsel and Deputy Assistant to the President, The White House, and Patrick F. Philbin, Deputy Counsel and Deputy Assistant to the President, The White House (Oct. 13, 2019). 353 Letter from Michael M. Purpura, Deputy Counsel and Deputy Assistant to the President, The White House, to Lee S. Wolosky, Counsel to Dr. Fiona Hill, Former Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Europe and Russian Affairs, National Security Council (Oct. 14, 2019). 354 Email from Committee Staff to Lee S. Wolosky and Samuel S. Ungar, Counsel to Dr. Fiona Hill, Former Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Europe and Russian Affairs, National Security Council (Oct. 14, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Dr. Fiona Hill, Former Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Europe and Russian Affairs, National Security Council (Oct. 14, 2019). 355 Hill Dep. Tr. 356 Letter from Lee S. Wolosky, Counsel to Dr. Fiona Hill, Former Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Europe and Russian Affairs, National Security Council, to Michael M. Purpura, Deputy Counsel and Deputy Assistant to the President, The White House (Nov. 18, 2019). 357 Letter from Michael M. Purpura, Deputy Counsel and Deputy Assistant to the President, The White House, to Lee S. Wolosky, Counsel to Dr. Fiona Hill, Former Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Europe and Russian Affairs, National Security Council (Nov. 20, 2019). 358 Email from Committee Staff to Lee S. Wolosky and Samuel S. Ungar, Counsel to Dr. Fiona Hill, Former Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Europe and Russian Affairs, National Security Council (Nov. 21, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Dr. Fiona Hill, Former
        288 Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Europe and Russian Affairs, National Security Council (Nov. 21, 2019). 359 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. 360 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Lieutenant Colonel Alexander S. Vindman, Director for Ukraine, National Security Council (Oct. 16, 2019). 361 Email from Committee Staff, to Michael Volkov and Matt Stankiewicz, Counsel to Lieutenant Colonel Alexander S. Vindman, Director for Ukraine, National Security Council (Oct. 29, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Lieutenant Colonel Alexander S. Vindman, Director for Ukraine, National Security Council (Oct. 29, 2019). 362 Vindman Dep. Tr. (During the deposition, Lieutenant Colonel Vindman stated: ''I was subpoenaed to appear here.'¯ You know, absent a subpoena, I would believe I was operating under the President's guidance to not appear, but I was subpoenaed and I presented myself.'' Vindman Dep. Tr. at 232).'¯ 363 Email from Committee Staff, to Michael Volkov and Matt Stankiewicz, Counsel to Lieutenant Colonel Alexander S. Vindman, Director for Ukraine, National Security Council (Nov. 19, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Lieutenant Colonel Alexander S. Vindman, Director for Ukraine, National Security Council (Nov. 19, 2019). 364 Vindman-Williams Hearing Tr. 365 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Timothy Morrison, Former Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Europe and Russia, National Security Council (Oct. 16, 2019). 366 Email from Committee Staff to Barbara Van Gelder, Counsel to Timothy Morrison, Former Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Europe and Russia, National Security Council (Oct. 31, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Timothy Morrison, Former Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Europe and Russia, National Security Council (Oct. 31, 2019). 367 Morrison Dep. Tr. 368 Email from Committee Staff to Barbara Van Gelder, Counsel to Timothy Morrison, Former Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Europe and Russia, National Security Council (Nov. 19, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Timothy Morrison, Former Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Europe and Russia, National Security Council (Nov. 19, 2019). 369 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. 370 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to David Hale, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, Department of State (Nov. 1, 2019). 371 Letter from Brian A. Glasser, Counsel to David Hale, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, Department of State, to Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform (Nov. 5, 2019). 372 Email from Committee Staff to Brian Glasser and Cary Joshi, Counsel for David Hale, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, Department of State (Nov. 6, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to David Hale, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, Department of State (Nov. 6, 2019). 373 Hale Dep. Tr.
        289 374 Email from Committee Staff to Brian A. Glasser, Counsel to David Hale, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, Department of State (Nov. 20, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to David Hale, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, Department of State (Nov. 20, 2019). 375 Cooper-Hale Hearing Tr. 376 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, and from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, to Kenneth L. Wainstein, Counsel to David Holmes, Political Counselor at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine, Department of State (Nov. 12, 2019). 377 Email from Committee Staff to Kenneth L. Wainstein, Paul J. Nathanson, and Katherine Swan, Counsel to David Holmes, Political Counselor at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine, Department of State (Nov. 15, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to David Holmes, Political Counselor at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine, Department of State (Nov. 15, 2019). 378 Holmes Dep. Tr. 379 Email from Committee Staff to Kenneth L. Wainstein, Paul J. Nathanson, and Katherine Swan, Counsel to David Holmes, Political Counselor at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine, Department of State (Nov. 21, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to David Holmes, Political Counselor at the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine, Department of State (Nov. 21, 2019). 380 Hill-Holmes Hearing Tr. 381 Email from Committee Staff to Ambassador P. Michael McKinley, Former Senior Advisor to the Secretary of State, Department of State (Oct. 12, 2019). 382 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to John B. Bellinger, III, Counsel to Ambassador P. Michael McKinley, Former Senior Advisor to the Secretary of State, Department of State (Oct. 14, 2019). 383 McKinley Transcribed Interview Tr. 384 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Ambassador Philip T. Reeker, Acting Assistant Secretary, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Department of State (Oct. 16, 2019). 385 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Margaret E. Daum, Counsel to Ambassador Philip T. Reeker, Acting Assistant Secretary, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Department of State (Oct. 25, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Ambassador Philip T. Reeker, Acting Assistant Secretary, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Department of State (Oct. 25, 2019). 386 Reeker Dep. Tr. 387 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State (Sept. 13, 2019). 388 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Secretary Michael R. Pompeo, Department of State (Sept. 27, 2019). 389 Letter from Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, to Ambassador Kurt Volker, U.S. Special Representative for Ukraine Negotiations, Department of State (Sept. 27, 2019).
        290 390 Letter from Secretary Michael F. Pompeo, Department of State, to Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs (Oct. 1, 2019) (Identical letters transmitted to Chairman Schiff and Chairman Cummings). 391 Letter from Marik A. String, Acting Legal Advisor, Department of State, to Margaret E. Daum, Counsel to Ambassador Kurt Volker, U.S. Special Representative for Ukraine Negotiations, Department of State (Oct. 2, 2019). 392 Letter from Margaret E. Daum, Counsel to Ambassador Kurt Volker, U.S. Special Representative for Ukraine Negotiations, Department of State, to Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Chairman Elijah E. Cummings, House Committee on Oversight and Reform (Oct. 2, 2019); Kurt Volker Document Production, Bates KV00000001 '' KV00000065 (Oct. 2, 2019). 393 Volker Transcribed Interview Tr. 394 Morrison-Volker Hearing Tr. 395 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Acting Chairwoman Carolyn B. Maloney, House Committee on Oversight and Reform, and Chairman Eliot L. Engel, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, to Justin Shur, Counsel to Jennifer Williams, Special Advisor for Europe and Russia, Office of the Vice President (Nov. 4, 2019). 396 Email from Committee Staff to Justin Shur, Counsel to Jennifer Williams, Special Advisor for Europe and Russia, Office of the Vice President (Nov. 7, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Jennifer Williams, Special Advisor for Europe and Russia, Office of the Vice President (Nov. 7, 2019). 397 Williams Dep. Tr. 398 Letter from Jennifer Williams, Special Advisor for Europe and Russia, Office of the Vice President, Justin Shur, Emily K. Damrau, and Caleb Hayes-Deats, Counsel to Jennifer Williams, Special Advisor for Europe and Russia, Office of the Vice President, to Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Nov. 11, 2019). 399 Email from Committee Staff to Justin Shur and Caleb Hayes-Deats, Counsel to Jennifer Williams, Special Advisor for Europe and Russia, Office of the Vice President (Nov. 19, 2019); House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subpoena to Jennifer Williams, Special Advisor for Europe and Russia, Office of the Vice President (Nov. 19, 2019). 400 Vindman-Williams Hearing Tr. 401 Yovanovitch Dep. Tr. at 193. 402 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 37-38. 403 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 38. 404 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Nov. 15, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1196356198347956224). 405 Yovanovitch Hearing Tr. at 46. 406 The Latest: Ousted Ukraine Ambassador Has Her Say in Hearing, Associated Press (Nov. 16, 2019) (online at https://apnews.com/2f420045618b4106b6fa7419a3d75b8e). 407 Impeachment Inquiry Hearing with Former US Ambassador to Ukraine, CNN (Nov. 15, 2019) (online at www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/impeachment-hearing-11-15-19/h_fb32b149181437e02e5d937c6fc64f35). During a recess in the hearing at which Ambassador Yovanovitch was testifying, a federal jury returned a verdict of guilty against President Trump's longest-serving political advisor, Roger Stone, on seven criminal counts, including witness tampering and obstruction of Congress' investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election and possible links to President Trump's campaign. Mr. Stone used threats and intimidation to attempt to persuade a witness to withhold information and lie to Congress. He has yet to be sentenced. See Roger Stone Guilty on All Counts of Lying to Congress, Witness Tampering, Washington Post (Nov. 15, 2019) (online at www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/roger-stone-jury-weighs-evidence-and-a-defense-move-to-make-case-
        291 about-mueller/2019/11/15/554fff5a-06ff-11ea-8292-c46ee8cb3dce_story.html). Mr. Stone was convicted of giving false and misleading statements to the Intelligence Committee, failing to produce and lying about the existence of records responsive to Committee requests, and attempting to persuade a witness to give false testimony to the Committee. Among other acts of witness tampering, Mr. Stone told the witness to ''Stonewall it. Plead the Fifth'' and to ''be honest w fbi'' that ''there was no back channel.'' He also called the witness a ''rat'' and ''stoolie'' and threatened retaliation. United States v. Roger Stone, Indictment, No. 1:19-cr-00018-ABJ (Jan. 24, 2019). Mr. Stone was convicted of violating 18 U.S.C. § 1505 (obstruction), 18 U.S.C. § 1001 (false statements), and 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b) (witness tampering). 408 Fox and Friends, Fox News (Nov. 22, 2019) (online at www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNqKhRcpktU). 409 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Oct. 23, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1189167309455331328). 410 The White House, Remarks by President Trump Before Marine One Departure (Nov. 3, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-marine-one-departure-74/). 411 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Nov. 19, 2019) (retweeting Dan Scavino Jr., Twitter (Nov. 19, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/Scavino45/status/1196860213233684480)). 412 See, e.g, Berman Shocked by Republican's Attacks on US War Vet, CNN (Oct. 29, 2019) (online at www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2019/10/29/duffy-berman-spar-over-vindman-loyalty newday-vpx.cnn) (former Rep. Sean Duffy claiming that Lt. Col Vindman ''has an affinity, I think for the Ukraine,'' that ''it seems very clear that he is incredibly concerned about Ukrainian defense,'' and that ''I don't know that he's concerned about American policy''); see also Rudy Giuliani, Twitter (Oct. 30, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/RudyGiuliani/status/1189732605383630850) (claiming that Lt. Col. Vindman was ''giving advice to two countries'' and stating that ''I thought he worked for US''). 413 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Written Statement of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander S. Vindman, Impeachment, 116th Cong. (Nov. 19, 2019). 414 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Oct. 23, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1187063301731209220). 415 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Oct. 23, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1187080923961012228). 416 The White House, Remarks by President Trump Before Marine One Departure (Oct. 25, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-marine-one-departure-72/). 417 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Nov. 13, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1194608482793795584). 418 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Nov. 17, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1196155347117002752). 419 Vindman-Williams Hearing Tr. at 97. 420 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Nov. 16, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1196727871765073921); Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Nov. 16, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1196727879780360193). 421 50 U.S.C. § 3033(g)(3) (when a complaint is received from a member of the Intelligence Community, ''the Inspector General shall not disclose the identity of the employee without the consent of the employee, unless the Inspector General determines that such disclosure is unavoidable during the course of the investigation or the disclosure is made to an official of the Department of Justice responsible for determining whether a prosecution should be undertaken''). 422 50 U.S.C. § 3234(b). 423 Letter from Michael K. Atkinson, Inspector General of the Intelligence Community, to Chairman Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and Ranking Member Devin Nunes, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Sept. 9, 2019); see also 50 U.S.C. § 3033(k)(5)(C) (''Upon receipt of
        292 the transmittal from the ICIG, the Director shall within 7 calendar days of such receipt, forward such transmittal to the congressional intelligence committees, together with any comments the Director considers appropriate.'') 424 Letter from Chairman, Adam B. Schiff, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, to Joseph Maguire, Acting Director of National Intelligence, Office of the Director of National Intelligence (Sept. 13, 2019). 425 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House Intelligence Committee Releases Whistleblower Complaint (Sept. 26, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=708). 426 Listen: Audio of Trump Discussing Whistleblower at Private Event: 'That's Close to a Spy,' Los Angeles Times (Sept. 26, 2019) (online at www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-09-26/trump-at-private-breakfast-who-gave-the-whistle-blower-the-information-because-thats-almost-a-spy). 427 House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Chairmen Warn President to Stop Attacking Whistleblower and Witnesses to His Misconduct and to Halt Efforts to Obstruct Impeachment Inquiry (Sept. 26, 2019) (online at https://intelligence.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=709). 428 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Sept. 29, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1178442765736333313?s=20). 429 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Oct. 4, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1180123504924151809). 430 The White House, Remarks by President Trump Before Marine One Departure (Nov. 3, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-marine-one-departure-74/). 431 Donald J. Trump, Twitter (Nov. 3, 2019) (online at https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1191000516580519937). 432 The White House, Remarks by President Trump Before Marine One Departure (Nov. 3, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-marine-one-departure-74/). 433 The White House, Remarks by President Trump Before Marine One Departure (Nov. 4, 2019) (online at www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-marine-one-departure-75/). 434 The White House, Remarks by President Trump After Tour of Apple Manufacturing Plant (Nov. 20, 2019) (online www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-tour-apple-manufacturing-plant-austin-tx/). 435 Letter from Chairman Adam B. Schiff to Ranking Member Devin Nunes, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (Nov. 9, 2019). 436 In 2017, every Republican Member of Congress joined a unanimous vote in the House of Representatives to increase penalties for retaliation against whistleblowers. U.S. House of Representatives, Roll Call Vote Approving S. 585, The Dr. Chris Kirkpatrick Whistleblower Protection Act of 2017 (Oct. 12, 2017) (420 yeas, 0 nays) (online at www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/115-2017/h568). 437 House Intelligence Chair News Conference, C-SPAN (Mar. 24, 2017) (online at www.c-span.org/video/?425953-1/paul-manafort-volunteered-intelligence-committee-chairman-nunes). 438 Id. 439 Office of Senator Chuck Grassley, Grassley Statement Regarding Intel Community Whistleblower (Oct. 1, 2019) (online at www.grassley.senate.gov/news/news-releases/grassley-statement-regarding-intel-community-whistleblower). 440 Senate Intel Chair Doesn't Want Whistleblower's Identity Disclosed, The Hill (Nov. 7, 2019) (online at https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/469455-senate-intel-chair-doesnt-want-whistleblowers-identity-disclosed). 441 Republicans Break with Trump and Rand Paul on Whistleblower Unmasking, Politico (Nov. 5, 2019) (online at www.politico.com/news/2019/11/05/rand-paul-trump-whistleblower-065917).
        293 APPENDIX A: KEY PEOPLE AND ENTITIES Anderson, Christopher J. Special Advisor for Ukraine Negotiations, Department of State, August 2017-July 2019 Atkinson, Michael K. Inspector General of the Intelligence Community, May 2018-present Avakov, Arsen Ukrainian Minister of Internal Affairs, February 2014-present Bakanov, Ivan Head of Security Service of Ukraine, August 2019-present; First Deputy Chief of the Security Service of Ukraine, May 2019-August 2019 Barr, William P. Attorney General, Department of Justice, February 2019-present Biden, Hunter Son of former Vice President Joe Biden Biden, Joseph R., Jr. U.S. Vice President, January 2009-January 2017 Blair, Robert B. Assistant to the President and Senior Advisor to the Chief of Staff, February 2019-present Bohdan (Bogdan), Andriy Head of Ukrainian Presidential Administration, May 2019-present Bolton, John National Security Advisor, March 2018-September 2019 Brechbuhl, T. Ulrich Counselor, Department of State, May 2018-present Bulatao, Brian Under Secretary of State for Management, Department of State, May 2019-present Burisma Holdings Ukrainian energy company Cipollone, Pat White House Counsel, December 2018-present Clinton, Hillary Rodham Democratic Presidential candidate, November 2016 Cooper, Laura K. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Russia, Ukraine, Eurasia, Department of Defense, 2016-present Croft, Catherine M. Special Advisor for Ukraine Negotiations, Department of State, July 2019-present; Ukraine director, National Security Council, July 2017-July 2018
        294 CrowdStrike Cybersecurity company; object of conspiracy theories claiming that CrowdStrike framed Russia in hack of the DNC server in the 2016 U.S. election Danyliuk (Danylyuk), Secretary, Ukrainian National Security and Defense Council, Oleksandr ''Sasha'' May 2019-September 2019 diGenova, Joseph Attorney allegedly working for President Trump to obtain information from Ukrainian officials on the Bidens Duffey, Michael Associate Director, National Security Programs, Office of Management and Budget, May 2019-present Eisenberg, John Legal Advisor to the National Security Council and Deputy Counsel to the President for National Security Affairs, February 2017-present Ellis, Michael Senior Associate Counsel to the President and Deputy Legal Advisor to the National Security Council, March 2017-present Elwood, Courtney Simmons General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency, June 2017-present Engel, Steven A. Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice, November 2017-present Esper, Mark Secretary of Defense, Department of Defense, July 2019-present; Acting Secretary of Defense, June 2019-July 2019 Fruman, Igor Giuliani associate named in indictment unsealed on October 10, 2019 Giuliani, Rudolph ''Rudy'' President Trump's agent and personal attorney Griffith, P. Wells Senior Director for International Energy and Environment, National Security Council, April 2018-present Hale, David M. Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, Department of State, August 2018-present Hannity, Sean Host of Hannity, Fox News, January 2009-present Hill, Fiona Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director for European and Russian Affairs, National Security Council, April 2017-July 2019 Hochstein, Amos J. Supervisory Board Member, Naftogaz, November 2017-present
        295 Holmes, David A. Political Counselor, U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine, August 2017-present Johnson, Ron Senator from Wisconsin, Chairman, Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, January 2015-present Kellogg, Keith National Security Advisor to the Vice President, April 2018-present Kenna, Lisa D. Executive Secretary in the Office of the Secretary, Department of State, June 2017-present Kent, George P. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, September 2018-present; Deputy Chief of Mission in Kyiv, Ukraine, 2015-2018 Kholodnitsky, Nazar Head, Ukrainian Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office, November 2015-present Klitenic, Jason General Counsel, Office of the Director of National Intelligence Kulyk, Konstiantyn Deputy Head of the Ukrainian Department of International Legal Cooperation of the Prosecutor General's Office, November 2018-November 2019 Kupperman, Charles M. Deputy National Security Advisor, January 2019-September 2019 Kushner, Jared Assistant to the President and Senior Advisor, 2017-present Kvien, Kristina Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, May 2019-present Lutsenko, Yuriy Ukrainian Prosecutor General, May 2016-August 2019 McCormack, Brian Associate Director for Natural Resources, Office of Management and Budget, September 2019-present; Chief of Staff, Department of Energy, March 2017-September 2019 McKinley, P. Michael Senior Advisor to the Secretary, Department of State, May 2018-October 2019 McKusker, Elaine A. Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), Department of Defense, August 2017-present Maguire, Joseph Acting Director of National Intelligence, August 2019-present
        296 Manafort, Paul Chairman, Donald J. Trump presidential campaign, May 2016-August 2016; convicted in August 2018 on two counts of bank fraud, five counts of tax fraud, and one count of failure to disclose a foreign bank account Morrison, Tim Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security, National Security Council, July 2019-October 2019 Mueller, Robert S., III Special Counsel, Department of Justice, May 2017-May 2019 Mulvaney, John Michael Acting Chief of Staff, White House, January 2019-present ''Mick'' Murphy, Chris Senator from Connecticut, Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Near East, South Asia, Central Asia, and Counterterrorism, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, formerly Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, January 2017-January 2019 Naftogaz Ukrainian state-owned national gas company Parnas, Lev Giuliani associate named in indictment unsealed on October 10, 2019 Patel, Kashyap ''Kash'' Senior Director for Counterterrorism, National Security Council, July 2019-present; former Staff, Directorate of International Organizations and Alliances, National Security Council, February 2019-July 2019; former National Security Advisor, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, March 2018-January 2019; former Senior Counsel for Counterterrorism, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, April 2017-March 2018 Pence, Michael R. Vice President, January 2017-present Pennington, Joseph Charg(C) d'Affaires, of the U.S. Embassy in Ukraine, May 2019 Perez, Carol Z. Director General of the Foreign Service and Director of Human Services, January 2019-present Perry, James Richard ''Rick'' Secretary of Energy, March 2017-December 2019 Pompeo, Michael Secretary of State, April 2018-present Poroshenko, Petro President of Ukraine, June 2014-May 2019
        297 Portman, Robert U.S. Senator from Ohio, January 2011-present; Chairman, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, January 2015-present Purpura, Michael Deputy Counsel to the President, December 2018-present Putin, Vladimir Russian President, May 2012-present Reeker, Philip T. Acting Assistant Secretary, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Department of State, March 2019-present Rood, John C. Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, Department of Defense, January 2018-present Sandy, Mark Deputy Associate Director for National Security at the Office of Management and Budget, December 2013-present; Acting Director of the Office of Management and Budget, January 2017-February 2017 Sekulow, Jay Personal attorney for President Trump Shokin, Viktor Ukrainian Prosecutor General of Ukraine, February 2015-March 2016 Short, Marc Chief of Staff to Vice President Mike Pence, February 2019-present Solomon, John Author of articles promoting debunked conspiracy theories about the Bidens, Crowdstrike, and the 2016 U.S. election Sondland, Gordon U.S. Ambassador to the European Union, July 2018-present String, Marik Acting Legal Advisor, Office of the Legal Advisor, Department of State, June 2019-present Sullivan, John J. Deputy Secretary of State, Department of State, June 2017-present Taylor, William B., Jr. Charg(C) d'Affaires for the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine, June 2019-present ''Three Amigos'' Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, Ambassador Gordon Sondland, and Ambassador Kurt Volker Toensing, Victoria Attorney allegedly working ''off the books'' for President Trump to obtain information from Ukrainian officials on the Bidens
        298 Trump, Donald J. U.S. President, January 2017-present Trump, Donald J., Jr. Son of President Trump Vindman, Alexander S. Director for Ukraine, National Security Council, July 2018-present; Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army Volker, Kurt U.S. Special Representative for Ukraine Negotiations, Department of State, July 2017-September 2019 Vought, Russell T. Acting Director, Office of Management and Budget, January 2019-present Whistleblower Author of complaint declassified by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence on September 25, 2019 Williams, Jennifer Special Advisor for Europe and Russia, Office of the Vice President, April 2019-present Yermak, Andriy Assistant to the President of Ukraine, May 2019-present Yovanovitch, Marie L. U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine, August 2016-May 2019 Zakaria, Fareed Host, Fareed Zakaria GPS, June 2008-present Zelensky, Volodymyr President of Ukraine, May 2019-present
        299 APPENDIX B: ABBREVIATIONS AND COMMON TERMS AntAC Anti-Corruption Action Center CDA Charg(C) d'Affaires / Acting Ambassador CIA Central Intelligence Agency Charg(C) d'Affaires Acting Ambassador CN Congressional Notification COM Chief of Mission DAS Deputy Assistant Secretary DC Deputies Committee DCM Deputy Chief of Mission DNI Director of National Intelligence DNC Democratic National Committee DOD Department of Defense DOE Department of Energy DOJ Department of Justice DOS Department of State DSCA Defense Security Cooperation Agency EDI European Deterrence Initiative ERI European Reassurance Initiative FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation FMF Foreign Military Financing FMS Foreign Military Sales FSB Russian Federal Security Service IC Intelligence Community ICIG Inspector General for the Intelligence Community IO Bureau of International Organizations IG Inspector General Legatt Legal Attach(C) LNG Liquefied Natural Gas MEMCON Memorandum of Conversation MLAT Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty NABU National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine NBU National Bank of Ukraine NDAA National Defense Authorization Act NSC National Security Council ODNI Office of the Director of National Intelligence OFAC Office of Foreign Assets Control OMB Office of Management and Budget OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OVP Office of the Vice President PAC Political Action Committee PC Principals Committee PCC Policy Coordination Committee PDB President's Daily Briefing PDM Presidential Decision Memorandum
        300 PGO Prosecutor General's Office SAPO Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office SBU Security Service of Ukraine SDN Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons SMM Special Monitoring Mission SOC Summary of Conclusions SVTC Secure Video Teleconference TCG Trilateral Contact Group UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution USAI Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative USAID United States Agency for International Development WHSR White House Situation Room YES Yalta European Strategy
      Questions Answered '' FBI Resistance Lawyer Lisa Page Takes Center Stage to Play Victim Card'... | The Last Refuge
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 07:35
        On November 8th of this year Lawfare founder Benjamin Wittes sent a rather curious tweet proclaiming his undying devotion to former FBI lawyer Lisa Page. At the time it seemed rather odd and out of no-where; but today it makes sense.
        At the time of Witte's tweet Lisa Page would have been scheduling her coming out narrative, and consulting with the DOJ/FBI ''beach friend'' community for PR advice. After several weeks of planning and careful roll-out organization, noted by several weeks of contact with mutually aligned journalists, today Ms. Page steps into the spotlight with her introductory article in the Daily Beast, aptly titled: ''Lisa Page Speaks''.
        Yes, yes, of course Lisa Page says she's a victim to the horrible President Trump and the exposure of ''private affair'', and the exposure of her ''political texts and biases'' etc. etc. However, that's not what is really interesting'....
        Within the article there's a very specific and very familiar type of victim narrative construct.
        When you read the article it jumps out at you. The victim narrative is from the exact same acting coaches hired by the FBI and used by Dr. Christine Blasey-Ford; it's a little spooky how both Ms. Ford and Ms. Page could sound so identical, until you realize the same FBI and media people have constructed both victim storyboards.
        Ms. Page decries what she has seen happen to her beloved FBI, that as she said ''she grew up in''. Now, if that institutional attachment sounds a little over-the-top considering a grown woman started at the FBI in 2013 and resigned in 2018, well, it helps to remember this is the Public Relations advice from the DC-based FBI committee.
        The DOJ/FBI 'above the law' crowd of beach friends assemble in the Lawfare conference room; look at the latest storyboards and plan the Lisa Page marketing, advertising and branding campaign. The resulting media strategy started tonight:
        (Daily Beast) ['...] That was the moment Page decided she had to speak up. ''I had stayed quiet for years hoping it would fade away, but instead it got worse,'' she says. ''It had been so hard not to defend myself, to let people who hate me control the narrative. I decided to take my power back.''
        She is also about to be back in the news cycle in a big way. On Dec. 9, the Justice Department Inspector General report into Trump's charges that the FBI spied on his 2016 campaign will come out. Leaked press accounts indicate that the report will exonerate Page of the allegation that she acted unprofessionally or showed bias against Trump.
        ['...] ''I'm someone who's always in my head anyway '' so now otherwise normal interactions take on a different meaning. Like, when somebody makes eye contact with me on the Metro, I kind of wince, wondering if it's because they recognize me, or are they just scanning the train like people do? It's immediately a question of friend or foe? Or if I'm walking down the street or shopping and there's somebody wearing Trump gear or a MAGA hat, I'll walk the other way or try to put some distance between us because I'm not looking for conflict. Really, what I wanted most in this world is my life back.''
        ['...] ''The thing about the FBI that is so extraordinary is that it is made up of a group of men and women whose every instinct is to run toward the fight. It's in the fiber of everybody there. It's the lifeblood. So it's particularly devastating to be betrayed by an organization I still care about so deeply. And it's crushing to see the noble Justice Department, my Justice Department, the place I grew up in, feel like it's abandoned its principles of truth and independence.'' (read more)
        ~ This tweet was November 8th ~
        Tonight:
        Please allow me to introduce you to Lisa Page (@NatSecLisa), who tells me she is done sitting around and waiting for the storm to blow over.
        You should follow her.
        She has a lot to say. https://t.co/Ip5r1SgDyQ
        '-- Benjamin Wittes (@benjaminwittes) December 2, 2019
        But her story should make all of us think about this question: Should the president get to point at you and ruin your life with mockery and lies? And should the Justice Department assist in that endeavor?
        '-- Benjamin Wittes (@benjaminwittes) December 2, 2019
      Lisa Page Speaks: 'There's No Fathomable Way I Have Committed Any Crime at All'
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 07:35
        I t's not often that you interview a subject who has no interest in being famous. But recently, I did just that when I sat down with Lisa Page the week before Thanksgiving in my hotel room in Washington, D.C. Page, of course, is the former FBI lawyer whose text-message exchanges with agent Peter Strzok that belittled Donald Trump and expressed fear at his possible victory became international news. They were hijacked by Trump to fuel his ''deep state'' conspiracy.
        For the nearly two years since her name first made the papers, she's been publicly silent (she did have a closed-door interview with House members in July 2018). I asked her why she was willing to talk now. ''Honestly, his demeaning fake orgasm was really the straw that broke the camel's back,'' she says. The president called out her name as he acted out an orgasm in front of thousands of people at a Minneapolis rally on Oct. 11.
        That was the moment Page decided she had to speak up. ''I had stayed quiet for years hoping it would fade away, but instead it got worse,'' she says. ''It had been so hard not to defend myself, to let people who hate me control the narrative. I decided to take my power back.''
        She is also about to be back in the news cycle in a big way. On Dec. 9, the Justice Department inspector general report into Trump's charges that the FBI spied on his 2016 campaign will come out. Leaked press accounts indicate the report will exonerate Page of the allegation that she acted unprofessionally or showed bias against Trump.
        How does it feel after all this time to finally have the IG apparently affirm what she's been saying all along? She said she wouldn't discuss the findings until they were officially public, but she did note: ''While it would be nice to have the IG confirm publicly that my personal opinions had absolutely no bearing on the course of the Russia investigations, I don't kid myself that the fact will matter very much for a lot of people. The president has a very loud megaphone.''
        Page, 39, is thin and athletic. She speaks in an exceedingly confident, clear, and lawyerly way. But having been through the MAGA meat grinder has clearly worn her down, not unlike the other women I've met who've been subjected to the president's abuse. She is just slightly crumbly around the edges the way the president's other victims are.
        '' My heart drops to my stomach when I realize he has tweeted about me again. ''
        ''It's almost impossible to describe'' what it's like, she told me. ''It's like being punched in the gut. My heart drops to my stomach when I realize he has tweeted about me again. The president of the United States is calling me names to the entire world. He's demeaning me and my career. It's sickening.''
        ''But it's also very intimidating because he's still the president of the United States. And when the president accuses you of treason by name, despite the fact that I know there's no fathomable way that I have committed any crime at all, let alone treason, he's still somebody in a position to actually do something about that. To try to further destroy my life. It never goes away or stops, even when he's not publicly attacking me.''
        Does it affect you in your normal day-to-day life?
        ''I wish it didn't,'' she said. ''I'm someone who's always in my head anyway'--so now otherwise normal interactions take on a different meaning. Like, when somebody makes eye contact with me on the Metro, I kind of wince, wondering if it's because they recognize me, or are they just scanning the train like people do? It's immediately a question of friend or foe? Or if I'm walking down the street or shopping and there's somebody wearing Trump gear or a MAGA hat, I'll walk the other way or try to put some distance between us because I'm not looking for conflict. Really, what I wanted most in this world is my life back.''
        Rising Through the RanksLisa Page did not aspire to fame or fortune. She was, she says, ''one of those nerdy kids who from very early on knew I wanted work for the government and make the world a better place.'' Born in the San Fernando Valley, she and her family moved to Ohio in her teens. She went to American University in Washington, D.C., and then moved back home to central Ohio to attend law school, living with her parents so she could save money.
        After graduating from law school, she was one of an elite group selected for admission in the Department of Justice Honors Program in 2006'--and the only woman in her class of five entering the Criminal Division. She worked as a federal prosecutor for six years before moving across the street to the FBI's office of general counsel. Soon after her arrival, the deputy general counsel over national-security law hired her for a new special-counsel-type position in 2013.
        Once there, her path begins to be set.
        ''I start [in the role] in early 2013, and there are two big events that kind of set the trajectory for the rest of my career at the FBI: the Boston bombing in April 2013, and Edward Snowden's leaks in June of the same year,'' she told me. ''And those are both significant in their own ways, because the Boston bombing introduces me to Andy McCabe, who at the time was the head of the counterterrorism division at the FBI. Two months later, the Snowden leaks hit, which became a transformative moment for the intelligence community, setting off a series of reforms by the Obama administration with respect to the legal authorities that we rely on to collect intelligence.''
        Eventually, she was asked to lead that effort, ''which gives me a lot of exposure to senior FBI executives, as well as leaders through the IC, DOJ, and White House.''
        Page continued to rise through the ranks of the FBI and was assigned to more significant and substantive work. She became close with McCabe. Eventually she became McCabe's special counsel.
        Hillary's Emails and Russia'--All At onceBy February 2016, she was working on one of the most important investigations at the FBI'--the Hillary Clinton email case. ''We knew that the case was going to get picked apart,'' she says. ''And we know there's not a person on the FBI team or the DOJ team who thinks this is not the right result. There is no case to be brought here. But it's very busy. It's very intense. Director [James] Comey was very clear he wanted this completed as soon as humanly possible and outside of the political environment. So there was a real focus to get it done before the conventions that were happening that summer. And so that's what we did.''
        ''But her emails'' would soon give way to an actual threat to national security, one that existed not in the fever dreams of Fox News and the Breitbart comments section, but in the real, dangerous world the FBI exists to protect us from, where things like foreign meddling in our elections takes place: strong evidence of Russian interference in the election on behalf of Trump.
        ''There are two things that happen in the late summer of 2016,'' Page says. ''The first, of course, is that the FBI gets the predication [courtesy of loose-lipped George Papadopoulos], which starts the Russian investigation. We learn about the possibility that there's someone on the Trump campaign coordinating with the Russian government in the release of emails, which will damage the Clinton campaign.''
        ''Predication'' sounds mild for what it really means; in the summer of 2016, the FBI and the intelligence community were seeing increasing signs from a variety of intelligence sources and programs (that Page cannot and will not discuss due to classification reasons) that members of the Trump campaign were tied to a variety of Russian intelligence services, and that the Russian Federation was in the midst of trying to manipulate the 2016 United States election with a sweeping information-warfare and propaganda effort. As The New York Times reported on Nov. 22, ''U.S. intel services concluded, and have told Senate Republicans, that Russia mounted a massive disinformation campaign to implicate Ukraine in 2016 meddling and hide its own role.''
        At the end of July 2016, Page finds herself transitioning from one investigation, the Hillary Clinton email inquiry, to another, the Russian government disinformation probe. Trump is not under investigation, but the FBI is trying to determine if someone associated with his campaign is working with Russia.
        ''We were very deliberate and conservative about who we first opened on because we recognized how sensitive a situation it was,'' Page says. ''So the prospect that we were spying on the campaign or even investigating candidate Trump himself is just false. That's not what we were doing.''
        From Anonymity to InfamyFrom summer 2016 to spring 2017, Page worked for McCabe, who had become deputy director. They were very busy, but things were largely normal. And then, on May 9, 2017, FBI Director Comey was fired. What was that like?
        ''It was horrible,'' Page said. ''It was a devastating moment at the FBI. It was like a funeral, only worse, because at least when someone dies, you get to come together and celebrate and talk about that person. He was still alive. But he was inaccessible to us. It jolted the ranks and the investigation. It was so abrupt. He was there one day and gone the next.''
        Was that very unusual?
        ''Well, I mean, all of it was!'' she replied. ''The FBI director had just been fired. Yes, it was totally within the authority of the president, but it was unprecedented and unimaginable given the circumstances. The president fired him with the knowledge that, of course, we were investigating Russian contacts with his campaign. I mean, it just gave the aura of an obstructive effort.''
        Page would have probably just been another FBI lawyer if it wasn't for the extraordinarily politicized environment and a president who had a habit of attacking career government employees. Page, like many other targets of Trump's wrath, felt the pressure both from the external force of his massive social media presence, but also from within the government.
        ''At the end of July in 2017, I am informed by the DOJ Inspector General's Office that I'm under investigation for political text messages and honestly, I have no idea what they're talking about,'' she told me. ''I have no recollection. And initially they're very coy about it. They don't tell me much about it. I don't have the first clue what they're talking about. What I do know is that my text messages will reveal that I had previously had an affair. I'm overwhelmed by dread and embarrassment at the prospect that OIG investigators, Andy, and my colleagues, now know or could learn about this deeply personal secret.''
        She doesn't think for a minute that her texts with Peter Strzok are too political. They are largely devoted to work and to talking about family members and various articles they read. The few texts that so convulsed the Republicans involved Page asking for reassurance that Trump wouldn't become president, and Strzok replying with ''No. No he's not. We'll stop it.'' Glenn Kessler wrote in The Washington Post that ''some of the texts reflect a deep animus toward Trump and the way he conducted himself during the 2016 campaign.''
        '' Having an opinion and sharing that opinion publicly or privately with another person is squarely within the permissible bounds of the Hatch Act. ''
        She is convinced that she's followed the rules. She is, after all, a lawyer and knows that she is a restricted employee under the Hatch Act and can't engage in partisan political activity. ''And I know I'm nowhere close to that,'' she says. ''I don't engage in any sort of partisan politicking at all. But having an opinion and sharing that opinion publicly or privately with another person is squarely within the permissible bounds of the Hatch Act. It's in the regs. Yeah, it says it plainly. I'm thinking, I know I'm a federal employee, but I retain my First Amendment rights. So I'm really not all that worried about it.''
        So she hires a lawyer and meets with the IG, who interviews her a number of times. A very small number of people at the FBI know about the investigation, and it stays a secret for six months, and it remains a secret for six months, until the day after Michael Flynn pleads guilty. Then in early December 2017, the day after Flynn's plea, a report comes out about Page being under investigation for political bias'--and it includes the affair. The affair was not part of IG's investigation and not part of their review.
        The Inspector General's Office had guaranteed Page and Strzok that the affair would not be made public. But then, The Washington Post included the affair in its story. And in a slip of a second, Page goes from being an anonymous government lawyer to playing an unwilling and recurring role in Trump's twisted tweetstorms.
        ''So now I have to deal with the aftermath of having the most wrong thing I've ever done in my life become public,'' she says. ''And that's when I become the source of the president's personal mockery and insults. Because before this moment in time, there's not a person outside of my small legal community who knows who I am or what I do. I'm a normal public servant, just a G-15, standard-level lawyer, like every other lawyer at the Justice Department.''
        And despite how awful that felt, Page had no idea it was going to get much, much worse.
        Trump's 'Truly Reprehensible... Stunt'''After this comes out, there's a firestorm, of course, and now the president and the Republicans on the Hill latch on to this, and it becomes about political bias,'' she explains. ''A week or two later, Rod Rosenstein [then the deputy attorney general] was scheduled to testify on the Hill. And the night before his testimony, the Justice Department spokesperson, Sarah Flores, calls the beat reporters into the Justice Department. This is late at night on a weekday. Calls them in to provide a cherry-picked selection of my text messages to review and report on in advance of Rod Rosenstein going to the Hill the next morning.''
        Why does she think the administration released her text messages?
        ''You'd have to ask Sarah Flores,'' she says. ''I can tell you that the reporters there that night were told that they weren't allowed to source them to the Justice Department, and that they weren't allowed to copy or remove them, just take notes. That's what I know.''
        '' Those texts were selected for their political impact. They lack a lot of context. Many of them aren't even about him or me. ''
        Sarah Isgur Flores has left the administration and referred questions to the Justice Department. The department declined to comment.
        As Politico noted at the time, ''The DOJ decision to release the text messages to the media and lawmakers before the IG report has drawn criticism from outside the department.'' Ben Wittes wrote on the Lawfare blog, ''Rosenstein here has, at a minimum, contributed to that circus'--at the expense of his own employees. In throwing a career FBI agent and career FBI lawyer to the wolves by authorizing the release to the public of their private text messages'--without any finding that they had done anything wrong'--he once again sent a message to his workforce that he is not the sort of man with whom you want to share your foxhole.''
        Page felt abandoned by the FBI and Justice because of the release of the messages and because the bureau issued no statement defending her and Strzok. ''So things get worse,'' she continues. ''And of course, you know, those texts were selected for their political impact. They lack a lot of context. Many of them aren't even about him or me. We're not given an opportunity to provide any context. In a lot of those texts we were talking about other people like our family members or articles we had sent each other.''
        I ask her what she did next.
        ''There's not really anything to do,'' she tells me. ''I go back to work. I try to keep my life together.'' But she didn't stay. She left the FBI in May 2018 (which is why she says she is now free to talk to the press'--she hasn't worked for the government for 18 months).
        Could she have stayed if she had wanted to? ''No, not for much longer. It was very inhospitable.''
        Does it feel like a trauma? ''It is. I wouldn't even call it PTSD because it's not over. It's ongoing. It's not a historical event that is being relived. It just keeps happening.''
        And it's still going on? ''I mean, he tweeted about me four days ago,'' she told me on Nov. 18. ''When Roger Stone got convicted, he asked, why isn't Page in jail too? Not to mention, you know, his truly reprehensible, degrading stunt at his rally, in which he used my name to simulate an orgasm. And I don't ever know when the president's going to attack next. And when it happens, it can still sort of upend my day. You don't really get used to it.''
        Watching the Justice Dept. CollapseShe's not on Twitter, or Facebook, or Instagram or anything, so she relies on a group of her close friends'--the support system, along with her husband, that has helped her get through the last two years'--to be her alert system.
        ''I'll get a text from a friend alerting me to an outrageous tweet by the president and my first question is always'--is it about me? Often the answer is yes,'' she says.
        I ask her about how for about a month back when all this started, Trump called her the ''lovely'' Lisa Page. She postulates that it's possible after her congressional testimony that he saw a picture of her. Which makes as much sense as anything in Trumpworld. One thing becomes quickly apparent talking to Page: What really upset her, what still devastates her, was not the end of her extremely promising career at the FBI, but instead what Trump has done to the FBI itself.
        '' It's crushing to see the noble Justice Department, my Justice Department, the place I grew up in, feel like it's abandoned its principles of truth and independence. ''
        ''It's very painful to see to places like the FBI and the Department of Justice that represent so much of what is excellent about this country, not fulfilling the critical obligation that they have to speak truth to power,'' she tells me. ''The thing about the FBI that is so extraordinary is that it is made up of a group of men and women whose every instinct is to run toward the fight. It's in the fiber of everybody there. It's the lifeblood. So it's particularly devastating to be betrayed by an organization I still care about so deeply. And it's crushing to see the noble Justice Department, my Justice Department, the place I grew up in, feel like it's abandoned its principles of truth and independence.''
        Page accepts that her life will never be the same, that there's no ''normal life'' to return to. She's still married to her husband and they have two small children. Ultimately, she was just another public servant like Fiona Hill or Marie Yovanovitch. She was dragged into the spotlight, her text messages weaponized, and her life destroyed so that the Trump administration could have a brief distraction.
        The era of Trump populism always had an ugly edge, particularly toward women. Trump revels in bringing misery to his opponents and will always seek out and exploit any weakness. Page ''wasn't nice to him,'' and so in his eyes she can be endlessly targeted and assaulted.
        It's tempting to describe this as just part of Trump's deep, baked-in misogyny and sociopathy, but in Page's case it's worse; it's a sign of how deeply he's corrupted the government to serve his will and his whims. His apologists have become part of Trump's own squad of witch-hunters, hunting fantasies like ''Ukrainian interference'' while attacking the people who tried to protect us from Russian attacks.
        It's not just that Lisa Page may never be safe as long as Trump is president.
        It's that we won't be safe, either.
      WaPo Leads Conflation Effort Claiming Divergence Between Barr and Horowitz on Origin of Trump Investigation'.... | The Last Refuge
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Tue, 03 Dec 2019 08:49
        A Washington Post spin article attempts to defend the DOJ/FBI ''small group'' 2016 campaign effort by claiming vindication from IG Horowitz and U.S. AG Barr not accepting the finding. But not so fast'...
        Before getting to the WaPo narrative construction a little background review is worthwhile; starting with the original investigative purpose of the IG review. The Horowitz review was initiated to look into how the DOJ and FBI secured a Title-1 FISA surveillance warrant against U.S. person Carter Page:
        IG Horowitz was never investigating the predicate claims that initiated the CIA/FBI operation known as ''Crossfire Hurricane''. So how exactly would AG Barr and IG Horowitz be diverging on an aspect to a predicate that Horowitz was never reviewing?
        Additionally, IG Horowitz was never tasked or empowered to interview CIA officers who are known to have been at the heart of the pre-July 2016 operation. Horowitz was/is focused on the DOJ and FBI compliance with legal requirements for the FISA application that was assembled for use in October 2016, and renewed throughout 2017.
        So what we are seeing in the Washington Post framework is the intentional use of a narrow IG review to obfuscate, provide cover, and conflate a larger investigation undertaken by U.S. Attorney Durham. The media attempt to conflate two narratives is not accidental.
        Going back to the apropos statement by David Mamet: 'in order to succeed in their endeavors leftists have to pretend not to know things'; never is this more clear than when you consider the status of U.S. Attorney John Durham.
        Obviously the investigation by Durham is the key investigation of the political activity of the intelligence community during the 2016 election; but have you ever seen a single media journalist attempting to interview Durham about the progress? Think about it.
        You know what it looks like, you've seen it a thousand times on television.
        '...The U.S. attorney is walking into the office from his car and a half dozen cameras and reporters are rushing alongside and asking questions. Have you seen that customary media effort even once since U.S. Attorney Durham was announced as investigating the origins of the Trump campaign surveillance? No, why not?
        Have you witnessed a single reporter even attempting to ask cursory questions to U.S. Attorney Durham? The reason for the void is within what Mamet described'... the need to pretend not to know things. Combine that ideological need with intentional leaking to Washington Post reporters like Devlin Barrett and you discover the strategy, reason and purpose for a conflation of investigative findings.
        This crew of corrupt and political FBI, DOJ and IC officials, hang out socially with same network of media journalists, friends and spouses who cover them. These are like-minded travelers who together with political operatives all collate in the same tribal circles.
        Think of what would happen on CNN, MSNBC, ABC, CBS or a Sunday talk show if a person were to ask the pundit: Hey, Chuck Todd how come you never see an NBC news crew and satellite truck trying to get a comment from John Durham?'...
        Within the WaPo article they note: ''Barr or a senior Justice Department official could submit a formal letter as part of that process, which would then be included in the final report.'' Why is that sentence placed within the WaPo chaff and countermeasures?
        The answer is simple. The described AG letter is transparently going to be included, because Barr has to explain -with an ongoing investigation- that Horowitz did not have access to CIA, DIA, ODNI and ancillary contributory information that builds out on the FISA aspect to his IG 2016 election review. The Horowitz report is a fact-finding investigation for one important part, but it is only one part.
        Understanding that Durham is looking at the July 31st, Crossfire Hurricane predicate; and the intelligence activity that preceded that predicate; it makes sense for AG Bill Barr to qualify the parameters of the Inspector General FISA report.
        Additionally, understanding that Durham is looking at the preceding 2015 and 2016 predicate, it makes sense within the collective network of interests we would see this type of political priority resurface:
        U.S. Attorney John Durham's investigation into the origin of the James Clapper and John Brennan initiated Intelligence Community Assessment (ICA) is a risk to all of the interests who assembled the 2016 vast Russian collusion-conspiracy. Again, Horowitz was not tasked to go anywhere near this. Horowitz is looking at whether the DOJ and FBI complied with internal DOJ/FBI rules and processes during their FISA application and use within the FISA court.
        The Washington Post wants to sell a narrative that AG Bill Barr is not accepting the inspector general finding on the origin of the Russia investigation; but the inspector general did not investigate the origin of the Russia investigation. The purpose of the WaPo report is to intentionally conflate the two issues.
        (Via Washington Post) Attorney General William P. Barr has told associates he disagrees with the Justice Department's inspector general on one of the key findings in an upcoming report '-- that the FBI had enough information in July 2016 to justify launching an investigation into members of the Trump campaign, according to people familiar with the matter.
        The Justice Department's inspector general, Michael Horowitz, is due to release his long-awaited findings in a week, but behind the scenes at the Justice Department, disagreement has surfaced about one of Horowitz's central conclusions on the origins of the Russia investigation. The discord could be the prelude to a major fissure within federal law enforcement on the controversial question of investigating a presidential campaign.
        Barr has not been swayed by Horowitz's rationale for concluding the FBI had sufficient basis to open an investigation on July 31, 2016, these people said.
        It's not yet clear how Barr plans to make his objection to Horowitz's conclusion known. The inspector general report, currently in draft form, is being finalized after input from various witnesses and offices that were scrutinized by the inspector general. Barr or a senior Justice Department official could submit a formal letter as part of that process, which would then be included in the final report. It is standard practice for every inspector general report to include a written response from the department. Barr could forgo a written rebuttal on that specific point and just publicly state his concerns. (more)
        See the wordplay? There are no ''concerns'', there are distinctions.
        I'll be the first person who will call out the IG for whitewashing the findings of his investigation depending on the evidence he outlines or hides. Horowitz did that with the 2018 report on DOJ/FBI activity in the Clinton email investigation. However, that said, I'm also the first person to say ignore the media, and let's wait and see the actual report.
        '...''How incredibly tragic is it, with all the documents and communications that AG Bill Barr & U.S. Attorney Durham can see today, that they are not acted upon BEFORE the House can brand President Trump with the words ''Impeached President'' for the rest of eternity.'''... FUBAR !
      That was Quick!... Democrat-Media Moves on to New Line of Attack: "Trump's mental state is deteriorating dangerously due to impeachment"
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 00:04
        That was Quick!'... Democrat-Media Moves on to New Line of Attack: ''Trump's mental state is deteriorating dangerously due to impeachment'' by Jim Hoft December 4, 2019The Democrat Schiff Show was a complete disaster.The Democrat Jerry-Go-Round on Tuesday was another huge flop.
        Already the Democrat-Media complex is moving on to a new line of attack.
        According to some park bench psychologists President Trump's mental state is ''deteriorating dangerously'' due to the impeachment scam.
        These fascists never, ever stop.
        A group of mental health professionals led by a trio of pre-eminent psychiatrists is urging the House Judiciary Committee to consider Donald Trump's ''dangerous'' mental state arising from his ''brittle sense of self-worth'' as part of its inquiry into whether to approve articles of impeachment against him.
        ''We are speaking out at this time because we are convinced that, as the time of possible impeachment approaches, Donald Trump has the real potential to become ever more dangerous, a threat to the safety of our nation,'' said Yale Medical School Professor Dr Bandy Lee, George Washington University Professor Dr John Zinner, and former CIA profiler Dr Jerrold Post in a statement which will be sent to House Judiciary Committee members on Thursday.
        The statement will be accompanied by a petition with at least 350 signatures from mental health professionals endorsing their conclusions.
        All three psychiatrists have said they are willing to testify as part of the impeachment inquiry.
      Main Mueller Witness Charged With Illegal Contributions to Clinton's 2016 Campaign - Reports - Sputnik International
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 02:31
        US09:48 05.12.2019Get short URL
        Eight Americans have been charged with illegally transferring funds to the Hillary Clinton campaign headquarters during the 2016 presidential campaign, CNN reported on Thursday.
        Among the accused is one of the key witnesses in the Mueller investigation into the 2016 US presidential election, George Nader; while another is the head of Allied Wallet, Ahmad Khawaja.
        They are accused of anonymously transferring millions of dollars to political committees; Nader's activities were allegedly reported to the authorities of a Middle Eastern country. It is also known that Nader had close contacts with the United Arab Emirates.
        Even though Hillary Clinton and her affiliated campaign finance groups are not directly named in the indictment, CNN says, the funds primarily went to support her campaign, according to a source familiar with the investigation and campaign finance records.
        Lawyers for the Clinton campaign, the Democratic Party, and Hillary Clinton herself have yet to comment on the claims.
        In particular, Nader is accused of transferring more than $3.5 million to political committees so that they could support Clinton.
        Khawaja hosted a Clinton campaign fundraising event at his home, where her husband Bill Clinton was present. This became possible after he himself contributed almost a million dollars to the needs of the campaign headquarters. At the same time, he donated a million dollars to Donald Trump's inaugural committee, which guaranteed him and Nader tickets to the inauguration ceremony.
        Another allegation against Nader is that he possessed child pornography. In total, the prosecution cited 53 criminal charges.
        In April, Mueller issued a final report on his investigation and said the probe found no evidence of collusion between Trump and his campaign with Russian officials in the run-up to the 2016 election. However, Mueller listed 10 instances that could constitute obstruction of justice by the US president.
        After reviewing the facts, US Attorney General William Barr said he concluded that the evidence provided by Mueller failed to establish that Trump committed an obstruction of justice offence.
        Trump has repeatedly called Mueller's investigation a political witch hunt. Russia has also denied allegations of interference in the US electoral system, saying they were made up to excuse the election loss of Trump's opponent Hillary Clinton and deflect public attention away from actual instances of election fraud and corruption.
      Trump Seeks Another $250 Million in Lethal Aid for Ukraine
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Source: News From Antiwar.com
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 02:40
        Adding to potential controversy surrounding the Trump Administration's handling of Ukrainian military aid, Pentagon officials say they intend to seek another $250 million in 2020 for lethal military aid to the Ukraine. Undersecretary of Defense John Rood said that the aid was pending Congressional authorization. The House military spending bill has $250 million set aside for this, and the Senate version seeks to make that $300 million. Congress is emphasizing it as ''mainly to push back on Russian aggression.'' Rood wasn't clear what the lethal aid would involve, saying it would be for ''the variety of things envisioned for the Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative.'' Other officials suggested it would include anti-armor weapons. Lethal weapons are broadly sent to Ukraine with the vision of using them against ethnic Russian separatists in the far east. With other nations trying to help Ukraine negotiate a deal to end that situation peacefully, the US keeps pouring weapons into the Ukraine, envisioning a proxy war with Russia that they can keep fueling.
    Iran
      E3 welcomes six European countries joining INSTEX
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Source: The Iran Project
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 07:55
        Tehran Times '' France, Germany and the United Kingdom have issued a joint statement welcoming a decision by Belgium, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden to join the Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges (INSTEX).
        ''As founding shareholders of the Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges (INSTEX), France, Germany and the United Kingdom warmly welcome the decision taken by the governments of Belgium, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden, to join INSTEX as shareholders,'' read the statement published by website of the UK Foreign Ministry on Saturday.
        It added, ''This step further strengthens INSTEX and demonstrates European efforts to facilitate legitimate trade between Europe and Iran and is a clear expression of our continuing commitment to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA).''
        The statement also noted that full and effective implementation of the JCPOA is of the utmost importance.
        Belgium, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden issued a joint statement on Friday announcing becoming shareholders of INSTEX.
        In a tweet on Friday, French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian welcomed the move.
        He said that the six European countries made an important decision to join INSTEX.
        The foreign minister also said that the Europeans are strongly committed to support the nuclear deal.
        The statement issued by the six European countries says, ''In light of the continuous European support for the agreement and the ongoing efforts to implement the economic part of it and to facilitate legitimate trade between Europe and Iran, we are now in the process of becoming shareholders of the Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges (INSTEX) subject to completion of national procedures. INSTEX was established by France, Germany and the United Kingdom in January 2019.''
        It added, ''The nuclear agreement was unanimously endorsed by the UN Security Council and is as a key instrument for the global non-proliferation regime and a major contribution to stability in the region.''
        INSTEX has been designed by the European Union to facilitate legitimate trade with Tehran. It was introduced on January 31 by France, Germany, and Britain, the three countries party to the nuclear deal.
        It was introduced long after the U.S. imposed sanctions on Iran and threatened to punish any country or company that does business with Iran.
        On March 20, Iran's central bank governor Abdolnaser Hemmati announced that a mechanism similar to INSTEX has been registered in Iran, officially called the Special Trade and Finance Institute (STFI).
      Netherlands: INSTEX aims to counterbalance US sanctions
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Source: The Iran Project
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 07:58
        IRNA | Ali Izadi: The Netherlands' Ambassador to Tehran Jacques Werner says the Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges (INSTEX) primarily aims to counterbalance re-imposition of sanctions against Iran.
        He made the remark during an interview with IRNA correspondent which took place at the sideline of an expert seminar attended by officials and specialists from both countries.
        In his remarks, Werner outlined his positive image of Iran and noted that Iran and the Netherlands had plenty in common, plenty to work on together.
        He further described Iran as a responsible member of the international community and said his country is eager to work with Iran in various fields.
        The Dutch Ambassador also expressed happiness over the Netherlands' decision to join INSTEX and believed safeguarding the landmark nuclear deal between Iran and a number of world powers was necessary for maintaining stability in the region.
        Werner said: ''Obviously INSTEX is to counterbalance the situation that has risen from the re-imposition of the American sanctions.''
        ''It is basically a commitment to provide for European companies who want to trade with Iran and an alternative payment.''
        ''We will start with the humanitarian sector which means basically medications and food and we hope to expand to other sectors as soon as possible,'' he noted, expressing happiness over the recent decisions made by Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway, and the Netherlands to join INSTEX.
        Earlier in a statement the six mentioned European states had announced that ''in light of the continuous European support for the agreement and the ongoing efforts to implement the economic part of it and to facilitate legitimate trade between Europe and Iran, we are now in the process of becoming shareholders of the Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges (INSTEX) subject to completion of national procedures.''
        The Dutch senior diplomat went on to note that ''INSTEX is a value in itself but is also related to the JCPOA that Iran has kept to its obligations.''
        ''We like to stress that JCPOA is very important for stability in the region,'' he said referring to the delaying in implementation of the INSTEX.
        ''For Iran, as a responsible member of the international community, we hope that we can continue but there is a lot of stress surrounding the JCPOA,'' Werner said, underlining Iran's recent choice to reduce parts of its nuclear-related commitments.
        Iranian President Hassan Rouhani has ordered gas be injected into 1,044 centrifuges rising the country's enrichment level to near 9,500 Sus which is very close to the time before the nuclear deal.
        During the last stages, Iran first surpassed the 300 kg cap on enriched uranium, then the enrichment level rose past 3.67% to 4.5%.
        Elaborating on the level of bilateral relations, Werner said: ''We are constantly looking to expand the economic relationships with Iran.''
        ''Obviously it has not been easy in the last few years with sanctions and even in this difficult time, we kept on looking for alternative payment systems and ways. On the other hand, we have been looking at in what areas can we create new partnerships,'' he stressed referring to the Netherlands' diplomatic mission's efforts with this regard.
        ''The next step is water, energy, and food are ones that we have written reports about for Iran and how we can frame our relationships,'' he noted.
        ''We are trying out a holistic approach and we also believe that it's another matter that we would like to put on the agenda on climate change.''
        ''We like to put on the agenda circular economy which is relevant to its nexus but also to the waste and to natural resources, he said adding that the Netherlands is committed to creating a circular economy by 2050.
        ''So what we now have are often too much linear economy by natural resources from the beginning and waste in the end.''
        ''We see that natural resources are depleting so we have less of them and on the other hand we have the waste issue that is gigantic in the world,'' Werner reiterated.
        Commenting on the Netherlands' decision to establish a circular economy in the future, he explained that it means ''we will reduce our intake of natural resources and primary goods and we are going to get rid of wastes.''
        For much of the interview, Werner pointed to the reason behind holding Iran-Netherlands workshop on water and waste, saying: ''We have cooperation between Dutch companies and the government and knowledge-[based] institutions in order to explore what opportunities we can bring to Iran in water and wastewater sector.''
        ''So it is a means to reach out for these companies and in the health sector to jointly approach the Iranian market and see what is possible and how we can have cooperation and transactions,'' he added.
        He noted that the event was aimed to get all the stakeholders around the table from Iran to have a look at what the Netherlands offers in terms of solutions for water and wastewater.
        When asked by IRNA reporter to comment on the water management crisis, he said: ''Probably [it is] the most strategic commodity in the world that is under stress because of climate changes.''
        ''You see that in some places there is too much water in too short a time and in other places there is not enough water.''
        ''In the Netherlands, we have already had a lot of water from rivers, sea and also from the rain and we see that in these seasons it is getting even more whereas our summers are getting wider,'' he underlined.
        ''And at the same time there are more sand and dust storms.''
        ''We need to innovation and cooperation and we need to return to balance,'' Werner reiterated.
        ''We need to jointly stop the causes that produce climate change.''
        The workshop on waste and water as a joint program by Iran and Netherlands was held in the attendance of the Netherlands Ambassador to Tehran Jacques Werner, Head of Federation of Science and Technology in Islamic countries Mehdi Karimi, an EU expert in financing water and wastes Hessel Schuurman together with a number of Iranian officials from Tehran Municipality.
    #MeToo
      David Pemsel, who was set to leave his job as Guardian CEO in early 2020, stepped down early after messages to a female former Guardian colleague were revealed (Lindsey Ellefson/The Wrap)
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Source: Mediagazer
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 09:58
        Mediagazer presents the day's must-read media news on a single page.
        The media business is in tumult: from the production side tothe distribution side, new technologies are upending the industry.Keeping up with these changes is time-consuming, as essential media coverageis scattered across numerous web sites at any given moment.
        Mediagazer simplifies this task by organizing the key coverage in one place.We've combined sophisticated automated aggregation technologies withdirect editorial input from knowledgeable human editorsto present the one indispensable narrative of an industry in transition.
    Armageddon
      Car burglaries in some California cities are at crisis levels. Prosecutors say their hands are tied - Los Angeles Times
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 10:00
        An epidemic of car burglaries in San Francisco over the last few years has led one Democratic lawmaker to propose plugging a loophole in state law that allows some break-ins to go unpunished, but the Legislature has balked at prosecutors' requests to make obtaining convictions easier.
        The proposal, which would eliminate a requirement that prosecutors prove a car's doors were locked at the time of a break-in, has been shelved two years in a row in legislative committees. Lawmakers struggling with prison crowding and public pressure to enact criminal justice reform have been reluctant to do anything to put more people behind bars.
        But local officials and the legislator behind the bill say the legislation is needed to help chip away at a statewide car burglary problem that they believe has reached crisis levels in some cities.
        ''It's ridiculous that under current law you can have a video of someone bashing out a car window, but if you can't prove that the door is locked you may not be able to get an auto burglary conviction,'' said state Sen. Scott Wiener (D-San Francisco), who introduced the legislation at the request of the San Francisco district attorney's office.
        Across California, there were 243,000 thefts from automobiles last year. Though the number of car break-ins was higher during the peak year of 2017, last year's statewide number is well above the annual average of 223,000 for the eight previous years. San Francisco saw car burglaries spike by 24% from 2016 to 2017. While they dropped 13% last year and 4% so far this year, the numbers remain on track to be higher than pre-2017 tallies unless more is done, officials say.
        Other Bay Area cities have experienced similar increases in recent years. From 2016 to 2018, San Jose experienced a 20% increase in car break-ins, according to a recent report by the San Jose Mercury News.
        The urgency of the issue was highlighted in October when San Francisco interim Dist. Atty. Suzy Loftus announced the creation of a car burglary strike team led by her office, the California Highway Patrol and San Francisco Police Department. Operation Tangled Web is using air support and patrols to focus on residential hot spots and small commercial corridors during the holiday season, while also targeting fencing of goods stolen from automobiles, officials said.
        ''With approximately 70 auto burglaries a day [in San Francisco], these collective efforts are important in order to tackle this crisis head on,'' said Loftus, who leaves office in January.
        Wiener said the loophole in state law that his bill targets has hindered prosecutions in San Francisco, where many car burglary victims are tourists who cannot easily return to testify that they left their car doors locked.
        George Gascon, who stepped down as San Francisco's top prosecutor in October to run for Los Angeles County district attorney, said the problem led him to ask Wiener to pursue the legislation.
        ''I was disappointed that legislators chose to kill a bill that would have closed a loophole that disproportionately impacts one class of victim,'' said Gascon, who hopes legislators will again take up the proposal when they reconvene in January. ''Tourists are disproportionately targeted because they are more likely to have valuables in their cars, and this loophole means justice may not be applied equally.''
        Los Angeles County Dist. Atty. Jackie Lacey, whom Gascon is challenging in the 2020 election, said that while her office has not seen the same surge in car burglaries this year as in San Francisco, ''We do share the frustration of having to prove a vehicle was locked as a factor in determining whether the entry was illegal.''
        Los Angeles saw a 14.3% increase in thefts from vehicles from 2015 to 2017. So far this year numbers are down 6.7% compared to the same period in 2017.
        Wiener said he was never given an explanation by colleagues who decided to hold the bills in committee, but he said lawmakers have generally been reluctant to approve any measure that has the potential to put more people behind bars. The solidly liberal California Legislature has tried to address prison overcrowding in the last decade by reducing the penalties for many crimes and blocking bills that might increase the number of people going to jail or prison.
        ''Bills that are perceived to expand criminal liability tend not to do well in the Legislature, although this bill closes a loophole '-- it's not creating something new,'' Wiener said.
        The legislation was opposed by the California Public Defenders Assn., which tied the issue to the rise of homelessness in major California cities.
        ''In an era where our streets are filled with homeless people looking for shelter from the elements this expansion of the prosecution and incarceration time for individuals who have not damaged a locking mechanism of the vehicle to gain entry could negatively impact those with the least of means,'' the public defenders said in a letter to lawmakers.
        Chesa Boudin, who won the Nov. 8 election against Loftus after serving as a San Francisco deputy public defender, did not respond to a request for comment on the legislation.
        Assembly Republican leader Marie Waldron of Escondido said the demise of the legislation this year is just the latest in a series of actions by Democratic lawmakers that hamper law enforcement efforts to stop criminals.
        ''We've got one more piece of evidence that for Democrats, victims come last,'' Waldron said. ''There's no reason for someone to enter a vehicle that doesn't belong to them, whether the door is locked or not. This was a common-sense bill to close a major loophole in our car burglary law, but Democrats have proved yet again that in Sacramento, common sense isn't common.''
        A study last year by the nonpartisan Public Policy Institute of California said it found evidence that the 2014 passage of Proposition 47, which reduced penalties for some low-level property crimes, contributed to an increase in some crimes, including thefts from motor vehicles.
        Assemblywoman Lorena Gonzalez (D-San Diego), the chairwoman of the Assembly Appropriations Committee, declined to discuss Wiener's bill when asked why her committee shelved it, saying in a statement that costs are always a concern with proposed new laws.
        ''With billions of dollars of new taxpayer costs being proposed through new legislation every year, the Appropriations Committee considers the merits of hundreds of bills before making very hard decisions about the fiscal priorities of our state,'' Gonzalez said.
        Number-crunchers for Gonzalez's committee estimated the bill would have cost courts ''hundreds of thousands'' of dollars for more prosecutions, while counties might face up to the ''low millions'' of dollars in expenses to handle increased jail populations.
        California's auto burglary problem received national attention in August when former Yankees baseball player Alex Rodriguez suffered a break-in to his rental car in San Francisco, resulting in the theft of an estimated $500,000 worth of electronics and jewelry. That case is still under investigation and no arrests have been made, police say.
        In another high-profile case this year, authorities broke up a car burglary ring comprising dozens of Chilean nationals who entered the country on tourist visas and ransacked scores of cars, homes and businesses in Southern California.
        Wiener said the issue is not going away.
        ''I think we will get it passed eventually,'' Wiener said of the legislation. ''It's still a problem.''
      Rabobank: "The Global Institutional Architecture Is Collapsing"
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Source: ZeroHedge News
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 09:55
        Submitted by Michael Every of Rabobank
        It's December, and the start of the season of good will to all and peace on earth. Not much of that about, of course.
        In the UK, the election has been interrupted by the terrorist attack at London Bridge, which both sides are naturally playing politics with in different ways (The Left is soft on terrorists vs. police underfunding and foreign policy, etc.); the latest opinion polls suggest Labour continues to make up some ground but remains well behind, but London Bridge may perhaps see that impetus stalled. Let's see if the imminent arrival of US President Trump tips the scales, as President Obama did on Brexit, or if he can hold off on commenting as protocol dictates.
        In Germany, Angela Merkel's coalition partners the SPD have just elected new leadership, and they have veered to the left, hardly a surprise against this global backdrop, but likely accelerating the eventual collapse of the current government and opening up questions about what any new one could look like. Instability, or at least uncertainty, at the heart of the Eurozone is certainly not going to be welcome to investors '' yet could it herald an imminent fiscal shift?
        Tomorrow and Wednesday will also see the 2019 NATO summit, again in London, where the world's largest military alliance will get together and try to decide what it is for and if it still has a purpose. Trump continues to put pressure on all members to spend the pledged 2% of GDP to keep it a fighting force vs. Russia, and perhaps China(?): relatively few do or show they even want to (e.g., Germany). He's is also going to bring up Huawei and 5G to discuss. President Macron of France has called NATO ''Brain dead'' due to the absence of US leadership--I thought it was leading?--and has suggested it should shift from seeing Russia or China as potential enemies and refocus on terrorism: does France keep its nuclear deterrent to deal with events like London Bridge? President Erdogan of Turkey, the second-largest contributor militarily after the US, has no problems making friends with Russia and China--he is buying Russian weapons now--but has publicly called Macron ''Brain dead'' too. And Jeremy Corbyn, who would of course be the UK PM in under two weeks if the polls are wrong or misleading, has stated that NATO should be used to fight inequality: bomb the rich? Or spend as much on defence as he is pledging on everything else to rebuild British (defence) industry and provide quality jobs? It should make for a remarkable meeting one way or another: at the very least, it will be a world-class exercise in papering-over-cracks.
        Does this actually matter for markets? Well, it depends. If the markets in question are only looking at things like the bounce in Chinese PMI data (the headline PMI rose to 50.2 from 49.3 in October, and the private Caixin index edged up to 51.8 from 51.7), or at US Black Friday spending (brick and mortar sales were up 4.2% y/y according to First Data, and on-line shopping pulled in USD7.2bn, up 14% y/y), then perhaps not '' all is well with the world! Or the same markets might instead focus on China's Global Times reporting that Beijing is insisting on the US rolling back tariffs for a trade deal, NOT just the delay of the looming 15 December tariffs, as the price of any 'phase one' '' in which case all is decidedly not well. Expect USD/CNY and USD/CNH to continue to hover around the Lucky Seven level until this is resolved, of course. (But underlying our CNY bearishness, the data the market isn't talking about this morning is that China is apparently set to see just 11m births in 2019 in a population of 1.4 billion. That's down from 15.2m in 2018 and 17.2m in 2017. If true, its demographics are vastly worse than the already-poor projections: it is going to be very old long before it is rich enough to retire, and growth will suffer without automation, innovation, or immigration.)
        Yet from data to the bigger picture: consider it was the likes of NATO that built the post-Cold War (1?) world within which these global markets now operate. As Polanyi pointed out back in The Great Transformation, though not in so many words, 'free markets aren't free' '' they are carved out of the political jungle with force, and require constant tending to stop them from being over-run. In that respect, we can posit that the problems in NATO are symptomatic of a broader collapse of the global institutional architecture in the face of populism.
        But does that matter in a world which, as Branko Milanovic argues in his new book, and as markets continue to price for, capitalism is actually triumphant and there is no genuine alternative being offered by NATO's enemies? Perhaps not, which of course fully supports our house view that on rates, ''lower for longer'' is now ''lower forever''. China's (and Russia's) state-capitalist models certainly imply lower forever as the cost of capital is suppressed for national/geostrategic goals; in the West, markets are as utterly reliant on central-bank largesse, which hasn't had any geostrategic goals up to now, but which may be about to get some.
        Yet this does not mean there won't be major financial market volatility if the architecture crumbles. You cannot think of a world dominated by multi-polar state-capitalism vs. a retreating more-free-market US-dominated system without seeing: 1) huge shifts in the USD and all resultant markets '' either up, as its rivals falter, or down as its rivals combine to topple it (with what exactly?!); and 2) uncomfortable parallels with the pre-WW1 period. Like I said, not much peace on earth, sadly.
        Another sign of the end of institutional architecture. The Apostrophe Society has closed down after admitting defeat in its quest to get Brits to understand when and how this simple but crucial grammar point is used (where tired eyes mean even The Global Daily occasionally falls short). So thats it for its members hopes for its vs. its; and a full societal circle from cave painting to Renaissance men-of-letters back to emojis beckons with a thumbs up. Perhaps current fuzzy market pricing fits perfectly in age where nobody can communicate properly anymore.
        And another sign of crumbling related to architecture: Aussie building approvals slumped 8.1% in October, more than reversing the surprise 7.2% surge seen in September and vs. a consensus -1.0% figure. That puts them down -23.6% y/y. Likewise, Q3 Aussie company operating profits were -0.8% q/q vs. an expected 1.0% gain, and inventories -0.4% not the -0.2% consensus. Somehow Aussie yields are still up on the day despite those clear recession warnings: perhaps the apostrophe was in the wrong place.
    2020
      No malarkey tour: somebody really hates Joe
      California CEO and Seven Others Charged in Multi-Million Dollar Conduit Campaign Contribution Case | OPA | Department of Justice
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 01:09
        Earlier today, an indictment was unsealed against the CEO of an online payment processing company, and seven others, charging them with conspiring to make and conceal conduit and excessive campaign contributions, and related offenses, during the U.S. presidential election in 2016 and thereafter.
        Assistant Attorney General Brian A. Benczkowski of the Justice Department's Criminal Division and Assistant Director in Charge Timothy R. Slater of the FBI's Washington Field Office made the announcement.
        A federal grand jury in the District of Columbia indicted Ahmad ''Andy'' Khawaja, 48, of Los Angeles, California, on Nov. 7, 2019, along with George Nader, Roy Boulos, Rudy Dekermenjian, Mohammad ''Moe'' Diab, Rani El-Saadi, Stevan Hill and Thayne Whipple. The 53 count indictment charges Khawaja with two counts of conspiracy, three counts of making conduit contributions, three counts of causing excessive contributions, 13 counts of making false statements, 13 counts of causing false records to be filed, and one count of obstruction of a federal grand jury investigation. Nader is charged with conspiring with Khawaja to make conduit campaign contributions, and related offenses. Boulos, Dekermenjian, Diab, El-Saadi, Hill, and Whipple are charged with conspiring with Khawaja and each other to make conduit campaign contributions and conceal excessive contributions, and related offenses.
        According to the indictment, from March 2016 through January 2017, Khawaja conspired with Nader to conceal the source of more than $3.5 million in campaign contributions, directed to political committees associated with a candidate for President of the United States in the 2016 election. By design, these contributions appeared to be in the names of Khawaja, his wife, and his company. In reality, they allegedly were funded by Nader. Khawaja and Nader allegedly made these contributions in an effort to gain influence with high-level political figures, including the candidate. As Khawaja and Nader arranged these payments, Nader allegedly reported to an official from a foreign government about his efforts to gain influence.
        The indictment also alleges that, from March 2016 through 2018, Khawaja conspired with Boulos, Dekermenjian, Diab, El-Saadi, Hill, and Whipple to conceal Khawaja's excessive contributions, which totaled more than $1.8 million, to various political committees. Among other things, these contributions allegedly allowed Khawaja to host a private fundraiser for a presidential candidate in 2016 and a private fundraising dinner for an elected official in 2018.
        The indictment further alleges that, from June 2019 through July 2019, Khawaja obstructed a grand jury investigation of this matter in the District of Columbia. Knowing that a witness had been called to testify before the grand jury, Khawaja allegedly provided that witness with false information about Nader and his connection to Khawaja's company. Boulos, Diab, Hill, and Whipple also are charged with obstructing the grand jury's investigation by lying to the FBI.
        Currently, Nader is in federal custody on other charges.
        An indictment is not a finding of guilt. It merely alleges that crimes have been committed. A defendant is presumed innocent unless and until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
        The FBI's Washington Field Office is investigating the case and Deputy Chief John D. Keller and Trial Attorneys James C. Mann and Michael J. Romano of the Criminal Division's Public Integrity Section are prosecuting the case.
    Elites
      Massive Leak of Data Reveals Money-Hiding Secrets of Superrich'--and This Is 'Only the Beginning' | Common Dreams News
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 02:49
        Published on
        Wednesday, December 04, 2019
        by
        A massive trove of documents, data, and recorded phone calls showing how British company Formations House works to hide money for the superrich is being reported on by journalists all over the world, with the first stories dropping at midnight on Wednesday.
        The reporting is being done under the name "29 Leaks," a reference to Formations House's original address at 29 Harley Street in London. The data was leaked to reporters over the summer.
        "It takes a concerted effort from a large number of people to make substantive headway on an investigation like this, in which a large amount of data needs to be quickly processed and examined," Claire Peters, executive director of the Pursuance Project, told Unicorn Riot on Tuesday.
        Peters and Pursuance Project outreach director Annalise Burkhart led a team of reporters from around the world uncovering and detailing the information stored in the huge, roughly 131 GB-sized trove of data.
        "Formations House was the perfect example of a 'one-stop shop' for creating legal entities that serve as fronts for fraudulent operations and money laundering," said Burkhart. "In only a matter of days, a client could purchase offshore companies bundled into packages touting minimal compliance requirements, tax-free operations, and anonymity for directors and shareholders."
        "It's hard to overstate how notorious and suspicious the firm is," Boing Boing wrote of Formations House when the leak's existence became public in July.
        According to Unicorn Riot, reporting from the data will have an international scope:
        SCROLL TO CONTINUE WITH CONTENT
        Get our best delivered to your inbox.
        Formations House has been the subject of international scrutiny for years, and the #29Leaks documents have been under investigation for some time. It is expected that news stories in Central America, Africa and Europe will examine information drawn from this set of leaks. The use of Formations House-managed companies to move money around between offshore and private banking centers like Luxembourg and other parts of the world is among the main themes of this dataset. Other documents expected to be covered in detail show how the African nation of The Gambia is commonly used to create banks and insurance companies on paper for wealthy people in other continents, which Formations House and related parties package and facilitate.
        On Tuesday The Times of London showed, via undercover reporting, how Formations House sets up shell companies for its clients.
        McClatchy reported on how Formations House helped Iran's national oil company avoid sanctions. The Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project detailed schemes across Eastern Europe. The Economic Times, meanwhile, dug into the comapny's Pakistani-British management.
        More reporting will come, said the Pursuance Project's Peters.
        "There's much more work to be done with this data," said Peters, "we're only at the beginning."
        Our work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License. Feel free to republish and share widely.
    Unhoused
      L.A.'s Head of Homelessness Resigns After 33% Increase in People Sleeping on the Streets '' Summit News
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Tue, 03 Dec 2019 17:24
        Health Some kind of connection here?
        Binge drinking amongst American women without children has doubled in just over a decade, proving that the satirical 'wine aunt' meme is actually true.
        A study by Columbia University found that, ''More than four in ten (42 percent) childless 30- to 44-year-olds were having five or more drinks on any given occasion last year '' compared to a fifth (21 percent) in 2006,'' reports the Daily Mail.
        Another study from last year showed that white adult women over the age of 45 were more likely to take antidepressants than younger adults, men and minorities.
        The wine aunt is no longer just a meme, it's a manifestly provable reality.
        Many women have bought into social engineering propaganda that not having children provides them with freedom and happiness when in reality it only makes them miserable and lonely.
        In addition, when these women reach their later years, there will be absolutely nobody to take care of them and many of them will likely die alone.
        The freedom to die alone having lived a joyless, barren life of meaningless hedonism.
        So happy!
        Meanwhile, as we document in the video below, the epidemic in suicides of white, middle aged working class men in America continues to be ignored by the media.
        SUBSCRIBE on YouTube:
        Follow on Twitter: Follow @PrisonPlanet
        '--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--
        My voice is being silenced by free speech-hating Silicon Valley behemoths who want me disappeared forever. It is CRUCIAL that you support me.
        Please sign up for the free newsletter here. Donate to me on SubscribeStar here.
        Support my sponsor '' Turbo Force '' a supercharged boost of clean energy without the comedown.
        '--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--
        Health CNN fails to mention men are leading the decline.
        After increasing for decades, American life expectancy is now facing an alarming decline thanks mainly to suicides of white working age men.
        A study published by the journal JAMA, found that life expectancy in America increased from 1959 to 2014 but that the number plateaued in 2011 and began decreasing in 2014.
        ''The study'...found that the decline is mostly among ''working-age'' Americans, or those ages 25 to 64,'' reports Live Science. ''In this group, the risk of dying from drug abuse, suicide, hypertension and more than 30 other causes is increasing.''
        The decline in life expectancy for working aged males has not been recorded in other developed countries and is a ''distinctly American phenomenon,'' according to study co-author Steven H. Woolf of Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine.
        According to Lisa Britton, CNN's coverage of the story omitted the crucial point that the decline was being driven by male suicides.
        ''CNN just did a piece on the declining life-expectancy rate in the US'... and failed to mention it's the MEN's rate that is declining! Women have maintained a steady rate although there's been an uptick in the women's overdose rate (The Wash Post turned their story into that) Wow,'' she tweeted.
        As we discuss in the video below, the only demographic group that has seen a dramatic rise in suicides and ''deaths of despair'' is white, middle aged, working class men.
        Despite this, the media and the culture still relentlessly blames that same demographic for both historical and contemporary societal ills, de-legitimizing their trauma under the rubric of ''white privilege.''
        SUBSCRIBE on YouTube:
        Follow on Twitter: Follow @PrisonPlanet
        '--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--
        My voice is being silenced by free speech-hating Silicon Valley behemoths who want me disappeared forever. It is CRUCIAL that you support me.
        Please sign up for the free newsletter here. Donate to me on SubscribeStar here.
        Support my sponsor '' Turbo Force '' a supercharged boost of clean energy without the comedown.
        '--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--
        Health More cases starting to emerge.
        With typhoid fever and even the return of the bubonic plague already big concerns, increasing homelessness in Los Angeles could also spark an increase in leprosy.
        According to a new study, more leprosy cases are starting to emerge in Los Angeles County, with Dr. Maria Teresa Ochoa of the University of Southern California urging the public to ''fight the stigma.''
        Leprosy, which is spread through the air but must involve close contact, can cause permanent blindness, severe damage to the body's skin, nerves, and mucous membranes, as well as deformities.
        Although victims can make full recoveries if they receive early diagnoses, most of Los Angeles' homeless population who are at risk will not get swift treatment.
        ''As leprosy has been a neglected disease with a high potential to cause deformities, especially when it is not treated properly, I would like to reinforce the need for early identification of cases in the community with the adoption of active case search and screening of household and social contacts from all index cases,'' Dr. Victor S. Santos told Reuters.
        Earlier this year, Dr. Drew Pinsky said the public health situation in America's second largest city was in utter turmoil.
        ''We have a complete breakdown of the basic needs of civilization in Los Angeles right now,'' said Pinsky.
        1.5 per cent of rats in L.A. now carry bubonic plague. If that figures hits 2 per cent, the medieval disease will start jumping to humans.
        In other words, if LA doesn't sort out its trash problem and its homeless problem, the return of bubonic plague is virtually guaranteed.
        As we document in the video below, L.A.'s 60,000 homeless population, vast amounts of uncollected trash and 12 million rats have all combined to make the city increasingly resemble a third world hellscape.
        SUBSCRIBE on YouTube:
        Follow on Twitter: Follow @PrisonPlanet
        '--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--
        My voice is being silenced by free speech-hating Silicon Valley behemoths who want me disappeared forever. It is CRUCIAL that you support me.
        Please sign up for the free newsletter here. Donate to me on SubscribeStar here.
        Support my sponsor '' Turbo Force '' a supercharged boost of clean energy without the comedown.
        '--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--
      Heroin addicts in San Diego are dying from flesh-eating bacteria infections - TheBlaze
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 02:39
        San Diego County health officials are warning about potentially lethal flesh-eating bacteria infections contracted through black tar heroin drug use after nine people were diagnosed with severe myonecrosis.
        Seven of them died from their infections.
        San Diego County chief public health officer Dr. Wilma Wooten issued a warning in a statement on Wednesday that added that some users are also developing wound botulism.
        "People who use black tar heroin are not only at higher risk of dying from an overdose, but also more prone to developing myonecrosis and wound botulism," said Wooten.
        The San Diego Union Tribune described the horrific symptoms of a myonecrosis infection:
        Symptoms of myonecrosis include severe pain in the area around a wound or injection site; swelling in the area around a wound; pale skin that quickly turns gray, dark red, purple or black; blisters with foul-smelling discharge; fever; air under the skin; excessive sweating; and increased heart rate.A myonecrosis infection can lead to shock, amputations and even death if left untreated.
        Five of the people who died were men, and the patients ranged from 19 to 57 years old.
        County health officials warned the local medical community to look for symptoms of myonecrosis and wound botulism.
        Here's more about the heroin crisis in San Diego: Study: Heroin use in San Diego County on risewww.youtube.com
    Green New Deal
      Snow marks the start of summer
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 23:00
        By Tate Papworth December 1, 2019 '-- 4.46pm
        Those craving warmer weather and sunshine will have to wait a little longer as snowfall, grey skies and rain marked the first day of summer on Sunday.
        A spokesman for the Bureau of Meteorology said ski resorts at Mount Hotham and Mount Buller had both recorded snowfall.
        "There's been colder than average temperatures and the total rainfall today throughout the alpine region is 5 millimetres, which usually roughly equates to one centimetre of snow," he said.
        "Looking at the cameras, there's been about 5cm fall at Hotham and Falls Creek, but less at Buller."
        Hotham and Buller both recorded their lowest maximum December temperature since 2013 with 0.8 and 1.1 respectively. Monday is expected to be even colder with a top of zero forecast for both destinations.
        Loading
        Hotham photographer Chris Hocking said even more snow was expected overnight and could continue.
        "We're expecting up to 10 centimetres to fall tonight at Mt Hotham which is certainly a rare event at this time of year," he said.
        "Who knows, will we see a white Christmas for 2019? You just never know, but it would be special for a novelty factor."
        While uncommon, Mr Hocking said snowfall in summer wasn't unheard of.
        "In the High Country summer snow is a rare event, however from time to time the strong weather patterns from the Southern Ocean break through the normal cycle," he said.
        "I've seen it snow in every month of the year at Mt Hotham and Falls Creek."
        Melbourne also shivered through a cold, dreary start to summer, with the mercury topping just 16.8 and Melbourne Park with 2 millimetres of rainfall recorded since 9am.
        Monday won't be any warmer, with a top of 15 expected and the temperature isn't predicted to rise above 20 until Thursday.
        Most Viewed in National Loading
      Did the Thames whale come to save us? | Environment | The Guardian
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Tue, 03 Dec 2019 07:55
        The humpback appeared to arrive just in time to join the Extinction Rebellion protests. And to highlight how these mighty mammals could help us fight climate change
        F or a few happy days, the appearance of a humpback whale in the Thames suggested that it is not only humans who are intent on an environmental uprising. As the founding emblem of the modern green movements, it seems apt that this leviathan appeared just in time to join this week's Extinction Rebellion demonstrations.
        Not only that, but in what may be the biggest goodwill gesture yet from the largest animals on our benighted planet, the whales may be about to help us out. If we give them the chance. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has released a report detailing how great whales could sequester billions of tonnes of climate-threatening carbon from the atmosphere.
        It is an exquisite and painful irony. In the 20th century, humans removed 3 million great whales from the oceans '' their sublime beauty hunted, slaughtered, and processed. It was a terrible loss twice over, since scientists believe that the subtraction of this vast marine biomass may have hastened climate breakdown, not least by removing billions of tonnes of whale faeces that would have fertilised phytoplankton, which in turn would capture carbon released by human activities.
        Now the international (if voluntary) moratorium on the hunting of great whales, implemented in 1986, is finally bearing fruit and some populations are recovering. There are even humpbacks off the coast of New York.
        So, being human '' we bring in the accountants. In its cost-benefit analysis, the IMF reports that if whales are allowed to return to their pre-whaling population estimate of 4 million to 5 million '' from slightly more than 1.3 million today '' they would capture as much carbon annually as four Amazon forests. Not only that, they make money for us: whale watching, as a relatively benign alternative to whale hunting, is worth $2bn globally, a year. And if that weren't enough, even dead whales play their part. Each whale carcass, falling slowly to the ocean floor, will store the carbon captured in their carcasses for centuries.
        Will these great grey giants be the saving of us? In 1976, as Save the Whales campaigning merchandise flooded popular consciousness, and not long after Greenpeace launched its first anti-whaling campaign by confronting whaling fleets in the north Pacific, the comedians Peter Cook and Dudley Moore asked, in one of the most obscene, and funniest recordings ever made, what have the whales ever done for us? ''They've produced nothing in the way of literature,'' the pair quip. ''All they eat is fucking plankton. Can you imagine drifting along in the sea with your mouth open with a lot of plankton going in?''
        Well, between them and their plankton, the joke may be on us. Whales are ready to rescue the world. It is an extraordinary notion '' given what we have done to them '' but perhaps that Thames whale, as lost as it was in our river, offered us a kind of hope.
      Climate simulations are mostly accurate, study finds
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 06:43
        WASHINGTON (AP) '-- The computer models used to simulate what heat-trapping gases will do to global temperatures have been pretty spot-on in their predictions, a new study found.
        After years of hearing critics blast the models' accuracy, climate scientist Zeke Hausfather decided to see just how good they have been. He tracked down 17 models used between 1970 and 2007 and found that the majority of them predicted results that were ''indistinguishable from what actually occurred.''
        Full Coverage: Climate change''By and large our models have gotten it right, plus or minus a little bit,'' said Hausfather, a University of California, Berkeley scientist who is climate and energy director at the Breakthrough Institute. ''If they get it wrong, it's slightly on the warm side, but I wouldn't read too much into that.''
        Ten of the 17 were close to the temperatures that actually happened, said Hausfather, lead author of a study in Wednesday's journal Geophysical Research Letters.
        But scientists actually got the physics right even more than that, Hausfather said. That's because they make two main assumptions when they model what will happen in the future. One is the physics of the atmosphere and how it reacts to heat-trapping gases. The other is the amount of greenhouse gases put into the air.
        A few times, scientists were wrong in their predictions about the growth of carbon pollution, saying there would be more of the gases than there actually were, Hausfather said. If they got the amount of heat-trapping gases wrong, they then got the temperatures wrong.
        So Hausfather and colleagues, including NASA climate scientist Gavin Schmidt, looked at how well the models did on just the pure science, taking out the emissions factor. On that count, 14 of the 17 computer models accurately predicted the future.
        The scientists also gave each computer simulation a ''skill score'' that essentially gave a percentage grade to each one. The average grade was a 69%.
        One of the earliest computer models, made in 1970, got a 91%. What's so impressive about that is that at the time, climate change wasn't noticeable in the yearly temperature records like it is now, Hausfather said.
        Stanford University climate scientist Noah Diffenbaugh, who wasn't part of the study, called the work creative and the results striking.
        ''Even without knowing what the current level of greenhouse gas concentrations would be, the climate models predicted the evolution of global temperature quite well,'' Diffenbaugh said in an email.
        It's crucial that these models are accurate because ''we have one planet Earth, so we can't conduct controlled experiments on the actual climate system,'' Diffenbaugh said.
        The study was released as officials from almost 200 countries meet in Madrid for climate talks.
        University of Illinois climate scientist Donald Wuebbles, who also wasn't part of the study, said climate change ''deniers do a lot of weird things to misrepresent models. None of those analyses have been valid and they should be ignored. We should no longer be debating the basic science of climate change.''
        ___
        The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.
    Russia!
      Haute-Savoie, a base camp for Russian spies specializing in targeted killings
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 00:17
        Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More >> Help | Sign in TranslateView:Translation
        Original
        From:To:
    China
      Huwawei is rightly banned because e know what we did with Cisco
      China Bars U.S. Military From Hong Kong Ports Over Support For Protesters : NPR
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 11:16
        "China urges the U.S. to correct its mistake and stop meddling in Hong Kong affairs," a government spokesperson says, as China retaliates for U.S. support of pro-democracy demonstrators. Here, an activist holds a flag at a lunchtime protest Monday at Chater Garden in Hong Kong. Leah Millis/Reuters hide caption
        toggle caption Leah Millis/Reuters "China urges the U.S. to correct its mistake and stop meddling in Hong Kong affairs," a government spokesperson says, as China retaliates for U.S. support of pro-democracy demonstrators. Here, an activist holds a flag at a lunchtime protest Monday at Chater Garden in Hong Kong.
        Leah Millis/Reuters China is barring U.S. Navy port calls and American military aircraft from visiting Hong Kong in retaliation for Washington's recent adoption of the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act '-- legislation that supports pro-democracy protesters in Hong Kong.
        "China urges the U.S. to correct its mistake and stop meddling in Hong Kong affairs or interfering in China's other internal affairs by any word and act," Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Hua Chunying said, according to the state-run media outlet Xinhua.
        From Beijing, Amy Cheng reports for NPR's Newscast unit:
        "Beijing will also sanction several organizations headquartered in the United States, including the National Endowment for Democracy and Human Rights Watch, saying these entities 'encouraged protesters to take up radical and violent criminal actions.' It is unclear what Beijing's sanctions will entail."
        When President Trump signed the Hong Kong legislation last week, he said he was doing so "out of respect for President Xi, China, and the people of Hong Kong." He also urged an amicable peace between Beijing and the former British colony, where protesters have repeatedly launched mass protests this year to call for true universal democracy and other demands.
        After Trump signed the act, China's foreign ministry had accused the U.S. of showing its "malicious and hegemonic nature." But U.S. adoption of the act also triggered a celebration by Hong Kong activists, who had long called for Congress to endorse their cause.
        The night after the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act is passed, #Hongkong people gathered and celebrated this bitter victory amid the prolonged movement. The bill is a thanksgiving present for HongKong'--it encourages us to keep fighting for democracy.#DemocracyNow pic.twitter.com/8E88qewXy2
        '-- Nathan Law ç¾…å† è° ðŸ· (@nathanlawkc) November 28, 2019The U.S. measure includes provisions for sanctions against Chinese officials who are found to have violated human rights; it also links Hong Kong's special trade status to an annual evaluation of conditions there.
        Trump signed the act days after voters in Hong Kong delivered a sharp rebuke to Beijing, turning out in droves to give pro-democracy politicians a landslide victory and place them in control of 17 of the 18 district councils.
      Billionaires investing in China's electric cars face shakeout
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Wed, 04 Dec 2019 14:52
        Some of China's wealthiest tycoons steered billions of dollars into electric-car companies in order to fuel the country's dreams of becoming a leader in the field. Now a reckoning may be looming as car sales slow and the government reduces subsidies for the nascent industry.
        That leaves the flagship companies of Jack Ma, Pony Ma, Hui Ka Yan and Robin Li facing an increasingly steep path to profitability on their bets that electric vehicles can be smartphones-on-wheels connecting passengers to other businesses. Their capital, along with dozens of startups raising $18 billion, helped inflate an electric bubble that now looks to be in danger of popping.
        China's car market is experiencing a prolonged sales slump, prompting EV makers to slash earnings outlooks. With China considering further cuts to the subsidies for consumer purchases in order to force automakers to compete on their own, a shakeout is looming that not even the tycoons' support may be able to prevent, said Rachel Miu, an analyst with DBS Group Holdings Ltd. in Hong Kong. ''For the new kids on the block in the EV space, it's a steep uphill climb,'' she said.
        Alibaba: Xpeng coupe, Accusations
        Jack Ma stepped down as chairman of Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. in September after amassing a $40 billion-plus fortune, but China's richest man retains his board seat -- and influence -- at the e-commerce emporium he created. Alibaba has participated in several funding rounds for Guangzhou Xiaopeng Motors Technology Co., or Xpeng Motors, including one in 2018 that raised 2.2 billion yuan ($313 million) for the carmaker co-founded by former Alibaba executive He Xiaopeng.
        Xpeng launched its first vehicle, the five-seat G3 SUV, last year and has sold 11,940 vehicles so far this year, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
        The company, founded in 2014, also is teaming up with more-established automakers. A factory built with Haima Automobile Co. can produce 150,000 EVs annually. Another should soon begin assembling the P7 coupe, scheduled to begin deliveries next year.
        The journey hasn't been without controversy, though, as some engineers bound for Xpeng stand accused of stealing from their ex-employers in the U.S. In March, Tesla Inc. sued a former engineer, alleging he uploaded files, directories and copies of source code to his personal cloud storage account before resigning. Also, a former Apple Inc. engineer was indicted last year for allegedly pilfering self-driving car secrets on his way to an Xpeng job. His trial is upcoming.
        Xpeng wasn't accused of wrongdoing.
        ''We are very adamant that we pursue our own r&d,'' President Brian Gu said. ''Copyright is very important to us.''
        Hangzhou-based Alibaba, the second-largest shareholder in Xpeng, didn't answer specific questions about the automaker.
        Xiaomi Corp., the consumer-electronics company, participated in another $400 million fundraising round, the automaker said Nov. 13.
        Tencent: NIO lists, then cuts
        Pony Ma's Tencent Holdings Ltd., whose WeChat messaging app helped make him China's second-richest person, led a $1 billion investment round in NIO Inc. in 2017. With more than 26,000 vehicles sold, NIO's one of the few Chinese startups making multiple models, and it beat rivals with an initial public offering in New York last year.
        But losses piled up with the overall sales slump and as the company, which has been described as ''China's Tesla,'' plowed money into marketing and real estate. It sponsored a Bruno Mars concert and opened luxury clubs for NIO owners that feature showrooms, coffee bars and performance spaces. By August the company had opened 19 NIO Houses over 22 months, and combined rental expenses were equivalent to 6.3% of revenue during the 12 months ended March, according to Bloomberg Intelligence.
        ''NIO chooses the direct sales mode and pays great attention to user experience,'' the company said. It doesn't plan to close its existing clubs -- or open new ones.
        NIO lost $2.8 billion in the 12 months ended June on revenue of $1.2 billion, and its shares have plunged this year. The Shanghai-based company cut about 20 percent of its workforce through September, when Tencent injected another $100 million.
        ''Our sales have been under pressure since the subsidies went down,'' NIO Chief Executive Officer William Li said. ''It has come to a new era that one can only win customers with quality products and services.''
        Shenzhen-based Tencent expressed support for EVs but didn't answer specific questions about NIO.
        Evergrande: High hopes
        One of the more startling entrants in the EV industry is property developer China Evergrande Group, which declared it wanted to be the world's biggest manufacturer within three to five years. That means surpassing Tesla, which just opened a factory in Shanghai. Between September 2018 and June 2019, Evergrande invested more than $3.8 billion in EV-related companies, according to Bloomberg Intelligence, and will start producing its Hengchi brand next year.
        Evergrande, which wants to open 10 production bases, plans to spend 45 billion yuan ($6.4 billion) on new-energy vehicles between 2019 and 2021. On Nov. 10, a unit announced it would spend almost $3 billion to boost its stake in National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB to 82 percent from 68 percent.
        Billionaire chairman and founder Hui Ka Yan, who's diversifying into businesses such as soccer and health care, acknowledged there isn't much overlap between Evergrande's real-estate business and its EV ambitions.
        ''We don't have any talent, technology, experience, or production base in manufacturing cars,'' Hui said. ''How can we compete with the century-old automakers in the world?''
        His answer: by opening Evergrande's wallet.
        ''Whatever core technology and company we can buy, we will buy,'' he said.
        Yet Hui's whatever-it-takes strategy may take a toll on Evergrande because of the cash-burning nature of NEV investments. The company's forecast of spending 45 billion yuan is probably an underestimate, and that may exacerbate its cash crunch, according to BI.
        ''This could crimp its home-sales margin given an urgency to sustain price cuts to boost cash collection from sales,'' analyst Kristy Hung said in a Nov. 22 report.
        Baidu: WM factories, lawsuit
        Robin Li, the CEO of China's dominant internet search-engine company, made WM Motor Technology Co. part of Baidu Inc.'s move into autonomous driving. Baidu led a fundraising round this year that generated 3 billion yuan for the Shanghai-based automaker. Baidu owns a 13 percent stake.
        WM rolled out an electric SUV last year and has delivered more than 19,000 vehicles, Chief Strategy Officer Rupert Mitchell said. So far this year, WM sold 14,273 of its battery-powered SUVs, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. That puts WM behind market leader BYD Co. -- backed by Warren Buffett -- and NIO, but ahead of Xpeng. WM launched a second SUV on Nov. 22.
        WM has an advantage over rivals started by employees from internet companies, Mitchell said. Founder Freeman Shen used to run Volvo Car Group in China.
        ''We are not moonlighters from the technology industry that are having a crack at mass-market automotive,'' he said.
        Volvo parent Zhejiang Geely Holding Group has sued WM, seeking 2.1 billion yuan compensation for alleged copyright infringement, Chinese state media reported in September. WM has denied wrongdoing.
        WM is producing vehicles at fully owned factories, which helps maintain quality control, Mitchell said. The company, which is opening a second factory next year that can make 150,000 vehicles annually, wants to raise another $1 billion, Mitchell said.
        Baidu declined to comment.
      China protests as US House passes Uygur bill demanding sanctions over human rights abuses in Xinjiang camps | South China Morning Post
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 07:50
        The US Capitol building, where the UIGHUR Act came before the House of Representatives for a vote on Tuesday. Photo: EPA-EFE
        Politics Legislation urges US government to act to counter China's crackdown on Muslims and other minority groupsIt would prohibit the export of certain US technologies that could be used in state-sponsored suppressionTopic | Xinjiang
        Owen Churchill
        Kristin Huang
        Published: 8:12am, 4 Dec, 2019
        Updated: 10:57pm, 4 Dec, 2019
        Advertisement
        TOP PICKS
        The US Capitol building, where the UIGHUR Act came before the House of Representatives for a vote on Tuesday. Photo: EPA-EFE
        READ FULL ARTICLE
        Advertisement
        Advertisement
    Pipelines
      Nearly 97% of German Companies in Russia Support Nord Stream 2 Project '' Study
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Source: Sputnik International - Breaking News & Analysis - Radio, Photos, Videos, Infographics
        Tue, 03 Dec 2019 09:16
        Business16:16 03.12.2019(updated 16:17 03.12.2019) Get short URL
        BERLIN (Sputnik) - Almost 97 per cent of German companies that are operating in Russia voice their support for the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline project, a fresh study showed on Tuesday.
        The study conducted by the German Eastern Business Association demonstrated that 72 per cent of the polled firms supported the pipeline project if the gas transit to Europe via Ukraine remains. Fifteen per cent of the respondents said that the Nord Stream 2 must be launched, while the transit via Ukraine should be stopped in the future.
        Only 3 per cent of the German companies in Russia believe that the launch of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline should not take place.
        The survey was conducted among 112 companies, which have created more than 144,000 workplaces in Russia.
        Nord Stream 2
        Nord Stream 2 pipeline being laid.
        The Nord Stream 2 project is a joint venture between Russia's Gazprom and five European companies '-- France's ENGIE, Austria's OMV, the UK-Dutch Royal Dutch Shell, and Germany's Uniper and Wintershall. The 745-mile-long twin pipeline will carry up to 1.942 trillion cubic feet of gas per year from Russia to Europe. The project is opposed by several countries, primarily the United States and Ukraine.
        Russian Energy Minister Alexander Novak said in November that gas deliveries via the Nord Stream 2 may be launched by as soon as the end of the year.
    SJW
      Peloton Defends Commercial as Stock Falls 9 Percent | PEOPLE.com
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 01:11
        Peloton is standing by their controversial holiday commercial, despite a seemingly correlated drop in their market value amid backlash.
        On Wednesday, the high-end fitness equipment company responded to criticism they've received since releasing the ad in late November.
        ''We constantly hear from our members how their lives have been meaningfully and positively impacted after purchasing or being gifted a Peloton Bike or Tread, often in ways that surprise them,'' a company spokesperson told PEOPLE in a statement.
        ''Our holiday spot was created to celebrate that fitness and wellness journey,'' the spokesperson continued. ''While we're disappointed in how some have misinterpreted this commercial, we are encouraged by '-- and grateful for '-- the outpouring of support we've received from those who understand what we were trying to communicate.''
        RELATED: See Peloton's Christmas Commercial That's Currently Causing Controversy on the Internet
        The commercial follows a woman's yearlong fitness journey after her husband gifts her one of the company's expensive stationary bikes, ending with the woman thanking her husband for changing her life.
        Twitter users were quick to mock the ad, calling out its supposed message of a husband wanting his seemingly already fit wife to lose weight and her being ''nervous'' about riding an indoor bike.
        Peloton Commercial
        Peloton
        However, Peloton also shared a series of emails with PEOPLE from customers who reached out to say they supported the ad.
        One woman named Melissa shared a story about her sister-in-law who had been diagnosed with triple negative breast cancer. She said that the bike had been her sister-in-law's ''saving grace'' through treatment.
        Peloton Commercial
        Peloton
        In another email shared with The New York Times, a 60-year-old woman named Tami said she felt that the commercial shared an important message about health.
        ''I can relate to her being surprised she did it for a year,'' she wrote, according to the Times. ''Bad health comes in all shapes and sizes. Glad you acknowledged that EVERYONE needs to be healthy regardless of how you look.''
        RELATED: Dad Tells Daughter Not to Buy 'Preposterous' Peloton Bike in Viral Email '-- and Wins the Internet
        Regardless of the pushback against the criticism, Peloton still saw a nine percent drop in their stock on Tuesday, their largest single-day drop since October, Markets Insider reported. It cost the company nearly $942 million, bringing their total market value down to roughly $9.4 billion.
        Analysts from Raymond James, an investment banking company, told CNBC the drop would not impact the company in the long run.
        ''While reactions to the holiday ad are disappointing, we do not expect it will adversely affect holiday demand,'' the analysts told the outlet. ''We do believe Peloton may review its marketing strategy, given the frequency in which its ads are parodied on social media.''
        Peloton has a history of drawing ire with their commercials, critics often pointing out that their ads only seem to feature wealthy customers. The company's bike retails at $2,245, and a membership for the company's virtual classes costs $39 a month.
      Tampon tax: Campaigners to fight for free menstrual products throughout Germany
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Source: The Local
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 02:32
        Campaigners Nanna-Josephine Roloff and Yasemin Kotra. Photo: Sven Rehder.
        Germany is set to get rid of the so-called 'tampon tax'. But campaigners now want to see period products provided for free in public places, including schools. We spoke to one of the activists.
        When the Bundestag voted to reduce the tax on menstrual products, such as tampons and sanitary towels, it was a landmark moment in Germany '' especially for campaigners who had battled for the change.
        "The decision empowers women to think about their period as not something they need to hide," Hamburg-based campaigner Nanna-Josephine Roloff, 28, tells The Local.
        So what else does it mean for women in Germany?
        "We, first of all, have to pay a bit less for our supplies," Roloff says. "But it also means that we got the parliament to talk about tampons. Think about that: it's such a big thing.
        "When you see the discussion (in the Bundestag) there were a lot of women wearing red dresses, red scarfs, red shirts, red jackets on that day. They showed solidarity through their clothes."
        READ ALSO: Why menstrual products are set to become cheaper in Germany
        A 'luxury' product?
        Menstrual products have long been taxed at the 19 percent value-added-tax (VAT) rate in Germany. However, a reduced rate of seven percent applies to certain foods, books, magazines, cut flowers and other items deemed 'essential'.
        Many argued that the higher 'luxury' tax rate on menstrual items is unfair and discriminatory because lots of women have no choice but to buy these items on a regular basis.
        ''The higher tax rate on these products amounts to fiscal discrimination of women based on their sex, which is not allowed by the Constitution,'' said Roloff and fellow-campaigner Yasemin Kotra on their petition which gathered more than 190.000 signatures.
        As well as the petition, activists lobbied politicians, gathered facts, researched extensively and tried to raise awareness in Germany.
        It was a long road and two years worth of work. But Roloff and Kotra managed to secure a meeting with Finance Minister Olaf Scholz in October who backed their drive, signalling a major success in the campaign.
        The Bundestag decision was approved by Germany's upper house of parliament, the Bundesrat at the end of last month. It means the sales tax on sanitary products will be reduced from 19 percent to seven percent from January 1st 2020.
        'Menstruation still a taboo'
        Getting German politicians talking about periods is a big step in the right direction, says Roloff. But there's a lot more work to be done.
        "Now we move to the the next steps," says Roloff. "Menstruation is still a taboo. We still don't talk openly about our periods. That's the next big thing to deal with."
        Photo: DPA
        Roloff says the aim is to work with Germany's states to introduce free menstrual products in public buildings like schools, hospitals, prisons and council offices.
        "Everywhere where the state is involved there should be tampons and pads like there is toilet paper," she says.
        Why is Germany lowering the 'tampon tax' now?
        Countries and states across the world, including Kenya, Canada, India and Australia, have already got rid of the tax on menstrual products, while others, such as France, Spain and the UK, have reduced it.
        So pressure has been building on countries that are yet to take action.
        Roloff puts the changes down to a new push for equality by activists across the world.
        "We had #MeToo and now I think there's a new wave of women's movements for all rights '' not just the basic rights," she says.
        "You are allowed to vote or to work, but women want more rights for actual equality. The 'tampon tax' fits into this whole topic: empowerment and self determination, my body my choice, in this whole picture."
        'Get rid of the taboo'
        As well as monitoring the reduced tax due to come into force next year, Roloff is gearing up for the next stage in the campaign.
        "Now that we don't have tampon tax anymore we can't just stop, we need to go further," she says.
        "Our main topic is to get rid of the taboo about menstruation. Part of that is to normalize supplies everywhere. That's just the next logical step to fight for."
      Chris Pratt apologizes for posing with single use plastic bottle | TheHill
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 06:30
        In The Know December 04, 2019 - 10:59 AM EST By Justine Coleman Actor Chris Pratt on Wednesday apologized for posting a photo on Instagram of him posing at a gym with a single-use plastic water bottle in his hand after "Aquaman" star Jason Momoa called out his fellow Hollywood star.
        Pratt posted the Instagram photo on Tuesday as part of a collaboration with Amazon.
        This prompted Momoa to comment under "The Guardians of the Galaxy" star's photo saying, "Bro i love you but wtf on the water bottle. no single use plastic. come on."
        Pratt apologized in response saying, "Aquaman! You're completely right. Dammit. I always carry my big gallon size reusable water jug with me too. I even had it that day!!!"
        "Love you too buddy," Pratt added in his reply. "My bad. I don't want your home of Atlantis covered in plastic. Hear that kids? Reduce. Reuse. Recycle."
        Momoa then posted his own Instagram photo of himself and his children with Pratt apologizing for how his comment came across.
        "I'm sorry this was received so badly today I didn't mean for that to happen," he wrote. "I'm just very passionate about this single use plastic epidemic. the plastic water bottles have to stop i hope u make a reusable water bottle for amazon so we all can purchase."
        The "Game of Thrones" actor has been an active promoter of environmental activism throughout his career, including speaking at a United Nations Small Islands event in October, according to USA Today.
    Epstein
      Things we’ve predicted over recent years: elite sex parties and kids. Syria chemical weapons hoax. Clintons and their shenanigans die years
      Kathryn's Report: Piper PA-60-602P Aerostar, N326CW: Fatal accident occurred October 05, 2019 near Kokomo Municipal Airport (KOKK), Howard County, Indiana
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Tue, 03 Dec 2019 00:11
        The National Transportation Safety Board traveled to the scene of this accident. Additional Participating Entity: Federal Aviation Administration / Flight Standards District Office; Indianapolis, Indiana Aviation Accident Preliminary Report - National Transportation Safety Board: https://app.ntsb.gov/pdf https://registry.faa.gov/N326CW Location: Kokomo, IN Accident Number: CEN20FA002 Date & Time: 10/05/2019, 1637 EDT Registration: N326CW Aircraft: Piper AEROSTAR 602P Injuries: 1 Fatal Flight Conducted Under: Part 91: General Aviation - Business On October 5, 2019, about 1637 eastern daylight time, a Piper Aerostar 602P, N326CW, departed from Kokomo Municipal Airport (OKK), Kokomo, Indiana, and impacted a field about 3.6 miles south of the airport. The airplane was destroyed by impact forces. The airline transport pilot sustained fatal injuries. The airplane was registered to Indiana Paging Network Inc and was operated by the pilot under Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 as a business flight that was not operating on a flight plan. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed for the flight while departing from OKK. On the day of the accident, the flight departed from Peter O Knight Airport (TPF), Tampa, Florida, about 0645 and arrived at OKK about 1027. The purpose of the flight was for the pilot, who was employed by In Flight Review, Inc, based in Tampa, Florida, to provide Piper PA-42 Cheyenne recurrent training to a customer based at OKK. According to the airport employee who fueled the airplane, he asked the pilot of N326CW, while on approach to the airport, if he wanted jet fuel, and the pilot said "yes." He said the he asked the pilot if he wanted jet fuel because the airplane looked like a jet airplane. When the airplane arrived, the employee pulled the Jet A fuel truck out and parked it in front of the airplane while the pilot was still inside the airplane. The employee said that he asked the pilot again if he was wanted jet fuel, and the pilot said "yes." The employee fueled the airplane with about 163 gallons of Jet A from the fuel truck. The employee said that he was able to orientate the different shaped nozzle (relative to the 100 low lead fuel truck nozzle) from the Jet A fuel truck by positioning it 90 degrees over the wing fuel tank filler necks and about 45 degrees over the fuselage filler necks. He said the he initially spilled about one gallon of fuel during refueling and adjusted his technique so subsequent fuel spillage was minimal. The Jet A fuel truck had "JET A" on its left, right, and rear sides. The employee that was inside the fixed base operator building about 1620 heard the engines start. After the engines started, the engines sounded "typical." He said that he did not hear any radio transmissions from the pilot during his departure and did not hear an engine runup. The pilot, who received recurrent training from the accident pilot, stated the accident pilot began training right away beginning about 1045. They completed training and it was after 1630 when the pilot drove the accident pilot to N326CW. The pilot said the accident pilot visually checked the fuel tanks of the airplane and gave a "thumbs-up" to the pilot. The pilot did not stay for the remainder of the accident pilot's preflight and drove off. The pilot heard the engines start and "they sounded normal." The pilot did not see the takeoff. The pilot said the winds favored runway 14, which was in use on the day of the accident. A witness stated that she saw a "low flying" airplane flying from north to south. The airplane made a "sharp left turn" to the east. The left wing "dipped low" and she then lost sight of the airplane but when she approached the intersection near the accident site, she saw the airplane on the ground. Post-accident examination of the airplane revealed the airplane wreckage path was about 328 ft in length along an approximate heading of 046° on a dry and hard surfaced fallow bean field. Components of the left side of the airplane were near the southwestern portion of the wreckage path. The wreckage and the wreckage path displayed features consistent with an accelerated stall. The examination revealed the presence of a clear liquid consistent in color and order with that of Jet A in a fuselage tank and in the fuel lines leading to the fuel manifolds of both engines. Several of the engine spark plugs exhibited damage consistent with detonation. Flight control continuity was confirmed. The landing gear was in the retracted position. Aircraft and Owner/Operator Information Aircraft Make: Piper Registration: N326CW Model/Series: AEROSTAR 602P Aircraft Category: Airplane Amateur Built: No Operator: Pilot Operating Certificate(s) Held: None Meteorological Information and Flight Plan Conditions at Accident Site: Visual Conditions Condition of Light: Day Observation Facility, Elevation: OKK, 832 ft msl Observation Time: 1656 EDT Distance from Accident Site: 3 Nautical Miles Temperature/Dew Point: 22°C / 8°C Lowest Cloud Condition: Clear Wind Speed/Gusts, Direction: 9 knots / , 140° Lowest Ceiling: None Visibility: 10 Miles Altimeter Setting: 30.01 inches Hg Type of Flight Plan Filed: None Departure Point: Kokomo, IN (OKK) Destination: Wreckage and Impact Information Crew Injuries: 1 Fatal Aircraft Damage: Destroyed Passenger Injuries: N/A Aircraft Fire: None Ground Injuries: N/A Aircraft Explosion: None Total Injuries: 1 Fatal Latitude, Longitude: 40.475000, -86.063333 (est) Those who may have information that might be relevant to the National Transportation Safety Board investigation may contact them by email eyewitnessreport@ntsb.gov, and any friends and family who want to contact investigators about the accident should email assistance@ntsb.gov. TAMPA, Fla. (WFLA) – A well-known Tampa Bay area plastic surgeon was killed after the wrong fuel was put in his plane on October 5th, according to the National Transportation Safety Board. 8 On Your Side Investigative Reporter Mahsa Saeidi has now learned the airport employee who fueled the plane had been on the job just six weeks. Dr. Daniel Greenwald was flying a Piper Aerostar 602P in central Indiana when he crashed in a field last month. The 59-year-old died from blunt-force trauma in the crash, according to an Indiana coroner. NTSB officials say jet fuel was put into the plane Greenwald was flying instead of the regular aviation gasoline that should have been used. 8 On Your Side spoke with aviation expert, Captain John Cox, who tells us jet fuel would have caused the engine to quit. 8 On Your Side Investigates has received new information about this case from Beth Copeland, the attorney for the City of Kokomo in Indiana. According to Copeland, the fueling technician was hired by the city on Aug. 26, 2019. The college student was paid $11 an hour. His previous experience included jobs at the YMCA and Burger King but nothing in the aviation field. Investigators say the plane crash happened shortly after Greenwald left the Kokomo Municipal Airport. According to the NTSB report, the airport employee who fueled the plane says he asked Greenwald twice if he wanted jet fuel. That employee claims Greenwald said “yes” both times. However, Greenwald was an experienced general aviation pilot with hundreds of hours of flight time experience. Friends say Greenwald would have known the effect the jet fuel would have had on the plane’s engine. The NTSB has not issued its final report but this case raises questions about the training of workers at smaller airports across the country. Right now, it’s unclear if the new technician was being supervised when he reportedly pumped jet fuel into Dr. Greenwald’s plane. “It is a place that a lot of people in aviation start, myself included,” said Captain Cox. “This type of error has happened before and unfortunately, I don’t think this is the last time we’ll see it.” According to an Advisory Circular obtained by 8 On Your Side Investigates, the FAA can require specific training at big airports like Tampa International but they can only make recommendations at smaller airports. “The responsibility lies with the operator to provide adequate training,” said Captain Cox. Copeland sent 8 On Your Side Investigates the job description for the technician’s position. In addition to fueling, he was responsible for maintaining fuel trucks and servicing airplanes. 8 On Your Side has asked the City of Kokomo to provide details about the technician’s training. We are waiting to hear back. In the meantime, NTSB investigators say the technician reported difficulty in refueling the doctor’s plane because the nozzle didn’t fit. “Should be a red flag?” asked investigative reporter Mahsa Saeidi. “It should certainly have caused him to ask questions,” said Captain Cox. The NTSB is still investigating. 8 On Your Side Investigates will continue to follow this story. Story and video ➤ https://www.wfla.com Dr. Daniel Greenwald TAMPA — Dr. Daniel P. Greenwald knew what to do in a mid-air emergency. The well-known Tampa plastic surgeon had been flying since he was a teen and had trained countless pilots as a part-time flight instructor. But last week, Greenwald found himself in a mid-air crisis he couldn’t escape. And now a preliminary investigative report reveals a stunning possible cause of the crash that killed him: The plane he was flying had been filled with the wrong type of fuel. A worker at the Kokomo Municipal Airport in Indiana put 163 gallons of jet fuel in the Piper PA-60-602P Aerostar, according to a report the National Transportation Safety Board released Thursday. The Aerostar is a propeller plane with twin engines designed to run on standard, low-lead aviation gasoline. The report does not blame the apparent fuel mix-up for the crash. A determination on the cause will be included, if possible, in a final report that typically takes several months to complete. But Robert Losurdo, founder and CEO of In Flight Review, a Tampa-based flight instruction company that Greenwald worked for, says he already is convinced. “Guaranteed, 100 percent," Losurdo said. “If he had regular fuel, he’d be home in Tampa.” Greenwald left Tampa’s Peter O. Knight airport in the Aerostar about 6:45 a.m. Saturday and arrived at Kokomo Municipal about 10:27 a.m., the report says. Greenwald went to Kokomo that day to train a pilot in a different model of Piper plane, a Cheyenne. An employee at the Kokomo facility later told investigators that as Greenwald was approaching the airport in the Piper PA-60-602P Aerostar, the employee asked him if he wanted jet fuel, and Greenwald said “yes.” The employee, who is not named in the report, told investigators he asked because the Piper PA-60-602P Aerostar looked like a jet airplane, according to the report. When Greenwald arrived, the employee parked the jet fuel truck in front of the Aerostar while Greenwald was still inside. The truck was marked with “JET A” on the left, right and rear sides. “The employee said that he asked the pilot again if he wanted jet fuel, and the pilot said, ‘yes,’ ” the report says. Jet fuel nozzles are shaped differently from nozzles for standard aviation fuel but the employee told investigators he was able to fill the Aerostar by positioning the nozzle at certain angles. The employee said he initially spilled about a gallon of fuel during refueling and “adjusted his technique so subsequent fuel spillage was minimal,” the report says. Greenwald completed the training with the student pilot in the Cheyenne and they returned to the Aerostar about 4:20 p.m. The student pilot told investigators Greenwald visually checked the Piper PA-60-602P Aerostar fuel tanks and gave the student pilot a thumbs-up sign. The student pilot said he heard the engines start up and they sounded normal. The airport employee who filled the plane described the engine sound as “typical.” Another witness told investigators she saw the Piper flying low and make a sharp left turn. The left wing “dipped low” and the witness lost sight of the plane until she came upon the wreckage in a bean field about four miles from the airport. An examination of the plane found a clear liquid consistent with jet fuel in the planes’ fuselage tank and in the fuel lines leading to both fuel manifolds. Several of the plane’s spark plugs showed damage “consistent with detonation," the report says. Beth Copeland, city attorney for Kokomo, sent a statement in response to the Times noting that the NTSB report says the airport employee asked the pilot twice if he wanted jet fuel and both times he answered yes. “The City does not dispute that," the statement said. "The incident is tragic, and the City offers its sincerest condolences to the pilot’s family.” Losurdo said there’s no way that Greenwald would have knowingly ordered jet fuel for the Aerostar, a model of plane Greenwald has owned. In addition to his successful private medical practice, Bayshore Plastic Surgery, Greenwald has worked as an instructor for In Flight Review for at least 15 years, Losurdo said. Perhaps Greenwald misheard the employee, but even if it’s a case of miscommunication, the employee made a mistake, Losurdo said. “There’s got to be some responsibility there for the fact that linemen have to know the difference between a piston airplane and a jet airplane," he said. Losurdo suspects there was enough standard gasoline in the plane’s tanks to start the engines and take off, and then at least one engine and probably both failed as they tried to fire the kerosene-based jet-fuel. The Piper PA-60-602P Aerostar is registered to Indiana Paging Network, a company that provides paging services. A message left there Friday was not immediately returned. Losurdo said Greenwald was training the Cheyenne pilot for another company but apparently also planned to conduct a training session with the Aerostar’s owner. Losurdo said he told Greenwald that he wouldn’t be able to do the training after all because the owner had not submitted the required paperwork to In Flight, so Losurdo suspects Greenwald was on his way back to Tampa at the time of the crash. Losurdo described Greenwald as a “lovely man” who operated on him after a bout with cancer. “I cried for two days and have been sick all week,” he said. “I’ve trained thousands of pilots and you’d never expect this to happen.” Original article can be found here ➤ https://www.tampabay.com Tampa plastic surgeon Dr. Daniel Greenwald, seen here with his wife, Juli Robbins Greenwald, died October 5th when the plane he was piloting crashed shortly after takeoff in Kokomo, Indana. A Tampa doctor with a passion for flying died Saturday after his private plane crashed near Kokomo, Ind. Dr. Daniel P. Greenwald, 59, was a well-known plastic surgeon with a private practice, Bayshore Plastic Surgery, in Tampa’s Channelside district. He was named one of America’s top surgeons in 2009 and specialized in hand and microvascular surgery, cosmetic plastic surgery and also performed gender reassignment surgeries. His twin-engine plane took off from Kokomo Municipal Airport sometime before 5 p.m. Saturday, according to Indianapolis station WISH-TV. Then deputies found the plane crashed in a soybean field about four miles away. Greenwald was the only person inside the plane and died at the scene of the crash, according to the Howard County Sheriff’s Office. The National Transportation Safety Board is investigating the cause of the crash. Tampa plastic surgeon Dr. Daniel Greenwald (top left), seen here with his family, died October 5th when the plane he was piloting crashed shortly after takeoff in Kokomo, Indana. His family, including his wife and two children, are devastated. “He was the center of our family’s universe,” said his daughter, Alix Greenwald, 31. “I’ve never met anyone more skilled at so many things. He spent all his time learning new things, mastering skills and spending time with his family.” Daniel Greenwald, the former head of plastic surgery at Tampa General Hospital, had been flying planes since he was a teenager, he told the Tampa Bay Times in 2003. The hobby was an adrenaline rush that he found relaxing. Tampa plastic surgeon Dr. Daniel Greenwald died October 5th when the plane he was piloting crashed shortly after takeoff in Kokomo, Indana. “I get to recharge my batteries by directing all my mental abilities into one specific thing that’s not work,” he told the Times. “Everything else in life takes a back seat to what you’re doing” in the cockpit. In 2011 he posted a video on YouTube of himself practicing aerobatic maneuvers, like flips and loops, in an Extra 300L plane. “He was a consummate airman, he was a guy who loved aviation in all forms," said Dr. Richard Karl, a friend, fellow pilot and chairman emeritus of the surgery department at the University of South Florida.. “He pursued jets, he pursued aerobatics — he was a guy who loved to fly as much as he loved to breathe.” Greenwald had been a member of the medical staff at Tampa General for more than 20 years and his education included studies at Harvard, Princeton and Yale, the hospital said in a news release. “We will remember Dr. Greenwald’s sparkling intellect, his kindness to everyone he met, and his great enthusiasm, not just for surgical innovation, but for living life to the fullest,” the news release said. “He was deeply dedicated to his patients, including those who faced devastating traumatic injuries, and his rare skills brought so many of them healing and renewed health.” Tampa plastic surgeon Dr. Daniel Greenwald, seen here with his wife, Juli Robbins Greenwald, died October 5th when the plane he was piloting crashed shortly after takeoff in Kokomo, Indana. Brushes with danger didn’t seem to chill his enthusiasm for flying. In 2003, his close friend David Cahill, a prominent Tampa neurosurgeon, flipped his twin-propeller Beechcraft while attempting to land in Memphis International Airport. Cahill and a passenger were killed and two others on board were seriously injured. Greenwald and Cahill had co-owned two airplanes: a Seneca and P-Baron, according to an article published in Flying Magazine. In 2008, Greenwald clipped a sailboat while flying an Extra 300 single-engine plane then careened into a sea wall and flipped into the Peter O. Knight Airport airfield on Davis Islands. Greenwald broke his left hand and his passenger broke his leg in the accident. “I’ve had better days. I am alive,” Greenwald said at the time. Alix Greenwald said that, besides flying, her father loved seafood, neon, reggae, his community “and above all, my mom, whom he loved to a degree I am in awe of," she said. “He always fully grasped what was important in life.” Original article can be found here ➤ https://www.tampabay.com KOKOMO, Indiana (WISH) — A man died Saturday in a twin-engine plane crash near Kokomo. The Saturday afternoon crash was along State Road 22 near County Road 300 East, according to Capt. Jordan Buckley with the Howard County Sheriff’s Office. The pilot, who was the plane’s sole occupant, died at the scene of the crash, Howard County Sheriff Jerry Asher said. According to the sheriff’s office, the plane had taken off from Kokomo Municipal Airport sometime before 5 p.m. Deputies found the plane crashed in a soybean field One neighbor, who asked not to be named, said she saw the plane fall out of the sky. “As it got behind the house, here, it went down - one wing went down low to the ground,” the neighbor said. “And then the wing hit the ground and the plane went right on into the field ... I saw the wing start dipping down and I knew he wasn’t going to be able to right the plane ... I’m yelling at the aircraft, actually. I’m saying ‘Get up in the air!’ And then when it hit I kept saying ‘No, no, no, no! you can’t do that!’ ... somebody lost their life. AndIi don’t like seeing things like that. People shouldn’t have to die like that. That had to have been ugly and very frightening for him.” That neighbor said many smaller planes are seen in the area because of the airfield a few miles away. The National Transportation Safety Board on Saturday night said the crash was being investigated. Story and video ➤ https://www.wishtv.com TAMPA (WFLA) — A community is in mourning as the Tampa Bay area learns about a long time doctor’s death in an Indiana plane crash. Dr. Daniel Greenwald loved to fly using Peter O. Knight Airport as his base for many years, even flying humanitarian missions out of there. It was an eerie sight Saturday afternoon; a Piper PA-60-602P Aerostar mangled after crashing in an Indiana field. The Howard County, Indiana coroner declared Greenwald dead in the plane. No one else was with him. Back in Tampa, word is spreading about the deadly crash that took the life of the South Tampa cosmetic surgeon. “We see a lot of sun-exposed skin,” Greenwald said in a previous interview with 8 On Your Side. He would use his expertise to bring awareness to important issues. “Cancer has a bad name because it’s cancer,” he said. His colleagues at Tampa General Hospital, where he worked for more than two decades, shared a touching tribute Sunday evening. “He was an immensely talented surgeon who took on the most complex cases and mastered them.” In the statement, hospital staff said, “No matter how busy he was, he always took time to connect with the people around him with sincerity and empathy. He was deeply dedicated to his patients, including those who faced devastating traumatic injuries.” 8 On Your Side learned from those he worked with that he had hundreds of hours of flight time, using that and his medical skills to give back. Greenwald once flew medical supplies to Haiti after an earthquake in 2018. He also donated his time as a surgeon to help those hurt. On social media, former patients, friends, and those in the aviation community shared how Greenwald inspired them. The NTSB and FAA are investigating the crash. Meanwhile, Tampa Bay continues to mourn a well-known figure of our community. Original article can be found here ➤ https://www.wfla.com A plane crash near Kokomo left one person dead late Saturday afternoon. Only a pilot was onboard when the plane crashed in a soybean field around 5 p.m., Howard County Sheriff's Office Capt. Jordan Buckley said. A coroner pronounced the pilot dead on scene. The Howard County coroner's office on Sunday identified the man killed as Dr. Daniel P. Greenwald, 59. Greenwald was a plastic surgeon from Tampa, Florida. The Piper PA-60-602P Aerostar crashed 3 1/2 miles south of Kokomo due to unknown circumstances, Federal Aviation Administration spokesperson Tony Molinaro said. The plane crashed in the area of State Road 22 between 300 East and 500 East south of Kokomo. Roadways near the field reopened to traffic hours after the crash. Kokomo is approximately 50 miles north of Indianapolis. The NTSB is in charge of the investigation, Molinaro said. The Howard County Sheriff’s Department, Kokomo Fire Department, Kokomo Police Department, Indiana State Police, Greentown Fire Department and emergency medical services were dispatched to the scene. Original article can be found here ➤ https://www.indystar.com
      Plane filled with wrong fuel before crash that killed Tampa plastic surgeon, says NTSB
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Tue, 03 Dec 2019 00:11
        Published Oct. 11
        Updated Oct. 11
        TAMPA '-- Dr. Daniel P. Greenwald knew what to do in a mid-air emergency. The well-known Tampa plastic surgeon had been flying since he was a teen and had trained countless pilots as a part-time flight instructor.
        But last week, Greenwald found himself in a mid-air crisis he couldn't escape. And now a preliminary investigative report reveals a stunning possible cause of the crash that killed him: The plane he was flying had been filled with the wrong type of fuel.
        RELATED: Tampa plastic surgeon killed in plane crash
        A worker at the Kokomo Municipal Airport in Indiana put 163 gallons of jet fuel in the Piper Aerostar 602P, according to a report the National Transportation Safety Board released Thursday. The Aerostar is a propeller plane with twin engines designed to run on standard, low-lead aviation gasoline.
        The report does not blame the apparent fuel mix-up for the crash. A determination on the cause will be included, if possible, in a final report that typically takes several months to complete.
        But Robert Losurdo, founder and CEO of In Flight Review, a Tampa-based flight instruction company that Greenwald worked for, says he already is convinced.
        ''Guaranteed, 100 percent," Losurdo said. ''If he had regular fuel, he'd be home in Tampa.''
        Tampa plastic surgeon Dr. Daniel Greenwald, seen here with his wife, Juli Robbins. [[Courtesy of the Greenwald family]]
        Greenwald left Tampa's Peter O. Knight airport in the Aerostar about 6:45 a.m. Saturday and arrived at Kokomo Municipal about 10:27 a.m., the report says. Greenwald went to Kokomo that day to train a pilot in a different model of Piper plane, a Cheyenne.
        An employee at the Kokomo facility later told investigators that as Greenwald was approaching the airport in the Aerostar, the employee asked him if he wanted jet fuel, and Greenwald said ''yes.'' The employee, who is not named in the report, told investigators he asked because the Aerostar looked like a jet airplane, according to the report.
        When Greenwald arrived, the employee parked the jet fuel truck in front of the Aerostar while Greenwald was still inside. The truck was marked with ''JET A'' on the left, right and rear sides.
        ''The employee said that he asked the pilot again if he wanted jet fuel, and the pilot said, 'yes,' '' the report says.
        Jet fuel nozzles are shaped differently from nozzles for standard aviation fuel but the employee told investigators he was able to fill the Aerostar by positioning the nozzle at certain angles. The employee said he initially spilled about a gallon of fuel during refueling and ''adjusted his technique so subsequent fuel spillage was minimal,'' the report says.
        Greenwald completed the training with the student pilot in the Cheyenne and they returned to the Aerostar about 4:20 p.m. The student pilot told investigators Greenwald visually checked the Aerostar's fuel tanks and gave the student pilot a thumbs-up sign. The student pilot said he heard the engines start up and they sounded normal. The airport employee who filled the plane described the engine sound as ''typical.''
        Another witness told investigators she saw the Piper flying low and make a sharp left turn. The left wing ''dipped low'' and the witness lost sight of the plane until she came upon the wreckage in a bean field about four miles from the airport.
        An examination of the plane found a clear liquid consistent with jet fuel in the planes' fuselage tank and in the fuel lines leading to both fuel manifolds. Several of the plane's spark plugs showed damage ''consistent with detonation," the report says.
        Beth Copeland, city attorney for Kokomo, sent a statement in response to the Times noting that the NTSB report says the airport employee asked the pilot twice if he wanted jet fuel and both times he answered yes.
        ''The City does not dispute that," the statement said. "The incident is tragic, and the City offers its sincerest condolences to the pilot's family.''
        Losurdo said there's no way that Greenwald would have knowingly ordered jet fuel for the Aerostar, a model of plane Greenwald has owned. In addition to his successful private medical practice, Bayshore Plastic Surgery, Greenwald has worked as an instructor for In Flight Review for at least 15 years, Losurdo said.
        Perhaps Greenwald misheard the employee, but even if it's a case of miscommunication, the employee made a mistake, Losurdo said.
        ''There's got to be some responsibility there for the fact that linemen have to know the difference between a piston airplane and a jet airplane," he said.
        Losurdo suspects there was enough standard gasoline in the plane's tanks to start the engines and take off, and then at least one engine and probably both failed as they tried to fire the kerosene-based jet-fuel.
        The Aerostar is registered to Indiana Paging Network, a company that provides paging services. A message left there Friday was not immediately returned.
        Losurdo said Greenwald was training the Cheyenne pilot for another company but apparently also planned to conduct a training session with the Aerostar's owner. Losurdo said he told Greenwald that he wouldn't be able to do the training after all because the owner had not submitted the required paperwork to In Flight, so Losurdo suspects Greenwald was on his way back to Tampa at the time of the crash.
        Losurdo described Greenwald as a ''lovely man'' who operated on him after a bout with cancer.
        ''I cried for two days and have been sick all week,'' he said. ''I've trained thousands of pilots and you'd never expect this to happen.''
        Authorities investigate a fatal Oct. 5 plane crash that killed Dr. Daniel P. Greenwald, a well-known Tampa plastic surgeon. The plane went down soon after taking off from Kokomo Municipal Airport in Indiana. [TIM BATH | AP]
      Prince Andrew told 'no way back' into royal family by Charles | Daily Mail Online
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Wed, 04 Dec 2019 23:59
        Prince Charles 'read the riot act' to his under-fire brother Prince Andrew during a dramatic showdown at Sandringham amid the ongoing Epstein scandal, a source claims.
        The Prince of Wales is said to have dragged his younger sibling to the royal estate for a crunch summit where he effectively retired the duke from his public duties.
        Charles told his embattled brother there was 'no way back into the family in the near future' after the public outcry that followed his disastrous Newsnight interview last month.
        Prince Philip also joined his sons for the light lunch, which took place shortly before the BBC interview with Andrew's accuser Virginia Roberts aired on Monday.
        Prince Charles 'read the riot act' to his under-fire brother Andrew (pictured together, left) during a dramatic showdown amid the ongoing scandal surrounding Jeffrey Epstein (right)
        Prince Philip also joined his sons for the light lunch, which took place shortly before the BBC interview with Andrew's accuser Virginia Roberts (pictured) aired on Monday
        The royal source told The Sun: 'It was all very civilised and calm but Charles calmly read him the riot act and told him there was no way back for him in the near future.
        'Andrew thought he was being treated harshly as nothing has yet been proved against him, but he accepted the decision. He really had little choice.'
        Charles was also said to be concerned with the prospect of Andrew going to the US to clear his name, amid fears that such a move could 'remove the mystery' surrounding the royal family.
        The source added: 'Philip regrets Andrew doesn't know how to lead a simple life. He thinks he's been too extravagant.'
        The Prince of Wales' key role in 'retiring' Prince Andrew from public life has fed speculation he is preparing to adopt a modern 'Prince Regent' role.
        Such a position would see him control day-to-day royal affairs while his mother remains monarch.
        Her Majesty will turn 95 in 18 months, the same age at which her husband Philip withdrew from his public duties.
        There is talk among courtiers that she may use the milestone to effectively hand over day-to-day control of the monarchy to Charles.
        The Queen has been gradually reducing the number of public engagements she attends from 332 in 2016 to 283 in 2018. Charles, meanwhile, undertook 507.
        Andrew faced fresh humiliation this week after Miss Roberts gave an interview to the BBC in which she reinforced claims she was forced into sleeping with the royal.
        Sources close to Andrew last night accused the BBC of allowing his accuser to 'cry a lot' and protested over the differing treatment of their two separate BBC interviews.
        The crisis deepened last night as a new witness claimed she was 'feet away' from Prince Andrew and Miss Roberts as they danced in a nightclub.
        Lisa Bloom, lawyer for victims of Jeffrey Epstein, says an as-yet-unnamed woman 'vividly remembers' seeing the pair at Tramp nightclub in Mayfair in March 2001.
        Miss Roberts has claimed that she was forced to have sex with Andrew that evening by her alleged sex trafficker Epstein, having danced with the prince inside the club.
        In his own 'disastrous' BBC interview with Emily Maitlis last month, Andrew claimed he 'was never in Tramp's' with Miss Roberts, now known as Virginia Roberts-Guiffre.
        After dancing at Tramp's, Miss Roberts claims she slept with Andrew at the Belgravia home of alleged pimp Ghislaine Maxwell, where this now infamous photo was allegedly taken
        Lisa Bloom, lawyer for victims of Jeffrey Epstein, claims a witness 'vividly remembers' seeing Virginia Roberts (right, on Panorama last night) with Prince Andrew in March 2001
        Who is Lisa Bloom? US lawyer representing Epstein victims who also advised WeinsteinLisa Bloom is a high-profile attorney based in the US who has been involved in a number of controversial cases.
        She is known for representing the women whose sexual harassment claims precipitated the firing of former TV host Bill O'Reilly from Fox News.
        Despite her reputation as a lawyer known for representing female victims of sexual misconduct, she also advised disgraced movie mogul Harvey Weinstein amid abuse allegations from numerous Hollywood stars.
        During her time as an adviser to Weinstein, she was criticised heavily by the US media for its 'dissonance' with Bloom's prior representation of sexual assault victims.
        She referred to Weinstein as 'an old dinosaur learning new ways' and asserting that 'he denies many of the accusations as patently false'.
        Two days after the publication of a 2017 New York Times expose into allegations against Weinstein, Bloom stepped down from her role.
        Bloom courted controversy again in 2017 when her client, the comedienne Kathy Griffin, was pictured in a photoshoot clenching a severed and bloodied head resembling President Donald Trump.
        He also added that it could not have happened on the date suggested as he spent the day with his daughter Princess Beatrice, taking her to Pizza Express in Woking.
        However Miss Bloom has revealed the new witness claims to have seen Andrew with the then-17-year-old and was willing to speak to Scotland Yard and the FBI.
        Ms Bloom told The Sun: 'She says that in 2001 she was at the Tramp nightclub and recalls seeing Prince Andrew.
        'It was pointed out to her by a member of her group.
        'The woman remembers it vividly. She had never seen a royal before or since.
        'It was a very big moment for her '-- she stared at him.
        'She says he was with Virginia, who looked very young and not happy, but Andrew was smiling and seemed to be very much enjoying himself on the dancefloor.
        'She remembered it all these years and when she saw Prince Andrew on television a few weeks ago denying he knew Virginia, she was very displeased about that.
        'We decided the best thing to do is to go to the FBI and Scotland Yard. I believe her to be credible.
        'She is not asking for any money or making a legal claim '-- she just wants to tell her story. She is very afraid but thinks speaking out is very important.'
        After dancing at Tramp's, Miss Roberts claims she slept with Andrew at the nearby Belgravia home of alleged pimp Ghislaine Maxwell.
        The prince has denied any claims that he preyed on Virginia Roberts at the fashionable Mayfair club
        It was here that the now notorious photo of the prince and Miss Roberts was allegedly taken, however sources close to Andrew have questioned its authenticity.
        Sources close to the Duke last night criticised BBC Panorama for failing to challenge Miss Roberts on her claims that she was forced into having sex with Andrew.
        One source told the Daily Telegraph: 'I don't think he [the Duke] has been given a fair trial.
        'She wasn't cross-examined on any of the details. She was allowed to say what she wanted and cry a lot.
        The Duke of York has previously been pictured at Tramp, which has marked its half century this year.
        He met former girlfriend Koo Stark there, and was also photographed there with the Duchess of York.
        Prince Andrew pictured outside Mayfair nightclub Tramp in the 1980s. The prince has denied any claims that he preyed on Virginia Roberts in the Mayfair nightclub before taking advantage of her at the Belgravia home of Ghislaine Maxwell in March 2001
        Photographers captured him leaving the bar as a 23-year-old in 1983, in the early hours of the morning in 1986, and with pregnant wife Sarah in March 1990.
        Miss Roberts has previously claimed that during their first meeting, when she was 17, a group including Andrew had dinner and then went dancing at Tramp's.
        But he told Emily Maitlis in his BBC interview: 'I'm convinced that I was never in Tramp's with her.
        'There are a number of things that are wrong with that story, one of which is that I don't know where the bar is in Tramp's.
        'I don't drink, I don't think I've ever bought a drink in Tramp's whenever I was there.'
        Miss Roberts repeated her assertion that they slept together in London during her BBC Panorama interview last night.
        She said: 'Ghislaine tells me I have to do for Andrew what I do for Jeffrey and that made me sick.
        Prince Andrew leaving Tramp in the 1980s. He met former girlfriend Koo Stark there, and was also photographed there with the Duchess of York
        Jeffrey Epstein and his girlfriend Ghislaine Maxwell are pictured in New York in March 2005
        'I just didn't expect it from royalty. I didn't expect it from someone people look up to and admire.
        'It didn't last very long. The whole thing, procedure - it was disgusting. He got up and said "thanks" and walked out and I sat there in bed.
        'The next day Ghislaine pats me on the back and said "you made him really happy". I had just been abused by a member of the royal family.'
        Andrew has claimed he had a medical condition in 2001, after suffering an overdose of adrenaline in the Falklands War which meant he did not sweat.
        He also denied having sex with Miss Roberts, saying: 'I can absolutely categorically tell you it never happened', adding: 'I have no recollection of ever meeting this lady.'
        She alleges that the duke slept with her on three separate occasions, twice while she was under age.
        Andrew was interviewed by Emily Maitlis in a Newsnight programme shown on November 16, during which he refuted the suggestion that he went to Tramp's nightclub with Miss Roberts
      Jeffrey Epstein's Private Banker at Deutsche & Citi Found Swinging From a Rope; Executive 'Suicide' Before FBI Questioned Him '' True Pundit
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 07:49
        Jeffrey Epstein's private wealth banker, who brokered and signed off on untold multiple millions of dollars in controversial Deutsche Bank and Citibank loans spanning two decades for the convicted pedophile, has died from a reported suicide.
        The news of yet another mysterious Epstein-linked death comes shortly after the FBI was seeking to interview the bank executive about loans he approved for Epstein and the indicted child trafficker's labyrinth of US-based and offshore companies.
        ");loadedTextAds377657[sparkCounter377657] = false;loadTextAd(sparkCounter377657, id377657, setID377657);
        The Los Angeles County Medical Examiner confirmed Thomas Bowers died by an apparent suicide by hanging at his home before Thanksgiving.
        Epstein likewise died from a reported suicide by hanging, according to the New York City Medical Examiner.
        Bowers headed the private wealth banking division for Deutsche Bank and signed off on millions in loans to Epstein. Bowers, prior to taking over the private banking arm at Deutsche Bank, served in the same top position at Citibank, as the head of the bank's private wealth arm. Citigroup also made massive loans to Epstein, according to records and banking sources who spoke to True Pundit.
        True Pundit founder Mike ''Thomas Paine'' Moore previously headed anti-money laundering for a major Citigroup division during the time frame Citi commenced large loans to Epstein.
        ''The loans to Epstein were personal and commercial,'' Paine confirmed. ''The Citi loans I can confirm were for more than $25 million. Some were secured, some were not.''
        Did Citi bend its lending rules for Epstein? Paine said that appears ''quite likely,'' with Bowers and other Citi executives he later recruited to work for him at Deutsche all working to secure the approvals regardless of compliance-related red flags.
        And sources said Citi loaned Epstein much more money, eclipsing $100 million and also allowed Epstein to use the bank to send thousands of wire transfers from his accounts. Bowers, who turned up dead just days ago, brokered the loans for Epstein, sources said.
        Bowers was the chief of Deutsche Bank's Private Wealth Management division and worked from the bank's Park Avenue offices in New York City. At Citi, Bowers served as the chief of the The Citi Private Bank and previously ran Citigroup's Global Markets and Wealth Management businesses.
        And when Bowers left Citi for Deutsche Bank, Epstein followed.
        Meanwhile, Epstein stopped making payments on his millions in outstanding Citi loans. But that mattered little because Bowers approved new high-risk loans and credit lines from Deutsche Bank, sources said.
        And that relationship with Epstein continued until Bowers left Deutsche Bank in 2015. By that time, Epstein had chalked up untold millions in loans with the help of Bowers who recruited many of his top private wealth top bankers from Citi to Deutsche Bank.
        The FBI who was interested in interviewing Bowers, sources confirm. The FBI subpoenaed Deutsche Bank in May for all loans and accounts linked to Epstein and there were many unanswered questions. Deutsche Bank closed out Epstein's accounts weeks after the bank was served federal subpoenas.
        Federal law enforcement officials said the FBI planned to interview all Wall Street wealth fund managers who worked for Epstein. Bowers included.
        How much money did Deutsche broker for Epstein? That number to this point has proven elusive. The FBI is not talking, but one executive divulged Epstein had secured more than $60 million from Deutsche Bank's U.S. and German arms. Likely that number is larger, but at this point the bank is keeping its exposure quiet.
        Just like Bowers had brokered for Epstein at Citi, Deutsche also set the convicted pedophile up with over a dozen bank accounts that Epstein employed to receive and send wires and funds.
        One banking executive said Bowers had visited Epstein on his private island at least once. Bowers had also visited Epstein in New York and attended social events at his mansion. Federal law enforcement sources did not comment about these new revelations. However, Citi executives who worked with Bowers said the bank executive maintained an active night life and enjoyed the party circuit.
        Epstein also helped bring in a plethora of new business from wealthy associates to Bowers at both Deutsche Bank and Citi, sources said.
        ''Epstein made Bowers and his financial institutions hundreds of millions of dollars,'' one executive said. ''It really didn't even matter that Epstein stiffed Citi for $30 million in defaults because he brought so much new money, new blood in. Citi made far more than it lost.''
        Seems like a pattern. The American Banker reports:
        Epstein brought lucrative clients into JPMorgan's private-banking unit and was close to former head Jes Staley, who visited Epstein's private island as recently as 2015. Leon Black, Apollo Global Management's billionaire chairman, met with the financier from time to time at the company's New York offices, and used Epstein for tax and philanthropic advice.
        Police reportedly found Bowers hanging from a rope in his California home.
        He was 55.
        Previous press releases detailing Bowers' role with the private wealth arm of Deutsche, detailed the division and its target clientele:
        Deutsche Bank Private Wealth Management has been serving the interests of wealthy individuals, families and select institutions for more than a century. With offices across the U.S., Deutsche Bank's Private Wealth Management business division provides a variety of customized solutions to private clients worldwide including traditional and alternative investments, risk management strategies, lending, trust and estate services, wealth transfer planning, family office services, custody and family and philanthropy advisory. Private Wealth Management includes the U.S. Private Bank and Deutsche Bank Alex. Brown, the private client services division of Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., the investment banking and securities arm of Deutsche Bank AG in the United States and a member of NYSE, FINRA and SIPC.
        This story is developing.
    Vaccines
      'One of the Most Optimistic Moments': HIV Vaccine Could Become Available by 2021
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Source: Sputnik International - Breaking News & Analysis - Radio, Photos, Videos, Infographics
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 17:42
        Society01:38 03.12.2019Get short URL
        Scientists are optimistic that a vaccine for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) could be available by 2021.
        There are three potential HIV vaccines - known as HVTN 702, Imbokodo and Mosaico - that are currently entering final testing trials.
        Susan Buchbinder, director of the Bridge HIV research program at the San Francisco Department of Public Health and a chair of both the Imbokodo and Mosaico trials, told NBC news that this is ''perhaps one of the most optimistic moments we have been in'' regarding HIV vaccine development.''We have three vaccines currently being tested in efficacy trials '... and it takes quite a bit to actually be promising enough in the earlier stages of trials to move you forward into an efficacy study,'' she added in a statement to NBC News.
        Although the vaccines are promising, people would need to take at least four doses for any of them to be effective.
        "None of these vaccines is a particularly simple regimen '... so it's going to require quite a bit of effort to deploy,'' Buchbinder said.''They require multiple injections, and so each one would require a minimum of four different doses in its current configuration,'' she added.
        Of the three potential vaccines, HVTN 702 is the oldest and is a derivative of an older potential vaccine known as RV144. Clinical trials conducted in 2009 found that RV144 reduced the rate of HIV infections by around 30%.
        According to the National Institute of Health, the Imbokodo and Mosaico vaccine candidates are ''based on 'mosaic' immunogens - vaccine components designed to induce immune responses against a wide variety of global HIV strains.'' On the other hand, the HVTN 702 vaccine only targets an HIV subtype that is prevalent in southern Africa, known as HIV-1 clade C.People with HIV can take antiretroviral therapy to suppress the amount of HIV in their body (called the viral load), but the drugs cannot completely eliminate latent HIV reservoirs. If someone diagnosed with HIV does not take their antiretroviral medication, their viral load will increase.
        HIV reservoirs are where the cells that produce other HIV-infected cells hide out - antiretroviral drugs can suppress the infected cells they produce, but cannot actually flush out the reservoirs themselves. These reservoirs persist in the body even after antiretroviral medication decreases viral loads to undetectable levels. While there is currently no cure for HIV, people can take medication known as PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) daily to reduce their chance of infection.
    War on MEat
      Impossible Burger Health Risks - What you need to know
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 02:23
        Yet another company has appeared to try and capture the market share of plant-based foods that are to be substituted for unhealthy foods that are regularly consumed on the standard American Diet (SAD). Impossible Foods Inc, the manufacturer of Impossible Burger, has taken a refreshing marketing approach. They don't claim that their products are healthier than eating meat (they're not); their marketing approach is that their products will ''save the earth.'' Does consuming vegan fast food save our environment? What are the health consequences of eating an Impossible Burger instead of the traditional hamburger?
        Will Eating Impossible Burgers Reduce Climate Change?First, let's address the issue of climate change due to human activities. One of the significant claims of the makers of the Impossible Burger is that cattle send carbon emissions into the atmosphere and that by providing a plant-based alternative, they are reducing the carbon load into the atmosphere to create less of human influence on global climate change. According to their website, ''we worked with Quantis to carry out an updated life cycle assessment (LCA) to understand the sources of our environmental impact '' and rigorously compare it to the environmental impact of ground beef from cows.''
        When you are looking at soybean crops in a field, you might think to yourself that there are going to be fewer carbon emissions than cattle, right? Wrong. It's not just about the plants'--it's about the process of growing soybeans to creating vegan fast food. To go from start to finish, they must process the soy, extract the protein, and bioengineer leghemoglobin (a compound that attempts to mimic the color and flavor of beef). Impossible burger manufacturing processes also produce carbon dioxide, and they also need large quantities of electricity to process the product. Ground beef is not nearly as challenging to produce a patty; you take beef, grind it up, and shape it into a patty. There are no centrifuges, bioengineering equipment, and it doesn't require the complicated facilities to produce, unlike the Impossible Burger. From start to finish, Impossible Burger Inc is a significant contributor to climate change, which they claim they are not compared to producers of regular hamburger patties.
        Looking at a different Quantis report (the same company that the manufactures of the Impossible Burger use to evaluate their environmental impact), an ethically run cattle farm is much better for the environment. Unlike the manufactures of the Impossible Burger, which is a carbon emitter, properly managed cattle farms create a net carbon loss, meaning that because of the cattle's impact on the soil and vegetation on the farm, carbon is taken out of the atmosphere and placed back into the soil. That's right; ruminant animals are necessary for sustainable grasslands, and without them, grasslands transform into a desert.
        It's Just Another Form of Factory FarmingAnother environmental issue that the makers of the Impossible Burger leave out is the impact on monocropping and soil. Monocropping depletes the soil of its nutrients, and it isn't sustainable because eventually, the soil will become incapable of supporting life. Genetically modified soyfarms are a form of factory farming, just like the feedlots that the makers of the Impossible Burger criticize and have built an entire business model around. It's just a different sort of evil that should be abolished.
        Are Impossible Burgers Harmful?The ingredient that separates Impossible Burgers from other artificial meat products is an additive called soy leghemoglobin. Since 2015, Impossible Foods has been petitioning its soy leghemoglobin product to approved for human consumption. In 2018, the FDA approved it for use as a color additive. When searching through their earlier petitions, I found some information that is both concerning and yet to be resolved.
        Extracting soy leghemoglobin from the roots of soybean plants is costly and impractical, so the makers of Impossible Burger have done what many companies in the health and wellness industry have done and created a biosynthetic process to generate the compound using genetically engineered yeast. The strain of yeast that they used is called Pichia pastoris, which is common and approved by the FDA for the consumption of up to 10% of the total mass of the product. The Impossible Burger meets this criterion, but if you go on to read the correspondence between Impossible Foods and the FDA, there is something concerning their bioengineering process. There was a RUBIA protein identification analysis that was done to the end product that details 47 proteins that were leftover from the process.
        What Are These Proteins, and Are They Bad For Your Health?Some of these proteins are enzymes that are created by the yeast for the biosynthetic conversion of the parent compound into soy leghemoglobin. Others are proteins needed by Pichia pastoris itself to maintain metabolic function. Why didn't they extract the yeast and other proteins from the end product? I don't know the answer to this, but I would guess that the heme created by the yeast is too chemically similar to distill quickly, so Impossible Foods just left it in. The concerning thing is that some of the compounds are named ''hypothetical protein'' and a ''protein of unknown function'...'' The FDA responded by raising concern about allergic responses. Still, the discussion was derailed by Impossible Foods when they cited ''expert comments on potential allergenicity of soybean leghemoglobin'' and not the unknown or hypothetical proteins that result from the bioengineering process. Since we have no idea what these compounds are, we cannot estimate the health effects on the consumer. To my knowledge, no studies have been done on this, so the consumers of Impossible Burgers are testing hypothetical and unknown proteins every time they eat one of their substitute meat burgers. I wouldn't risk my health to eat this, not even on a cheat day! You are, of course, welcome to assess your own health risk, but since there is no data, I would advise you to let other people try it and see what happens to them over time before indulging.
        What about the use of Genetically Modified (GM) Soy?Impossible Burgers use GM soy. Not every GM product is terrible; some organisms use less water, require fewer pesticides, and are more resilient to adverse environmental conditions (like salt). GM soy, however, was designed to withstand an herbicide called glyphosate. The first product developed by Monsanto was GTS 40-3-2 (OECD UI: MON-04032-6) and allowed farmers to kill other plants in their field (like volunteer corn, and other weeds) without killing the soybean plant. When you make a comparison of non genetically modified soy and genetically modified soy, you will find higher concentrations of the herbicide glyphosate in the GM version.
        What Are the Effects of Glyphosate on the Gut?In a commercial product that uses a lot of soy, particularly the Impossible Burger that uses a lot of processing in their product, glyphosate accumulates, and the end product has a fair amount of residue. In studies, glyphosate has been shown to disrupt the microbiome in even small amounts. Glyphosate also negatively affects the microbiome of the soil as well as causing environmental degradation. Here at Fix Your Gut, we know how important a healthy microbiome is, and we have research that shows adverse health outcomes when things get out of whack, which is why you should avoid GM soy.
        ConclusionI find in my coaching clients that making a lifestyle change is the most challenging step in the pathway to better health. Switching from the Standard American Diet (SAD) to a plant-based diet is hard because it requires a lifestyle change to get the benefits. If you are still eating Impossible Burgers and other SAD substitute foods, I'm sorry, but you're a fake vegan, and you're not going to be any healthier for making the switch. Real vegans cook! They eat legumes, eat tons of leafy greens, nuts, and mushrooms.
        If you are going to take a cheat day (and I get it, I take cheat days too sometimes), make a better choice by eating a black bean, chickpea burger, or something similar. Is it worth ingesting ''unknown'' and ''hypothetical'' proteins through a sloppy genetic engineering process to get some new, high-tech color additive?
        My VerdictThe Impossible Burger is all about marketing, from a nutritional standpoint, it's even worse than a typical fast-food burger, and it contains ingredients that we don't know or understand. I give the Impossible Burger an ''F'' because it's even worse than Soylent.
        Eat real food, not the Impossible Burger.
    V4V
      Register - Locals
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 07:08
        Lets get started
        Your name
        Email address
        Want to create your own community and control your future instead of leaving your destiny it to the big platforms? Use this form to reserve your community name, set up your moderation rules, and define your member support tiers.We'll be in touch soon after!
    Clips
      VIDEO - Olay faced the world's best skincare | Olay - YouTube
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 07:40
      VIDEO-'Mocked' Donald Trump cancels final NATO press conference | Daily Mail Online
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 07:24
        Donald Trump on Wednesday sniped at Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, one of the world leaders caught sniping at the U.S. president during a reception at Buckingham Palace.
        'He's two-faced,' he said of Trudeau, complaining that Canada is delinquent in spending 2 per cent of its GDP on defense'--something members of the alliance all pledge to do.
        And then in a hot-mic moment of his own later in the afternoon, Trump was overheard saying after speaking to Italy's prime minister: 'That was funny when I said that guy was two-faced.'
        The remark was heard by a radio reporter who still had access to sound from the room after journalists were told to leave.
        Trump canceled his final press conference at the NATO summit on Wednesday after Trudeau and two other world leaders - Emmanuel Macron of France and Boris Johnson of Britain - were caught on their own hot mic roasting him, with Princess Anne, the Queen's daughter, nodding along.
        The president had spoken with reporters for more than two hours since arriving in London on Monday and claimed he had answered enough questions.
        He left the NATO summit on schedule, returning to the U.S. on Air Force One with First Lady Melania Trump, who had spent the day with schoolchildren in East London.
        He told reporters during a brief press availability Wednesday afternoon in London that '[if] you're demanding a press conference we'll do one, but I think we've answered plenty of questions.'
        Another hot-mic moment: After he ended a press availability with Italy's prime minister Giuseppe Conte, Trump was heard boasting about his body slam of Justin Trudeau saying: 'That was funny.'
        After Trump canceled the event, work crews dismantled the podium
        Justin Trudeau, center, Emmanuel Macron, second right, and Boris Johnson, right, have all been caught on a hot mic at the Buckingham Palace NATO reception appearing to gossip about Donald Trump and an apparent impromptu lengthy press conference
        Trump's cancelation means he wasn't on TV during Wednesday morning's must-watch impeachment hearings, being held by the House Judiciary Committee
        'I'll cancel the news conference. I've done so many,' he added an hour later at a planned luncheon, adding: 'I think that's enough.'
        And in a tweet, he announced: 'When today's meetings are over, I will be heading back to Washington. We won't be doing a press conference at the close of NATO because we did so many over the past two days. Safe travels to all!'
        Trump's cancelation means he won't be on TV in the now-customary attempt to pre-empt Wednesday morning's must-watch impeachment hearings, being held by the House Judiciary Committee.
        Trudeau, French President Emmanuel Macron, UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson, and Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte were caught at a Buckingham Palace NATO reception Tuesday night, appearing to gossip about the length of Trump's unexpectedly long press briefings.
        In a clip being widely shared online the three world leaders seem to be discussing why the French President was late during the London summit. Princess Anne also appears to be in the discussion, left, but it is unclear if or how she responds
        Trump is pictured this morning getting off Marine One at The Grove, Watford, Hertfordshire, where the NATO summit will take place today
        In a clip, the three world leaders seem to be discussing why the French leader was late during the London summit, held to mark the alliance's 70th anniversary. The UK's Princess Anne also appears to be involved in the discussion.
        None of the men mention Trump by name but Rutte is heard joking with Macron about the 'fake news media,' with Trudeau appearing to refer to the U.S. president's talks with the press on Tuesday.
        Trump had spoken at length to reporters in the afternoon after an awkward press availability with Macron, following on from an earlier and equally lengthy morning press chat after a sit-down with NATO president Jens Stoltenberg.
        In the clip, Johnson asks: 'Is that why you were late?' as he stoops down and chuckles in disbelief, before Trudeau, swigging from his drink, shoots back: 'He was late because he takes a 40 minute press conference off the top.'
        The video then cuts to a later clip, which is without context, and sees Macron pointing furiously before Mr Rutte exclaims 'fake news media' and Trudeau adds: 'You just watched his team's jaws drop to the floor.' He then motions as if his jaw is dropping. However, it is not known if Trump is the focus of that comment as the video has been edited.
        The US President has touched down in Marine One as he and other world leaders gear up for today's NATO summit in Hertfordshire.
        The Queen is pictured alongside First Lady Melania Trump at Buckingham Palace for the 70th anniversary of NATO last night
        Her Majesty was seen surrounded by world leaders and their partners at her reception for NATO at Buckingham Palace last night
        The Queen smiled as she greeted Melania and her husband, with Prince Charles and Camilla on her left side and Mr. Jens Stoltenberg, Nato Secretary General on her right
        All smiles: Back row, (from left) Xavier Bettel, Prime Minister of Luxembourg; Egils Levits, President of Latvia; Gitanas Nauseda, President of Lithuania; Dusko Markovic, Prime Minister of Montenegro; Erna Solberg, Prime Minister of Norway; Mark Rutte, Prime Minister of Netherlands; Zuzana Caputova, President of Slovakia; Andrzej Duda, President of Poland; Antonio Costa, Prime Minister of Portugal; Klaus Iohannis, President of Romania; Marjan Sarec, Prime Minister of Slovenia, (middle row from left) Edi Rama, Prime Minister of Albania; Zoran Zaev, Prime Minister of North Macedonia; Mette Frederiksen, Prime Minister of Denmark; Juri Ratas, Prime Minister of Estonia; Emmanuel Macron, President of France; Angela Merkel, President of Germany; Kyriakos Mitsotakis, Prime Minister of Greece; Viktor Orban, Prime Minister of Hungary; Katrin Jakobsdottir, Prime Minister of Iceland; Giuseppe Conte, Prime Minister of Italy; Andrej Plenkovic, Prime Minister of Croatia, (seated from left) Sophie Wilmas, Prime Minister of Belgium; Rumen Radev, President of Bulgaria; Donald Trump, President of United States; Prince Charles, Prince of Wales; Jens Stoltenberg, Nato Secretary General; Queen Elizabeth II; Boris Johnson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada; Pedro Sanchez, Acting Prime Minister of Spain; Recep Tayyip Erdogan, President of Turkey; Milos Zeman, President of the Czech Republic pose for a group photo with the Queen at the Nato
        The clip originated from a video feed shared with news agencies at the NATO meeting. It was first shared by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Pictures from the event also show Princess Anne talking to Johnson and Trudeau.
        The world leaders were all in London Tuesday for a summit to mark the alliance's 70th anniversary.
        Boris Johnson's conversation with Emmanuel Macron, Justin Trudeau, Mark Rutte and Princess Anne in full Boris Johnson: Is that why you were late?
        Justin Trudeau: He was late because he takes a 40 minute press conference off the top.
        Inaudible conversation
        Justin Trudeau: Oh yeah, yeah yeah, he announced'...
        Emmanuel Macron speaks with his back turned to the camera
        Mark Rutte: Fake news media!
        Macron touches Rutte's arm in agreement
        Clip jumps to another point in the conversation
        Princess Anne speaks with her face hidden from the camera
        Justin Trudeau : You just watched his team's jaws drop to the floor.
        Trump had earlier needled Macron about accepting captured ISIS fighters '' offering to 'give them to you' - during the heated and lengthy joint news conference.
        Afterward he went to Clarence House along with First Lady Melania for tea with Prince Charles and Camilla. The president and his wife arrived 40 minutes late to the meeting - the delay which Trudeau appears to be referencing.
        Following a reception with the Queen at Buckingham Palace, Trump and Melania made their way to Downing Street where they were kept waiting for 10 minutes by Boris.
        Johnson eventually welcomed the pair inside, but stood over the threshold rather than posing for pictures on the steps as is usually the case - keen to minimise his perceived closeness to Trump during an election where Labour has repeatedly attacked him for it.
        They held a sit-down meeting of their own, but again, no photojournalists were permitted.
        Trump's Macron meeting was one of three bilateral sit-downs where he spoke and fielded questions from reporters for a total of two hours, flooding the media landscape on a week when House Democrats are proceeding with impeachment at home.
        The president earlier took a dig at Macron for France and other European nations being reluctant to accept nationals from their own countries who joined the fight alongside ISIS terrorists.
        Trump turned to his counterpart and asked: 'Would you like some nice ISIS fighters? I could give them to you.'
        The moment came hours after Trump had blasted Macron for previous comments that NATO was suffering 'brain death'.
        Macron in an interview had said NATO was suffering 'brain death,' highlighted a split over Turkey, and said the treaty alliance must remained unified.
        'You just can't go around making statements like that against NATO. It's very disrespectful,' Trump groused at the start of two days of meeting with world leaders, including Macron.
        The Princess Royal, right, talks to Prime Minister Boris Johnson, center, and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, left, during a reception at Buckingham Palace, London, as NATO leaders attend to mark 70 years of the alliance
        The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall, right, meets Trump and wife Melania at Clarence House on Tuesday. A timeline of the US president's day at the NATO summit shows Trump first met with Macron on Tuesday at 2pm GMT. At 2:20pm the two opened their meeting to the press. By 3:30pm Trump held a bilateral meeting with Trudeau
        FLOTUS and POTUS (left) seemed to be having a grand old time as they laughed and joked with the Prince of Wales (right)
        A smile for the cameras: Melania is pictured beaming in her striking yellow ensemble with Trump slightly in front of her
        The Trumps are pictured alongside 'The Beast' as they arrived at Downing Street for the second reception last night
        Trump and First Lady Melania are pictured outside No10 Downing Street for a second reception hosted by Boris Johnson last night
        Over and out: Donald Trump waves goodnight to crowds as he leaves last night's Downing Street NATO reception
        Trump called it a 'very, very nasty statement to essentially 28, including them, 28 countries' that are part of NATO. He spoke at his first bilateral meeting, with NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg.
        Humiliation for Jeremy Corbyn as his Palace confrontation with Donald Trump over the NHS falls flat and he is kept apart from himJeremy Corbyn has suffered fresh humiliation by being kept apart from Donald Trump at Tuesday night's Buckingham Palace reception after vowing to confront the US President over the sanctity of the NHS.
        The Labour leader said he would warn the President that 'public services are not for sale' at a gathering of Nato leaders and Royals hosted by the Queen.
        But in an embarrassing setback, the left-winger never got the chance to speak with Mr Trump and follow through on his promise, which was derided by one cabinet minister as a 'desperate stunt'.
        It was the second blow Mr Corbyn has been dealt yesterday after the President killed his main election attack line by flatly dismissing the idea he wants a post-Brexit trade deal to open the health service to American companies and push up drugs prices.
        'I heard that President Macron said that NATO was brain dead,' Trump said, in a long back-and-forth with reporters. 'I think that is very insulting towards a lot of different forces,' he added.
        Trump rapped Macron for his words and ripped the French economy while also brandishing U.S. economic power in a growing trade spat with Paris.
        'It's a tough statement though when you make a statement like that,' Trump complained.
        'Nobody needs NATO more than France. You just look back over the long period of time,' Trump said. 'Frankly the one that benefits really the least is the United States.'
        'We benefit the least. We're helping Europe. Europe unites when they go against a common foe ... That may or may not be a foe,' Trump said, in a presumed reference to Russia.
        Trump said of France: 'It's a very tough statement to make when you have such difficulty in France.
        'They've had a very rough year,' and brought up the 'yellow vest' protests, said France had a high unemployment rate, and said it was 'not doing well economically.
        He referenced new tariff escalations being recommended by U.S. trade representative Robert Lighthizer Monday. They include new tariffs on French champagne, wine, cheese, and other products totaling $2.4 billion.
        'We're doing their wines and everything else,' Trump said. 'You just can't go around making statements like that against NATO. It's very disrespectful.'
        By the evening, Trump offered the French president a ride in the 'Beast'.
        How do you do? The President and the First Lady arriving earlier yesterday evening (left) as Melania exchanged greetings with Prince Charles (centre) and Camilla (right)
        French President Emmanuel Macron greets US first lady Melania Trump as U.S. President Donald Trump looks on as they arrive for an evening reception for Nato leaders hosted by Prime Minister Boris Johnson at 10 Downing Street
        Kate Middleton (above) looked stunning yesterday evening as she wore a green dress and wore her hair in loose waves at the reception
        The Queen beamed a radiant smile (centre) after cruel trolls speculated over her death on social media earlier this week
        Canadian PM Justin Trudeau chats with Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall at Buckingham Palace's NATO reception last night
        Guten abend: Boris Johnson greets his German counterpart Angela Merkel as the NATO reception kicks off at Buckingham Palace
        Chancellor Merkel was also seen chatting to Princess Anne as leaders mixed with the royals at Buckingham Palace last night
        Trump also teed off on France's digital services tax which he said is unfair to U.S. tech giants like Facebook, Google, and Twitter.
        'I'm not going to let people take advantage of American companies. Because if anybody's going to take advantage of American companies, it's going to be us,' Trump said.
        Trump made his remark about ISIS after pressing France to accept the return of more of its countrymen and women, and pledging they were currently being held under 'lock and key.'
        'We have a tremendous amount of captured fighters, ISIS fighters over in Syria. And they are all under lock and key but many are from France, many from Germany and many are from the U.K.
        'They're mostly from Europe. And some of the countries are agreeing. I have not spoken to the president about that. Would you like some nice ISIS fighters? I can give them to you. You can take every one you want,' Trump quipped.
        That drew a caution from Macron.
        'Let's be serious,' the French leader scolded, before outlining his own position. 'It is true you have a current fighters coming from Europe. But it's a minority problem of the overall problem we have. And I think the number one priority because it is not yet finished is to get rid of ISIS,' Macron lectured, as Trump listened to a translation of his remarks.
        US President Donald Trump, right, and France's President Emmanuel Macron, left, react as they talk during their meeting at Winfield House on Tuesday
        Prime Minister Justin Trudeau meets U.S. President Donald Trump at Winfield House
        Trump has previously declared victory over ISIS, only to say a contingent of U.S. forces would remain.
        'And it is not done, I'm sorry to say that,' Macron told him. 'Your number one problem are not the foreign fighters, it is the ISIS fighters in the region and you have more and more of these fighters due to the situation today,' he said.
        The comment drew a counter from Trump. 'It's why he is a great politician. That was one of the greatest non-answers I've ever heard and that's okay,' Trump said.
        'France has taken back some fighters, actually. We have a lot of fighters, he said, before noting that U.S. and allied forces captured '100 per cent of the caliphate.
        During a separate meeting with Trudeau, Trump called Canada 'slightly delinquent,' even as he went after other nations for paying less than a 2 percent of GDP commitment on defense.
        Prime Minister Boris Johnson (right) talked to guests during a reception at Buckingham Palace, London, as Nato leaders gathered to mark 70 years of the alliance
        Prime Minister of Denmark Mette Frederiksen arrived earlier yesterday evening at a reception for NATO leaders at Buckingham Palace
        He also singled out Germany, whose NATO contributions have hovered around 1 per cent. ''They would owe us money. You're talking about - really you're talking about trillions of dollars,' Trump said, bringing up compounded past years of sub-2 per cent spending.
        'Nobody has ever brought that up. They just keep talking about the present,' he said.
        It was after the reception with the Queen at Buckingham Palace, Trump offered Macron a ride in the Beast, his famous Cadillac equipped with armor, bullet-proof glass, and run-flat tires, en route to 10 Downing Street for a reception hosted by British Prime Minister Boris Johnson.
        And it was there that Macron was pictured warmly clasping First Lady Melania Trump's hand.
        Macron made up for the chill in the air and in the day's earlier encounters with the warm handshake he gave to the first lady, who wore a yellow Valentino cape to the event. Trump was pictured looking on during the greeting.
        The Princess Royal talked to guests during a reception yesterday evening and laughed during the talks as the party carried on around her
      VIDEO-Hillary Clinton's biggest hint that she's mulling 2020 bid
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 07:18
        Opinion
        By Maureen Callahan
        December 4, 2019 | 9:41pm
        The strongest indicator yet that Hillary's mulling a 2020 run? She appeared Wednesday, for the first time ever, on Howard Stern.
        There was hardly a pretense she was there to promote the book she co-wrote with daughter Chelsea, long ago a bestseller.
        As those who listen to the show know, Stern publicly begged Hillary to appear during the 2016 campaign. After Donald Trump won, Stern said one guest shot could have moved the needle her way.
        ''If she had come on the show . . .,'' Stern mused in May. ''The way I helped Donald was I let him come on and be a personality. Whether you liked him or not . . . people related to him as a human being.''
        Hillary, it's clear, was after exactly that '-- relatability, long her white whale.
        One can only ask: Why now, if she has no plans to run yet again?
        Sure, it's possible she just loves being part of the national conversation. But of all the venues such a serious stateswoman could choose, one whose public presentation has been so carefully cultivated over decades, really: Howard Stern?
        She hasn't closed the door on 2020. Just this past weekend, during an appearance on the UK's ''Graham Norton Show,'' Hillary said she'd been ''deluged'' with pleas to run again.
        ''I'd have to make up my mind really quickly,'' she said, ''because it's moving very fast.''
        A reference, perhaps, to latecomer Mike Bloomberg?
        Stern was an able ally, allowing Hillary to expound on her ability to work across the aisle (despite no signature legislation while serving New York in the US Senate), her support for the Osama bin Laden raid and her role in advising the president, her plans for her first 100 days as president (health care), and her concerns for the future of the country, which felt especially raw during Trump's inauguration.
        ''If I had lost to a normal Republican,'' Hillary said, ''I wouldn't have a pit in my stomach.''
        Given this was Stern '-- truly one of our best interviewers '-- we got some gems.
        ''Contrary to what you may hear, I actually like men,'' Hillary said, leading Stern to flat-out ask, ''You've never had a lesbian affair?''
        Amazing. George Stephanopoulos, Chuck Todd, Norah O'Donnell, et al., take notes!
        Hillary, laughing, again said no, and went on to discuss everything from her mother's depression to whether she's ever been in therapy (no, but marriage counseling post-Lewinsky), to her stiffness in the spotlight (''It's outside my comfort zone''), to the true charisma that she lacks but that her husband and Obama, she readily admits, have in spades, to her friendship with Mick Jagger (!) and how the deaths of her younger brother and two close friends this year have devastated her.
        Even a coughing fit, which became a campaign meme about her ostensibly dire health, didn't faze Hillary.
        ''I thought I'd come on and cough some more,'' she joked.
        Never has Hillary Clinton sounded this relaxed, conversational and, yes, human. She sounded like anyone you may know. None of Howard's verbiage '-- ''Do you ever just lay in bed and say, 'F''k this, I'm getting out?' '' '-- left her flummoxed.
        Hillary proved she could hang.
        Howard's listeners agreed, flooding the airwaves after she left.
        ''She moved me to tears,'' said one female listener. ''If she had only come on when she was running, she would have won.''
        ''I did, three years ago, vote for Trump, but if she had come on during the election, my vote would have swung 150 percent.''
        ''I'm a conservative. I've always hated Hillary. This interview changed my [mind] . . . I had no idea how cool she was.''
        ''I wanted to tell her I'm sorry we believed the hype and we did not elect a presidential person. I wish we would have known this Hillary three years ago.''
        ''I just finally saw the human side of Hillary. She's stellar.''
        ''Listening to her now . . . I think she should run again.''
        For the past three years, Hillary has infamously blamed Russian interference, misogyny, Bernie bros, Wikileaks, the Comey memo, low-information voters, voter suppression, the Electoral College, etc. for her loss. But on Stern, she added a telling regret.
        ''I think you were right,'' she said of his repeated requests that she appear on his show in 2016. ''I did not prioritize the media the way I should have. I think that was a miscalculation. I really do.''
        And who, Howard asked, will she be supporting in 2020?
        ''Whoever can win,'' she said.
        It sounds like she thinks that's her.
      VIDEO - Michigan Secret Santa Pays Off $3,000 of Strangers Layaway
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 06:53
        An anonymous donor is spreading the Holiday spirit at a local Walmart.
        The generous 'Secret Santa' wishes to remain anonymous according to WNEM TV5,
        Walmart confirmed with us. The mystery donor paid off around $3,000 in layaway items, focusing on gifts for children. We've reached out to Walmart to try to find the identity of the mystery donor, but they're keeping it anonymous. So, if you are the donor and watching, the people who you helped have a message.
        WNEM talked to Melissa Halladay, one the recipients of this good deed. Check out the interview below.
        Not only did that three thousand dollars go a long way to brightening the Holidays for many Mid-Michigan people, but the news of this event may spark a trend. Doesn't this story make you want to go to a local store and pay off someone's layaway?
        If you are a generous donor or the recipient of a random act of kindness like this, please let us know in the facebook comments. We would love to get your story out too.
      VIDEO - Gardai try and stop Irish Farmers protesting in Dublin - YouTube
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 06:46
      VIDEO - Constitutional Law Prof. Stuns Dems on Impeachment: 'It's YOUR Abuse of Power' - YouTube
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 06:33
      VIDEO - (1) Ryan Fournier on Twitter: "Okay.. now this is funny. ðŸ¤£ https://t.co/R0ckJMYl5Q" / Twitter
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 03:21
        Welcome home! This timeline is where you'll spend most of your time, getting instant updates about what matters to you.
        Tweets not working for you? Hover over the profile pic and click the Following button to unfollow any account.
        Say a lot with a little When you see a Tweet you love, tap the heart '-- it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love.
        Spread the word The fastest way to share someone else's Tweet with your followers is with a Retweet. Tap the icon to send it instantly.
        Join the conversation Add your thoughts about any Tweet with a Reply. Find a topic you're passionate about, and jump right in.
        Learn the latest Get instant insight into what people are talking about now.
        Get more of what you love Follow more accounts to get instant updates about topics you care about.
        Find what's happening See the latest conversations about any topic instantly.
        Never miss a Moment Catch up instantly on the best stories happening as they unfold.
      VIDEO - Hillary Clinton's biggest hint that she's mulling 2020 bid
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 03:11
        The strongest indicator yet that Hillary's mulling a 2020 run? She appeared Wednesday, for the first time ever, on Howard Stern.
        There was hardly a pretense she was there to promote the book she co-wrote with daughter Chelsea, long ago a bestseller.
        As those who listen to the show know, Stern publicly begged Hillary to appear during the 2016 campaign. After Donald Trump won, Stern said one guest shot could have moved the needle her way.
        ''If she had come on the show . . .,'' Stern mused in May. ''The way I helped Donald was I let him come on and be a personality. Whether you liked him or not . . . people related to him as a human being.''
        Hillary, it's clear, was after exactly that '-- relatability, long her white whale.
        One can only ask: Why now, if she has no plans to run yet again?
        Sure, it's possible she just loves being part of the national conversation. But of all the venues such a serious stateswoman could choose, one whose public presentation has been so carefully cultivated over decades, really: Howard Stern?
        She hasn't closed the door on 2020. Just this past weekend, during an appearance on the UK's ''Graham Norton Show,'' Hillary said she'd been ''deluged'' with pleas to run again.
        ''I'd have to make up my mind really quickly,'' she said, ''because it's moving very fast.''
        A reference, perhaps, to latecomer Mike Bloomberg?
        Stern was an able ally, allowing Hillary to expound on her ability to work across the aisle (despite no signature legislation while serving New York in the US Senate), her support for the Osama bin Laden raid and her role in advising the president, her plans for her first 100 days as president (health care), and her concerns for the future of the country, which felt especially raw during Trump's inauguration.
        ''If I had lost to a normal Republican,'' Hillary said, ''I wouldn't have a pit in my stomach.''
        Given this was Stern '-- truly one of our best interviewers '-- we got some gems.
        ''Contrary to what you may hear, I actually like men,'' Hillary said, leading Stern to flat-out ask, ''You've never had a lesbian affair?''
        Amazing. George Stephanopoulos, Chuck Todd, Norah O'Donnell, et al., take notes!
        Hillary, laughing, again said no, and went on to discuss everything from her mother's depression to whether she's ever been in therapy (no, but marriage counseling post-Lewinsky), to her stiffness in the spotlight (''It's outside my comfort zone''), to the true charisma that she lacks but that her husband and Obama, she readily admits, have in spades, to her friendship with Mick Jagger (!) and how the deaths of her younger brother and two close friends this year have devastated her.
        Even a coughing fit, which became a campaign meme about her ostensibly dire health, didn't faze Hillary.
        ''I thought I'd come on and cough some more,'' she joked.
        Never has Hillary Clinton sounded this relaxed, conversational and, yes, human. She sounded like anyone you may know. None of Howard's verbiage '-- ''Do you ever just lay in bed and say, 'F''k this, I'm getting out?' '' '-- left her flummoxed.
        Hillary proved she could hang.
        Howard's listeners agreed, flooding the airwaves after she left.
        ''She moved me to tears,'' said one female listener. ''If she had only come on when she was running, she would have won.''
        ''I did, three years ago, vote for Trump, but if she had come on during the election, my vote would have swung 150 percent.''
        ''I'm a conservative. I've always hated Hillary. This interview changed my [mind] . . . I had no idea how cool she was.''
        ''I wanted to tell her I'm sorry we believed the hype and we did not elect a presidential person. I wish we would have known this Hillary three years ago.''
        ''I just finally saw the human side of Hillary. She's stellar.''
        ''Listening to her now . . . I think she should run again.''
        For the past three years, Hillary has infamously blamed Russian interference, misogyny, Bernie bros, Wikileaks, the Comey memo, low-information voters, voter suppression, the Electoral College, etc. for her loss. But on Stern, she added a telling regret.
        ''I think you were right,'' she said of his repeated requests that she appear on his show in 2016. ''I did not prioritize the media the way I should have. I think that was a miscalculation. I really do.''
        And who, Howard asked, will she be supporting in 2020?
        ''Whoever can win,'' she said.
        It sounds like she thinks that's her.
      VIDEO - Media mourns death of Kamala Harris campaign | SUPERcuts! #725 - YouTube
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 03:06
      VIDEO - VIDEO : France to come to a standstill on Thursday as 90% of trains and 20% of flights cancelled in strike | Euronews
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 02:12
        Euronews is no longer accessible on Internet Explorer. This browser is not updated by Microsoft and does not support the last technical evolutions. We encourage you to use another browser, such as Edge, Safari, Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox.
      VIDEO - Kerry Compares Climate Change Movement To World War II
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Source: Washington Free Beacon
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 01:49
      VIDEO - (19) CNN analyst: Kamala Harris is a 'great candidate' who got better as she went along - YouTube
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 01:45
      VIDEO-Constitutional Law Prof. Stuns Dems on Impeachment: 'It's YOUR Abuse of Power' - YouTube
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 01:18
      VIDEO-Hillary Clinton Suffers Coughing Spell in Howard Stern Interview
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 01:14
        Failed presidential candidate Hillary Clinton suffered a lengthy coughing spell Wednesday in an interview with Sirius/XM radio talk show host Howard Stern.
        After discussing the 2020 campaign race, and the difficulties of social media, Clinton started coughing as Stern continued speaking.
        As she continued coughing, Stern paused and said, ''I feel like I need to give you a cough drop or something '... you OK?''
        ''I got one,'' Clinton croaked.
        Stern recalled her coughing was also the subject of speculation during the campaign, leading people to speculate about her health.
        ''I was dying,'' Clinton said in a sarcastic raspy voice as she kept coughing, joking, ''I thought I would come on and cough some more.''
        The coughing spell lasted about three minutes, as she continued.
        At another point in the interview, Clinton struggled again with a coughing fit.
        ''You want some water?'' Stern asked.
        ''I got some water, yeah,'' she replied.
        Listen to the audio below:
      VIDEO-US Navy vet who served on USS Nimitz recalls seeing '2-mile-wide UFO' over base - Daily Star
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 01:12
        A US Navy veteran who served on the famous USS Nimitz has revealed how he once spotted a gigantic two-mile-wide UFO hovering over a military base.
        The aircraft carrier became a household name in 2017 after incredible footage of a UFO being chased by fighter pilots from the ship was leaked online.
        It sparked a huge number of US Navy pilots to come forward with their encounters, including Lee Adams.
        Lee served as a supply officer on the USS Nimitz between 2012-2015, eight years after the infamous tic-tac incident.
        And, while he never witnessed the UFO on that day off the coast San Diego, he did see perhaps an even more staggering ''craft''.
        The famous UFO spotted by pilots from the USS Nimitz Read MoreRelated ArticlesUSS Nimitz navy veterans claim 'unknown individuals' in helicopter seized UFO footageRead MoreRelated ArticlesUSS Nimitz UFO may have 'opened up black hole' to reach 19,000mph, Navy vet claimsThe veteran was stationed at a military base in Virginia Beach, Virginia, US, when a group of pilots spotted a mysterious plane flying over the area before disappearing into the trees.
        Speaking to Mike and Maurice's Mind Escape podcast earlier this year, he said: ''I look up and it's like a giant trash bag floating over the base.
        ''If you could imagine a trash bag that's two miles in diameter floating, translucent.
        ''It was doing that '' I could see parts of it but at the same time parts of it were gone.
        Read MoreNimitz UFO stories''It was shimmering in the sky, two miles in diameter.''
        He dismissed suggestions the mystery object could be gas or a cloud, claiming it ''had defined attributes''.
        Lee '' who served in the US Navy for 14 years '' said the object looked like a ''sky jellyfish''.
        And it was even more bizarre given that the group of pilots had spotted another strange aircraft flying over the base moments before.
        But the former soldier ruled out the strange sight being extraterrestrial in origin.
        Read MoreRelated ArticlesAliens 'turning off nuclear weapons to show humans they're useless' Video LoadingVideo Unavailable
        Click to play Tap to play
        Read MoreRelated ArticlesCigar-shaped UFO 'glowing from the inside' hurtles across Las Vegas sky''I think that the government knows about it '' why would it be right next to a military base?'' he asked.
        ''The military would know '' there's something there, it landed outside the base behind the trees.
        ''You can't disprove it, credible people have seen that.''
        It comes after another US Navy veteran suggested the famed tic-tac UFO seen in 2004 may have used a black hole to reach speeds of 19,000mph.
      VIDEO-Melania Trump says Pamela Karlan 'should be ashamed' of her Barron punch line at the impeachment hearings - MarketWatch
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Thu, 05 Dec 2019 01:07
        The first lady is not kidding around.
        Stanford constitutional law professor Pamela S. Karlan went viral during the impeachment hearings on Wednesday for tearing into Republican Rep. Doug Collins, and telling him that she was ''insulted'' by his suggestion that she hadn't read the witness transcripts. What's more, she stated that everything she has read ''tells me that when President Trump invited, indeed demanded, foreign involvement in our upcoming election.''
        Then she made this play on words:
        CORRECTION: 'While the president can name his son Barron, he can't make him a baron': Prof. Karlan uses the Trump family to outline the Constitution's rule that there can't be titles of nobility. (We are deleting an earlier tweet that misspelled Barron Trump's name.) pic.twitter.com/ZLrxcbxUhk
        '-- Reuters (@Reuters) December 4, 2019And the Trump campaign is seizing on this particular line, where Karlan used the name of the president's youngest son to make a point about the limitations of the president's executive powers.
        Her comment got a few laughs at the hearing, but Barron's mother didn't find it so funny.
        First lady Melania Trump, whose ''Be Best'' initiative advocates against bullying, tweeted that Karlan ''should be ashamed.''
        A minor child deserves privacy and should be kept out of politics. Pamela Karlan, you should be ashamed of your very angry and obviously biased public pandering, and using a child to do it.
        '-- Melania Trump (@FLOTUS) December 4, 2019Other supporters of the president didn't find it so funny, either. Rep. Matt Gaetz, R-Fla., told Karlan that her ''little joke about Barron '... makes you look mean'' during the hearing.
        Karlan apologized for her remark late Wednesday. ''It was wrong of me to do that,'' she said, according to the Associated Press. ''I do regret it.''
        Trump 2020 national press secretary Kayleigh McEnany released the following statement in response on Wednesday afternoon:
        ''Only in the minds of crazed liberals is it funny to drag a 13-year-old child into the impeachment nonsense,'' she wrote. ''Pamela Karlan thought she was being clever and going for laughs, but she instead reinforced for all Americans that Democrats have no boundaries when it comes to their hatred of everything related to President Trump. Hunter Biden is supposedly off-limits according to liberals, but a 13-year-old boy is fair game. Disgusting.''
        McEnany added, ''Every Democrat in Congress should immediately repudiate Pamela Karlan and call on her to personally apologize to the president and the first lady for mocking their son on national TV.''
        Trump supporters like Kellyanne Conway also picked up the Hunter Biden argument.
        Hunter Biden is off-limits but Barron Trump is not? https://t.co/k4I8iK7y39
        '-- Kellyanne Conway (@KellyannePolls) December 4, 2019The Trump family has been fiercely protective of the 13-year-old boy, such as slamming actor Peter Fonda for posting a tweet last year that read, ''We should rip Barron Trump from his mother's arms and put him in a cage with pedophiles.'' Fonda later apologized for the ''highly inappropriate and vulgar'' tweet. In 2017, ''Saturday Night Live'' writer Katie Rich was suspended after tweeting that ''Barron will be this country's first homeschool shooter,'' when Barron was just 10. She also apologized, and former first daughter Chelsea Clinton, a Democrat, also came to the boy's defense, writing on Facebook FB, -0.06% that ''Barron Trump deserves the chance every child does '-- to be a kid.''
        But many on Twitter TWTR, +0.10% argued that professor Karlan's wordplay on Wednesday was not in the same league as these previous attacks on the first son.
        Folks, if you seriously believe Prof. Pamela Karlan was attacking Barron Trump with that line, you need to take an aspirin and go to sleep for the night. Try again tomorrow.#ImpeachmentHearings
        '-- Charlotte ClymerðŸ"¸'ðŸŒ (@cmclymer) December 4, 2019 Oh give me a break, people. Karlan wasn't attacking Barron Trump, or making a joke at his expense, or dragging him into politics. The mere mention of his name as a play on words to make a legitimate point is none of those things. You don't have to fall for every bad faith attack.
        '-- Matthew Miller (@matthewamiller) December 4, 2019 House Rs up in arms about the incivility of joking about Barron Trump's name. Meanwhile, President Trump himself, this AM in London https://t.co/NEABWxPuHD pic.twitter.com/HgEQbNUI7b
        '-- David Frum (@davidfrum) December 4, 2019 This report has been updated with Karlan's apology.
      VIDEO - Hillary Clinton has a coughing fit during Howard Stern Interview - YouTube
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Wed, 04 Dec 2019 14:50
      VIDEO - Hillary Rodham Clinton Makes Her Stern Show Debut | Howard Stern
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Wed, 04 Dec 2019 12:29
        Good MorningEverybody! Photo: Getty Images On Wednesday morning, Howard welcomes in first-time guest HillaryRodham Clinton. The politician, lawyer, diplomat, author, and recent Democraticpresidential nominee sits down with Howard following the release of her eighthbook, ''The Book of Gutsy Women: Favorite Stories of Courage and Resilience,'' co-authoredby her daughter Chelsea Clinton.
        A trailblazing woman herself, Hillary served as First Ladyof the United States throughout most of the '90s, was elected New York's firstfemale U.S. Senator in 2001, and was appointed U.S. Secretary of State byPresident Barack Obama in 2009. She served as America's top diplomat through2013 and set a record during her tenure by visiting 112 different countries. In2016, Clinton emerged as the Democratic presidential nominee and became the firstwoman from either major party to see her name at the top of the ticket.
        Clinton has released multiple books since then, including 2017's ''What Happened'' which offered a first-hand account of what shebelieves led to her 2016 defeat. Hitting shelves in October, ''The Book of GutsyWomen'' celebrates a variety of women who have influenced Hillary and Chelsea, fromPakistani activist and recent Nobel Prize laureate Malala Yousafzai to renowned19th Century abolitionist Harriet Tubman.
        Tune into Howard 100 on Wednesday to hear Hillary Rodham Clinton's SternShow debut and click here to grab a copy of ''The Book of Gutsy Women: Favorite Stories ofCourage and Resilience."
      VIDEO-Trump, Macron hold tense meeting: 'Would you like some nice ISIS fighters? I can give them to you' | TheHill
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Wed, 04 Dec 2019 07:07
        President Trump Donald John TrumpTop Democrat: 'Obstruction of justice' is 'too clear not to include' in impeachment probe Former US intel official says Trump would often push back in briefings Schiff says investigators seeking to identify who Giuliani spoke to on unlisted '-1' number MORE and French President Emmanuel Macron Emmanuel Jean-Michel MacronOvernight Defense: Trump clashes with Macron at NATO summit | House impeachment report says Trump abused power | Top Dem scolds military leaders on Trump intervention in war crimes cases On The Money: Stocks tumble on Trump China trade remarks | Trump says deal could come after 2020 | Why Wall Street freaked | Trump loses appeal over Deutsche Bank subpoena The Hill's 12:30 Report: Trump, Macron clash at NATO summit MORE held a tense meeting Tuesday on the sidelines of a NATO summit, with Trump at one point telling the French leader he could send him some "ISIS fighters" if he wanted them.
        ''Would you like some nice ISIS fighters? I can give them to you,'' Trump said with a slight smile at the meeting, which was carried live on cable news. ''You can take every one you want.''
        ''Let's be serious,'' Macron replied sternly, reasoning that most ISIS fighters came from Syria, Iraq and Iran and disputing Trump's common refrain that the terrorist group had been defeated.
        Trump has complained that European countries have been unwilling to accept ISIS fighters the U.S. had captured.
        The French president insisted that the number of European ISIS fighters was a ''tiny'' part of the overall problem of addressing destabilization in the region. He was also adamant that the terrorist group had not entirely been defeated, a break with a common declaration from Trump.
        ''I think [the] No. 1 priority, because it's not finished, is it to get rid of ISIS,'' Macron said.
        President Trump and President Macron trade barbs over handling of foreign ISIS fighters:''Would you like some nice ISIS fighters? I can give them to you. You can take every one you want.'' pic.twitter.com/n7ICITIozD
        '-- MSNBC (@MSNBC) December 3, 2019''That was one of the greatest nonanswers I ever heard,'' Trump said after Macron had concluded. ''And that's OK.''
        If the meeting was tense, the days leading up the the one-on-one session were equally so.
        A day before the meeting, the Trump administration announced it was prepared to impose 100 percent tariffs on wine and other products from France in response to complaints about a French tax that has hit U.S. technology companies.
        A myriad of disagreements between the two leaders played out in public over the course of the 40 minute meeting, which came hours after Trump called Macron's comments critical of NATO ''insulting.'' The icy tone was a far cry from the warm embraces and state visit the two men have shared over the past two years.
        Trump emphasized his ''very good relationship'' with Turkish President Recep Tayyip ErdoÄŸan after Macron noted disagreements between Turkey and the rest of the alliance on their definition of terrorism.
        ''I can only say we have a very good relationship with Turkey and president ErdoÄŸan,'' Trump said when asked about Turkey's standing in NATO. ''We have a very good relationship.''
        Macron interjected shortly thereafter: ''We have lost cooperation with Turkey.''
        The French president demanded ''clarification'' from Ankara on how it could be a member of the NATO alliance and also purchase Russian S-400 missile systems amid NATO opposition. Macron also said Turkey wanted to ''blow up'' the summit if the other alliance members did not recognize Ankara's view of groups that are terrorists.
        When Trump suggested that his predecessor, former President Obama, pushed Turkey toward purchasing the Russian missiles by refusing to sell Ankara the Patriot missile, Macron shot back, saying it was Turkey's ''own decision'' to purchase the missiles after Europe offered another option that was compliant with NATO.
        Trump was noncommittal on reaching a deal to avert U.S. tariffs set to be imposed on $2.4 billion in French imports. He expressed frustration with the French tax, which he sees as targeting U.S. companies.
        ''They're American companies,'' he said. ''The tech companies you're talking about, they're not my favorite people because they're not exactly for me, but that's OK. I don't care, they're American companies. And we want to tax American companies. We want to tax them. That's not for somebody else to tax them.''
        Tuesday's icy meeting underscored the evolution of the Trump-Macron relationship.
        The two men came into office within months of each other and enjoyed a close relationship. They famously shared a lengthy and intense handshake at one of their first meetings, and Trump later hosted Macron at the White House for a state visit.
        But Macron has become more outspoken as he seeks to take the mantle in Europe in the face of changing governments there and Trump's unpredictability.
        On Tuesday, the French president stood by his controversial comments about NATO, Macron said he was a supporter of a stronger European component in the alliance and agreed with Trump that the U.S. was overinvested compared with other countries, but he said there was more to the alliance than discussions about money and burden sharing.
        ''When you speak about NATO, it's not just about money,'' Macron said. ''We have to be clear on the fundamentals of what NATO should be.''
      VIDEO-Power & Politics on Twitter: ".@JustinTrudeau, @EmmanuelMacron, @BorisJohnson and other VIPs shared a few words at a Buckingham Palace reception Tuesday. No one mentions @realDonaldTrump by name, but they seem to be discussing his lengthy impromptu
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Tue, 03 Dec 2019 21:36
        Log in Sign up Power & Politics @ PnPCBC .
        @JustinTrudeau,
        @EmmanuelMacron,
        @BorisJohnson and other VIPs shared a few words at a Buckingham Palace reception Tuesday. No one mentions
        @realDonaldTrump by name, but they seem to be discussing his lengthy impromptu press conferences from earlier in the day. (Video: Host Pool)
        pic.twitter.com/dVgj48rpOP 3:34 PM - 3 Dec 2019 Twitter by: Power & Politics @PnPCBC Michelle Wilbert @ MEverettWilbert
        1h Replying to
        @PnPCBC @jaketapper and
        4 others This is fabulous! It's breathtaking to know that other world leaders have the same poor opinion of Trump that half the country here does--this makes me feel better. :)
        View conversation · Azia Gunn @ TheSmockinGunn
        1h Replying to
        @MEverettWilbert @PnPCBC and
        5 others The majority of the world despises him.
        View conversation · dustin crowther @ dustincrowther
        4h Replying to
        @PnPCBC @JustinTrudeau and
        3 others The reason Trump has 40 minute press conferences is because people want to hear what he has to say.
        View conversation · shackwackyðŸ'ðŸ‡¨ðŸ‡... ðŸ· @ shackwacky
        2h Replying to
        @dustincrowther @PnPCBC and
        4 others For the same reason everyone slows down to gape at a car accident.
        View conversation · ConcernedCdnMom @ ConcernedCdnMom
        4h Replying to
        @PnPCBC A great argument for media being banned from inside such gatherings. Was not smart to post this. The PM correctly states the US team would've been appalled at a press conf at short notice & kudos to Macron for taking it.
        View conversation · Censored @ 8maggiemay
        3h Replying to
        @ConcernedCdnMom @PnPCBC I'm beginning to think the Cdn. media works for trump. Or the russians.
        View conversation · Christina Wilkie @ christinawilkie
        1h Replying to
        @PnPCBC @JustinTrudeau and
        3 others World leaders and Princess Anne appear to be gossiping about Trump.
        pic.twitter.com/6p1aTtkikA View conversation · April Mac @ PosyPot
        57m Replying to
        @christinawilkie @PnPCBC and
        4 others There's gonna be a trantrum
        View conversation · Gail Hussey @ GCLibraryLady
        4h Replying to
        @PnPCBC @CBCKatie and
        4 others I never want to peer into anyone's private conversation ðŸ‘Ž
        View conversation · always vote @ always_vote
        4h Replying to
        @GCLibraryLady @PnPCBC and
        5 others I do, always, but it's lazy journalism and more importantly dangerous and self-defeating journalism just for a 'scoop' in so far as world leaders are going to give media even LESS access and be more suspicious of press everywhere.
        #pnpcbc #cdnpoli View conversation · Enter a topic, @name, or fullname
        Settings Help Back to top ·
        Turn images off
      VIDEO - YouTube
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Tue, 03 Dec 2019 09:04
      VIDEO - Forget Me Not: Hillary Clinton Yet to 'Make Up Her Mind' on Whether to Run for President - Sputnik International
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Tue, 03 Dec 2019 08:59
        US16:21 03.12.2019(updated 16:22 03.12.2019) Get short URL
        There are now precisely 11 months left until the next US election, and Hillary Clinton has already missed the deadlines for two primaries, making her chances for a third White House run increasingly faint.
        Hillary Clinton has again refused to rule out a third presidential run completely, saying she has to make up her mind about the future.
        The former US secretary of state appeared on the BBC's Graham Norton Show on Monday, where she was asked about American soccer star Abby Wambach.
        Wambach, who was mentioned in Clinton's newly-released book, retired from sports with the tagline ''Forget Me'', which was supposed to mean that winning is not about being the first or breaking records, but about feeling accomplished in an individual sense.
        ''Are you saying 'Forget me'? Is that your mantra now?'' Graham asked.
        ''Not yet,'' Clinton replied to a round of cheers and applause.
        The 72-year-old has long been rumoured to be considering a Democratic presidential nomination. In a string of interviews in the past few months, she has teased another run but remained purposefully ambiguous about it.
        Speaking about the rumour on Monday, Clinton said: ''I hear that. I have been especially deluged in the last few weeks with thinking about doing that, but right now, I'm not at all planning that.''
        ''I'd have to make up my mind really quickly because it's moving very fast,'' she added, ''but I do want to continue to influence the debate.''''I'm not leaving the political arena completely. I'm working really hard to make it clear that we have to hold our current leadership accountable.''
        Clinton had filed her original statements of candidacy 21 months before the 2008 election and 19 months before the 2016 election.
        As the 3 November election date draws closer, Clinton has so far done little, apart from vaguely-worded interviews, to join the crowded field of Democratic candidates.
        She has already missed the filing deadline for the primaries in New Hampshire and Alabama, and the growing assumption among observers is that she is simply playing with the public ''to see what reaction she gets''.
      VIDEO - Prince Andrew may have more trouble from Virginia Roberts Guiffre
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Tue, 03 Dec 2019 08:48
        December 2, 2019 | 7:32am | Updated December 3, 2019 | 9:14am
        A TV interview with Prince Andrew accuser Virginia Roberts Giuffre set to air Monday could spark further ''ramifications'' for the disgraced royal, according to a report.
        Giuffre is set to appear on ''Panorama'' at 4 p.m. New York time to talk about her ''really scary time'' as Jeffrey Epstein's sex slave, during which, she alleges, he forced her to have sex three times with the Duke of York.
        It airs just weeks after the 59-year-old royal's own BBC sit-down on ''Newsnight'' ended so badly, he was dumped from royal duties.
        ''If people thought 'Newsnight' was a disaster for the Duke, this is really going to put the cat amongst the pigeons,'' a source told the Sun of Monday's special, which has been doubled in length to an hour.
        ''It is a fantastic program and will cause ramifications.''
        In his own ''car crash'' of an interview, Andrew had tried to justify his shameful ties to multimillionaire pedophile Epstein and claimed he had no recollection of meeting Giuffre.
        (From left) Prince Andrew with Virginia Roberts Giuffre and Ghislaine Maxwell in 2001He even suggested the now-infamous photo of him hugging her at close friend Ghislaine Maxwell's house in London could be a fake.
        While his accuser's interview took place before his disastrous ''Newsnight'' interview, the royal household is ''fearful'' about potential bombshells.
        His older brother, heir to the throne Prince Charles, 71, reportedly even called a crisis meeting for Andrew to be ''completely upfront, open and honest with him'' about other potential revelations.
        ''Everyone is on tenterhooks especially after the backlash to the Duke's 'Newsnight' interview '-- no one saw the fallout from that coming, especially the Duke,'' a source previously told the Sun.
        ''It's fair to say everyone is nervously chewing their lips at Buckingham Palace to see what she will say.''
      VIDEO - (12) Pelosi says 'we're still in' Paris agreement at UN climate conference, despite Trump's withdrawal - YouTube
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Tue, 03 Dec 2019 08:30
      VIDEO - Cyber Monday sets record with $9.2B in online sales | Fox Business
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Tue, 03 Dec 2019 08:26
        When will online retail surpass in store sales?Boxed CEO Chieh Huang discusses online retail as shopping season kicks off, delivery services given poor weather conditions, the future of online retail, and his company remaining private.
        Shoppers let their fingers fly across the keyboard to set a record for Cyber Monday sales.
        Preliminary data from Adobe projected sales of $9.2 billion by the end of Monday and remains the largest online shopping day in the U.S, growing 16.9 percent year-over-year as of 7 p.m. ET.
        Women wearing red sweater shopping online and using credit card at home office
        There is more to come as shoppers hit the ''golden hours of retail'', which are the 4 hours between 10:00 p.m. and 2:00 a.m. ET, will drive 30 percent of all Cyber Monday revenue at $2.8 billion, as shoppers hit buy before deals run out.
        During the peak hour of 11:00 p.m. ET- 12 a.m. ET, consumers will be spending $11 million on average every minute.
        Amazon announced on Tuesday that Cyber Monday was once again the single biggest shopping day in the company's history, based on the number of items ordered worldwide.
        GET FOX BUSINESS ON THE GO BY CLICKING HERE
        Smartphones were the device of choice hitting a new record, accounting for 33 percent of Cyber Monday sales at $3.0 billion, which represents 46 percent growth year-over-year.
        ''Retailers unlocked sales earlier to combat a shorter shopping season, while continuing to drive up promotion of the big branded days including Black Friday and Cyber Monday," said John Copeland, head of Marketing and Consumer Insights at Adobe. "Consumers capitalized on deals and ramped up spending, especially on smartphones, where activity increased on days when shoppers were snowed or rained in.''
        Top sellers on Cyber Monday include Frozen 2 Toys, L.O.L Surprise Dolls, NERF products, Madden 20, Nintendo Switch, Jedi Fallen Order, Samsung TVs, Fire TV, Airpods and Air Fryers.
        Other highlights include:
        Cyber Monday had the best deals for televisions with average savings above 19 percent.
        Shoppers that participated most in Black Friday online sales came from New Jersey, Connecticut, and Oklahoma. Due to unusually high rainfall and snow, some consumers have opted to stay indoors and finish their shopping online.
        CLICK HERE TO READ MORE ON FOX BUSINESS
        The holiday shopping season, from Nov. 1 through Dec. 1, has generated $72.1 billion online to date, at 16.3 percent growth year-over-year, topping Adobe's forecast of 14.1 percent.
      VIDEO - Hillary Clinton Still Refuses to Rule Out Running For President
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Tue, 03 Dec 2019 08:23
        Skip to content''I'd have to make up my mind really quickly.''Hillary Clinton is still refusing to rule out running for president despite already missing the filing deadline for the New Hampshire primary.
        During an appearance on Britain's Graham Norton Show, Clinton was again asked about her presidential aspirations.
        Clinton was quizzed as to why she included a story about a U.S. women's soccer star who retired on the tagline ''forget me.''
        Hillary said the intention of the words were to ''make way for new people'' and ''get off the stage.''
        However, when asked by Norton, ''Are you saying 'Forget me' now?'' '' Hillary responded, ''Not yet.''
        She then said she was aware of the presidential rumor mill and had been ''deluged'' with questions about running again.
        ''Right now, I'm not, at all, uh, you know, planning that, I'd have to make up my mind really quickly,'' she said, ''because it's moving very fast.''
        Back in October, long time Clinton advisor Dick Morris insisted that Hillary will become the Democratic nominee because she believes ''she was put on Earth to be President.''
        ''Make no mistake. She wants it,'' said Morris. ''She's planning on it. She'll do everything she can to achieve it.''
        Earlier that month, Clinton teased another presidential run, despite having already failed twice, telling PBS Newshour, ''Obviously I can beat him again.''
        She also fanned the flames of speculation when she tweeted at Trump, ''Don't tempt me.''
        SUBSCRIBE on YouTube:
        Follow on Twitter: Follow @PrisonPlanet
        '--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--
        My voice is being silenced by free speech-hating Silicon Valley behemoths who want me disappeared forever. It is CRUCIAL that you support me.
        Please sign up for the free newsletter here. Donate to me on SubscribeStar here.
        Support my sponsor '' Turbo Force '' a supercharged boost of clean energy without the comedown.
        '--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'--
        `};let stream_id = 1;toggleStreamsButton.addEventListener('click', (event) => {event.preventDefault();const target = event.currentTarget;if (stream_id === 1) {target.innerHTML = 'Alex Jones Show';player.innerHTML = getEmbedCode('5c59c724f7c188001c3d8e2f');stream_id = 2;}else {target.innerHTML = 'Infowars Network Live Feed';player.innerHTML = getEmbedCode('5b92a1e6568f22455f55be2b');stream_id = 1;}}); })();
        `;}}catch (error) {console.error(error);}})();
      VIDEO - Chris Cuomo, Randy Weber Clash Over Ukraine
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Tue, 03 Dec 2019 08:17
        CNN's Chris Cuomo clashed with Congressman Randy Weber (R- TX) over Ukraine on Monday night as the impeachment inquiry continues with Judiciary Committee hearings this week.
        Cuomo brought up reporting tonight from Jake Tapper that says ''the Republican-controlled Senate Intelligence Committee looked into allegations that Ukraine interfered in the 2016 election and found no evidence to support the claims, according to sources familiar with the matter.''
        Cuomo clashed with Weber over the president's actions towards Ukraine and said Republicans who are supposed to be conducting oversight are acting like ''defense counsel'' instead.
        Weber said, ''Russia interfered in the election, they tried to. Secretary Jeh Johnson said there was no votes changed. Russia interfered in the election.''
        ''I never said anything about votes. They hacked the DNC server,'' Cuomo said. ''Nobody has ever suggested as a matter of fact that Ukraine had anything to do with that. The only person who has suggested it, in the ugliest of ironies, is Vladimir Putin. He made up a story about Ukraine wanting to go after Trump and now members of your own party are parroting it!''
        They got into it over Crowdstrike, with Cuomo saying at one point of the theory being pushed, ''Tom Bossert said that that was a joke. You heard testimony from experts saying it's a joke. The intel community says it's not true. Mueller said it's not true. Burr said it's not true.''
        At one point Weber asked, ''True or false that the president believed that there was corruption in the Ukraine government before President Zelensky?''
        ''I don't know. He gave them funds both times. He never mentioned corruption until Biden decided to run,'' Cuomo said. ''Where's the evidence that he cared about corruption?''
        ''President Zelensky, the new kid on the block, said that he's going to clean up the corruption. President Trump wants to make sure that he's serious about it after years of being put off by the former administration in Ukraine. So of course he doesn't trust them. Of course he wants them looked into,'' Weber responded.
        ''I have no problem with the president running foreign policy but just simple logic, like 9-year-old logic,'' Cuomo said. ''You don't care about corruption or bring it up when the place is corrupt. Now a change agent comes in and now you don't trust him and ask him to investigate corruption, and the only corruption you ask for to be investigated are two items that help you politically. Congressman, isn't that a little convenient?''
        ''It's not the president's fault that the Bidens got caught up in an apparent pay-to-play scheme,'' Weber argued.
        Cuomo said Trump could've pushed for an investigation ''the right way'' and didn't.
        You can watch above, via CNN.
        Have a tip we should know? [email protected]
      VIDEO - (12) Portret Frans Timmermans - Zondag met Lubach (S10) - YouTube
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Tue, 03 Dec 2019 08:09
      VIDEO-Ward McAllister on Twitter: "@adamcurry @THErealDVORAK https://t.co/1fdrRJckhr" / Twitter
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 23:58
        Enter a topic, @name, or fullname
      VIDEO-Grids on Skids: Modular Microgrids Moving Into The Marketplace
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 22:59
        Recent weather events such as the increasing number and intensity of storms, and the extreme winds and fires in Northern California - leading to the pre-emptive shutdown of electricity service to millions '' have greatly increased the interest in microgrids (smaller localized grids serving designated end users that can 'island' off from the main grid in the event of outages).
        A recent story in Microgrid Knowledge (yes, there is such an online publication and it's one of the best places to go for information on the topic) highlighted the experience of three fire stations in Fremont California (35 miles SE of San Francisco) that installed and deployed microgrids in December 2017. They all fared well during the scheduled power outages. One interesting element of that story was that all three of these microgrids were the same. Each had 40 kilowatt (kW) solar arrays combined with 110 kilowatthour (kWh) battery storage systems.
        If you've seen one microgrid'...
        For years during the microgrid industry's infancy, the criticism has been that yes, microgrids provide valuable services, but they are too expensive. That has largely been because each one typically involves its own unique and bespoke 'science project' approach, combining end uses with (often multiple) generation technologies, and a controller that essentially serves as the brains of this miniature grid. In fact, a well-known and oft-repeated saying in the industry has been, ''if you've seen one microgrid, you've seen one microgrid,'' implying that they defied the efficiencies that could come with modularization, repetition, and economies of scale.
        More fires, more outages, more microgrids
        A firefighter from Santa Fe Springs talks on the radio while he battles to control hotspots of the ... [+] Maria Fire, in Santa Paula, Ventura County, California on November 02, 2019. - The Maria Fire erupted October 31 in Ventura County, 65 miles (105 kilometers) northwest of Los Angeles, and burned out of control through the night, driven by high winds and threatening 2,300 structures. (Photo by Apu Gomes / AFP) (Photo by APU GOMES/AFP via Getty Images)
        AFP via Getty ImagesThe industry is now starting to evolve beyond that, with a number of companies offering more of a modular approach to the design and build. A local outfit - Gridscape (also with offices in India and the UK) - owns and operates Fremont's microgrids. However, it was Delta Electronics '' an international corporation offering power and thermal management solutions, with $9 bn in annual sales '' that contributed the PV inverters and energy storage systems as part of the overall solution.
        In order to find out more about the potential for a more modular approach to future microgrids, I lined up a conversation with Brian Van Heel, Director of PV Inverters and Energy Storage at Delta Electronics (Americas). Van Heel has been on the cutting edge of evolving energy technology since the mid 2000's when he was in multiple verticals in the solar industry. He subsequently migrated into the inverter industry, so he's seen a lot of changes and gained a thorough understanding of the constituent elements of microgrids before he came over to Delta this past July.
        Scalability and modularity will help drive costs down
        Delta prides itself on manufacturing many of the critical elements, including the power conditioning systems, bi-directional inverters, the battery and energy management systems, and the battery cabinets (the company also does a lot of work in EV chargers as well). The company therefore possesses many of the critical pieces that facilitate development of a modular approach to microgrids, somewhat akin to the construction of modular homes '' where the ability to efficiently assemble the various elements in a controlled environment lowers costs and reduces the time and effort involved during on-site installation.
        Even outside of the northern California with its frequent and recent outages, he notes, the interest in microgrids is growing rapidly, and he's bidding numerous projects across the United States, with a issuers of large number of RFPs trying to accelerate their projects.
        Van Heel's group at Delta assembles scalable kits that can be installed in similar types of buildings. For example, small convenience stores or chain drug stores have comparable footprints and similar electricity consumption profiles. They might be good candidates for Delta's 125 kW power conditioning system (PCS), typically combined with 40 kW of solar and a 110 kW battery rack with a full cabinet of batteries (the same configuration used in Fremont's fire stations).
        That basic configuration can be adapted or multiplied depending on the size of the customer, he says. ''We can basically skid it, and do your facility, where we can land up to 4 of these PCS units on one skid. You can go from 125 to 250 to 375 to 500 kW'... we can skid battery cabinets as well '' each at 110KWh with up to 5 per battery skid.''
        For facilities with an even larger power draw, Delta can assemble bigger combinations. For example, the PCS 2000 is a 2.5 megawatt (MW) unit, while the PCS 3000 can support up to 4.4 MWs.
        As much work as possible is performed ahead of time, in the factory
        All of the necessary wiring is preconfigured so the onsite work is often relatively simple (though there are frequently those unavoidable and vexing issues such as trenching and/or cutting through concrete). But for the most part, it's a fairly straightforward matter of bringing in the AC and DC power to the units and connecting up the system, involving no more than a couple days. ''You run all wiring and it's all done,'' Van Heel comments, saving both time and money since on-site work is generally more costly. Many issues can be avoided through testing and plugging into power in the controlled factory environment. In the Fremont installations, for example, the installation process did not disrupt the activity of the fire stations.
        So, as the emerging microgrid industry evolves, how will the responsibilities be apportioned? Who does what? Van Heel comments that since the microgrid business ecosystem continues to evolve, ''Everyone is still trying to figure out where everyone fits in.'' For example, ha asks, ''Do they want Delta to provide the batteries, or do they want to buy direct?''
        Delta often plays the role of the developer and the EPC (engineering, procurement, and construction contractor). However, it typically sells the equipment to an integrator (a company such as Gridscape, Powin or NEC) who 'wraps' the entire solution with warrantees and communications capabilities. These outfits typically assume responsibility for ongoing operations and economic optimization (for example, managing the equipment to minimize monthly utility demand charges, or interacting with wholesale markets).
        Van Heel indicates that the process from start to finish can be relatively quickly, since all the equipment sits in the warehouse. ''We could do it one in a month if the permitting is done,'' he asserts, and it can be even quicker for residential applications.
        Van Heel is bullish on the entire industry, but cautions that the cost of the batteries is still holding back the industry from massive deployments. ''We need a 70% decrease to where it can be delivered cost effectively at large scale.'' Given the pace of change in the global battery industry, in both cost-cutting and technology development (for example, Bloomberg New Energy Finance cited a 35% decline in the costs of lithium ion batteries over the nine-month period from mid-2018 to first quarter of 2019), the necessary tailwinds for that rosy future appear to exist. Very shortly, we may see microgrids rapidly take root across America's energy landscape. In places like Northern California, that future cannot come fast enough.
      VIDEO - Team Coco
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 17:37
        Listen To "Conan O'Brien Needs A Friend" With Guest Hillary & Chelsea ClintonOver the years and despite thousands of interviews, Conan has never made a real and lasting friendship with any of his celebrity guests. So, he started a podcast to do just that.
      VIDEO - (10) 2019 Christmas Decorations at the White House - YouTube
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 17:33
      VIDEO - Wallace Fact Checks Rep. Hakeem Jeffries After Trying To Claim Dems Haven't Been Pushing Impeachment Since Moment Trump Took Office'... | Weasel Zippers
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 10:04
        Nice try.
        0 Shares
        ZIP |December 2, 2019 10:00 am
      VIDEO - We Now Know The Sondland Call Never Took Place As Described | Crooks and Liars
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 10:02
        Just Security released a story detailing the timeline of Ambassador Gordon Sondland's alleged "no quid pro quo" call with Trump, and law professor Ryan Goodman appeared on Morning Joe to talk about it.
        "Can you walk us through exactly how it was determined the call was not made when it was claimed to have been made? But more than that, what does it mean? What sort of broader understanding can we reach if the call was not made when it was claimed to be made? And more importantly, what does it mean? What conclusions can we draw from that, what kind of broader understanding can we reach if the call was not placed when they said it was?" Jonathan Lamire asked.
        "The Washington Post also simultaneously had come out with this report that said there's no White House log of the call, that Sondland would have had to call the president between 1:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m. and they had a colleague of Sondland's saying he was never comfortable calling the president before 7:30 a.m. But on top of that, the way in which Sondland described the call, he said there was no quid pro quo but the president said that Zelensky had to do it and that Zelensky had to do what he campaigned on or words to that effect," Goodman said.
        "And then you actually have Tim Morrison and Ambassador Taylor saying, no, when we got the readout from the call immediately after Sondland was on the call with the president for Tim Morrison, the readout said that he said no quid pro quo but -- and then, all the spelled-out demands for Biden, not Burisma, Biden -- and the 2016 investigation. That's kind of damning evidence of that was the call of where it all came up but it followed all the demands of a quid pro quo. What it actually does is it flips on its head the most helpful conversation potentially for the president, that's why he came out reading it almost verbatim from what Sondland had said and it's actually the most incriminating conversation.
        '†' Story continues below '†'
        "Because it's the very conversation that Tim Morrison and the GOP witness says he immediately told Bolton and both of them decided they must alert the lawyers. Bolton immediately called Ambassador Taylor in Ukraine on a Saturday and Taylor went into the embassy to have a conversation about what happened on that call. It's actually the most incriminating phone conversation in the entire episode."
      VIDEO - Facebook's Zuckerberg: People need to make their own judgements on political ads - CNET
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Source: CNET News
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 09:57
        CBS This Morning co-host Gayle King (left) speaks with Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan about the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative and challenges facing Facebook.
        CBS News Facebook has faced repeated criticism for its policy against fact-checking advertisements from politicians , but CEO Mark Zuckerberg is again defending the social network's decision. In an interview that aired Monday, Zuckerberg said that it's important for people to judge for themselves what politicians are saying.
        "What I believe is that in a democracy, it's really important that people can see for themselves what politicians are saying, so they can make their own judgments," Zuckerberg told CBS This Morning co-host Gayle King. "And, you know, I don't think that a private company should be censoring politicians or news." (Editors' note: CNET is owned by CBS.)
        Zuckerberg has been defending the social network's controversial approach to political speech as it tries to strike a balance between free speech and combating misinformation amid elections . Facebook faces mounting pressure to do more to stop misinformation, hate speech and other offensive content on the world's largest social network, which has 2.5 billion users. The company has also faced allegations that it censors conservative speech , which it has repeatedly denied.
        Zuckerberg, who was being interviewed alongside his wife, Priscilla Chan, also acknowledged having dinner with President Donald Trump at the White House in October. Zuckerberg said they talked about a "number of things" that were on the president's mind but didn't offer specifics, saying it was a "private discussion."
        Facebook didn't immediately respond to a request for additional comment.
        Originally published Dec. 2 at 6:44 a.m. PT.Update, 7:02 a.m.: Adds more details from interview.
      VIDEO - Controversial HPV Vaccine Bill Moves In NY State Legislature | WCBS Newsradio 880
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 09:28
        NEW YORK (WCBS 880) '' State Senate and Assembly bills requiring all New York seventh graders to get vaccinated against human papillomavirus (HPV) are moving in both houses even as parents vocalize their opposition to the bills.
        The bill would require students born on or after Jan. 1, 2009 to get vaccinated against HPV with or without their parent's permission.
        The bills, sponsored by Sen. Brad Hoylman, highlight American Cancer Society statistics that four out of every five people will get HPV in their lifetime and that the sexually transmitted disease contributes to tens of thousands of cancer diagnoses every year.
        On the Senate and Assembly websites, comments from parents overwhelmingly disagree with the bill. The outraged parents say the decision to get vaccinated should fall on the parents, not the government. Other parents on social media say the vaccine was harmful for their children.
        The bill requires students to get vaccinated on or after Sept. 1, 2021.
      VIDEO - Extreme trans activists are ''dangerous'' - YouTube
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Mon, 02 Dec 2019 08:07
      VIDEO - (5) The Threat of 5G - YouTube
        Link to Article
        Archived Version
        Sun, 01 Dec 2019 16:21
    No Agenda Social Registration
  Clips and Docs
    Art
    All Clips
      Flynn lawyer Powell explains how Sztrok's wife outed him to the FBI.mp3
      Jonathan Turley -GWU Law Professor - It's YOUR abuse of power - Obestruction charge impeachment.mp3
      Pelosi's Stuttered Speech Compilage NAACP.mp3
      Standford Law Professor Pamela Karlan president can't make him a Baron.mp3
      Gloria Borger CNN - Kamala Harris is a great candidate who got better as she went along VEEP Kicker.mp3
      Hillary Clinton on Graham Norton Show about running again [forget me intro].mp3
      HRC on Stern Did she watch Bin Laden die.m4a
      NO MULARKEY SONG.mp3
      Sir Kevlar catch of Bloomberg taxing the pooer - TAKE your poison [instead of pick].mp3
      WFB - Media mourns death of Kamala Harris campaign SUPERcuts - 725.mp3
      Dogs are peopel too in local news cast warning dogs will eat ornaments etc.mp3
      Oil of Olay commercial is Un Bea'in kicker.mp3
      SHORT_British Hospitals - Jim Gaffigan-A6u1CPtBSRY.m4a
      vocal fry Gregory Jacobs the Homeless Producer.m4a
      Dan Orlovsky ESPN analyst- no hard T.m4a
      CBS News PIece on BBC's Virginia Roberts Giuffre interview about encounter with Prince Andrew.mp3
      Walmart intercom CLinton Kill-depstein.mp3
      French support the strikes with heart but understand reform is needed wit their heads.mp3
      Irish Farmers stormed Irish Parliment [6 days ago] rnadom dude yelling about the crap.mp3
      Mass strikes and protests in France over pension reform.mp3
      Bill Nye says green is green support climate change.mp3
      Kerry Compares Climate Change Movement To World War II.mp3
      Pelosi says we’re still in Paris agreement at UN climate conference, despite Trump’s withdrawal.mp3
      coulter protests SPLC chimes in DN.mp3
      Germany's government to change.mp3
      Glenn Beck Quantum computer Jeff Brown.mp3
      hearing rundown NBC.mp3
      hearings 11 ISO huh.mp3
      hearings II Nadler BS.mp3
      Hong Kong elections BBC.mp3
      Impeachment II Gaetz ONE.mp3
      Impeachment II Gaetz TWO.mp3
      impeachmnet snippet collins has begun.mp3
      impeachmnet snippet collins two.mp3
      Iran caught smuggling weapons to Yemen.mp3
      jagmeet sign on Trudeau re Trump.mp3
      Massive Strikes in Paris and France F24.mp3
      NATO meeting report AJ.mp3
      pauperization of students on France F24.mp3
      random Nato comments Trump on EU F24.mp3
      samoa measles AJ.mp3
      Space Force update.mp3
      Werner Herzog ethics and douchebags DW.mp3
      Black Market dogs DW.mp3
      Bolsanaro versus caprio NBC.mp3
      brin and page are out.mp3
      China condemns Trump pro HK laws.mp3
      Cost of War report lots dead DN.mp3
      Kate [formerly Malcolm] McGregor Oz Trans Sports writer -1- Transgender Activists are Dengerous.mp3
      Kate [formerly Malcolm] McGregor Oz Trans Sports writer -2- Opnion on TEachers and Doctors forcing kids into hormones and surgery.mp3
      Michigan Walmart Secret Santa Story 2019 with NATIVE ad items.mp3
      Trump, Macron hold tense meeting at NATO Summit - Would you like some nice ISIS fighters - I can give them to you.mp3
      AMTRAK update with California Zephyr kicker at the end.m4a
  Transcript
    Transcript and word cloud
    Full Summary of ALL Episodes in PDF
    No Agenda Player Annotated Episodes